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Exploring the
New World
The Crusades
Muslim growth
Crusades – Access to the Holy Land
Result of Crusades
Europeans are
introduced to new
products from Asia and
Africa.
Sugar, Spice and
everything nice (aka
Silk)
Marco Polo: 1271, age- 17
Left Venice, Italy with father & uncle
Traveled across Asia to China/Cathay
Stayed there for 17 years & learned
about China’s advanced culture
Wrote a book, Travels, that inspired
Christopher Columbus
Overland by caravan to the
Mediterranean Sea to Italian ports.
Goods from the East Spices: Cinnamon, Pepper, Cloves, Nutmeg
Perfumes
Silks & Cloth
Precious Stones
1300’s-1400’s
1300’s Growth of ideas+ Renaissance- re birth. Fuels the desire for exploration and discovery
1400’s Countries are established from smaller city-states. Spain, Portugal, England, and France. Want to cut out the Arab merchants that are raising prices.
Can you find France, Spain,
Portugal and England?
1450’s New Technology
movable type- Publish Books for the first
time.
Better maps- lines of latitude etc
North America
Martin Waldseemuller The World 1507
Virginia Company of London about 1607-1609
Selected Cities with Spanish, French, and English Names in the United States
. Washington, D.C. . Columbus
. Columbia
. Sacramento . San Francisco
. Los Angeles
. San Diego
. Santa Fe
. San Antonio
. Quebec
. Detroit
. Des Moines
. St. Louis
. Baton Rouge . New Orleans
. Pierre . Boise . Montpelier
. Boston
. New York
. Pittsburgh
. Jamestown
. Raleigh
. Richmond
Better Ships
Astrolabe – Sailors can chart their latitude while at sea based upon the position of the stars.
Magnetic compass (developed by the Chinese in the 1200s)
Better ships (caravel invented by the Portuguese) – Triangular sail, Stern Rudder (you can now sail into the wind (from the Arabs) plus they are faster and can carry more stuff also can float in shallow water. You can explore inlets and go on beach to repair ships.
Africa
North had Gold, copper and iron ore- traded with Islamic societies also had Ivory and slaves- traded these items
The Portuguese set up trading posts on the coasts of Africa
Many Africans become Muslims because of the trade with the Arabs-
The Portuguese
People only knew about Europe, Asia and
Africa. They didn’t know that the land in
America even existed.
Portugal is the first exploring nation because
they did not have a port on the
Mediterranean. They wanted a new rout to
China and India. (Wanted better trade routs)
Prince Henry the
Navigator 1420
Opened a school for exploration in Portugal
Portuguese explore West Coast of Africa- Gold Coast
Made a center (school) for navigation- Astronomers, Geographers, and Mathematicians came and shared their knowledge with sailors and Ship builders.
1487- Bartholomeu Dias
Sailed all the way to the tip of Africa- hit some terrible storms and was blown off course and around the tip of Africa-
Wrote “we have been around the Cape of Storms.”
The king of Portugal (John II) re named it the Cape of Good Hope… Hoping that it would lead to a new route to India.
1497-Vasco Da Gama
Took an Arab pilot and sailed around the Cape of Good
Hope and through the Indian Ocean and landed in India.
(First to do this)
Portugal claims Brazil
Pedro Alvares Cabral-
swung wide and
touched Brazil and
claimed it for
Portugal.
“to reach the east
through the west”
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Ships_of_Christopher_Columbus.jpg
A guy reads a
book:
The travels of
Marco Polo
Birth Place
of Columbus Born in Genoa Italy in 1451
Becomes a sailor for Portugal and traveled from the Artic Circle to the Goals Coast.
He believed the ancient Greek Astronomer Ptolemy who said it was 2,760 miles from Europe around to Asia
It should take about 2 months to get there by ship. (totally underestimated the size of the world)
Christopher Columbus
Italy & Portugal-
REJECTED
Spain- Mission Accepted
o -King Ferdinand & Queen
Isabella
o - Ships Nina, Pinta, Santa
Maria
Why Did Columbus Attempt a
New Route? Pirates in the Mediterranean
Cut out the middle man in trade
Wealth and riches
Who funded his expedition? • Queen Isabela and
King Ferdinand of Spain
• The queen wanted to spread Christianity and the king wanted wealth.
Why did Columbus sail West?
The crew didn’t have a great time: “ Having trouble with the
crew… I am told that if I persist in going onward, the best course
of action will be to throw me into the sea.” – Columbus
Oct 12, 1492 – Tierra! Tierra! They land on an island in the
Caribbean and call it Hispaniola (Present day Dominican
Republic and Haiti) He thought he was in the islands off the coast
of India but it was really the Caribbean Islands- some call these
islands the West Indies to this day. He called the native people
“Indians”. He went back to Spain and told the king and queen
that he had succeeded.
