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Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel
Engine Fuels
Georgios Fontaras and Zissis Samaras
Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle University of ThessalonikiUniversity of Thessaloniki
2
Outline
• Biofuels in Europe now and in the future• Effect of biofuel blending on air quality• Measurements and evaluation conducted by LAT
on SVO and biodiesel blends• Conclusions • Future activity
3
Biofuels in Europe, 2006
Ethanol Ethanol 16.3%16.3%
Others Others 12.1%12.1%
Biodiesel Biodiesel 71.6%71.6%
Source: EUROBSERV’ER Biofuels Barometer 2007
• Increasing use of biofuels under EU policy framework
• Important share of “other” biofuels (mainly SVO)
4
Future trends
Source: European Biofuels Technology Platform 2008
• 35Mtoe biofuels required in 2020 from which 75% diesel substitutes and 25% gasoline
• Where these fuels will come from? The current skepticism appears justified.
• Limited resources, best available practices for the transition period from first to second generation technologies
5
Impact of biofuels on emissions and air quality
Source: US EPA
Is this a realistic picture of what should be expected in Europe in the near
future?
• Studies indicate positive results on exhaust emissions from biodiesel introduction except on NOx
• Most studies based on older engines, or different quality diesel
• Few data regarding real world operation
• What about non regulated pollutants?
6
LAT experimental activities
• Evaluation of biofuels on exhaust emissions, regulated and non regulated
• Application of B10 EN14214 blends from various raw materials on a Euro 3 Common rail passenger car for 17000km
• Application of unesterified cottonseed oil on the same vehicle for 11000km
• a raw material of great importance for Greece which is not preferred by biodiesel factories
• derived from specialized refining and treatment process
• Utilization of legislated and real world simulation (Artemis) driving cycles
• Combustion analysis on test bench engine
• Overall environmental performance
7
Measurements timeline
VehicleMileage
(km)Action
Renault Laguna 1.9dCi
Reference (set to 0km) Baseline measurement #1, fuel change B10 soya oil
1996 Measurement B10 soya oil, fuel change B10 UFO
4613 Measurement B10 UFO, fuel change B10 palm oil
7369 Measurement B10 palm oil, fuel change B10 sunflower oil
10954 Measurement B10 sunflower oil, fuel change B10 soya oil
16700 Fuel change B10 rapeseed oil
17981 Measurement B10 rapeseed oil / Fuel change Diesel
19109 Baseline measurement #2
• Cottonseed oil application (10% v/v) for 11000km, 2 baseline sets of measurements at the beginning and the end, 3 intermediate sets for test fuels
• Application of B10 blends from various raw materials for 17000km
9
CO2 emissions
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20CO
2 bio
fuel/
baseline a
vera
ge
Cottonseed Oil
Soyaseed Biodiesel
Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel
Fried Oil Biodiesel
10
CO emissions
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00CO
bio
fuel/
baseline a
vera
ge
Cottonseed Oil
Soyaseed Biodiesel
Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel
Fried Oil Biodiesel
I ncreases caused by emission events appear high due to the very low baseline 0.01g/km
higher limit ~x10 baseline
Euro 3 limit
11
HC emissions
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50H
C bio
fuel/
baseline a
vera
ge
Cottonseed Oil
Soyaseed Biodiesel
Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel
Fried Oil BiodieselPresence of biodiesel significantly affects cold start emissions
12
NOx emissions
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
NO
x bio
fuel/
baseline a
vera
ge
Cottonseed Oil
Soyaseed Biodiesel
Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel
Fried Oil Biodiesel
Different behavior for the various B10 blends
13
PM emissions
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
PM
bio
fuel/
baseline a
vera
ge
Cottonseed Oil
Soyaseed Biodiesel
Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel
Fried Oil Biodiesel
Important trend towards lower PM with biodiesel not observed with SVO
14
Particle number distributions for cottonseed oil
Particle size distribution at 90kph
Particle size distribution at 120kph
SVO suppresses nucleation mode
0.0E+00
2.0E+13
4.0E+13
6.0E+13
8.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.2E+14
10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter [nm]
To
tal p
art
icle
