Experimental techniques to deduce J Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data...
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Experimental techniques to deduce J Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Theory and Evaluation 28 April - 9 May 2008 Tibor Kibédi
Experimental techniques to deduce J Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Theory and Evaluation 28 April - 9 May 2008 Tibor Kibédi
Experimental techniques to deduce J Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on
Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Theory and Evaluation 28 April - 9
May 2008 Tibor Kibdi
Slide 2
Outline: Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian
National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Lecture I:
Experimental techniques to deduce J from Internal Conversion
Coefficients Angular distributions and correlations Directional
Correlations from Oriented nuclei (DCO) Lecture II: New
developments in characterizing nuclei far from stability
Slide 3
Electromagnetic Decay and Nuclear Structure Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 E i J i E f J f E , L, Angular momentum and
parity selection rules; multipolarities |J i - J f | L J i + J f ;
L 0 J i = J f = no;E2, E4, E6 M1, M3, M5E0 = yes; E1, E3, E5 M2,
M4, M6 Energetics of -decay: E i = E f + E + T r 0 = p r + p where
T r = (p r ) 2 /2M; usually T r /E ~10 -5 Mixed multipolarity (
`L`) = I ( `L`) / I ( L) Multipolarity known J may not be unique
unique
Slide 4
Electromagnetic decay modes Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Angular distribution with spins oriented Angular
correlations Polarization effects -ray
Slide 5
Electromagnetic decay modes Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Electron conversion coefficients E0 transitions: L=0
electron conversion Angular distribution with spins oriented
Angular correlations Polarization effects -ray K L M
Slide 6
Pair conversion coefficients E0 transitions: L=0
Electromagnetic decay modes Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008
Electron conversion coefficients E0 transitions: L=0 electron
conversion Angular distribution with spins oriented Angular
correlations Polarization effects -ray K L M e - - e + pair Higher
order effects: for example 2 photon emission is very weak
Slide 7
Angular distributions of Gamma-rays Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Mixing ratio ( L/ `L`) = I ( `L`) / I ( L) 2 2
transition Mixed, L=1, L`=2
Slide 8
Angular distributions of Gamma-rays Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Mixing ratio ( `L`) = I ( `L`) / I ( L) Mixing ratio (
L/ `L`) = I ( `L`) / I ( L) 2 1 transition Mixed, L=1, L`=2
Slide 9
Angular distributions of Gamma-rays Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University Nuclear orientation
can be achieved by interaction of external fields (E,B) with the
static moments of the nuclei at low temperatures by nuclear
reaction ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Attenuation due to
relaxation of nuclear orientation For F k (LL`J f J i ) see E. Der
Mateosian and A.W. Sunyar, ADNDT 13 (1974) 391
Slide 10
Angular distributions of Gamma-rays (n,n ) reaction on 92 Zr
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Gas Cell 3 H(p,n) @ E p =
4.9 MeV E n = 3.9 MeV Sample (41 gr) Pulsed Proton beam Tungsten
Copper Lead Ring Polyethylene Annular BGO HPGe Detector n` = 40 -
150 C. Fransen, et al., PRC C71, 054304 (2005) at Univ. of Kentucky
Figure courtesy of S.W. Yates
Slide 11
Angular distributions of Gamma-rays (n,n ) reaction on 92 Zr
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 C. Fransen, et al., PRC C
71, 054304 (2005), at Univ. of Kentucky Fit to data 92 Zr(n,n`)
reaction 12 angles and 12 hours / angle -spectrometer at 1.4 m
Deduced A 2 =A 22 /A 0 A 4 = A 44 /A 0 Typical valuesA2A4 J=2
(stretched quadrupole) +0.3-0.1 J=1 (stretched dipole) -0.20 J=1,
