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February 21, 2020
The views expressed are my own and do not reflect official positions of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas or the Federal Reserve System.
Expansion Likely to Continue Keith R. PhillipsKeynote Speaker
National Economic Growth Important to Texas• Yield Curve gave scare in August/September 2019• US Leading Index weak recently but not predicting recession• Forecasters expect continued growth
0.23
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
10-year minus 1-year Treasury rate, monthly
NOTE: Data through January 2020.
Yield Curve Turns Positive in October – But Caution Remains
Percentage points
7 months negative
U.S. Leading Index Suggests Weaker Growth Over Next 3-6 Months
4
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Percent change, annualized
12-month6-month
NOTE: Shaded areas represent U.S. recessions.SOURCES: Conference Board, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
GDP Growth Expected to Slow – No Recession Forecasted for 2020
5Public
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Percent, SAAR
SOURCES: Bureau of Economic Analysis; Blue Chip Economic Indicators.
2016 2.0%
Q4/Q4
2017 2.8% Q4/Q4 2018 2.5%
Q4/Q4 2019 2.3%Q4/Q4
2020 1.9%Q4/Q4
• Following oil bust in 2015 and 2016, Texas economy picked up in 2017 and 2018 but slowed in 2019.
• Last year job growth weakened slightly from 2.4 to 2.2 percent as the energy industry declined and labor market constraints continued to suppress job growth.
• Growth in the second half of 2019 improved and the leading index picked up –but manufacturing and energy weakened further.
• This year, less trade uncertainty is a positive although the energy sector will remain a drag. Election uncertainty may restrain business investment.
• Overall the forecast is for steady job growth near 2.1 percent with further declines in the unemployment rate.
Texas Economy Moderated in 2019
6Public
Texas Job Growth Above the Nation’s
7Public
NOTES: Long-run trend growth is 1.1 percent for the U.S. and 2.1 percent for Texas. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Texas Workforce Commission; FRB Dallas.
1.6 1.4
2.4 2.2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
U.S. TexasPercent change, year/year, SA
Texas Economy Expanding At Strong Pace(Texas Business-Cycle Index)
8
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Percent, M/M SAAR
NOTE: Data through December 2019. Shaded areas represent Texas recessions. Trend refers to growth from Jan. 1990 – present.
3.8% trend
Texas Unemployment Near Historical Low
9Public
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Percent, SA
US unemployment rate
Texas unemployment rate3.63.5
NOTES: U.S. data through January 2020. Texas data through December 2019.SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Job Growth Broad-Based Across Regions
2.4 2.6 2.7
3.4
2.3
1.62.2
1.8
2.7
3.9
3.3
2.1
0
2
4
6
Texas Houston(24.6%)
Dallas(21.1%)
Austin(8.7%)
Ft. Worth(8.5%)
San Antonio(8.4%)
2017 2018 2019Percent job growth, SAAR
NOTES: Numbers in parentheses refer to the share of Texas employment in the most recent month. SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Texas Workforce Commission; seasonal and other adjustments by Dallas Fed.
2019 Industry Job Growth Broad-Based Except Mining
11
2.2 1.7 1.12.7 2.8 2.1 2.1
3.85.2
-6.7
2.5
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Total(100%)
Trade,Transp.& Util.
(19.7%)
Gov.(15.3%)
Prof. &Bus. Serv.
(14%)
Educ. &Health Serv.
(13.6%)
Leisure& Hosp.(10.9%)
Mfg. (7.1%) Fin. Act.(6.3%)
Constr.(6.2%)
Oil & GasExt., MiningSup. (1.7%)
Info. (1.6%)
2017 2018 2019Percent change, SAAR
NOTES: Numbers in parentheses are share of Texas employment for most recent month.SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Texas Workforce Commission; seasonal and other adjustments by FRB Dallas.
Manufacturing and Services Activity Picked Up in January
3.9
-10
0
10
20
30
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
16.3
05
1015202530
NOTES: Data through January 2020. Dashed lines are postrecession averages.SOURCE: Dallas Fed Texas Business Outlook Surveys.
Diffusion index, 3MMA, SA
Manufacturing TMOS production
Services TSSOSrevenue
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Input costs Selling prices Production/revenue Capital spending plans Company outlook Profit margins
Manufacturing Service Sector
Net percent*
*Net percent calculated as the share of respondents reporting increase minus the share reporting decrease.
Tariffs Increasing Costs and Prices, Reducing Capex
13
Notes: 360 responses; 115 manufacturing, 245 service sector. Data collected Jun. 11-19, 2019.Source: Dallas Fed Texas Business Outlook Surveys, June 2019 Special Questions.
