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KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN

DHARWAD DISTRICT

KHIN MAR OO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATIONCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,

DHARWAD 580 005

SEPTEMBER, 2005


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KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN

DHARWAD DISTRICT

Thesis submitted to the

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

in

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

By

KHIN MAR OO


UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,

DHARWAD 580 005

SEPTEMBER, 2005


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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled "KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OFIMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS INDHARWAD DISTRICT" submitted by Ms. KHIN MAR OO, for the degree of MASTER OFSCIENCE in AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION, to the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad is a record of research work done by her during the period of her study inthis university under my guidance and the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the

award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles.

DHARWAD

SEPTEMBER, 2005 (L. V. HIREVENKANAGOUDAR)MAJOR ADVISOR

Approved by :

Chairman :

(L. V. HIREVENKANAGOUDAR)

Members : 1.

2.

3.

(D. M. CHANDARAGI)

(ANILKUMAR MUGALI)

(Y. N. HAVALDAR)


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Affectionately Dedicated toAffectionately Dedicated toAffectionately Dedicated toAffectionately Dedicated to

My Beloved Father and MotherMy Beloved Father and MotherMy Beloved Father and MotherMy Beloved Father and MotherU Than Aung andU Than Aung andU Than Aung andU Than Aung and

Late Daw San San MyintLate Daw San San MyintLate Daw San San MyintLate Daw San San Myint


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel the inadequacy of words to express my deep sense of gratitude and profoundindebtedness to Dr. L. V. HIREVENKANAGOWDAR, Professor and Head, Department of

Agricultural Extension Education, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and my

adviser for valuable guidance, constant supervision, constructive criticism, vivid

encouragement and affectionate dealing throughout the period of investigation and during

preparation of the manuscripts. I confess that it has been a great fortune and proud privilege

for me to be associated with him during my program.

I sincerely extend my thanks to Dr. D. M. CHANDARAGI, Associate Professor of

Agricultural Extension Education, Dr. ANILKUMAR MUGALI, Associate Professor of

Veterinary Hospital, Mr. Y. N. HAVALDAR, assistant professor of Agricultural Statistics

,members of my advisory committee for their invaluable advise and critical evaluation of the

manuscript.

I wish to duly acknowledge my thanks to Dr. L. MANJUNATH,associate professor of

Agricultural Extension Education, for his inspiring guidance and valuable comments in the

preparation of the thesis, without which, this study could scarcely have been accomplished.

Special appreciation is extended to regional director, official and staff from Indian

Council for Cultural Relation (ICCR), Bangalore branch, for their kind co-operation and

supporting during my study program.

My utmost thanks are due to Managing Director, and other staff members of KarnatakaMilk Federation, Dharwad Milk Union, for their kind co-operation, help and information for

my research study.

Also I am extremely thankful to my classmates for their nice company and making my

stay very comfortable and enjoyable here during the entire period of study.

My most thanks are due to my friends Vinay Kumar and Devi latha, who had given

their kind help and assisting for my data collection and in preparation my schedule.


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The love and affections shown by Mrs. Anita and family made my stay at Dharwad

memorable.

My feelings towards my beloved parents, U Than Aungand late Daw San SanMyint,

who had done a lot to bring me to this level, are inexpressible in words.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to my loving sisters, Ma Khin Ohn Than, Ma Khin Htar

Hlaing, my loving brother, Ko Khin Maung Cho, brother in law, Ko Htwe Minn and my

beloved nephews, Mg Nyan Tha Minn and Mg Ye Pyai Son Minn, whose constant

encouragement, love and affection has been a source of inspiration to me.

I am grateful to my country, Union of Myanmar and my Ministry for providing me

fellowship and deputation to study my M. Sc. I cannot forget the kindness of Indian

government and ICCR for providing scholarship during my program.

Last but not least I extend my thanks to all staff members and non-staff members who

helped me directly or indirectly during my stay as well as study in INDIA.

I will never forget the enormous and timely help rendered by Mr. Kalmesh and

Mr. Arjun (Arjun Computers),for their patience, precise delivery and meticulous typing of

the manuscript.

............any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of

gratitude.

DHARWAD

SEPTEMBER, 2005 (KHIN MAR OO)


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CONTENTS

Chapter

No. Title

Page

No.

I. INTRODUCTION 1-6

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-23

III. METHODOLOGY 24-36

IV. RESULTS 37-67

V. DISCUSSION 68-80

VI. SUMMARY 81-88

VII. REFERENCES 89-99

APPENDIX 100-113


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LIST OF TABLES

Table

No. Title

Page

No.

1. Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by the women dairy farmers 38

2. Average cost of milk production in different types of milchanimals by women dairy farmers

41

3. Average cost of milk production, milk yield and cost benefit ratiofor different types of milk animals by women dairy farmers

42

4. Distribution of respondents according to contribution of dairyenterprises to the total family income

43

5. Knowledge of women dairy farmers about improved dairymanagement practices

46

6. Overall adoption level of women dairy farmers about improveddairy practices

46

7a. Adoption of improved milk production practices by women dairyfarmers

47

7b. Adoption of improved dairy management practices by womendairy farmers

48

8. Distribution of respondents according to their age 51

9. Distribution of respondents according to their education 51

10. Distribution of respondents according to their family size 53

11. Distribution of respondents according to their annual income 53

12. Distribution of respondents according to their land holding 54

13. Distribution of respondents according to their materialPossession

54

14. Distribution of respondents according to their herd size 5615. Distribution of respondents according to dairying experience 57

15a. Distribution of respondents according to their organizationparticipation

57

15b. Distribution of respondents according to their organizationparticipation

58

Contd


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TableNo.

TitlePageNo.

16. Mass media participation by the respondents 61

17. Distribution of respondents according to their extensionparticipation

62

18. Distribution of respondents according to their risk orientation 62

19. Distribution of respondents according to their decision making 63

20. Distribution of respondents according to their aspiration level 63

21. Distribution of respondents according to their economicmotivation

66

22. Sources of marketing of milk followed by women dairy farmers 66

23. Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers for improvement ofdairy enterprise

67


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LIST OF FIGURES

FigureNo. Title

Betwee

nPages

1. Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by women dairy formers 38-39

2. Distributions of respondents according to contribution ofdairy enterprise to the total family income

40-41

3. Over all knowledge level of dairy women farmers 44-45

4. Over all adoption level of dairy women farmers 44-45

5. Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers forimprovement of dairy enterprises

67-68


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APPENDIX

Appendix No.

TitlePageNo.

I. Study on knowledge and adoption of improved dairymanagement practices by women dairy farmers inDharwad districts

100


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I. INTRODUCTION

Livestock farming is not only an indispensable component of agriculture, but also the mostsuitable production system that has enormous potential to improve the socio economic status of thelarge percentage of the rural population. While discussing the present status of the dairy farming inIndia it has to be mentioned here that the bulk of milk production is in the hands of numerous

landless, marginal and small farmers scattered all over the country. To most of them, dairying is onlya supplementary or complimentary enterprise. According to the National Commission on Agriculture(1991) next to the crops animal husbandry programmes have got the largest employment potential.The most important features of these programmes are that they provide subsidiary occupation, offergainful employment at the location itself and make better utilization of female and child labor.Livestock development programmes are labor intensive, have favorable cost-benefit ratios and insome cases small gestation period. Most of these programmes are particularly suitable for weakersections of the rural community and have redistributive effect on rural income in favor of them.

India has the largest cattle and buffalo population in the world. It has 50 percent (58 million) ofthe world buffaloes and 17 percent (170 million) of the world cattle population.

India is currently largest producer of milk in the world with a record production level of 84.5

million tones during 2001-02. India has witnessed a rapid increase in milk production during the lasttwo and half decades and now hold the first position in the world by producing about 86 million metrictones of milk per annum.

Livestock and dairy has been one of the sectors in India where female work force participationhas been high. Majority of rural women are involved in animal husbandry, but the nature and extent oftheir involvement varies widely and is strongly influenced by their economic status, caste and ethnicbackground. Women are the prime decision makers in dairy production activities such as utilization ofmilk, care of pregnant animals and calves, brining of fodder and feeding of concentrate (Veerannaand Singh, 2002).

Winner of the prestigious Magsaysay Award, Mrs. Ela Bhatt, highlights the need for givingwomen their due place in dairy development. For their empowerment and economic well being,womens assess to training in modern dairying and cooperative management is essential. The

employment of women is an index of their economic and social status in society.

The Operation Flood Programme (OFP), one of the worlds largest and most successful dairydevelopment programme was lunched in 1970. The OFP movement has been important in dairymarketing in different parts of the country. This programme recognizes that dairying at the householdlevel is largely the domain of women, the products and income from dairying can be controlled bywomen and dairying can be practiced on a small scale.

Dairying can be utilized as an important means of raising the incomes of families of ruralpeople by setting up milk co-operatives, which are owned and operated by the producers themselves.In 1963, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was formed under the ministry of Agriculture,as an autonomous body entrusted with the task of organising milk producers co-operatives based onthe Anand pattern.

The membership in most of Indias 70,000 village-level Dairy Co-operativeSocieties (DCS) is heavily dominated by men. The picture is now gradually changing in thefavour of women. Efforts are onto give them their due place in dairy development. Presently, some2476 all women DCS are functioning in the country in selected states. Out of 9.2 million, totalmembership in DCS, 18 per cent are women (1.63 million).

Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF), is a premier and most profitable dairy farmers organizationin the State. KMF is today stands first position in south India in terms of procurement as well as sales.The entire system was reconstructed on the model of Anand pattern dairy cooperative societies.Thirteen milk unions are organized and processing facility exists at 25.90 lakh liters per day by 2004.The DCS is the basic functioning unit at the village level which acts as a catalyst between farmers ofthe district cooperative milk unions.

The DCS have undergone tremendous transformation by adopting new technologies andprocess has been initiated to handle milk without being touched by human hands. Now, women are in


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the forefront of activities particularly so in milk production capping with hygiene in handling milk,artificial insemination, usage of mineral mixture and cattle feed.

Karnataka Milk Federation is implementing a special programme for overall development ofwomenfolk in rural areas through Support to Training and Employment Programme for women (STEP)launched during 1997 with the financial assistance of ministry of Human Resource Development,

Department of women and child Development. This programme aims at making a significant impacton women in traditional sectors such as dairying and animal husbandry by upgrading their skills andproviding employment to women on a project basis by mobilizing women in viable groups, improvingskills, arranging for productive assets (milk animals). Providing access to credit, awarenessgeneration, nutrition education and sensitization of project functionaries.

At present, more than 750 women Dairy Cooperative Societies are functioning and thecontribution by these women groups is more than 2 lakh liters milk and are earning more than Rs. 20Lakhs per day.

Many studies have reported that, dairy innovations are not adopted on a mass scale even bymajority of medium and large farm women. It goes without saying that adequate technicalknowledge is necessary for acceptance and adoption of any idea. An understanding from all aspectsas to how women are involving themselves in dairying is most important to design appropriate dairy

strategies in order to make dairying more meaningful and profitable to rural women.

Keeping the above facts in mind, the present study was designed to understand how womenare performing in dairying in Dharwad district of Karnataka, where many of the milk producing co-operative societies are managed by women successfully. The following specific objectives wereformulated for the study.

1) To Study the milk yield of dairy animals of women dairy farmers

2) To find out the knowledge of women dairy farmers with respect improved dairy managementpractices

3) To study adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers

4) To find out the existing marketing channel followed by women dairy farmers5) The elicit suggestions of women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The present study provides valuable information to the KMF officials and other extensionpersonnel and planners about the extent of knowledge and adoption level of the improved dairypractices by dairy women.

It could throw light on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents their knowledgelevel and adoption of improved dairy practices perceived by them. The results will be useful to all theconcerned for developing strategies to increase herd size, milk yield, profit and facilitate for bettersocial impact of dairying on concerned women farmers.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is a student research work, and hence, there is a limitation of time and resources.The present study was conducted in few selected villages of Dharwad district. Therefore, the findingsof the study cannot be generalized to other areas and other population of dairy practicing women as awhole.


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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature was undertaken keeping in view the specific objectives of this study. Theliterature available on the milk yield of dairy animals, knowledge and adoption of improved dairymanagement practices by the farmers, marketing channels of dairy farmers were reviewed to drawsome generalizations. Review of literature has been presented in the following heads.

2.1 Milk yield of dairy animals in dairying

2.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices

2.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices

2.4 Socio-economic characteristics of dairy farm women

2.5 Existing marketing channel in dairying

2.6 Suggestions of the farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise.

2.1 MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS IN DAIRYING

Thakur (1975)studied the impact of dairy development through Milk Co-operative in Gujaratand observed that milk production per animal, marketing surplus, adoption of improved agriculturalinputs and annual income of sample of milk producers was higher in experimental villages comparedto control villages.

Panday et al. (1977) conducted a study in Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh on the impact ofdairy development extension project. They observed that the milk yield of average lactation period ofbuffaloes was 1646 in the project area as a against 1284 kgs in the non-project villages.

Charata Ram Patel and Singh (1980) found that financing of milk animals through the SmallFarmers Development Agency (SFDA) programme had resulted in higher milk yield and bettermarketing surplus for small and marginal formers and landless labourers. Among beneficiaries ofSFDA, the milk yield of buffaloes of marginal farmers and agricultural laborers was relatively higher ascompared to those belonging to small farmers.

Bhasin (1980) conducted a study in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. and revealed that averageannual income per family before the dairy programme was Rs. 595 which increased to Rs. 3,342 as aresult of the project. There was a higher milk production per family and area under fodder crops wasincreased.

Further, he reported that the average productivity of cows and buffaloes was 2.40 and 4.40kg milk per day per animal or 732 kg milk per lactation per cow and 1343 kg milk per lactation perbuffalo. The dairying has become an important secondary source of income for over 70 millionof rural families and important role in providing employment.

Patil and Udo (1997) studied that Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds are being widelyadopted in mixed farming systems. These crossbreds are having a considerable impact i.e they give1.8 times more milk than Desi, Gir and Kankrej cows, accepted by both tribal and non-tribalfarmers in the farming systems, provide more farm income and employment opportunities.

