Exploration of the Mysterious World of WCDMA

8/3/2019 Exploration of the Mysterious World of WCDMA

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The Exploration of the

Mysterious World of WCDMA

05.2009

UMTS Custom Service

Department



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Nowadays, information exists everywhere in the world. Largeamount of multimedia such as pictures, voices and data makesthe present 2G telecom network overloaded, and it has quite along way to go to meet more and more service demand of theusers.

In such conditionthe 3rd mobile telecom system(3G), whichcan provide many types of multimedia service with high quality,cover the whole world seamlessly with the ability of globe-roaming , be compatible with the fixed net and make any kindof telecom anywhere at anytime with the small-size portableterminal.

WCDMA has become one of the main-stream standard of 3rdtelecom system.

BackgroundBackground

The Origin of WCDMA«



For Internal

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Summary

Summary of

the system

Basic

Theories

Network

StructureConcept of

Channel

Key Tech



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Welcome to the Mysterious World of WCDMA

First, please allow me to introduce myself . My name is

WCDMAWideband Code Division Multiple Access

and it is my honor to become one of the major standards of

the 3rd mobile telecom with TDSCDMACDMA2000 and

Wimax.

In the following part, I will lead you to explore my world

and unveil WCDMAAre you ready?

Let¶s roll out!



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System with

Bigger Capacity

System with

Bigger Capacity

Lower Terminal

Transmitting

Power

Lower Terminal

Transmitting

Power

TDMA:FDMA=5:1

CDMA:TDMA=4:1

CDMA:FDMA=20:1

20mW inside

300mW outside

Low radiationgreenlonger standby time of the

terminal.

Smooth

Transition

from 2G to 3G

Smooth

Transition

from 2G to 3G

Based on the net transition of GSM/GPRS, the core net

can keep the compatibility with GSM/GPRS.

Reducing the net-building cost of the carriers

efficiently

The Advancement of WCDMA

Reducing the

operating cost of

the carriers



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Faster DataFaster Data

TransitionTransition TateTate

Faster DataFaster Data

TransitionTransition TateTate

Various kinds of Various kinds of

servicesservices

Various kinds of Various kinds of

servicesservices

High speed move(120km/h): 144 kbps

Walking rate(3km/h) : 384

kbpsinside: 2 Mbps

HSDPA : 14.4 Mbps

HSUPA : 5.76Mbps

Audio phone, video phone, multimedia message service, SMS«

Video on-demandmobile Email, mobile internet access«

Let you enjoy the noblest 3G life and meet your demanding for

mobile life!

Telecom withTelecom with

Better QualityBetter Quality

Telecom withTelecom with

Better QualityBetter Quality

Adopting the AMR speech code, it provides the voice

quality as good as that provided by fixed network.

Improving the phone experience of the user, up-level the

users' acceptance of WCDMA network and meet the Qos

operating demand of the carrier





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Infinite Imagination

Infinite Possibility

W

CD

M

A

Let you be

a owner

Who says distance obstruct love?

Who says bedroom is not meeting room?

Who says child can¶t accompany me all the time?



For Internal

Use OnlyContents

Summary

Summary of

the System

Basic

Theories

Network

StructureConcept of

Channel

Key Tech



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The Transition Direction of Mobile Telecom Technology

1999-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-????

16K~144K

(bps)

16K~144K

(bps)

GSM

UL: 384K

DL:384K

(bps)

UL: 384K

DL:384K

(bps)

GPRS /

EDGE

UL:384KDL:3.6M

(bps)

UL:384KDL:3.6M

(bps)

WCDMA

/HSDPA

UL:5.76M

DL:14.4M

(bps)

UL:5.76M

DL:14.4M

(bps)

HSPA

UL:11.5M

DL:43.2M

(bps)

UL:11.5M

DL:43.2M

(bps)

HSPA+

UL:86.4M

DL: 326M

(bps)

UL:86.4M

DL: 326M

(bps)

LTE

GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS WCDMAWCDMA FDD

TDD

LTELTE



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The Standardization Association of WCDMA²²3GPP3GPP2

3G

PP3G

PP 3th Generation Partner Project

3GPP23GPP2 3th Generation Partnership Project 2

3GPP was built up in December,1998, formed by ETSI of

Europe, ARIB of Japan, TT A of Korea and T1 of US A and soon.

Later, in Jan.1999,3GPP2 was built up officially too, formed

by TI A of USA, ARIB of Japan and TT A of Korea and so on.