Caribbean/West Indies
Hispaniola
(aka: Dominican Republic/ Haiti)
Columbus
He made 3 more voyages in 1493, 1498 and 1502. He explored all the islands and the coast of Central America, some of south America, and some of north America, and claimed lands for Spain.
Because of Columbus more go to explore these lands and claim them for Spain. We realize that these are new lands.
First
Voyage of
Columbus
1492-1493
Streaming video
../../../World Civ/World Streaming Videos/1st columbus voyage.asx
2nd Voyage of Columbus
1493-1496
3rd Voyage of Columbus
1498-1500
4th Voyage of
Columbus 1502-1504
Viking Voyagers 800-900
Vikings were exploring
Iceland and Greenland.
Leif Eriksson explored the
land west of Greenland
know as Vinland about
1000.
Historians think that
Vinland was North America.
The Europeans were not acquainted with the Viking
voyages and did not really know about them. The first
time they heard about America was from Columbus
The story of 2 Brothers
Spain and Portugal both had claims in the new world…
Take it to Papa
Turned to Pope Alexander VI and in 1493 he drew the line of
Demarcation running down the middle of the Atlantic from
North Pole to South Pole.
Spain’s got the lands west and Portugal got the lands east.
This was not a fair trade and so in 1494 they signed a treaty
called the treaty of Tordesillas and agreed to move the line
farther west.
This divided up the land in the new world between Spain and
Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Amerigo Vespucci 1499
Maps the coast of
South America. Claims
that South America was
a Continent and was
not part of Asia.
In the 1500’s European
geographers started
calling it America to
honor Vespucci.
Amerigo’s Map
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Went to present
day Panama
and in 1513
hiked through
the
mountainous
Jungles and saw
the Pacific
Ocean (named it
the west sea)
Ferdinand Magellan
Still obsessed with finding a way west to Asia the Spanish hired Ferdinand Magellan who was a Portuguese mariner to get it done.
He followed the coast of South America and hit a strait at the end.
When he passed through into the new ocean it was calm and peaceful and he named it the Pacific Ocean, which means Peaceful. ..
Sailed for 4 months through the Pacific Ocean. Ran out of food and ate rats and saw dust and leather to survive.
Gets to the Philippines and is involved in an island war and gets killed.
His last surviving ship continues on and reaches Spain again. Took 3 years and only 18 people from the original 200 crew members completed the Journey.
These men were the first to circumnavigate the world.
Spain in America
Stories of Gold and silver entice other Spanish explorers to come to the Americas they are called conquistadors.
They came to establish settlements. They would give the Spanish crown 1/5 of their treasure. If they failed then they lost their own fortune.
Cortez vs. Montezuma
Cortez vs. Montezuma
Cortez- Conquered
the Aztec Empire
and the great
emperor
Montezuma.
(Central Mexico)
Pizarro
Pizarro- Sailed down
the west coast of
south America and
attacked the Incan
Empire. Captured the
ruler (Atahualpa) and
executed him later.
The people were in
confusion and fell to
the rule of Pizarro.
How did they do it?
1-New and powerful weapons (Guns and
Cannons) New Animals- like giant dogs- to the
Natives they seemed almost like Gods
2- Spanish united their enemies against them.
3- Disease wiped out entire communities.
Natives had no immunity to European
diseases like smallpox.
Ponce de Leon First landing on mainland North
America (Florida) Was in search not
only of gold but the legendary
Fountain of Youth. –. They started
the first permanent settlement in North
America – St Augustine 1565
“a spring of
running water of
such marvelous
virtue” that
drinking it “makes
old men young
again”
Ponce de Leon
Hernando de Soto
Heard stories about 7 cities with walls of emerald and streets of
gold.
He explored for 3 years wandering around the South eastern part
of present day United States.
He treated the native people poorly and often captured their chief
and demanded food.
He crossed the Mississippi River “ it is very swift and deep.”
Traveled as far west as Oklahoma.
He died of fever and was buried in the waters of the Mississippi.
Hernando De Soto
Coronado
Francisco Vasquez
de Coronado
Also wanted to find the 7 cities of gold.
Explored Northern Mexico and into
Arizona and New Mexico.
Went west to the Colorado River and
east to Kansas and found nothing but
“windswept plains and shaggy cows”
(Buffalo) disappointed they returned to
Mexico.
Spanish Settlements
Pueblos: Towns established as s=centers
of Trade
Missions: Religious Communities – small
town with farmland around a church
Presidios: Fort – usually built near a
mission.
