Experimental Study on the Effect of Preheated Egyptian ...ijens.org/Vol_20_I_01/200501-4848-IJMME-IJENS.pdfPreheating of bio fuel results in decreased viscosity and hence better combustion

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:20 No:01 59

200501-4848-IJMME-IJENS © February 2020 IJENS I J E N S

Experimental Study on the Effect of Preheated Egyptian

Jatropha Oil and Biodiesel on the Performance and

Emissions of a Diesel Engine

Said M. A. Ibrahim a, K.A. Abed b, M.S. Gad c, H.M. Abu Hashish b*

a Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. b Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.

c Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt. b* [email protected]

Abstract-- Fossil fuel consumption and harmful emissions

increase led to intensive search for alternative fuels. The

present oil was extracted from Egyptian jatropha nuts by using

a designed and manufactured screw press at a preheating

temperature of 100°C and operational screw speed of 60 rpm.

Esterification followed by transesterification produced

biodiesel from jatropha oil. Heat recovery from exhaust gases

at a temperature of 90°C was utilized to preheat the produced

jatropha oil. Jatropha biodiesel was preheated to a

temperature of 40°C. Measured properties of preheated

biodiesel and jatropha oil were found to be within ASTM

standards. The present research studied the performance and

emissions of a diesel engine burning preheated biodiesel and

bio oil compared to diesel fuel. Experimental tests were carried

out from zero to full load. The results revealed that about 2%

decrease in the brake specific fuel consumption and 2%

increase in the brake thermal efficiency for preheated jatropha

oil compared to diesel oil. Preheating of jatropha oil resulted in

CO and smoke emissions reductions by about 51 and 55%,

respectively in comparison to conventional diesel oil. Jatropha

oil and biodiesel preheating reduced NOx concentrations by up

to 35 % and 7% respectively at 75% of engine load with

respect to unheated fuels. Preheated jatropha oil showed better

engine performance in comparison to other fuels. Preheated

jatropha oil is recommended to be used as an alternative fuel

in diesel engines.

Index Term-- Jatropha seeds; Screw press; Biodiesel;

Preheated biodiesel; Performance; Emissions.

1. INTRODUCTION

Oil ultimate depletion and the production of harmful

emissions from burning fossil fuels encourage the search for

clean alternative fuels. Edible oils have higher prices than

non-edible ones, so biodiesel was produced from non-edible

vegetable oils. The oxygen content in ethyl ester is 10 to

12% more than in fossil diesel which results in better

combustion and emissions reduction. Biodiesel calorific

value is about 9% less than petroleum diesel oil and varies

with different feedstock and the production process. The

biodiesel viscosity is higher than diesel oil which results in

poor atomization and improper fuel mixing. Biodiesel

produces lower exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases

except NOx. A continuous oil extraction process is favorable

to produce higher biodiesel yield. Mechanical pressing of

jatropha seeds can produce higher oil yield by up to 20%

over that from chemical processes. The screw press is a

continuous extraction technique [1–3]. Oil extraction can be

produced by several methods: pressing the jatropha kernels

mechanically, chemically, or enzymatically [4–7]. The most

known oil expeller types are Sundhara and Komet expellers.

The seeds were pressed by means of a screw press [8].

Lower calorific value and higher viscosity decreased the

thermal efficiency of unheated oil due to value than diesel

oil. Preheating of oil improved the thermal efficiency over

that of the unheated oil due to reduced viscosity, better

atomization, improved vaporization and improved

combustion [9–13]. Diesel-biodiesel blends have higher fuel

consumption than petro-diesel to develop the same output

power [14–16]. Preheated vegetable oil exhibited a decrease

in specific fuel consumption as compared to unheated oil

due to lower viscosity which causes better atomization [17–

19]. Specific fuel consumption was higher than diesel fuel

for unheated and preheated biodiesel [11,12,20].

