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EXPLORING THE EARTH
Earth’s Major Spheres
• The hydrosphere includes all liquid water on Earth—both saltwater and fresh water.
• The atmosphere consists of the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.
• Although the atmosphere extends more than 100km up, 90% is within 16km of the surface.
Earth History
• Spheres work together in a System: A change in any part of the system will affect the other parts
• Energy: All energy on earth comes from the sun
• Constructive forces & destructive forces: Forces that have built up, or torn away the surface of the earth and changed it over time
Branches of Earth Science• --Ology: The study of• Geology: Study of forces that have shaped
the earth • Oceanography: Study of Oceans• Meteorology: Study of the atmosphere• Astronomy: Study of the universe outside of
the atmosphere• Environmental science: Study of the
environment and resources.
Earth’s Topography
• TOPOGRAPHY: The shape of the landCan be flat, sloping, hilly, or mountainous.
Topography includes:1. Elevation: Height above sea level2. Relief: Difference between highest and lowest
parts of an area3. Landforms: A feature about the topography
(how the topography is shaped)
Landforms
• Plains: Nearly flat, rolling surface with very little relief
• Mountains: Landform with high elevation and high relief.– Mountain Range: Series or group of mountains
• Plateau: Landform with high elevation and flat
Landform Region
• An area that has one type of landform
• Examples: Rocky Mountain Region, Appalachian Region, Great Plains
Map Vocabulary (Pg. 26)
• Scale: Relates distance on a map to a distance on earth
• Symbols: Stand for features on the map• Key: List of symbols with explanation
• Degrees: Distance in a circle
• Equator: Line ½ way between north and south poles
• Prime Meridian: ½ way between east and west—separates the hemispheres
• Longitude: Lines going north to south….measured in degrees from the prime meridian
• Latitude: Lines going east to west…measures degrees north or south from the equator
The Global Grid
• Map: flat model of the earth or part of the earth
• Globe: Sphere that represents the entire earth
• Topographic Map: Map that shows the surface features of an area.
Topographic Maps
• Contour lines: Connect the points of equal elevation
• Contour Intervals: Change in elevation from one line to another
• Index Contours: Labeled Contour lines