Experimental Physics EP1 MECHANICS - Introduction

Experimental Physics - Mechanics - Introduction 1

Experimental Physics

EP1 MECHANICS

- Introduction -

Rustem Valiullin

http://uni-leipzig.de/~valiu/


Lecturer: Rustem Valiullin

#508, Tel. 341 97 32 515

[email protected]

Teaching assistants: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Demonstrations: Axel Märcker

Ulrich Kemper

Saurabh Raj

Tobias Splith


Overall: ~29 lectures, ~13 seminars

Wintersemester 2018/19

Zeitraum vom 01.10.2018 bis 31.03.2019

Einführungswoche vom 08.10.2018 bis 12.10.2018

Lehrveranstaltungen vom 15.10.2018 (Montag) bis 09.02.2019 (Samstag)

Immatrikulationsfeier 17.10.2018 (Mittwoch) während der Feier keine

Lehrveranstaltungen, anyway no seminar

Reformationstag 31.10.2018 (Mittwoch) vorlesungsfrei

Bußtag & Bettag 21.11.2018 (Mittwoch) vorlesungsfrei

dies academicus 03.12.2018 (Montag) Projekttag

Jahreswechsel vom 24.12.2018 bis 06.01.2019 vorlesungsfrei

Tag der offenen Tür 10.01.2019 (Donnerstag)

On 19th of October, this Friday, there will be a written test on mathematics and physics.




Content

1. Motion along a line

2. Vectors and scalars

3. Motion in three dimensions

4. Laws of motion 1, 2

5. Work and energy

6. Potential energy

7. System of particles

8. Collisions

9. Rotations 1, 2

10. Static equilibrium

11. Gravity 1, 2

12. Rotational motion

13. Elasticity

14. Fluid mechanics 1, 2

15. Oscillations

16. Forced oscillations

17. Damped and driven oscillations

18. Power spectrum, coupled oscillator

19. Waves

20. Sound waves

21. Temperature

22. Kinetic theory 1, 2


Bibliography

Fundamentals of Physics 8th edition D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker

Kompaktkurs Physik

H. Pfeifer, H. Schmiedel, R. Stannarius

On your choice

Any Author, Many Authors


Physics

fusis – nature, natural thing

Observation

Experimentation

Hypothesis

Theory

Prediction

Experimentation

Refinement


Liters to Milliliters Liters to Gallons Liters to Ounces Liters to Centiliters Liters to Cups Liters to Pints Liters to Cubic Meters Liters to Cubic Feet Liters to Barrels Liters to Tablespoons Liters to Teaspoons Liters to Cubic Inches Liters to Cubic Centimeters Liters to Microliter Liters to Quarts Liters to Cubic Yards Liters to US Barrels (Dry) Liters to US Barrels (Liquid) Liters to US Barrels (Oil) Liters to US Barrels (Federal) Liters to UK Barrels Liters to US Gallons (Liquid) Liters to US Gallons (Dry) Liters to UK Gallons Liters to US Quarts (Liquid) Liters to US Quarts (Dry) Liters to UK Quarts Liters to US Pints (Liquid) Liters to US Pints (Dry) Liters to UK Pints Liters to US Cups Liters to Canadian Cups Liters to Metric Cups Liters to US Gills Liters to US Tablespoons Liters to UK Tablespoons Liters to Metric Tablespoons Liters to US Teaspoons Liters to UK Teaspoons Liters to Metric Teaspoons Liters to US Fluid Ounces Liters to UK Fluid Ounces Liters to Cubic Millimeters Liters to Kiloliters Liters to Gills (UK)

Meters to Kilometers Meters to Millimeters Meters to Miles Meters to Feet Meters to Inches Meters to Centimeters Meters to Yards Meters to Micron Meters to Parsecs Meters to Lightyears Meters to Decimeters Meters to UK Nautical Miles Meters to Microinches Meters to US Nautical Miles Meters to Nautical Miles Meters to Furlongs Meters to Chains Meters to US Leagues Meters to Nautical Leagues Meters to UK Leagues Meters to UK Nautical Leagues