Higher specific fuel consumptions of biodiesel blends

resulted in higher exhaust temperature than diesel oil. Lower

thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends led to increase in the

heat loss [10,14,15,21]. Poor combustion characteristics and

higher viscosity led to increase of exhaust gas temperature

for preheated jatropha oil as compared with jatropha oil.

Exhaust gas temperature is higher for jatropha oil than for

diesel fuel due to jatropha oil higher viscosity [14,22,23].

Jatropha biodiesel achieved lower air-fuel ratio as compared

to diesel oil. Air-fuel ratio shows a decreasing trend for all

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tested diesel-biodiesel blends indicating that a richer

mixture is required at higher engine loads [24–28]. A

decrease in CO emission was obtained as the percentage of

biodiesel increased. The reduction in CO emissions for

biodiesel is due to the availability of extra oxygen which

enhances the fuel combustion [10,14,24]. Higher oil

viscosity and poor fuel atomization lead to incomplete

combustion. Preheating of fuel oil led to reduction in CO

emissions compared to unheated oils and lower than for

diesel fuel [17,19,29,30]. CO emission levels are further

reduced for preheated biodiesel due to reduced viscosity and

density. The decrease in CO emission is more when the

preheating temperature is increased from 75 to 90°C

[31,32].

Biodiesel produced higher NOx emissions compared to

crude diesel fuel for all output power due to higher cylinder

temperatures in comparison to diesel fuel. The increase

trend of NOx emission with engine load for jatropha

biodiesel blends. The presence of higher oxygen content in

biodiesel facilitates NOx formation [9,14,15]. Unheated and

preheated vegetable oil exhibited higher NOx emissions

compared to hydrocarbon-based diesel oil. All preheated

oils give higher NOx emissions at higher engine loads due to

lower viscosity and increase in premixed rapid burning rate

as the fuel inlet temperature increases [17,18]. Biodiesel

blends of B20 and B40 at preheating temperatures of 60, 75,

and 90°C led to increase of NOx emissions [31]. HC

emission for biodiesel blends followed a similar attitude as

that of diesel oil but comparatively the values were lower

[9,10,14]. The higher viscosity of unheated oil compared to

diesel fuel resulted in producing higher HC emissions, poor

atomization, and improper air-fuel mixing. Preheating of bio

fuel results in decreased viscosity and hence better

combustion [17–19,22,28,33].

CO2 emissions for biodiesel mixtures were less as

compared to petro-diesel [9,10,15]. CO2 emissions of

unheated oil were higher than diesel fuel due to the presence

of higher oxygen content. Preheated oil showed increase in

CO2 emissions over unheated oils [17,18]. CO2 emission

levels are lowered by biodiesel preheating and the reason is

attributed to less fuel consumption caused by higher fuel

temperature and improved combustion [19,34]. Smoke

emission for jatropha biodiesel blends was less than that of

fossil diesel oil. Smoke emission decreased with the

increase of biodiesel percentage [34]. Unheated and

preheated jatropha oils showed higher smoke emissions.

Smoke emission decreases due to lower viscosity and

combustion improvement when oil preheating temperature

is increased [30,31]. Smoke emission for preheated

biodiesel is lower than for unheated biodiesel [32].

Higher viscosity of vegetable oils causes problems in

atomization, vaporization and mixing. Oil preheating and

conversion of oil to biodiesel are used to overcome oil

higher viscosity. Jatropha oil is produced by extraction from

Egyptian jatropha seeds by a screw press. Measured

properties of the present preheated jatropha oil and biodiesel

were near to that of diesel oil. In this research, the exhaust

emissions and performance of a diesel engine operating

from zero to full load were measured when burning the

preheated biodiesel, oil and diesel fuel. Thermal efficiency,

exhaust gas temperature, specific fuel consumption and air-

fuel ratio were investigated. CO, NOx, HC and smoke

emissions were recorded with relative to diesel fuel.