UpUp--gradegrade

WCDMAWCDMA

VersionVersion

R99R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8



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WCDMA Physical Layer Solution²²CDMA

Tim

e

Freq

uenc

y

FDMA

Fre

quency

Time

Code

wor d CDMA

Freq

uenc

y

Tim

eTDMA

FDMA

Talkers enter the sameroom to communicate,not disturbing peopletalking in other rooms

Image the channel asdifferent rooms

Low utilization ratio of radio

resource

Complex hand-off exchange

Bad adoptability for new

technology

TDMA

All the talkers enter one

room, and everyone speaksone sentence each timewithout any disturbance.

High utilization ratio of radio

resource

Easy hand-off exchange

(roaming)

Be adopted in mobiletelecom widely

Image the channel asonly one big room

CDMA

All the talkers enter one

room, and speak in differentlanguages (code). They cantalk clearly although theexistence of the disturbance.

Highest utilization ratio of radio

resource

The attribute of soft hand-off

and soft capacity

ApplicationTACS AMPS Application: GSM DAMPS Application CDMA WCDMA



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WCDMA Duplex Technology

FDDFDD

TDDTDD

Message from NodeB to MS and inverse message are transmitted in

different timeslot. This duplex way can allocate the forward and

reverse channel, especially suitable for the system with antisymmetric

forward and reverse service.

TDD is formed by two bands. One of them provides message

transmission from Node B to MS, while another one offers the inverse

message transmission. Actually, the two bands are used at intervals as

pairs.

WCDMA system in our country adopts FDD duplex technology.

Tips: MC is formed by USIM card and UE.



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Signal Bandwidth5MHz

Chip Rate3.84Mcps

Power C

ontrol:C

losed loop and external ring power control of up anddown link

Band Used19201980MHz at up link, 21102170MHz at down

link

Mode of Operationsupporting synchronous/asynchronous

NodeB operating mode.

Encoding ModeConvolution code and Turbo code

Modulating ModeBPSK at up link, QPSK at down link

Brief Introduction of WCDMA System



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Summary

Summary

of System

Basic

Theories

Network

StructureConcept of

Channel

Key Tech



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Network Structure of WCDMA System

RNS

RNC

RNS

RNC

Core Network

Node B Node B Node B Node B

Iu Iu

Iur

Iub IubIub Iub

UE UE

Uu





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WCDMA Air InterfaceUu

L3

c o n t r o l

c o n t r o l

c o n t r o l

c o n t r o l

LogicalChannels

TransportChannels

C-plane signalling U-plane information

PHY

L2/MAC

L1

RLC

DC NtGC

L2/R LC

MAC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLC

Duplication avoidance

UuS boundary

BMCL2/BMC

control

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

DC NtGC

RadioBearers

RRC

Uu can be divided intothree layers of protocols

L1

physical layerL2data link layer

L3Network layer

Media Access Controller

RadioLink Controller

Packet Data Convergence

Protocol

Broadcast/Multicast Controller



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Major Function of Uu

Management of broadcasting, paging

and RNS connection.

Decision and enforcement of handoffand power

Management of radio resource and

message-control

Handle the message of base band and

radio frequency



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The Interface of WCDMA SystemIub

Node B

Application Part(NBAP)

AALType 2

ALCAP

Transport

Layer

Physical Layer

Radio

Network

Layer

Radio Network

Control Plane

Transport Network

Control Plane

ATM

AALType 5

User Plane

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

AALType 5

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.2

Interface Protocol

Horizontally, it is divided intoradio network layer and transportnetwork layer.

Vertically, it is divided intoradio network control plane,transport network control plane and

user plane. The major function of NB AP protocol areCommonNB APC-NB APandDedicatedNB APD-NB AP

FP protocol is frame protocol which isapplied in user plane of lub, and it is dividedinto CFP, associating Common TransportChannel and DFP, associating dedicatedtransport Channel.