Gulati et al. (2001) found that the productivity of Indian milk animals was very low. On anaverage, Indian cows produce only 1041 kg milk per lactation, while, Australian and American cowsproduce 4906 and 8043 kg milk per lactation, respectively.

Singh et al. (2004) revealed that one of the major constraints in rural livestock farming inAlmora district of milk production. Average milk production from local cow, crossbred cow and buffalowas 1.55, 2.50 and 2.71 liters per day, respectively.

Thokal,et al.(2004) studied the effect of watering frequency on milk production in cross bredcows and reported that average milk yield was decreased by 16 per cent due to restriction ofwatering frequency at twice a day. Whereas increased by 16.53 per cent when watering frequency

increased to thrice a day.


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2.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Benki (1990) indicated that 43.33 per cent of members and 8.33 per cent of non-members of KMF were found to have good level of knowledge about recommended dairymanagement practices.

Ramkumar and Pashkaran (1990) reported that participant farmers in correspondence course

on dairying had a better knowledge level compared to the non-participant farmers.

Dixit and Narwal (1991) reported that the mean knowledge score about artificial inseminationin respect of farmers of adopted village was much higher than their counterparts of non-adoptedvillage.

Sheela (1991) found that 62 per cent of the dairy practicing women of Bidar district ofKarnataka state had a medium level of knowledge about improved dairy practices. An equal numberof respondents (19%) were belonging to low and high knowledge categories.

Beerannavar (1995) conducted a study in Dharwad district and reported that 56 per cent ofthe respondents had medium knowledge level, while almost 22 per cent each of respondents belongto high and low knowledge categories about improved dairy practices.

Thangavel (1996) reported that more than one half (majority) of the buffaloes farmerspossessed knowledge about feeding and breeding, however, low level of knowledge was observedwith respect to management of disease control practices.

Shinde et al. (1998) revealed that majority of the dairy farmers were in medium knowledgegroup, followed by high and low knowledge group.

Chandrakala (1999) conducted a study in Anekal taluk of Bangalore urban district andreported that 58 per cent of farm women laborers had high knowledge, followed by medium (21%)and low (21%) level of knowledge of improved dairy management practices, respectively.

2.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Ingole et al.(1987) reported that though very less number of respondents were found in the

category of low adoption. The vast majority was seen in the category of medium adoption of improvedanimal husbandry practices.

Reddy (1987) reported that 98.33 per cent of the respondents adopted the practice ofcastration of scrub bulls and 94.17 per cent of them adopted the practice of artificial insemination.They further reported that only 15.00 per cent of them adopted the feeding of dairy cattle with pre-mixed concentrate feed practice.

Ningappa (1988) reported that the majority of farm women had adopted the simple practicessuch as cleaning of feeding vessels, providing clean drinking water for dairy animals, vaccinating dairyanimals annually, whereas practices like cleaning of dairy animals regularly, feeding the colostrums tonewly born calves within 24 hours were adopted by just around 50.00 per cent of dairy farm women.

Ramkumar (1990) reported that 100.00 per cent farmers had adopted the practices of giving

concentrates to cows, 85.00 per cent of the farmers were the adopters of the artificial inseminationpractice, 45.00 per cent of them adopted the vaccination schedule for the cows. All of themadopted the practice of de-worming of calves. The least adopted practice was scientific milking.

Benki (1990) reported that 50.00 per cent of the KMF members were found to have high levelof adoption of recommended dairy management practices, while just 11.64 per cent of the non-members of KMF had similar adoption level.

He further reported that the practices like regular cleaning of dairy animals and colostrumsfeeding to newly born calves were adopted by majority of the members as well as non-members ofKMF.

Sheela (1991) reported that of the 12 major improved dairy practices practicing of treatmentof repeat breeders (75.00%), proper housing system (69.00%) colostrums feeding to the calves(61.00%), feeding concentrate to making animals (53.00%) and vaccinating the animals for foot andmouth disease (51.00%) were followed by dairying women. Inseminating the animals at appropriate


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time after noticing heat symptoms was followed by 41.00 per cent of the respondents and42.00 per cent of them had adopted pregnancy test to their animals in early period.

Kunzne et al. (1994) revealed that, the overall extent of adoption in both member and non-members of co-operative systems, was at he medium level. Approximately 23.00 per cent of therespondents of the member fell into the high level of overall adoption against approximately 5.00 per

cent of the respondents in non-member cooperative system. Further, mean scores of adoption withregard to all the technologies were found to be high in members of co-operative system.

Beerannavar (1995) reported that the adoption level of dairy practices by the farmers ofselected farming systems indicated that farmers belonging to sugarcane farming system had slightlyhigher adoption level compared to farmers belonging to ragi based farming system.