Comparisons of engine performance and exhaust emissions

were made to obtain higher performance and lower exhaust

emissions in comparison to diesel oil.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Jatropha oil extraction process

Jatropha seeds are grown in dry weather and high

temperature regions in Upper Egypt. Oil was extracted from

jatropha seeds by using mechanical pressing because of its

higher yield. The screw press was designed and constructed

by the present authors [2]. The press consists of the base, the

housing, and the screw [2]. The screw is accommodated

inside the housing which is fixed to the base. The base and

housing have circular holes to feed the seeds. The oil is

collected from the holes of the housing. The press was

derived by an electric motor connected with a gearbox to

decrease the rotational speed. The direction switch and

frequency inverter were fitted to change the motor rotational

speed. Jatropha seeds were preheated by using heaters and a

digital temperature thermostat was employed for

temperature control. Improvement in screw operating

conditions was optimized to obtain a better oil yield at a

temperature of 100°C and motor speed of 60 rpm. The oil

was extracted to obtain a higher oil yield of up to 20% [2].

Figure 1 depicts the schematic diagram of the screw press

parts.



1 Electric Motor 2 Gear box 3 Screw press base A 4 Screw press base B

5 Housing 6 Heaters 7 Screw 8 Temperature sensor

9 Feeding hopper 10 Inverter 11 Motor direction switch 12 Temperature thermostat

13 Relay 14 Oil collector 15 Coupling

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the screw press parts [2].

2.2 Biodiesel production process

Esterification followed by transesterification processes

were employed for biodiesel production. In the esterification

process, methanol and sulfuric acid catalyst were blended

for three hours at a temperature of 80°C. Jatropha oil was

preheated up to 70°C to get off moisture. Methanol was

mixed with potassium hydroxide catalyst with a molar ratio

of 6:1 then the mixture was stirred continuously. Then it is

left to settle down for 24 hours. The glycerin was removed,

and biodiesel was water washed to remove all the unreacted

methoxide. The water traces were removed by biodiesel

heating to remove to obtain clear biodiesel.

2.3 Properties of preheated oil and preheated biodiesel

The measured properties of the tested fuels are shown in

Table 1. The measured heating values of jatropha oil and

biodiesel were 39128 and 387 kJ/kg, respectively. The

heating values of biodiesel and jatropha oil are less than

diesel oil by about 8 and 7%, respectively. Measured cetane

number for jatropha oil and biodiesel are 37.83 and 42.62,

respectively. The shorter ignition delay leads to higher

cetane number. Flash points for jatropha oil are 142 and

121°C, respectively. Fuel safe handling and storage are

related to flash point temperature. Jatropha oil has a higher

flash temperature than biodiesel and diesel oils, so, storage

and handling of these oils are relatively less hazardous in

comparison to petroleum diesel.

Table I

Properties of preheated oil and biodiesel compared to diesel fuels.

Properties Method Diesel Jatropha

Oil

Preheated

Oil Biodiesel

Preheated

Biodiesel

Density at 15.56 °C, kg/m3 ASTM D-4052 829 913 872 876 860

Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C, Cp ASTM D-445 1.2 6.9 2.1 1.8 1.4

Flash Point, °C ASTM D-93 75 142 142 121 121

Lower Heating Value, kJ / kg ASTM D-224 42000 39128 39128 38789 38789

Cetane Number ASTM D-13 45 37.83 37.83 42.62 42.62

The variations in densities for different temperatures

of jatropha oil and biodiesel are indicated in Fig. 2. The

measured values of densities by test method ASTM D-1298

for jatropha oil and biodiesel at the same temperature of

20°C are 913 and 876 kg/m3, respectively as compared to

only 829 kg/m3 for conventional diesel oil. The densities of



oils decrease with increase of oil temperature. The

variations in viscosities at different temperatures of jatropha

oil for the different methods are presented in Fig. 2.

Jatropha oil viscosity is higher than biodiesel and diesel oils.

