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EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO
FROM ABSTRACTION TO REALITY:Integrating Drama Management into a Playable Game Experience
Anne Sullivan, Sherol Chen and Michael Mateas
Anne SullivanUniversity of California, Santa [email protected]://soe.ucsc.edu/~anne/
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
Introduction
DODM
Application of DODM to real-time game
Initial user studies
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
Game Story Dilemma
Player agency vs. Authorial intent
Apologies to Capcom Entertainment, Inc © 1991
Agency Intent
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM
Declarative Optimization-based Drama Manager Bates (proposed 1992) Weyhrauch (developed 1997) Search-based
Expectimax
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Theory
Stand-In Designer
Player agency Plot points
Authorial intent DM actions Evaluation features
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Theory
Pick DM move with highest projected evaluation
Plot points
DM actions
Evaluation features
Sequence so far
Project possible futures
Evaluate projected histories
Backup projected history evaluations
…
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Practice
EMPath
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Practice
EMPath
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Plot Points
Plot points
DM actions
Evaluation features…
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Plot Points – Theory
Player choice Important events in game Author chosen Player activated
Examples:Killed monkey kingFound information about prisoner
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Plot Points – Example
Kill monkey king
Leave monkey king
Player choice
Monkey King defeated plot point
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Plot Points – Reality
Plot points move Spatial reasoning
What constitutes a plot point? Encounter monkey king Kill monkey king
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – DM Actions
Plot points
DM actions
Evaluation features…
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – DM Actions – Theory
DM choices Author control Changes the game Causer, Hint, Denier/Enabler
Examples:Lock door to boss roomDrop note after next enemy dies
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – DM Actions – Example
Deny Monkey King defeated
plot point
DM choice
temp_deny_monkey_king_defeated DM action
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – DM Actions – Reality
Non-static hint probabilities Hints move, calculated at runtime Example:
info from enemy
Non-trivial refiners DM actions during real-time play Player location matters Example:
deny_candle after monkey_king_defeated
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Evaluation Features
Plot points
DM actions
Evaluation features…
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Evaluation Features – Theory
Abstraction of author goals Multiple goals Examples:
Thought FlowManipulation
Used to evaluate story quality
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Evaluation Features – Example
Plot Point:info_jailsubplot = jail
DM Action:info_guard_next_roomhints = info_guardsubplot = jail
Drama Manager (DM)
wants to maintain Thought Flow
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Evaluation Features – Reality
Story Density Non-instantaneous travel Wandering – good and bad Room transition based metric 1 – 4 rooms between plot points
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Story Density
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Story Density
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Story Density
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
Plot Point
This is bad
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Story Density
Plot point
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Story Density
Plot point
Also bad
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Player Models
Plot points
DM actions
Evaluation features
Weighted by probability of plot point occurrence
…
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Player Models – Theory
Calculate probabilities of plot points Uniform distribution
Each plot point as likely to happen
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
DODM – Player Models – Reality
Plot points Map-based distribution
World Knowledge Random walks Unpredictable players
Plot Point
Player
Plot Point
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
World Knowledge User Model Accuracy
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
boss_
dead
get_k
ey
get_w
ax
gets_
to_stai
rs
give_
flute
guard
_dea
d
info_
jail
info_
key_
guard
info_
loc_w
ax
info_
use_
wax
plot point
perc
enta
ge c
hose
n
uniform
world knowledge
real players
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
User Tests
Preliminary Tests
Drama Management On 11 users
Drama Management Off 10 users
Follow-up Interview
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
User Tests
Did the game make sense?
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
none of the time some of the time most of the time always
DM off
DM on
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
User Tests
Interview Results
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
left without questions could figure out what todo next
felt like events happenedunder their control
DM off
DM on
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
Conclusions
Drama Management works Preliminary user tests promising
Successful integration with game Framework changes
Interesting future work Scalability Authorship tools
EXPRESSIVE INTELLIGENCE STUDIO UC SANTA CRUZ
Thank You
Questions?