He further reported that majority of the respondents adopted the practices such as artificialinsemination (59.00%), inseminating the animal at appropriate time after noticing heat symptoms(70.00%) feeding of colostrums immediately after calf birth (67.00%).

Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 42.00 per cent of the farm women labourers had mediumlevel of overall adoption followed by 32.00 and 26.00 per cent under low and high level of overalladoption.

Shreeshailaja (2000) reported that among several practices, large majority of farm womenadopted the practices like maintenance of separate cattle shed, location of the cattle shed, type offloor for cattle shed feeding colostrums to the calf within six hours, artificial insemination, drying periodof the pregnant animal, frequency of milking the animal, green grasses grown, keeping the sickanimal separately, method of controlling diarrhea, method of controlling ticks and lice and burying thedead animals.

Singhet al. (2001) observed that colostrums feeding, paddy straw feeding, maintenance ofsire hygiene, mineral mixture better supplementation, bathing and deworming were adopted by41.33, 37.33, 27.33, 26.67, 24.76 and 10.67 per cent of the farmers, respectively.

2.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DAIRY FARM WOMEN

2.4.1 AgeKadian (1992) found that age of the respondents was negatively correlated with the overall

knowledge level on dairy practices is case of farm women.

Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 52.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to middle agegroup, followed by 48.00 per cent of them in young age group.

Chauhan et al.(2004) observed that 28.00 per cent of respondents were under the age groupof 36 to 45 years, followed by 46 to 55 years (27.00%), above 55 years (25.00%), 26 to 35 years(16.00%) and only 4 per cent of them were under the age group of below 25 years,respectively.

2.4.2 Education

Sheela (1991) reported that a large majority of the respondents (86.00%) were illiterates.Primary education was received by only 3.00 per cent of them. While, 6.00 per cent of themstudied up to middle school and 5.00 per cent studied up to high school and above.

Chandrakala (1999) observed that 86.00 per cent of respondents were illiterate, 6.00 per centhad primary school education, while 5.00 and 3.00 per cent of them attended middle and highschools, respectively.

Chauhanet al. (2004) found that 30 per cent of the dairy farmers were educated up to highschool level, followed by primary school level (27.5%), middle school level (19%) and college level(13.5%) Whereas, 10 per cent of them were illiterate.

2.4.3 Land Holding

Chauhan and Sharma (1990) reported that dairy farmers having large land produced moreforages as compared to small farmers.


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Ravindakumari (1996) in a study conducted in Shimoga district found that 24.30 per cent ofthe Lambani women had just about two acres of dry land.

Chauhan et al. (2004) revealed that 54.00 per cent of dairy farmers had 2.1-4.0 ha of land,followed by 46.00, 45.00, 30.00 and 25.00 per cent of 4.1 6 ha, below 2.0 ha, above 8 haand 6.1 8.0 ha of land, respectively. There was positive and highly significant correlation between

land holding and milk production.2.4.4 Family size

Beerannarai (1995) reported that 47.43 per cent of the trained farmers were from mediumsized families, while 37.11 per cent of them were from big families and remaining 15.46 per cent ofthem belong to small families.

Manjunatha (2002) observed that 33.30 per cent of the non-beneficiaries belong tosmall families. While, 47.00 per cent of them were from medium families and remaining 20.00 per centof them had big family size. In case of the beneficiaries, 38.60 per cent of them were from smallfamilies, while 33.00 per cent of them were from medium families and 28.40 per cent of them belongto big families.

2.4.5 Annual Income

Shantasheela (2002) reported that 60.00 per cent of the respondents had an annual incomeof Rs. 50,000 and above, followed by annual income of Rs. 25,000 and below (27.40%) and only12.33 per cent of them belonged to Rs 25,000 to Rs. 50,000 income category.

Mankar (2003) reported that 47 per cent of the respondents were from medium income group,followed by low (28.89) and high (24.13%) income categories, respectively.

2.4.6 Social participation

Shantasheela (2002) observed that 26.00, 20.55 and 17.81 per cent of the respondents weremembers of cooperative milk societies; self-help groups, TANVA and cooperative bank, respectivelyand only 1.37 per cent of them were members in Nehru Yuva Kendra.

Manjunatha (2002) studied that around 43.40 per cent of the beneficiaries and 33.30 per centof the non-beneficiaries had high social participation and almost equal per cent (28.30% and 26.70%)of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries had medium social participation. While 28.30 and 40.00 percent of them had low social participation.

2.4.7 Size of herd

Beerannavar (1995) reported that 65.00 per cent of the respondents possessed buffaloes and70.00 per cent of respondents did not possess even a single cross bred cow.

Chandrakala (1999) reported that a high majority of the farm women labourers (92.50%)possessed one cross bred cow and rest of them were owners of two cross bred cows.

