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1 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

CCNA Exploration1 Chapter 6:Addressing the Network IPv4

LOCAL CISCO ACADEMY ELSYS TU

INSTRUCTOR: STELA STEFANOVA

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Objectives

Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate theability to convert between 8-bit binary and decimalnumbers;

Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how

it is used in the network; Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs

and within networks by administrators;

Determine the network portion of the host address andexplain the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks;

Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria,calculate the appropriate addressing components;

Use common testing utilities to verify and test networkconnectivity and operational status of the IP protocolstack on a host.

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IP Addressing Structure

Dotted decimal structure of a binary IP address

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Octet a byte of the binary patterns representing IPv4 addresses;Dotted Decimal binary patterns representing IPv4 addresses are expressedas dotted decimals by separating each octet, with a dot;

Example: address 10101100000100000000010000010100 is expressedin dotted decimal as: 172.16.4.20Network Address for each IPv4 address, some portion of the high-order bits;

at Layer 3, we define a network as a group of hosts thathave identical bit patterns in the network address portion oftheir addresses.Host Portion a variable number of bits of the 32 bits IPv4 address that

determines the number of hosts within the network.

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8-bit binary in network addressing andconversion of 8-bit binary to decimal

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Positional notation

Positional notation

means that a digit represents different valuesdepending on the position it occupies;

the value that a digit represents is that valuemultiplied by the power of the base, or radix,represented by the position the digitoccupies.

Positional notation in the base 10 numbersystem

Example: 245 represents:

245 = (2 * 10^2) + (4 * 10^1) + (5 * 10^0) or

245 = (2 * 100) + (4 * 10) + (5 * 1)

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Binary Numbering System

Binary Numbering System radix is 2;

each position represents increasing powers of 2;

in 8-bit binary numbers, the positions represent these quantities:

2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

the base 2 numbering system only has two digits: 0 and 1;

a 1 in each position means that we add the value for that positionto the total;

there is a 1 in each position of an octet. The total is 255.

128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255

a 0 in each position indicates that the value for that position isnot added to the total;

a 0 in every position yields a total of 0.

0.128 + 0.64 + 0.32 + 0.16 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 0

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

Converting 8-bit binary to decimal



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999

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

IPv4 Binary to Dotted Decimal Notation

Steps:

Divide the 32bits into 4octets;

Convert eachoctet todecimal;

Add a "dot"

between eachdecimal.

Converting 8-bit binary to decimal

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Binary to Decimal Conversion Activity

Convert the given binary numbershown in bit field to a decimal value



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Decimal to binary conversion

Decimal to 8-bit binary conversion



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Decimal to binary conversions

172.16.4.20



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172.16.4.20



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172.16.4.20



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Converting decimal to 8-bit binary



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IPv4 Address Types

Types of addresses:

Network address Broadcast address

Host address

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IPv4 Address Types

Network address

is a standard way to refer to a network;

within the IPv4 address range of a network, thelowest address is reserved for the network

address;

has a 0 for each host bit in the host portion ofthe address.

Prefix length

is the number of bits in the address that givesthe network portion;

For example:

in 172.16.4.0 /24, - the /24 is the prefix length -the first 24 bits are the network address.

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IPv4 Address Types

Subnet mask consists of 32 bits; uses 1s and 0s to indicate which bits of the addressare network bits and which bits are hosts bits

Broadcast address

a special address for each network that allowscommunication to all the hosts in that network;

uses the highest address in the network range.

Host address

every end device requires a unique address todeliver a packet to that host;

in IPv4 addresses - assign the values between thenetwork address and the broadcast address to thedevices in that network.