Kilograms to Grams Kilograms to Pounds Kilograms to Ounces Kilograms to Milligrams Kilograms to Stones Kilograms to Ton Kilograms to Carats Kilograms to Micrograms Kilograms to Troy Pounds Kilograms to Troy Ounces Kilograms to Grains Kilograms to Tonnes Kilograms to Hundredweights Kilograms to Metric Tons (or Tonnes) Kilograms to Long Tons (UK) Kilograms to Short Tons (US) Kilograms to Short Hundredweights (US) Kilograms to Long Hundredweight

http://www.metric-conversions.org/

The weight of an elephant, sometimes more specifically "the weight of an African bull elephant" (about 6 tons), is sometimes used by paleontologists as a unit of weight when describing the weight of large dinosaurs.

A unit of volume used in Australia for water. One Sydney Harbour, also called a Sydharb (or sydarb), is the amount of water in Sydney Harbour: approximately 500 gigalitres (about 400,000 acre-feet)


Basic measure units

Name Symbol Measure

meter m length

kilogram kg mass

second s time

Ampere A electric current

Kelvin K thermodynamic temperature

mole mol amount of substance

candela cd luminous intensity


Three basic measure units - meter

Since 1983: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light

in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html

- the length of a pendulum having a half-period of one second

1791 one ten-millionth of the length of the meridian through Paris from pole to the equator

1889 prototype made of an alloy of platinum with 10 percent iridium and to be measured at the melting point of ice

1927 the distance, at 0°, between the axes of the two central lines marked on the bar of platinum-iridium kept at the BIPM (institute of standards)

1960 based upon a wavelength of krypton-86 radiation



8 µm


Three basic measure units - second

? was defined originally as the fraction 1/86 400 of the mean solar day

1960 definition based on the tropical year

Since 1967: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html 24 hours 60 minutes 60 second = 86400



Three basic measure units - kilogram

18th

century

the mass of a cubic decimeter of water

1889 the international prototype of the kilogram, made of

platinum-iridium

Since 1901: The kilogram is the unit of mass;

it is equal to the mass of the international

prototype of the kilogram.

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html

Avogadro project

http://www.bipm.org/en/bipm/mass/avogadro/



Dimensional analysis

Density V

m

Length - L Mass - M Time - T

Velocity

3L

M

t

x

T

L

mntx nmnm

n

mn TLTT

LLt

n=1 m=1 11tx


Estimates and orders of magnitude

Estimate the area covered by the total population of penguins in Antarctica.

~ 50 million penguins

0.5 m

0.5 m

14,000,000 km2

3.1415926535897932384626433832795


Measurements error

rx - real value of a (non-quantized) physical value

ix - measured value of the physical value

ri xx - absolute error

r

ri

x

xx - relative error


Average value

x - typically denotes an ensemble averaged value

N

i

ixN

x1

1With increasing number N of trials, <x> will tend to xr!

-20 0 20

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

p(x

)

x


Gaussian or error function, normal distribution

p(x)dx – probability that a measured quantity lies between x and x+dx

2

2

2 2

)(exp

2

1)(

rxxxp

22 )()(

)(

1)(

dxxpxx

xdxxxp

dxxp

r

r

– standard deviation

2 – variance, mean square deviation

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

p(x

)

x


Uncertainty

r

r

x

x

dxxpP )()(

2 xxwith 95% confidence

xr

xxwith 68% confidence


Uncertainty of the mean

N

i

ixN

x1

1

𝜎 =1

𝑁 − 1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥

2

𝑁

𝑖=1

𝑢 =𝜎

𝑁=

1

𝑁(𝑁 − 1) 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥

2

𝑁

𝑖=1

Mean value

Standard deviation

Standard deviation

of the mean


The International System of Units (SI). It is a good

custom to provide anything in the SI units.

Always check yourself for a proper dimension.

It might be very helpful to check the

order-of-magnitude value.

Errors are important! Do not forget

to report on the uncertainty and

to round the values.

To remember!

Documents

Experimental Physics EP1 MECHANICS - Introduction