Manjunatha (2002) observed that 45.00 per cent of the beneficiaries possessed medium live

stock, followed by low level of live stock (38.30%) and high livestock (16.70%), respectively.Whereas, 55.00 per cent of the non-beneficiaries possessed medium live stock, while 15.00 and30.00 per cent of them possessed low and high livestock, respectively.

2.4.8 Experience in dairying

Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 54.00 per cent of the respondents had medium experiencefollowed by 25.00 per cent of respondents had more experience and remaining 21.00 per cent ofthem had less experience in dairy management.

Fami (2000) reported that 38.00 per cent of rural women had medium and high level ofexperience in animal husbandry. Whereas, 33.30 per cent of them had medium level and 29.00 percent of them had low level of animal husbandry experience.


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2.4.9 Mass media exposure

Fami (2000) conducted a study in Iran and reported that 48.00 per cent of rural womenhad medium level of exposure to mass media, followed by 33.00 per cent of them had low massmedia exposure and remaining 19.00 per cent of them had high mass media exposure, respectively.

Mankar (2003) revealed that more than two- third of the respondents (66.35%) had medium

mass media exposure. 21.59 and 10.60 per cent of them had low and high mass media exposure,respectively.

2.4.10 Extension participation

Kalakaravar (1999) revealed that majority of women members majority of belonged to themedium category of extension contact (37.00%) followed by high (34.00%) and low extensioncontact (24.00%), respectively.

Further, the researcher revealed that 44.00 per cent of them had low extension participation,Whereas, 20.00 per cent of them had medium participation and remaining 36.00 per cent of themparticipated more numbers of extension activities compared to TP (6.66%) and ZP (16.66%)members.

Mankar (2003) revealed that 53.33 per cent of the respondents belong to medium extensionparticipation category, followed by high (28.89%) and low extension participation categories (13.65%),while 4.13 per cent of them did not participate in any extension activities.

2.4.11 Decision making

Khandekar and Kunru (1997) stated that the decision regarding economic activitiesconcerning cattle, the tribal women and their husbands made buffalo and goat enterprise jointly. Asfar as matter involving out door activities was concerned, the tribal men took the decision alone.

Chandrakala (1999) reported that 36.00 per cent of the farm women laborers had mediumlevel of decision making ability, while 35.00 and 29.00 per cent had high and low level of decisionmaking ability, respectively.

Shreeshailaja (2000) revealed that 54.00 and 41.00 per cent of the dairy farm women belongto low and high productivity group, respectively and tribal women were also involved in the decisionmaking process.

2.4.12 Risk orientation

Laksminarayan (1997) reported from a study conducted in Mandya district that about 42.00per cent of the sustainable sugarcane farmers had medium risk orientation, while 34.00 and 24.00 percent of them had low and high risk orientation, respectively.

Manjunatha (2002) revealed that 36.70 and 33.30 per cent of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries had high risk orientation, respectively and 35.00 and 26.70 per cent of them had mediumrisk orientation. Whereas, 28.30 and 40.00 of them had less risk orientation, respectively.

2.4.13 Level of aspiration

Ankush et al(1996) found that 38.60 per cent of the respondents aspired for increase in theirland holding by five to six acres and 72.00 per cent of them aspired for increase by two times morethan their present income. The study further revealed that a majority of the farmers (51.40%) aspiredfor mud wall thatched sheds for their animals.

2.4.12 Economic motivation

Manjunatha (2002) revealed that as high as 53.30 and 41.70 per cent of the beneficiaries andnon-beneficiaries had high economic motivation. Again, about equal of beneficiaries (33.30%) andnon-beneficiaries (38.30%) had medium economic motivation. While, 18.40 per cent and 20.00 percent of them had less economic motivation.


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2.5 EXISTING MARKETING CHANNEL IN DAIRYING

Banat Singh et al. (1987) studied production and marketing channels of milk in differentregions of Punjab state and reported that the Milk Federation had played a commendable role in thecollection and distribution of milk particularly in rural areas, where in the role of milk vendor was stilldominant and concluded that the selling milk through milk federation was more profitable compared to

other channels of marketing.Bhanja et al. (1987) examined the critical factors in organizing Dairy Co-operatives in three

milk production zones in Mehasana district of Gujarat and observed that the societies were successfulin a case of members who joined a society besides economic reasons, and realization of socialbenefits. Milk producers who were selling through milk vendors had come to know some malpracticesof vendors.

Banat Singh et al. (1987) studied production and marketing channels of milk and found thatthe milk federation had played a commendable role in the collection and distribution of milk particularin rural areas.

Chalal et al.(1988) examined the rural development through milk co-operatives in Punjab andobserved that the development of dairying was increasingly undertaken through cooperatives. Milk

producers were provided with better marketing facilities and were given better prices for their milk andconsumers were supplied with better quality of milk at reasonable prices. They concluded that the co-operatives had not only raised the economic status of rural producers but also created a congenialatmosphere for improving the status of people belonging to the weaker sections of the rural society.