The measured values of dynamic viscosities by test method

ASTM D-445 for jatropha oil and biodiesel at 40°C are 4.1

and 1.4 Cp, respectively as compared to only 1.2 Cp for

diesel oil at the same temperature. However, the oil

temperature increase led to viscosity decrease. This can be

inferred by comparing the values of oil viscosities at 40, 60,

80, 60 and 100°C for jatropha oil and biodiesel. Oil

preheating is one of the solutions to overcome higher oil

viscosity problems in diesel engines.

Fig. 2. Density and viscosity of jatropha oil and biodiesel at different temperatures.

2.4 Preheating system of jatropha oil

The water passing inside the shell around the fuel in

the inner tube was preheated using exhaust shell and tube

heat exchangers. Hot water is used to preheat the injected

fuel. A schematic diagram of the present preheating system

by exhaust sensible heat is shown in Fig. 3. A coil of copper

tube was adopted as a heat exchanger around the exhaust

pipe. Hot exhaust gases were utilized to increase the water

temperature from room temperature to more than 150°C. A

control valve was used to control the flow rate of hot water.

A thermocouple of type K measured the preheating

temperature. Preheating temperature control was achieved

by a digital thermometer. The preheated fuel temperature

was measured at the exit point of the heat exchanger.

1 Diesel engine 2 Engine base 3 Exhaust piping 4 Cold water in 5 Coil of copper tube 6 Control valve 7 Hot water out 8 Thermocouple and hot fuel out

9 Heat exchanger by water 10 Water out 11 Fuel table 12 Fuel tube in

13Fuel tank (Graduated glass cylinder)

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the preheating system.



2.5 Experimental rig

A single cylinder diesel engine model DEUTZ

F1L511 with cylinder bore of 100 mm, stroke of 105 mm

has a maximum power of 5.75 kW was used to perform the

experimental tests. Figure 4 shows the experimental set up.

An AC generator of 10.5 kW maximum electric output

power was coupled directly to the engine. A supported sharp

edge orifice connected to the air box was used to evaluate

the induction air flow rate. The pressure drop across the

orifice was recorded by using a U- tube manometer.

Thermocouple probes of type K were used to record the

intake air and exhaust temperatures. The engine was fed

with the tested fuels by a fuel tank of 5 liters capacity. MRU

DELTA 1600-V exhausts gas analyzer and OPA 100 smoke

meter were used to estimate exhaust emissions and smoke,

respectively.

1 Diesel engine 2 AC generator 3 Diesel tank 4 Fuel tank 5 Burette 6 Air surge tank 7 Orifice 8 Pressure differential meter 9 Intake air temp. thermocouple 10 Piezo pressure transducer 11 Charge amplifier 12 Data acquisition card

13 Personal computer 14 Exhaust gas analyzer 15 Smoke meter

16 Exhaust gas temp. thermocouple 17 Proximity switch 18 Cardan shaft

Fig. 4. Experimental setup schematic diagram.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Engine performance

Brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFC) at different

engine loads for jatropha biodiesel, jatropha oil, jatropha

biodiesel at 40 oC, and preheated jatropha oil at 90°C are

illustrated in Fig.5. BSFC decreased as the engine load

increased for all fuels. Higher viscosities and lower calorific

values of biodiesel and jatropha oil led to higher specific

fuel consumptions of biodiesel and jatropha oil with respect

to diesel oil. A reduction in specific fuel consumption was

observed for preheated jatropha oil with relative to other

fuels. Oil preheating reduces the fuel viscosity and thus

resulted in improving combustion characteristics, volatility,

and fuel atomization which led to lower specific fuel

consumption over unheated fuels. BSFC decrease of up to

2% was achieved for preheated jatropha oil compared to

diesel fuel.

Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for jatropha biodiesel,

jatropha oil, jatropha biodiesel at 40°C and preheated

jatropha oil at 90°C at different brake power are given in

Fig.5. BSFC decreased with the engine load increase. This

is due to improved combustion characteristics and improved

vaporization at higher engine loads. There is an increase in

BTE for preheated jatropha oil compared to the unheated

one due to improved spray characteristics. Higher viscosity,

lower calorific value and less biodiesel volatility lead to

poor atomization and vaporization of fuel particles. The

heating value loss of preheated oil is compensated by higher

fuel consumption to maintain the same power. Preheated

jatropha oil managed a thermal efficiency increase by up to

2% compared to diesel oil.