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IPv4 Address Types

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202020


IPv4 Network Address

Network address - the addressused to refer to the network

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IPv4 Broadcast Address

Broadcast address - a special address usedto send data to all hosts in the network

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Host Address

Host Address - every end devicerequires a unique address

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IPv4 Address Types

24 bits network address prefix



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IPv4 Address Types

27 bits network address prefix



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Calculating the IPv4 Address Types

Calculating network, broadcastand host addresses



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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses

Determine the network, broadcast and host addressesfor a given address and prefix combination



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Type of Communications Unicast,Broadcast, Milticast

Types of communication in the Network Layer:

Unicast - the process of sending a packetfrom one host to an individual host

Broadcast - the process of sending a packetfrom one host to all hosts in the network

Multicast - the process of sending a packetfrom one host to a selected group of hosts

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Unicast communication

the process of sending a packet from onehost to an individual host

is used for the normal host-to-hostcommunication in both a client/server and apeer-to-peer network;

Unicast packets

use the host address of the destinationdevice as the destination address;

can be routed through an internetwork.

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Broadcast transmission is used to send packets to all hosts in the network, a packetuses a special broadcast address; is used for the location of special services/devices for whichthe address is not known or when a host needs to provide

information to all the hosts on the network;Examples for broadcast transmission:

- Mapping upper layer addresses to lower layer addresses;- Requesting an address;- Exchanging routing information by routing protocols.

Query when a host needs information, the host sends a request, tothe broadcast address; received and processed by all hosts in the network; one or more of the hosts with the requested information willrespond, typically using unicast.

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Broadcast packets are usually restricted to the local network; the restriction is dependent on the configuration of the router thatborders the network and the type of broadcast;

Types of broadcasts - directed and limited broadcasts.

Directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a specific network. is useful for sending a broadcast to all hosts on a non-localnetwork; For example: for a host outside of the network to communicatewith the hosts within the 172.16.4.0 /24 network, the destination

address of the packet would be 172.16.4.255.Limited broadcast is used for communication that is limited to the hosts on the localnetwork; destination IPv4 broadcast address 255.255.255.255; do not forwarded by the router.

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Multicast Transmission is designed to conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network; reduces traffic by allowing a host to send a single packet to aselected set of hosts.

Examples of multicast transmission:

- Video and audio broadcasts;- Routing information exchange by routing protocols;- Distribution of software;- News feeds.

Multicast Clients hosts that wish to receive particular multicast data;

use services initiated by a client program to subscribe to themulticast group.

Multicast group is represented by a single IPv4 multicast destination address; IPv4 has set aside a special block of addresses from 224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255 for multicast groups addressing.

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Reserved IPv4 Address ranges

Experimental Addresses

reserved for special purposes;

IPv4 experimental address range 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254;

are listed as reserved for future use RFC 3330;

could be converted to usable addresses; cannot be used in IPv4 networks;

used for research or experimentation.

Multicast Addresses

reserved for special purposes;

IPv4 multicast address range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255;

different types of multicast addresses:

- reserved link local addresses;

- globally scoped addresses;

- administratively scoped addresses (limited scope addresses).

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Reserved link local addresses IPv4 multicast addresses 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255;

are to be used for multicast groups on a local network;

Packets to these destinations are always transmitted with atime-to-live (TTL) value of 1 and a router connected to thelocal network should never forward them;

used in routing protocols using multicast transmission toexchange routing information.

Globally scoped addresses

are 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255;

used to multicast data across the Internet;

For example, 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network TimeProtocol (NTP) to synchronize the time-of-day clocks ofnetwork devices.

Host Addresses

address range of 0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255;

used for IPv4 hosts;PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Public Address and Private Address

Public address

vast majority of the addresses in the IPv4 unicasthost range;

are assigned by InterNIC;

are designed to be used in the hosts that arepublicly accessible from the Internet;

Private Addresses

blocks of addresses that are used in networksthat require limited or no Internet access.

Private address blocks: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)

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Private Addresses

need not be unique among outside networks;

hosts that do not require access to the Internet;

many hosts in different networks may use the same private

space addresses; the router or firewall device at the perimeter of these private

networks must block or translate these addresses.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

services to translate private addresses to public addresses;

hosts on a privately addressed network can have access toresources across the Internet;

can be implemented on a device at the edge of the privatenetwork;

allows the hosts in the network to "borrow" a public

address for communicating to outside networks;PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Private address



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Determine a public and private IPv4 Addresses



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Special IPv4 Addresses

Network and Broadcast Addresses first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts;

first address - network address; last address - broadcast address.

