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Exploration and Conquest of the Americas
Reasons for Exploration: Gold
Spice trade controlled by Italians & Ottoman Turks
Slave trade controlled by North African Muslims
Copyright 2000, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Reasons for Exploration: GodThe Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada in Jan. 1492Conquest & conversion of Indians seen as extensionHoped to join forces with mythical Kingdom of Prester John & renew Crusades
Queen Isabella
Reasons for Exploration: Glory & technological advances
Desire to win fame & fortune
Inspired in part by Renaissance humanism
Technological advances:Compass, astrolabe & quadrant
Better portaline maps
Caravel – 1st ship capable of tacking against the wind
Portuguese caravel
The Portuguese ExplorersEst. sugar colonies in Madeira (1420), Azores (1427), Cape Verde Islands (1460) & Saõ Tomé (1470)
Bartholomew Diaz rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488
Vasco da Gama led successful expedition to India, 1497-99
Rejected Columbus because they knew his calculations were way off – under-estimated circumference
Vasco da Gama Church
Christopher Columbus
Columbus sailed west in Aug. 1492 – reached Bahamas on Oct. 12
Explored Cuba & Hispaniola, then returned to Portugal March 4, 1493
Made 3 more voyages
Died convinced he had been to Asia 4 times
The Spanish ExplorersChristopher Columbus sailed west in Aug. 1492, exploring CaribbeanTreaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided world between Spain (west) & Portugal (east)Amerigo Vespucci first to call it a new continentPedro Alvarez Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed Panama in 1513 & sees Pacific
The Conquistadores
Adelantados – private contractors hired by King
Hernan Cortes conquered Mexican Empire (Aztecs), 1519-21
Young minor nobleman
Led revolt by subject tribes who resented tribute & human sacrifices
Francisco Pizzaro conquered Inca, 1531-32
Took advantage of civil war
Spread smallpox deliberately
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Pizzaro
The Spanish EmpireViceroys ruled New Spain & Peru on King’s behalf
Each divided into provincesGovernors & audencias (courts) ruled provinces
Haciendas = large plantations growing cash crops (sugar, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, etc.)Mines were principle source of wealth for Spain
16 million kg. entered Spain between 1503-1650Crown kept 1/5 (quinto)Flowed primarily to Spanish Netherlands
Slave LaborEncomienda = grant of Indian labor to mine & hacienda ownersRepartimiento = requirement that Indians work so many days for SpanishModeled on feudalism, but no protection for workersWhen Indians died off, replaced by Africans