D+Q +0.5 to -0.8>0 E = 2123.0 keV
Slide 12
Angular distributions mixing ratio Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Mixing ratio, deduced from 2 of as a function of But no
information on Electric or Magnetic character: E1+M2 or M1+E2 =
0.69(16) (D+Q) Beam defines a symmetry axis where B k (J) is the
statistical tensor Approximation with Gaussian distribution E =
2123.0 keV
Slide 13
Directional Correlations from Oriented nuclei (DCO) Tibor
Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University
ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 L 2 L 2 2 J1J1 J2J2 J3J3 L 1 L 1 1 `
` For a J 1 J 2 J 3 cascade (see A.E. Stuchbery, Nucl. Phys. A723
(2003) 69) 1 (k 1 ) 2 (k 2 ) xkxk ykyk zkzk
Slide 14
Directional Correlations from Oriented nuclei (DCO) example
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 184 Pt from nat Gd + 29 Si
@ 145 MeV CAESAR array (ANU) M.P. Robinson et al., Phys. Lett B530
(2002) 74 10 + 8+8+ 6+6+ 4+4+ 2+2+ 0+0+ 11 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
Slide 15
Directional Correlations from Oriented nuclei DCO ratio Tibor
Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University
ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 L 2 L 2 2 J1J1 J2J2 J3J3 L 1 L 1 1 `
` By ignoring dependence we get 1 (k 1 ) 2 (k 2 ) xkxk ykyk zkzk
DCO L 1 = L 2 1 L 1 =1 & L 2 =2~2 For stretched
transitions
Slide 16
Conversion electrons (CE) Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 -ray K
L M r Radial distribution of EWF free particle electron bound state
electron Electron conversion Energetics of CE-decay (i=K, L, M,.) E
i = E f + E ce,i + E BE,i + T r - and CE-decays are independent;
transition probability T = + CE = + K + L + M Conversion
coefficient i = CE,i /
Slide 17
The physics of conversion coefficients Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Nuclear Electron Multipolar source Same for and CE
Fermis golden rule bound state electron free particle electron
Density of the final electron state (continuum)
Slide 18
Sensitivity to transition multipolarity Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 K NOT SELECTIVE i depends on 1)Transition energy ( E
2)Atomic number ( 3)Multipol order (L; the angular momentum carried
away) 4)Electric (E ) or magnetic (M ) character 5)The shell or
subshell the electron is ejected 6)Atomic screening 7)Nuclear
structure effects (penetration) NOTE (3) and (4) often referred as
multipolarity L)
Slide 19
Mixed multipolarity and E0 transitions Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 In some cases the mixing ratio can be deduced E0
transitions pure penetration effect; no -rays (I =0) Pure E0
transition: 0 + 0 + or 0 - 0 - J J (J0) transitions can be mixed
E0+E2+M1
Slide 20
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 134.363(18) keV M1+E2
transition in 172 Yb 2 (MR) hyper surface MR=1.3(3) (ENSDF)
MR=1.52(24) (BrIccMixing from Chi-squared fit) MR=1.5(+12-4)
(BrIccMixing from 2 (MR) hyper surface) CE data 1968Ka01 K 0.63(16)
1968Ka01 L1/L2 0.62(19) 1968Ka01 L2/L3 1.3(3)
Slide 21
More on conversion coefficients Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Conversion coefficient i = CE,i / Total conversion
coefficient T K L M + .+ K-shell L1-shell M1-shell Electron-
positron pair production Z=30 (Zn) E2 Fewer electrons than
-rays
Slide 22
Measuring conversion coefficients - methods Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 NPG: normalization of relative CE (I CE,i ) and
(I ) intensities via intensities of one (or more) transition with
known CEL: Coulomb excitation and lifetime measurement XPG:
intensity ratio of K X-rays to -rays with K-fluorescent yield, K
And many more, see Hamilton`s book
Slide 23
Internal Conversion Process the Pioneers Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 May 1965, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
T.R. Gerholm M.E. Rose J.H. Hamilton E.F. Zganjar M. Sakai E.