Default Route

IPv4 default route as 0.0.0.0;

is used as a "catch all" route when a more specific route is notavailable;

reserved address block 0.0.0.0 - 0.255.255.255 (0.0.0.0 /8).

Loopback

IPv4 loopback address 127.0.0.1; hosts use to direct traffic to themselves;

creates a shortcut method for TCP/IP applications and services thatrun on the same device to communicate with one another;

can be ping to test the configuration of TCP/IP on the local host.

addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 are reserved.

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Link-Local Addresses address block 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0 /16);

can be automatically assigned to the local host by theoperating system in environments where no IP configuration isavailable;

used in a small peer-to-peer network or for a host that couldnot automatically obtain an address from a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) server.

TEST-NET Addresses

address block 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24);

is set aside for teaching and learning purposes;

can be used in documentation and network examples;

network devices will accept these addresses in theirconfigurations;

used with the domain names example.com or example.net inRFCs, vendor, and protocol documentation;

should not appear on the Internet.PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Special reserved IPv4 addresses



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Classes of IPv4 Addresses

Class A Blocks

designed to support extremely large networkswith more than 16 million host addresses;

use a fixed /8 prefix with the first octet toindicate the network address;

remaining three octets were used for hostaddresses;

required that the most significant bit of thehigh-order octet be a zero;

there were only 128 possible class Anetworks;

address block - 0.0.0.0 /8 to 127.0.0.0 /8;

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Class B Blocks

designed to support the needs of moderate tolarge size networks with more than 65,000 hosts;

used the two high-order octets to indicate the

network address; other two octets specified host addresses;

the most significant two bits of the high-orderoctet were 10;

address block - 128.0.0.0 /16 to 191.255.0.0 /16; slightly more efficient allocation of addresses

than class A;

equally divided 25% of the total IPv4 addressspace among approximately 16,000 networks.

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Class C Blocks

the most commonly available of the historic addressclasses;

intended to provide addresses for small networkswith a maximum of 254 hosts;

used a /24 prefix;

used only the last octet as host addresses;

three high-order octets used to indicate the networkaddress;

using a fixed value of 110 for the three mostsignificant bits of the high-order octet;

address block - 192.0.0.0 /16 to 223.255.255.0 /16;

occupied only 12.5% of the total IPv4 address space;

could provide addresses to 2 million networks.

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Legacy IPv4 Addresses

RFC 1700 grouped the unicast ranges into specific classesof the IPv4 addresses - class A, class B, and class C

classfuladdressing

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Limits to the Class-based System

classful allocation of address space oftenwasted many addresses, which exhausted the

availability of IPv4 addresses; for example: a company that had a network

with 260 hosts would need to be given a classB address with more than 65,000 addresses;

Classless Addressing

address blocks appropriate to the number ofhosts are assigned to companies ororganizations without regard to the unicastclass.

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Planning to Address the Network

Allocation of Network layer addresses inside the

networks:

should be planned and documented for thepurpose of:

- Preventing duplication of addresses;- Providing and controlling access;- Monitoring security and performance.

Preventing Duplication of Addresses

each host in an internetwork must have a uniqueaddress; without the proper planning and documentationof these network allocations, we could easilyassign an address to more than one host.

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Providing and Controlling Access

access to the resources can be controlledby the Layer 3 address;

if the addresses for these resources arenot planned and documented, the securityand accessibility of the devices are noteasily controlled;

For example, if a server has a randomaddress assigned, blocking access to itsaddress is difficult and clients may not beable to locate this resource.

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Monitoring Security and Performance need to monitor the security and performance ofthe network hosts and the network as a whole;

Assigning Addresses within a Network

hosts are associated with an IPv4 network by acommon network portion of the address;Examples of different types of hosts:

End devices for users Servers and peripherals

Hosts that are accessible from the Internet Intermediary devices

each of these different device types should beallocated to a logical block of addresses within theaddress range of the network.

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Private Addresses

Private Address



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Public Addresses

Public Address



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Static Addresses

Static Assignment of Addresses the network administrator must manually configure the

network information for a host;

includes entering the host IP address, subnet mask, anddefault gateway.