“What impact have U.S and foreign tariffs implemented since last yearhad on the following aspects of your firm’s business?”
134
176
3.78
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Texas home salesTX Single Family Permits30-year Fixed Rate Prime Mortgage
Index, Jan 2012 = 100, 3MMA, SA Interest Rate
NOTES: 30 year fixed mortgage rate data through January 2020. All else through December 2019. Effective interest rate is for closed 30-year, fixed rate, prime, first mortgages.SOURCES: MLS; Texas A&M Real Estate Center; Wall Street Journal.
(Shifted forward 3 months)
Mortgage Rates Declined in 2019 – Home Building Grew Strongly
Oil Price Suggests Flattening Rig Count
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 20190
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Oil price (shifted 3 months forward)
Rig count
NOTE: Data are weekly, through the week ending January 31, 2020.SOURCES: EIA; Baker Hughes.
Number of rigs$/bb
397
$52.70
Current Oil Prices Support Moderate Drilling Activity
16Public
Permian (Midland)
Permian (Delaware)Other U.S.
(Shale)
Other U.S. (Non-shale) Eagle Ford
SCOOP/STACK
Permian(Other)
$48 $49 $49 $49 $51 $53 $54
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
In the top two areas in which your firm is active:What WTI oil price does your firm need to profitably drill a new well?Dollars per barrel
NOTES: Lines show the mean, and bars show the range of responses. Executives from 82 exploration and production firms answered this question during the survey collection period, March 13–21, 2019.SOURCE: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
17 12 13 45 11 5 20Number of responses
Current Price$56
Energy Survey Suggests Continued Weakness
17
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Business Activity Capital Expenditures Employment Company Outlook Uncertainty End of Year PriceForecast
Q4 2018 Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q4 2019
Diffusion index Price per barrel
NOTE: Price forecast is average year-end forecast of WTI oil price among respondents.SOURCE: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Energy Survey.
$58.54(2020)
$56.92 (2019)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
'82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20
Oil price (Shifted forward 6 months)
Texas minus U.S. job growth
Percent, Year/YearReal price, $/bb
monthly average
NOTE: Nominal oil price was $57.56 a barrel in Jan. 2019. SOURCES: Wall Street Journal; Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Recent Oil Prices Suggest Texas Job Growth Will Remain Above Nation’s
Outlook Improving in Services but not in Manufacturing
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
TMOS company outlookTSSOS company outlook
Index, 3MMA
NOTES: Data through January 2020. Dashed lines are post recession averages.SOURCES: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Outlook Surveys: Manufacturing (TMOS); Service Sector (TSSOS).
TX Leading Index Components Mostly Positive Over Past 3 Months
20Public
-0.20
-0.11
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.21
0.45
0.60
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
New unemploymentclaims
U.S. leading index
Average weeklyhours
Help-wanted index
Well permits
Real oil price
Texas Stock Index
Texas value ofthe dollar
Net change inTexas Leading Index
NOTE: Three-month percent change through December, seasonally adjusted. Texas value of the dollar is a preliminary estimate from the Dallas Fed. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
Net contributions to change in Texas Leading Index
Texas Jobs Forecast to Grow about 2.1% in 2020
21Public
80859095100105110115120125130135
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20
Index, 1987 = 100
Texas Leading Index
Texas nonfarm employment and forecast
(with 80% confidence band)
*Seasonally adjusted.SOURCES: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Texas Workforce Commission; Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
Millions*
• National economy slowed in 2019 but remained above trend –forecasters expect continued growth but caution remains
• Texas even stronger than nation but energy sector likely to continue to decline
• Historically tight labor markets continue to restrain job growth • Texas jobs grew 2.2 percent in 2019 and will likely grow about 2.1
percent this year – with greater downside than upside risks• Texas unemployment rate likely to decline further • Biggest downside risks to forecast are sharp decline in oil prices, trade
war escalation, national recession
Summary
22Public
Predicting Oil Prices a Risky Business
20
40
60
80
100
120
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Historical spot priceSTEO price forecastNYMEX futures price95% NYMEX futures confidence interval
Note: Prices as of 1/14/20. STEO: Short-Term Energy Outlook. NYMEX: New York Mercantile Exchange. Source: EIA
WTI crude oil, dollars per barrel
Public Resources from the Dallas Fed:• Employment Forecast• Southwest Economy• Regional Economic Updates• San Antonio and Austin Economic Indicators• Texas Business Outlook Surveys• Energy Survey• National Economic Updates• International Economic Updates• Heart of Texas• Dallas Fed Blog
Dallas Fed Publications
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