Hirevenkanagoudar et al. (1998) studied the impact of dairy development on the weakersections in Bangalore North and Doddaballapur Taluks of Karnataka and found that more than56.00 per cent of Karnataka Dairy Development Corporation (KDDC) farmers were getting 50.00 to75.00 per cent of their family income from dairy enterprise, Whereas, 60.00 to 87.00 per cent of non-KDDC farmers were getting only 25.00 per cent of family income. More than 64.00 per centof KDDC farmers had repaid 75.00 to 100.00 per cent of dairy loan, whereas only 10.00 to 25.00 percent of non-KDDC farmers had repaid 75.00 to 100.00 per cent of their dairy loan. Increase milkprices paid to producers by up to 50.00 percent, but also led to a steepening of the price gradient withdistance from urban consumption centers. Market liberalization therefore expanded the role of the rawmilk market and the participation of the dairy farmers cooperative societies in milk marketing and theprovision of input services.

Anonymous (1993) reported that in many countries women are the main operators in thetraditional dairy sector. In some countries like Congo and Ethiopia, they are also engaged in trading ofgoats, sheep, and and goats sheep products. In Ghana, about 80 per cent of all traders and nearly allfish traders are women.

Owango et al.(1998) found that in the dairy industry of Kenya ,the dairy farmers cooperativesocieties play a central role in meeting the needs of dairy producers. Most notable one has been alarge increase in the role of the unregulated raw milk market.

Ntengua (1999) concluded from a study on dairy products demand and marketing in

Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania that African dairy industries have to build marketing systems whichprovide incentives for local farmers and supply consumers of competing multiple channels involving apedestal, cooperatives and private traders. There was ample evidence that the system was efficient,with producers obtaining as much as 78.00 per cent of the final milk price.

Bhanja et al.(2000) reported that livestock products have a short life and perishable quality inthe absence of proper cold storage facilities and have a shelf life of 4-5 hours at normal roomtemperature. It is always necessary for some intermediary processing and sterilized packaging of livestock products before its long distance transport for marketing.

2.6 SUGGESTION OF THE FARMERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF DAIRY ENTERPRISE

Belli (1990) reported permission to be sought to use the forest land for grazing, providingwater facilities and establishment of veterinary clinics near Gavali settlements were the suggestions of

the Gavalis of Dharwad Taluka for better dairying.


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Benki (1990) reported that provision for subsidy to purchase good quality dairy animals,regular supply of cattle feeding, veterinary medicines, green fodder at reasonable rates, timely creditat reasonable rates of interest to meet operating expenses and frequent technical guidance andadvice were the suggestions of the members as well as non-members of KMF.

Sheela (1991) reported that the major problems faced by the women dairy farmers in Bidar

districts were, non-availability of loan facilities and taking their sick animals for long distances.


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III. METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted during the year 2004-05 in the Dharwad district of Karnataka. Thischapter deals about the procedure and methods followed in conducting the study provided under thefollowing headings.

3.1 Locale of the study

3.2 Selection of villages

3.3 Selection of respondents

3.4 Variables and measurement

3.5 Procedure followed in data collection

3.6 Statistical tools used in the study

3.1 LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka. The district was purposively

selected for the study as it is the one of the milk procuring union of state. Further, Dharwad andKalaghatagi taluks, which have maximum dairywomen societies, have been selected purposively aslocale of the study. Since these societies have made a successful story of dairy development and areday-by-day becoming popular.

3.2 SELECTION OF VILLAGES

Villages were selected using the criteria of maximum women dairy farmers as members ofdairy co-operative society. Top five villages with maximum women dairy farmers were selected fromboth the taluks of the district.

3.3 SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS

From each selected village, a list of dairywomen farmers was prepared. From each village, 12

women farmers were selected randomly.Thus, 120 dairywomen farmers spread over in 10 villages of Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks

(five each) constituted the sample for the study.

3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT

3.4.1 Dependent variables

Knowledge and adoption were the two dependent variables considered for the study.

3.4.1.1 Knowledge

Knowledge is operationalized as the amount of information understood by dairy women aboutimproved dairy practices.

The teacher made test was developed to measure the knowledge level of dairywomen aboutimproved dairy practices, which constituted of 23 knowledge questions. The question and answerswere carefully framed in consultation with dairy specialists of the University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad. The answer elicited from the farmers were quantified by assigning one score to correctanswer and zero to wrong one.

Based on the total scores, the respondents were classified into three categories. Low,medium and high by using mean and standard deviation as measures of check.


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Categories Score

Low < (X 1 SD) Upto 11.69

Medium (X + 1 SD) 11.69 to 16.11

High > (X + 1 SD) Above 16.11

3.4.1.2 Adoption

It refers to the adoption of recommended improved dairy practices by the women farmers.