SSCOPService Specific ConnectionOriented Protocol support simple and reliabletransport connection from point to point, onlyused for control, not for data transportation

ALCAP Access Link Control ApplicationProtocol



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Q.2150.1

Q.2630.1

RANAP Iu UP Protocol

Layer

Transport Network

Layer

Physical Layer

TransportUser

Network Plane

Control Plane User Plane

TransportUser

Network Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Radio Network

Layer

ATM

SSCOP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

AAL2AAL5

MTP3bMTP3b

SCCP

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

IP

SCTP

SCCP

SSCF-NNI

MTP3-B

M3UA

RANAPIu UP Protocol

Layer

Transport

Network

Layer

Physical Layer

Transport

User

Network

Plane


Transport

User

Network

PlaneTransport Network

Control Plane

Radio

Network

Layer

ATM

AAL5

IP

UDP

GTP-U

Physical Layer

ATM

Interface of WCDMA SystemIu-CS, Iu-PS

Iu-CS Iu-PS



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Interface of WCDMA SystemIur

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

MTP3-B

AAL5

IP

SCTP

SCCP

AAL5

SSCF-NNI

STC (Q.2150.1)

RNS AP Iur DataStream(s)

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

TransportUser

NetworkPlane


TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Transport NetworkControl Plane

RadioNetwork

Layer

ATM

ALCAP(Q.2630.1)

AAL2

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

MTP3-B

IP

SCTPSSCF-NNI

M3U A M3U A

The protocol Function of The protocol Function of Iur Iur

Management of transport

network

Service management of

common transport channel

preparation of common

transport channel resource,

paging.


dedicated transport channelreport of establishment

,addition, deletion and

measurement of radio link


downlink shared transport

channel establishment

,addition, deletion of radiolink and capacity allocating



For Internal

Use OnlyContents

Summary

Summary

of System

Basic

Theories

Network

StructureConcept of

Channel

Key Tech



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Key Tech of WCDMABand Spreading

The Feature of Band Spreading

Strong ability to resist multipathinterference

Resisting the disturbance from

burst

High level security

Low transmitting power

Easily to achieve telecom with

large capacity and multiple access

Occupying wider band

Complicated procedure

Hard to achieve synchrony in time

vary channel

Band Spreading is a tech to spread the spectrum of the signal and transport

Based on the formula of channelcapacity (shammon formula)

C = W×Log2(1+S/N)

Basic feature of band spreadingtelecom

CMessage transport rateS/NSNR

W²width of band

Cspread W

raising SNR

Using the tech of broad band

transmission to improve the SNR

The basic idea and theories of band spreading telecom

The width of band of messagetransported is much wider than that of

the message itself



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WCDMA System Adopts DSSS to Spread and Despread the Spectrum

f

Sf

f0The signal spectrum before spreading

signal

Sf

f f0

The signal spectrum after spreading

signal

Sf

f f0

The signal spectrum after despreading

signal

Disturbing

f

Sf

f0

The signal spectrum before despreading

signal

Disturbing noise

Signal Purse Jamming White noise



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The key Tech of WCDMASpectrum Spreading

Spectrum spreading is used on physical layer

Spectrum spreading has two steps

Channelizing changes data symbols into series of code,

which widens the width of signal.

Data scrambling put scrambling on the spectrum spreading

signal.

OVSF code Data Scrambling

Data Bit Chips

after

Spectrum

Spreadi

ng

Symbol rate× SF = 3.84Mcps

WCDMASF of uplink channel code is 4~256

SF of unlink channel code is 4~512

Tips: OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor





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Key Tech of WCDMA²Power Control

Power control, based on CDMA, is not a new tech

Power control plays pivotal role in WCDMA.

In order to realize the wide business usage of WCDMA telecomthe

issue of power control should be solved.

CDMA is a co-channel and self-disturbing

system, so any unnecessary power

shouldn¶t be transmitted. This is a general

principle that must be obeyed.

Types of power

control

Open loop power controlaccording to the fading condition of the

received link signal, it estimates fading of self-transmitted

signal, and determines the transmission power.

Closed loop power controlThe transmitter increase or lower the

transmission power according to the response of the quality measuring

result of the receiver link



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Open loop

It measures the disturbing condition in channel and adjust

transmission power.

Closed loopInner loop

It measures the SIR and target SIR. After comparison, it orders the

MS to adjust its transmission power.

The frequency of the inner loop power control of CDMA is 1500Hz

If measured SIR>target SIR reduce the transmission power of

MS

If measured SIR<target SIR increase the transmission powerof MS

Closed loopExternal loop

It measures frame error rate block error rate) and adjusts the

target SNR.

Key Tech of WCDMAPower Control



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Key Tech of WCDMAPower controlWithout

powercontrol

With power

control

Principal of Power Control Objection of Power Control

Reducing multiple disturbance

Solving far and near effect

Solving shade effect

Saving the power of battery

Compensating partly fading

WCDMA system adopts the judgingprinciple with SIR balance and

quality balance, that is the

judging principle based on the

SIR balance, but the instant

target SIR is decided by quality

FER and BLER.