Fig. 5. Specific fuel consumptions and thermal efficiency for all fuels.

Jatropha biodiesel, jatropha oil, preheated biodiesel at 40°C

and preheated oil at 90°C exhaust temperature values at

different brake power are exhibited in Fig. 6. Increase of

exhaust gas temperature (Texh). was associated with the

increase in load because of thermal efficiency decrease,

mass of fuel injected increase, and heat loss increase

compared to diesel oil. Jatropha oil and biodiesel preheating

led to the decrease of Texh. Oil preheating led to oil viscosity

decrease, better combustion, and enthalpy loss reduction in

the exhaust. A decrease of up to 41% in exhaust gas

temperature for preheated jatropha oil was achieved over

that for diesel fuel.

Air-fuel ratios (A/F) at different engine loads for jatropha

biodiesel, jatropha oil, jatropha biodiesel at 40°C and

preheated jatropha oil at 90°C are described in Fig. 6. A/F

ratios decreased to the increase of fuel consumption. A/F for

preheated oil are greater than all fuels due decrease in fuel

density, viscosity, and consumption. Preheated jatropha oil

announces air- fuel ratio increase by up to 7% compared to

diesel oil.

Fig. 6. Exhaust gas temperatures and air-fuel ratio for all fuels.

3.5 Engine emissions

Figure 7 depicts the influence of engine brake power

on CO2 emissions for jatropha biodiesel, jatropha oil,

jatropha biodiesel at 40°C and preheated jatropha oil at

90°C. The increase in CO2 emission with engine load

increase was due to higher fuel consumption. All fuels

produced lower CO2 emissions than diesel oil. Diesel oil

contains higher carbon content than in biodiesel. CO2

emission is lower for preheated jatropha oil in comparison

to diesel oil. Increase of preheating temperature leads to

viscosity decrease and improvement of combustion

characteristics, thus CO2 emission decrease compared with

unheated jatropha oil. Burning of preheated jatropha oil

brought down CO2 emission significantly by up to 45%

related to petroleum diesel.



Carbon monoxide emissions for jatropha biodiesel, oil,

preheated biodiesel and preheated oil with engine loads are

indicated in Fig.7. The fuel consumption increase led to an

increase in CO emission from partial to full load. CO

emission decrease for biodiesel is due its higher oxygen

content in comparison to diesel fuel which results in better

combustion. Oil preheating temperature directs to a decrease

in CO emissions due to oil viscosity decrease, enhanced

oxidation, and improved combustion. CO emissions for

preheated biodiesel and preheated jatropha oil are lower

than that for unheated fuels due to increase of vaporization

rate. Poor fuel atomization and improper fuel- air mixing

inside the combustion chamber occurred because of the

higher jatropha oil viscosity which resulted in incomplete

combustion. Combustion of preheated jatropha oil gifted us

with a decrease in CO emission of up to 51% compared to

diesel oil.

Fig. 7. CO and CO2 emissions variation with brake power for all tested fuels.