Class System
Peninsulares: Upper Class- people that were born in
Spain, owned the land, served in the Catholic Church
and ran the government
Creoles- born in America to Spanish Parents
Mestizos- born to Spanish and native American Parents
Native Americans
Enslaved Africans
American Slaves
The Spanish government gave conquistadors
an encomienda or the right to demand taxes
or labor from Native Americans living on the
land.
This turned American Indians into slaves.
They made them work in Gold and silver
mines and farm labor- often they died form
starvation and disease.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Was the only one that stood up for the unfair and unjust treatment of American Indians.
He pleaded for laws to protect them. He claimed that millions had died because the Spanish made gold their ultimate aim, seeing to load themselves with riches in the shortest possible time.
Because of his reports back to Spain they passed new Laws that made it illegal to enslave Native Americans…. However they were not always enforce these laws and did nothing to protect them from worse abuses.
Bartolome de las Casas-
(aka the good guy)
Spanish Priest that fights
for laws to protect Native
Americans
Spanish government
passed the New Laws in
1542 that forbade making
slaves of Native
Americans
Have you ever tried to help out with a major
problem but you ended up making it worse?
Plantation Systems were established
The Spanish started exporting tobacco and sugarcane.
Bartolome de Las Casas suggested replacing American Indian
labor with African American Labor and bitterly regretted this
suggestion.
By the 1550s the Spanish were bringing thousands of
enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Portuguese did the
same in Brazil. This established a dependency on slave labor
in the Americas.
New Religion
Exploring North America
1517 Martin Luther- breaks away from
the Catholic Church. This causes the
Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin- (French) Also broke away
from the Catholic Church.
King Henry VIII
1st Wife- Catherine of Aragon -Catholic from Spain (child
was Marry I)
2nd Wife- Anne Boleyn -Protestant (Child was Elizabeth I)
3rd Wife- Jane Seymour (Child was Edward VI)
4th Wife- Anne Cleves
5th Wife- Catherine Howard
6th Wife- Catherine Parr
Divorced
Beheaded
Died
Divorced
Beheaded
Survived
Why is this important?
This starts up the Church of England and the spread of
the Protestant religion.
Religious Freedom becomes another huge reason why
people explore the New world.
Why countries want to
expand powers?
To control trade routes (Gold)
To spread their religion (God)
Expand military power (Glory)
3 G’s
Columbian Exchange
Countries were no longer tied together by the same religion (Catholic/Pope) they now competed for power. New territories had new recourses and markets that they could gain from.
Europe, Asia and Africa now are in contact with the Americas. This led to an exchange of plants, Animals, and diseases that changed life for everyone.
The Northwest Passage
Everyone wanted to find a faster or cheaper
(all waterway) route to the orient (Asia).
Portugal and Spain had already been
exploring and were bound by the treaty of
Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation)
Other countries ignored this and explored
North America.
1497 John Cabot (Italian)
Sent by England to
find the Northwest
passage.
Explored
Newfoundland
and claimed it for
England. (didn’t
find the northwest
passage)
1524 Giovanni Da Verrazano
He was Italian but
was sent by France
searched for the
Northwest Passage.
He explored from
Nova Scotia down to
the Carolinas.
Jacques Cartier 1535
Sailed up the St Lawrence River
and got to the Indian village of
Huron.
He named the peak Mont-Royal
that means Royal Mountain and
is now called Montreal.
He heard about gold and the
Northwest Passage but found
neither.
Samuel de Champlain
France was preoccupied with
political and religious problems at
home and so they were not
interested in permanent settlements
in the Americas. They sent trappers
to establish fishing and fur trading.
Beaver Pelts were big money
Samuel de Champlain was sent by
France to establish a settlement in
Quebec and establish a fur trade.
He discovered lake Champlain.
Henry Hudson 1609
Sent by the Netherlands (Dutch)(he was English) to explore for a northwest passage.
Discovered the Hudson River and sailed up to present day Albany New York. He gave up.
The next year he made as straight shot from England to the Americas (this time he was sailing for England) and discovered a huge Bay (Hudson’s Bay) he thought it may be the Pacific Ocean but later realized it wasn’t.
His crew set him and his son adrift in a small boat and no one ever saw them again.
Henry Hudson
Dutch Settlements
Henry Hudson claimed New
York Island for the Dutch and
in 1621 they established the
Dutch West India Company.
They established a colony called
New Amsterdam on Manhattan
Island. They bought the land
from the Indians.
Manhattan Island 1609
Manhattan Island Today
Who got what in North
America?
Spain: Southeastern & Western North America
England: Eastern Seaboard of the now U.S.
France: West of Appalachian mountains, the
Ohio River Valley, & the
Mississippi River