Seltzer & R. Hager
Slide 24
Conversion electron spectroscopy with PACES Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 Based on new data, favoured interpretation is
that isomer is not a high-K, but K =0 + Electrons are vital! Built
by E. Zganjar, LSU channel number (0.6 keV/ch) Figure courtesy of
P.M. Walker (Surrey) and P. Garrett (Guelph) K/L(E3) ~ 0.3
Slide 25
Magnetic spectrometers Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008
Mini-orange (looks like a peeled orange) transmission > 20%
small size and portability, but poorer quality Superconducting
solenoid Broad-range mode 100 keV up to a few MeV Lens mode finite
transmitted momentum bandwidth ( p/p~15-25%) high
peak-to-background ratio ATOMKI, Debrecen
Slide 26
Super-e Lens (ANU) Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008
Slide 27
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Super-e Lens (ANU) 194 Pt(
12 C,4n) 202 Po @ 76 MeV Pulsed beams (~1 ns) with 1.7 s
separation
Slide 28
The SACRED Electron Spectrometer (Liverpool-JYFL) Tibor Kibdi,
Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 H. Kankaanp et al., NIM A534 (2004) 503 see
also P.A. Butler et al., NIM A381 (1996) 433
Slide 29
The SACRED array example Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Sacred
+ RITU recoil tagged CE 208 Pb( 48 Ca,2n) 254 No S. Eeckhaudt, et
al., Eur. Phys. J. A 25, 605 (2005) P.A. Butler, et al., Phys. Rev.
Lett. 89, 202501 (2002)
Slide 30
Super-e & Honey (ANU) Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008
Electrons from atomic collisions are the major difficulty in low
energy CE spectroscopy using ion induced reactions HPGe
Slide 31
Super-e Honey (ANU) ee coincidences Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of
Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 63.1 LM 63.1 Gate on ALL gammas Gate on ALL CE E =63.1
keV transition not visible in the gamma spectrum T (M1) = 7.3!
K-shell conversion not allowed BE K =90.5 keV 208 Pb(p,n) 208 Bi @
9 MeV K.H. Maier et al, Phys. Rev. C 76, 064304 (2007)
Slide 32
Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics, Australian National
University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 Super-e Honey (ANU) ee
coincidences 538.2 63.1 LM 63.1 Gate on 538.2 keV gammas Gate on 63
LM CE Gate on 538.2 keV gammas Gate on 63 LM CE 63.1 63.1 LM
Slide 33
ICC from total intensity balances example 1 Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 Out-of-beam (or decay) coincidence data OUT IN
228/463 1085/463
Slide 34
ICC from total intensity balances when to use Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 K L M N Be careful near energies close to shell
binding Accuracy of gamma-ray measurements controls the range of
its use E1 M1 E2 M2 E3 M3 I /I ~ 10%
Slide 35
ICC from total intensity balances example 2 Tibor Kibdi, Dep.
of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA
Workshop 7-May-2008 In-beam: only when gating from above 577/611
207/311 Side feeding
Slide 36
ICC from X- and -ray intensities Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 Vacancies in the atomic shell give rise to
rearrangements in the shells which are accompanied by the emission
of X-rays Auger electrons B Schnfeld and h. Jansen, Nucl. Instr.
and Merh. in Phys. Res. A 369 (1993) 527. K x-rays: K (K-L shells)
Kb (K-M, K-MN, etc. shells)
Slide 37
ICC from X- and -ray intensities Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear
Physics, Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop
7-May-2008 661.657 Ba-KX Singles gamma measurement No other photon
and/or contaminates Well calibrated spectrometer Correct treatment
of the photon attenuation, scattering, etc. Knowledge of the
fluorescence yield N. Nica, et al. Phys. Rev. C75 (2007)
024308
Slide 38
Acknowledgements Tibor Kibdi, Dep. of Nuclear Physics,
Australian National University ICTP-IAEA Workshop 7-May-2008 G.D.
Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, P. Nieminen, H. Maier (ANU) F.G. Kondev (ANL)
P.E. Garrett (University of Guelph and TRIUMF) S.W. Yates (Univ. of
Kentucky)