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Exploring The Determinants of Subjective Well-Being :
A Study of Children in India
Tithi Bhatnagar (Research Scholar) & Prof. Meenakshi Gupta
Department of Humanities & Social SciencesIndian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 3
Introduction
What is Subjective Well Being (SWB)?
Components of SWB
Stages of SWB Stage I – Research on SWB
Stage II- Research Theory
Stage III- Combining Processes, Approaches of the SWB theory
Research Topics in the Psychology of Well-Being
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 4
Introduction contd.
School children have a level of SWB even if they do not consciously think about it. The psychological system offers virtually a constant evaluation of what is happening to the individual (Diener, 1997)
Measuring & documenting SWB can help advance children’s mental , emotional and spiritual qualities which are essential for individual happiness and responsible citizenship (Richmond, 1950)
The Foundation for Child Development Index of Child Well Being (CWI), 1975-2002, with Projections for 2003 (Duke University 2004)
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 5
Introduction contd.
Purpose and Need for the Study
Understanding Subjective Well-Being in the Indian
Context
Research Objective
To explore the factors that determine the SWB
amongst children in India
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 6
Method
Sample
46 Children of ages 9 and 10 years (M=24,
F=22, U=22, US=8, R=16)
U U + US R Total
M 8 4 + 4 = 8 8 24
F 8 2 + 4 = 6 8 22
Total 16 6 + 8 = 14 16 46
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 7
Method contd.
Variables of the Study
Research Tool Used
What in general gives you happiness?
What type of things or experiences (emotional/material)
lead to your greatest well-being?
What makes you feel unpleasant?
Procedure
Analysis – Content Analysis
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 8
Results
▫ On the basis of Location
▫ On the basis of Gender
▫ Overall Findings
▫ Domain Classification and Distribution
▫ Positive Domains
▫ Negative Domains
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 9
Location wise Results
Urban - Positive Determinants
02468
10121416
Hea
lth
Rec
reat
ion
Aff
iliat
ion
Ach
ieve
men
t
Em
otio
ns
Male Female
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 10
Location wise Results contd.
Urban- Negative Determinants
02468
1012
Bea
ting
Sco
ldin
g
Hur
ting/
Bei
ngH
urt
Get
ting
Hur
tP
hysi
cally
Fai
lure
s
Male Female
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 11
Location wise Results contd.
Urban + Urban Slums - Positive Determinants
02468
10
Em
otio
ns
Aff
iliat
ion
Ach
ieve
men
t
Edu
catio
n
Hea
lth
Rec
reat
ion
Mon
ey
App
reci
atio
n
Mat
eria
lism
Em
ploy
men
t/C
aree
rS
ense
of
Sat
isfa
ctio
n
Urban Urban Slums
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 12
Location wise Results contd.
Urban + Urban Slums - Negative Determinants
02468
Tea
sing
Fai
lure
s an
dD
isap
poin
tmen
ts
Bea
ting
Sco
ldin
g an
dS
crea
min
g
Fig
htin
g/B
ully
ing
/Hur
ting/
Har
assi
ng o
ther
s
Urban Urban Slums
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 13
Location wise Results contd.
Rural - Positive Determinants
0
5
10
15
20H
ealth
Mon
ey
Ach
ieve
men
t
Mat
eria
lism
Aff
iliat
ion
Em
ploy
men
t
Rec
reat
ion
Edu
catio
n
Em
otio
ns
Sen
se o
fS
atis
fact
ion
Male Female
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 14
Location wise Results contd.
Rural - Negative Determinants
0
4
8
12
16
Failu
res
&D
isap
poin
tmen
ts
Sco
ldin
g
Bea
ting
Ill -
Hea
lth
Figh
ting
Male Female
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 15
Gender wise Results
Male - Positive Determinants
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hea
lth
Aff
iliat
ion
Rec
reat
ion
Ach
ieve
men
t
Em
otio
ns
Mat
eria
lism
Mon
ey
Edu
catio
n
Em
ploy
men
t/
Car
eer
Sen
se o
fS
atis
fact
ion
App
reci
atio
n
U U+US R
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 16
Gender wise Results contd.
Female - Positive Determinants
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ach
ieve
men
t
Hea
lth
Aff
iliat
ion
Rec
reat
ion
Em
otio
ns
Edu
catio
n
Mat
eria
lism
Mon
ey
Em
ploy
men
t/
Car
eer
App
reci
atio
n
Sen
se o
fS
atis
fact
ion
U U+US R
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 17
Gender wise Results contd.
Gender - Comparative Positive Determinants
0
5
10
15
20
25
Health
Aff
ilia
tion
Recre
ation
Achie
vem
ent
Em
otions
Mate
rialism
Money
Education
Em
plo
ym
ent
/
Care
er
Sense o
f
Satisfa
ction
Appre
cia
tion
Male
Female
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 18
Overall Results for Positive Determinants
05
101520253035404550
He
alth
Affi
liatio
n
Ach
ieve
me
nt
Re
cre
atio
n
Em
otio
ns
Ma
teri
alis
m
Ed
uca
tion
Mo
ne
y
Em
plo
yme
nt
/ Ca
ree
r
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 19
Domain Classification - Positive Domains
Health
Recreation
Education
Work
ValuesSocietal
Emotions
Sense of Satisafaction
Achievement
Resources
Relationships
Personality
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 20
Domain Classification - Negative Domains
Values
Emotions
Attitude
Individual
Society Health
Achievement
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 21
Discussion
SWB is a combination of both cognitive and affective components
Context is very important in determining SWB
Theory of Utility and Depravity
Children’s concept of well being varies from that of adult’s concept of well being
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 22
Implications for Policy and Practice
Implications for teachers, policy planners, health care providers and economists
Facilitation of improved allocation of limited resources, new methods of teaching and parenting
Implications for managing classroom behaviors
Prediction of happiness levels of future generations and formulation of intervention strategies to improve SWB at age appropriate levels
IIT BOMBAYISCI 2007 23
Conclusion
Examining the entire range of well being gives us an insight about factors that can increase quality of life for the children
Limitations of the present research
Implications for future research