NOx emissions for preheated, unheated jatropha biodiesel,

jatropha oil, preheated Jatropha biodiesel to 40°C and

jatropha oil to 90°C are shown in Fig. 8. NOx emissions

were reduced for preheated biodiesel and jatropha oil

compared to unheated fuels. NOx values of preheated oil are

less than preheated and unheated biodiesel. The engine load

increase led to increase of NOx emissions due to higher

adiabatic flame and cylinder temperatures. NOx formation

depends on cylinder combustion temperatures, ignition

delay and oxygen content. Air fuel mixing rates and lower

air entrainment result in low cylinder temperature and NOx

values for preheated jatropha oil. Combustion rate

enhancement, increased cylinder temperature and

consequently higher thermal NOx formation were due to the

oxygen content in the biodiesel structure. NOx emission of

preheated jatropha oil and biodiesel decreased about

unheated jatropha oil and biodiesel. Preheating of Jatropha

biodiesel leads to reduction in NOx formation due to

reduced intensity of premixed combustion regime, retarded

injection, spray properties improvement, improved

evaporation and mixing. At 75% of engine load, a

significant decrease in NOx emission was up to 35% for

preheated jatropha oil related to unheated oil. Preheated

biodiesel reduced NOx emission by up to 7% in comparison

to unheated biodiesel. Preheating proved to be a necessary

requirement in diesel and future biodiesel engines in order

to help in reducing engine NOx emissions [35].

Figure 8 displays HC emissions for jatropha biodiesel,

jatropha oil, preheated jatropha biodiesel at 40oC, and

preheated jatropha oil at 90°C at different loads. HC

emissions increased from part to higher engine loads.

Higher cetane number, shorter ignition delay and oxygen

content of the fuels led to a reduction in the over mixing of

fuel and higher emissions of hydrocarbons. Unheated

biodiesel and jatropha oil produced higher HC emissions

than diesel fuel. Poor volatility and higher viscosity of

jatropha oil results in improper air-fuel mixing, improved

spray, and higher HC emissions. Fuel preheating results in

viscosity reduction, vaporization improvement and lower

HC emissions.



Fig. 8. NOx and HC emissions at different engine brake power for all tested oils.

In Fig. 9, smoke emissions with engine brake power for

all fuels are shown. The engine load increase led to smoke

emission increase due to fuel consumption increase.

Decrease of smoke emissions for biodiesel was due to the

oxygen molecules in comparison to diesel oil which lead to

better combustion. The presence of aromatic compounds in

biodiesel and lower carbon to hydrogen ratio compared to

diesel fuel reduce the smoke emission of biodiesel. Increase

of fuel oil preheating temperature leads to a decrease in oil

viscosity which leads to better combustion and decrease in

smoke emission. Smoke emissions for preheated biodiesel

and preheated jatropha oil are lower than for unheated fuels

but these emissions for unheated fuels increased about

diesel fuel. Unheated biodiesel and unheated jatropha oil

showed higher smoke emissions than diesel oil, preheated

jatropha oil, and preheated biodiesel. Burning of preheated

jatropha oil decreases smoke emission abundantly by up to

55% compared to diesel oil.

Fig. 9. Change of smoke emission for tested fuels at different loads.

4. ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

COMPARISON

Comparison of results was made at 75% of engine

load as presented in Table 2. Brake thermal efficiency for

preheated jatropha oil increased by up to 2% compared to

diesel fuel, however for unheated biodiesel, unheated oil,

and preheated biodiesel it is decreased by about 9, 11, and

13%, respectively with respect to diesel oil. Exhaust gas

temperature decreases were about 41 and 44%, respectively,

for preheated jatropha oil, and preheated biodiesel when

compared to petroleum diesel and increased by about 9 and

11% for unheated biodiesel and unheated oil, respectively

compared to diesel oil. The increases in A/F ratio for

preheated jatropha were up to 7% in comparison to

hydrocarbon diesel fuel. For unheated biodiesel, unheated

oil and preheated biodiesel it decreases by about 16, 17, and

18%, respectively compared to diesel oil. Preheated jatropha

oil at 90°C produces improvement in engine performance.



Table II

Engine performance comparison of diesel engine burning different fuels.