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Hard handoff

Soft handoff

Key Tech of WCDMAHandoff

Hard

handoff

handoff between

frequency

Handoff between

different 3G system

Handoff between

different interface

techs

Hard Handoff in the

same frequency without

lur

Soft

handoff

Handoff between

different NodeB withone frequency

Handoff between LUR in

the same frequency

Softer

handoff

Handoff between different cells

with one NodeB and frequency



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ARNC sends measurementcontrol message to UE

BUE measures according

to the requirement of and

hand in measurement report

CIn view of different

UE, RNC stores measurement

result of cells of carrier

frequencies

D) It estimates the signal

quality of frequencies

according to measurement

report. (including

frequencies and systems )

Ehandoff decision

Gallocate

resources to

associative cell

with virtual

active set and

preparefor

handoff

Fmaintain

the active set

and the

monitoring set

(including

present carrier

frequency and

alien frequency)

Hallocate

resource and

prepare for

handoff in

associative cell

with aliensystem

Unable to

meet the

demand of

handoff Able to meet the

demand of handoff

Able to meet the

demand ofhandoff

Iif handoff neededlocate destination cell and

send corresponding order of handoff.

Flow Graph of Handoff



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)XQFWLRQRI+DQGRII

Improve voice quality

Controlling cell phone disturbance

Reducing call drop rate

Increasing the capacity and widening coverage

area

6KRUWDJHRI+DQGRII The equipment investment and complexity of back

board of system are increased because of several

channel resources are occupied.

Key Tech of WCDMAHandoff



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WCDMAHSPA

The full name of HSPA is High Speed Packet Access. It is thegeneral name of two techs: HSDPAHigh Speed Downlink Packet

Accessand HSUPAHigh Speed Uplink packet Access). As a

new tech for 3GPP to meet the antisymmetrical demand of data

service of up/down link in R5 protocol, it solve the conflict between

system coverage and capacity perfectly, increase the systemcapacity greatly and satisfy users¶ demand of high-speed service.

HSDPA introduce a progamme called Adaptive Modulation and CodingAMC.

Choosing modulating method and coding rate according to the information of

channel condition provided by terminal and NodeB can achieve the rate as high as

14.4Mbit/s on down link.

HSUPA can achieve the speed as high as 5.76Mbit/s on uplink. More effective

uplink dispatch and faster control of retransmission in NodeB cause USUPA to have

excellent attribute.



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Key Tech of WCDMAHSDPA

A new transmitting channel called HSDSCH is introducedreferring to Graph1 and

Table1with two up and down controlling channels. NaturallyHSDSCH is a

shared channel which can be used by several users at the same time, with a

Adaptive Modulation and Coding programmeAMC) introduced.

HSDPA

UE NodeB



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Key Tech of WCDMAHSUPA

HSUPA

The target of HSUPA is to improve capacity and data throughout, and

reduce the delay of dedicated channel at the up direction. The major

enhancing function provided by 3GPP defines a new transmitting

channel, called E-DCH. Same with HSDPA, E-DCH depends on PHY and MAC

layer to achieve improvement.



For Internal

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Summary

Summary

of System

Basic

Theories

Network

StructureConcept of

Channel

Key Tech





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39

Concept of WCDMA Channel

Common physical Channel

Dedicated Physical ChannelDedicated Physical Channel

Physical Random Access Channel

Physical Common Packet Channel

Common Pilot Channel

Sync Channel

Supplement Common Control PhysicalChannel

Principal Common Control Physical Channel

Paging Indicator Channel

Physical down shared Channel

(Acquisition Indicator Channel

Access preamble AICH

Collision Detection/Channel AssignmentIndicator Channel

CPCH Status Channel

C

a t e g or i e s o

f

P h y

s i c al Ch an

n e l



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Broadingcasting Control Channel

Paging Control Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

Common Control Channel

Control Channel

Dedicated TCHTCH

Common TCH

Shared Channel Control Channel




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Categories of TransportChannel

Broadcasting Channel

Paging Channel

Random-Access Channel

Forward Access Channel

Common Transport CH

Dedicated CHDedicatedT

ransport CH

Down Shared Channel

Common Packge Channel




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Exploration of the Mysterious World of WCDMA