nu
mb
er
em
iss
ion
ra
te [
#/k
m/d
log
Dp
]
10 % cotton oil (x4)
Baseline (x3)
90 kph
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.0E+15
1.0E+16
10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter [nm]
#/k
m/d
log
Dp
Baseline (x3)
10% cotton oil (x4)
120 kph
15
Particle number distributions various B10 blends
0.0E+00
5.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.5E+14
2.0E+14
10 100 1000Mobility Diameter [nm]
To
tal
Par
ticl
e n
um
ber
em
issi
on
rat
e[#
/km
/dlo
gD
p]
BaselineRapeseed oil Biodiesel 10 %Sunflow er oil Biodiesel 10 %Soyaseed Biodiesel 10 %UFO Biodiesel 10 %Palm oil Biodiesel 10 %
90 kph
0.0E+00
5.0E+13
1.0E+14
1.5E+14
2.0E+14
10 100 1000
Mobility Diameter [nm]
To
tal
Par
ticl
e n
um
ber
em
issi
on
rat
e[#
/km
/dlo
gD
p]
BaselineRapeseed oil Biodiesel 10 %Sunflow er oil Biodiesel 10 %Soyaseed Biodiesel 10 %UFO Biodiesel 10 %Palm oil Biodiesel 10 %
120 kph
Particle size distribution at 90kph
Particle size distribution at 120kph
Most B10 suppress nucleation mode particles
16
Engine Measurements
Engine:
• PSA 2.2 DW12A TED4 Common Rail
Measurements:
• CO2, Fuel Consumption
• HC, CO, NOx, PM
• In Cylinder Pressure
Protocol:
• Baseline Measurements with Diesel
• Measurements with 10%v/v blend
• Various points corresponding to the engine operation over ARTEMIS protocol
Operation Points Measured
17
Pressure measurements results (1/2)
In Cylinder Pressure Calculated Heat Release
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
340 350 360 370 380 390 400
CAD
Pre
ssu
re (
ba
r)
Diesel 1500_165
Test fuel 1500_165
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
350 360 370 380 390 400
CAD
He
at R
ele
ase
(Jo
ule
)
.
Diesel 1500_165
Test fuel1500_165
In cylinder pressure data indicated limited variations in the combustion process in most operating points
18
Pressure measurements results (2/2)
In Cylinder Pressure Calculated Heat Release
Idle and low loads operation indicated differentiations; Need for different engine control
strategies
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
340 350 360 370 380 390 400
CAD
Pre
ssu
re (
ba
r)
Diesel Idle
Test fuel Idle
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
350 360 370 380 390 400
CAD
He
at R
ele
ase
(Jo
ule
)
.
Diesel Idle
Test Fuel Idle
19
Overall environmental performance
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Sunflower Rapeseed Diesel
GH
G e
mis
sio
ns
in C
O2
eq
uiv
. (
kg
) Transportation
Industrial processing
Farming w/o fertilizer
Fertilizer application range
Non watered energy crops assumed
Gaseous Emissions
(g/kg biodiesel)Sunflower Rapeseed
HC 0.41 0.52
CO 1.18 1.46
SO2 6.46 6.55
NOx 5.36 6.39
P.M. 0.84 0.95
VOC 0.04 0.04
Ash 51.17 51.41
20
Conclusions 1/2
• Biofuels especially diesel substitutes will increase in the fuels market in the
years to come
• The effect of biofuels should be accounted for when calculating emissions
from road transport
• Low concentration blends of cottonseed oil have a small effect on regulated
pollutants except on cold start and limited impact on engine operation
• B10 effect can vary depending on driving conditions and raw material.
Negative effect on cold start
• Positive effect on PM
• NOx increased for some fuels and decreased for others
• Limited effects observed on engine operation –noise, odor-
21
Conclusions 2/2
• Particle size distribution was affected by the presence of biofuels
leading by suppressing nucleation in most cases
• Engine measurements indicated small differentiations on combustion
process, there is need for different engine management in some
cases
• Overall environmental impact should always be taken into account
and can vary under different geographical and climatic conditions
• A complete strategy taking into account all factors should be adopted
at local and European level for optimal biofuels use in order to avoid
social impacts
22
On going - Future activities
• Extensive evaluation of SVO on emissions and vehicle performance for low
blends – almost finished
• Investigation of biodiesel effect based both on origin and concentration levels
– Special attention on non regulated pollutant emissions such as particle number and
characterization
– Carbonyl compounds
– PAHs and Nitro-PAHs
• Update of existing monitoring and inventorying tools for accurate future impact
assessment
• Evaluation and modeling of combustion and after treatment devices operation
with oxygenated fuels
• Synthetic biofuels study on test bench engines and vehicles