Static addresses are useful for printers, servers, and other networking

devices that need to be accessible to clients on thenetwork;

if hosts normally access a server at a particular IP

address, it would cause problems if that address changed; can provide increased control of network resources;

can be time-consuming to enter the information on eachhost.

it is necessary to maintain an accurate list of the IP

address assigned to each device;PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Static Addresses

Static Assignment of Addresses



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Dynamic Addresses

Dynamic Assignment of Addresses using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

DHCP

enables the automatic assignment of addressing informationsuch as IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and otherconfiguration information;

is generally the preferred method of assigning IP addresses tohosts on large networks;

reduces the burden on network support staff and virtuallyeliminates entry errors.

Configuration of the DHCP server

defined address pool to be assigned to the DHCP clients on anetwork;

the address is not permanently assigned to a host but is only"leased" for a period of time;

the address is returned to the pool for reuse, if the host ispowered down or taken off the network.

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Dynamic Addresses

IPconfig /all command



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Assigning Addresses to Other Devices

Addresses for Servers and Peripherals

any network resource (a server or a printer) shouldhave a static IPv4 address;

servers and peripherals are a concentration point for

network traffic;Addresses for Hosts that are accessible from Internet

In most internetworks, only a few devices areaccessible by hosts outside of the corporation;

are usually servers of some type; the IPv4 addresses for these devices should be static;

servers accessible by the Internet, each of these musthave a public space address associated with it;



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Addresses for Intermediary DevicesIntermediary devices:

are assigned Layer 3 addresses either for the devicemanagement or for their operation;

should have predictable addresses;

addresses are typically assigned manually;Hubs, switches, and wireless access points:

- do not require IPv4 addresses to operate as intermediarydevices;

- need to have assigned addresses - to access as hosts, toconfigure, monitor, or troubleshoot network operation.

Routers and Firewalls

have an IPv4 address assigned to each interface;

each interface is in a different network and serves as thegateway for the hosts in that network;

typically, the router interface uses either the lowest or highest

address in the network.PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com


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Types of addresses that should be assignedto devices other than end user devices



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Assigning Addresses

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - http://www.iana.net

is the master holder of the IP addresses;

IP multicast addresses and the IPv6 addresses are obtaineddirectly from IANA;

all IPv4 address space was managed directly by the IANA;

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) - Africa Region

http://www.afrinic.net

APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) - Asia/PacificRegion http://www.apnic.net

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - North AmericaRegion http://www.arin.net

LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP AddressRegistry) - Latin America and some Caribbean Islandshttp://www.lacnic.net

RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Europeans) - Europe, the Middle East,and Central Asia http://www.ripe.net

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Assigning Addresses

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)



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ISP Tiers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) generally supply a small number of usable IPv4 addresses(6 or 14) to their customers as a part of their services;

have their own set of internal data networks to manage

Internet connectivity and to provide related services.ISP Services

DNS services, e-mail services, website.ISP Tiers

ISPs are designated by a hierarchy based on their level ofconnectivity to the Internet backbone;

each lower tier obtains connectivity to the backbone via aconnection to a higher tier ISP;

Tier 1 ISPs at the top of the ISP hierarchy;

are large national or international ISPs that are directly

connected to the Internet backbone;Customers of Tier 1 ISPs are lower-tiered ISPs;

are large companies and organizations;PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Tier 1 ISPs

Tier 1 ISPs engineer highly reliable connections and services; uses multiple connections to the Internet backbone to support reliability; the primary advantages for Tier 1 ISP customers are reliability and speed; the drawback for Tier 1 ISP customers is its high cost.

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Tier 2 ISPs

Tier 2 ISPs acquire their Internet service from Tier 1 ISPs; generally focus on business customers. offer more services than the other two tiers of ISPs; the primary disadvantage is slower Internet access; have lower reliability than Tier 1 ISPs.

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Tier 3 ISPs

Tier 3 ISPs purchase their Internet service from T

Documents

Exploration 1 Module 6-08-03 11