ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015 1

Extended Performance of Media

Filter Drains: New Media

By

Liv Haselbach, Justin Rath, and Maxwell Freimund

Washington State University

For presentation at the International Symposium on

Systematic Approaches to Environmental Sustainability in Transportation

ISSAEST

Fairbanks, Alaska: August 2015

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

This work is an extension of the work:

Modified Media Filter Drain Mix with Alternate Aggregate Grading

by Maxwell Freimund, Liv Haselbach, Cara Poor, and Agathe Thomas.

(Also presented at ISSAEST August 2015)

The authors are grateful for funding provided for these projects by WSDOT and PACTRANS, for material provided by Motley – Motley Inc., and for laboratory assistance from Erica Iverson, Andrew Hoover, Vincent McIntyre, Taha Kabbaj, Brandon Werner and the GeoAnalytical Laboratory at Washington State University.

2

Acknowledgements

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

References

- Barrett, M., Irish, L., Malina, J., and Charbeneau, R. (1998). “Characterization of highway runoff in the Austin, Texas area”. J. Environ. Eng. 124(2), 131-137.

- Eaton, A. D., and Franson, M. A. H. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water & wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, DC.

- EPA. (1999). Stormwater Technology Fact Sheet: Bioretention. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/upload/2002_06_28_mtb_biortn.pdf.

- Flury, M. Unpublished data. Washington State University, Puyallup, WA.

- Freimund, Maxwell. (2013). Highway Stormwater Media Filter Drains: Modified Design Evaluation. MS Thesis Washington State University. Pullman, WA.

- Freimund, M., Haselbach, L., Poor, C. and Thomas, A. (2015). "Modified Media Filter Drain Mix with Alternate Aggregate Grading", accepted Proceedings at The International Symposium on Systematic Approaches to Environmental Sustainability in Transportation (ISSAEST), Fairbanks, Alaska.

- Hatt, B. E., Fletcher, T.D. and Deletic, A. (2009). "Hydrologic and Pollutant Performance of Stormwater Biofiltration Systems at the Field." Journal of Hydrology 365, 310-321.

- Sandahl, J. F., Baldwin, D. H., Jenkins, J. J., and Scholz, N. L. (2007). “A Sensory System at the Interface between Urban Stormwater Runoff and Salmon Survival”. ES&T 41(8), 2998-3004.

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015 Note that some MFDs have grass on top.

References

- Scholz, N. L., Myers, M. S., McCarthy, S. G., Labenia, J.S., McIntyre, J. K., Ylitalo, G. M., Rhodes, L. D., Laetz, C. A., Stehr, C. M., French, B. L., McMillan, B., Wilson, D., Reed, L., Lynch, K. D., Damm, S., Davis, J. W., and Collier, T. K. (2011). “Recurrent Die-Offs of Adult Coho Salmon Returning to Spawn in Puget Sound Lowland Urban Streams.” PLoS One 6, 1-12.

- Stumm W., and Morgan J.J. (1996). Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. Wiley. New York.

- Thomas, A. (2013). Highway Stormwater Media Filter Drains: Existing Design Longevity Evaluation. MS Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.

- WSDOT. (2006). Ecology Embankment Study. Washington State Department of

Transportation. Olympia, WA.

- WSDOT. (2014). Highway Runoff Manual. Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, WA.

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Filled trench next to the highway that receives stormwater runoff after filtering through vegetation, typically with underdrain discharge. It is filled with a mixture of :

•Aggregate, •Perlite •Gypsum Active Ingredients •Dolomite

(It is also known as an Ecology Embankment or a Bioslope.)

What is a Media Filter Drain (MFD)?

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

MFD Detail

Note that some MFDs have grass on top.

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Pictures of Some Existing MFDs

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

• Design was originally established for at least a ten year life for dissolved zinc and copper removal and some MFDs have been around for 15+ years.

• Zinc and copper are of concern in many receiving waters.

• The aggregate gradation used originally is no longer as readily available. A similar one with fewer fines is typically used in roadwork and inexpensive.

• The first question answered in the earlier presentation asked if the MFD is effective with this new design. (They also added some more active ingredients.)

• This additional work added more laboratory simulations for an extended life evaluation.

Issue

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Simulated Runon!

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

• Simulated additional long-term loading by accelerated loading with very concentrated dissolved zinc and copper solutions (not representative of stormwater concentrations).

• Did this on four columns previously loaded in earlier work. (Previous to Event 112)

• Also varied infiltration rate to determine efficacy of the MFD in intense storms (10, 20, 33.3, and 50 inches per hour).

Methodology

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Accelerated Loading Copper

Both Laboratory Testing Periods

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Accelerated Loading Zinc

Both Laboratory Testing Periods

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Table 1. Metal Loading Equivalent Years for Zinc

Estimated Ages

(for 10 times area runon)

Table 2. Metal Loading Equivalent Years for Copper

Estimated Extended Media Age at Event

Columns Starting Age Event 112 Event 158

C, D, E, F 0 14.1 21.6

Estimated Extended Media Age at Event

Columns Starting Age Event 112 Event 158

C, D, E, F 0 14.0 20.2

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Variable Loading Rates: Copper (Events 113 through 158)

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Variable Loading Rates: Zinc (Events 113 through 158)

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

• Enhanced treatment for both copper and zinc throughout the testing

• Lifespans greater than 21 years…based on:

• rain in Western Washington

• 9 times the surface area for runon from traffic

• 3 foot wide MFD with 12 inch depth of media

• Typical highway runoff concentrations

• 20 ppb copper and 100 ppb zinc

• Appears to handle larger storms well

• More testing for even longer terms suggested

• Testing of residual metals in columns suggested

• Working on column k’s to apply to other designs

Conclusions

ISSAEST, Fairbanks, AK, USA, August 2-5, 2015

Thank you!