No. Performance Unheated

Biodiesel

Unheated

Oil

Preheated

Biodiesel

Preheated

Oil

1 Brake thermal efficiency -9% -11% -13% +2%

2 Exhaust gas temperature +3% +5% -44% -41%

4 Air-fuel ratio -16% -17% -18% +7%

At 75% engine load, the effect of unheated and

preheated biodiesel and jatropha oil related to diesel oil on

exhaust emissions are demonstrated in Fig.3. CO2 emission

is lowered down to 45, 13, 7, and 23% for unheated

biodiesel, unheated oil, preheated biodiesel, and preheated

oil, respectively compared to petroleum diesel. CO emission

is reduced by up to 51, 9, 15, and 26% for unheated

biodiesel, unheated oil, preheated biodiesel, and preheated

oil, respectively compared to petro-diesel. The increases in

HC emissions were up to 44, 122, and 11% for unheated

biodiesel, unheated oil, and preheated biodiesel, respectively

in comparison to diesel oil. Smoke emission for preheated

jatropha oil decreased by about 55% compared to fossil

diesel fuel. Smoke emission decreased to 51, 47 and 55% for

unheated biodiesel, unheated oil and, preheated biodiesel,

respectively compared to diesel oil. It is obvious that the

engine exhaust emissions were less for jatropha oil

preheated to 90°C.

Table III

Comparison of emissions for different fuels.

No. Emissions Unheated

Biodiesel

Unheated

Oil

Preheated

Biodiesel

Preheated

Oil

1 CO2 -13% -7% -23% -45%

2 CO -9% -15% -26% -51%

3 HC +44% +122% +11% 0%

4 Smoke -51% -47% -55% -55%

Table IV reports comparison of diesel engine NOx emissions when burning preheated biodiesel and jatropha oil at

different engine loads compared with unheated biodiesel and jatropha oil. NOx emission decreased by up to 7% for preheated

biodiesel compared to unheated biodiesel and decreased by up to 35% for preheated oil compared to unheated oil at 75% of

load. Table IV

Comparison of NOx between preheated and unheated biodiesel and oil.

Load (kW) Preheated Biodiesel Preheated Oil

0 50% -16%

1 9% -18%

2 -13% -22%

3 -7% -35%

4 -4% -4%

5. CONCLUSIONS The present research concludes the following:

1. Emission concentrations of CO2 and smoke were

reduced for all tested fuels with respect to diesel

oil. HC and CO increased for unheated tested fuels

and were reduced for preheated tested fuels

compared to diesel oil.

2. NOx concentrations were decreased by up to 7 and

35% for preheated biodiesel and oil, respectively

compared to the unheated fuel at 75% of engine

load. Preheating of biofuels is a good cheap tool

for reducing NOx emissions.

3. BSFC increases were noticed for all fuels

compared related to diesel fuel but decreased for

preheated jatropha oil at 90°C.

4. Brake thermal efficiency was improved for

preheated jatropha oil at 90°C.

5. Exhaust temperatures for various blends gave an

upward increase trend with jatropha biodiesel

concentration increase in the blends. It increased



for unheated tested fuels compared to diesel oil but

decreased for preheated tested fuels.

6. There were decreases in air-fuel ratios for all fuels

compared to diesel oil but increased for preheated

jatropha oil at 90°C.

7. Higher performance was observed for preheated

jatropha oil compared to other fuels. Specific fuel

consumption decreased by up to 2%, thermal

efficiency increased by up to 10%, exhaust gas

temperature decreased by up to 41%, and air-fuel

ratio increased by up to 7%.

8. Preheated jatropha oil produced lower emissions

compared to other fuels. CO2 emission decreased

by 45%, CO emission decreased by 51% and

decrease of smoke emission was up to 55%

compared to diesel fuel.

9. Preheated jatropha oil is environmentally friendly,

economical, results in engine improved

performance and lower emissions. Using of

cheaper and easy produced preheated oil as fuel

rather than biodiesel fuel is recommended.

Preheating is free of charge as it utilizes the

enthalpy of the engine exhaust gases. These

achievements demand the design of new biodiesel

engines with exhaust preheating facility.

10. Preheating of bio-oil and biodiesel proved to be a

good technique to obtain improvement in engine

performance and emissions reduction. Therefore,

fuel preheating is necessary when burning jatropha

oil or biodiesel.

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Documents

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