All the important management practices of dairying were selected in the major areas ofbreeding, feeding, management and health cares which were selected based on the review ofliterature and by consulting the dairy specialists of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.The answers elicited from the farmers were quantified by giving 1, 0.5 and zero scores for adoption,partial adoption and non-adoption, respectively.

Based on the total scores the respondents were grouped into three categories as low,medium and high by using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.

Adoption categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD) 15.05 to 18.99


3.4.2 Independent variables

Age

Education

Family size

Annual income

Land holding of the family

Dairy animal

Experience in dairying

Social participation

Mass media exposure

Risk orientation

Decision-making

Level of aspiration

Economic motivation


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3.4.2.1 Age

It is referred to as the chronological age of the respondents in completed years at the timeof investigation. The procedure followed by Chandrakala (1999) was used to categories therespondents.

Adoption categories Score

18-30 years Young

21-50 years Middle

Above 50 years Old

3.4.2.2 Education

Respondents were categorized according to their level of formal education, following theprocedure by Chauhan et al.(2004), as under.

Education categories Score

Illiterate (Dont know to read and write) 0

Primary school (1-4 standard) 1-4

Middle school (5-7 standard) 5-7

High school (8-10 standard) 8-10

PUC 11-12

Graduate 13-15

3.4.2.3 Family size

Family size of the respondents was defined as total number of members residing in the familyof the respondents. The procedure followed by Narayanaswamy and Jalihal (1990) was followed.

Family size Score

Up to 4 members Small

5-8 members Medium

More than 8 members Big

3.4.2.4 Annual income

It was operationalized as the total annual income from agriculture, dairying and other sourcesin a year and was expressed in rupee. Further, categorization was done based on the procedure

followed by Chandregowda (1997) as per the norms prescribed by Ministry of Rural Development,Government of India.


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Categories Annual income (Rs.)

Low income group up to 30,000

Medium income group 30,001-50,000

High income group Above 50,000

3.4.2.5 Land holding of the family

It referees to the number of acres of land possessed by the farmer. The criteria prescribed bythe Karnataka Land Reforms Act 38 to 1966 (Part-B) 99 and 195-96 under section 2(a) 32. wasadopted whereas one acre of irrigated or garden land was equated to 3 acres if dry land.

Farmers categories Land holding (acres)

Marginal up to 2.50

Small 2.50 to 5.00

Medium 5.01 to 10.00

Big Above 10.00

3.2.4.6 Dairy animal

It referred to the different categories and number of dairy animals possessed by therespondents such as cross bred cow, buffaloes and local cows. The scoring pattern followed was asfollows.

Types of dairy animal Score

No dairy animal 0

Local cow or buffaloes 1

Cross bred cows 2

The dairy animal possession score of each respondent was obtained by summing the scoreof all the items in the above scale.

Based on the responses obtained, further the type of dairy animals possessed were alsocategorized as follows.


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Types of dairy animal Possession

Cross bred cows 1

2

3 and above

Buffaloes 1

2

3 and above

Local cows 1

2

3 and above

3.4.2.7 Experience in dairying

It refers to number of years of experience in draying by the women farmers. The experienceof the women farmers in completed years at the time of investigation was considered and wascategorized into three groups as per the procedure followed by Fami (2000).

Categories Years of experience

Low Up to 10 years

Medium 10 to 20 years

High Above 20 years

3.4.2.8 Social participation

It referred to the degree of involvement of a respondent in formal social organizations, witheras member or as office bearer. It was categorized on the basis of procedure develop by Trivedi(1963). Scoring Procedure followed is as follows.


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a) Member/office bearers

Type of participation Score

Not a member in any organization 0

Member in one organization 1

Member in more than one organization 2

Office bearer in one organization 3

Office bearer in more than one organization 4

b) Attendance in the meetings of the organization

Frequency Score

Never (does not attend any of the meetings) 0

Occasionally (attend same of the meetings) 1

Regularly (attend all the meetings)) 2

3.4.2.9 Mass media participation

It referred to the exposure of respondents to mass communication media and participation in

the related activities. The variable was quantified by using the procedure followed by Mankar (2003).The respondents were classified into three categories as given below.

Categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD) 3.96 to 12.04


3.4.2.10 Risk orientation

It refers to the degree to which a farmers is oriented towards risk and uncertainly and hascourage to face the problems in farming. This risk orientation scale developed by Supe and Singh(1969) and as followed by Fami (2000) was used to measure the risk orientation of the respondents.The scale included 6 statements in which five were negative and one was positive. The statementswere rated on a five point continuum ranging with weightages of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positivestatements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements, respectively. The maximum and minimumscore on individual could obtain were 30 and 6, respectively. Based on the score obtained, farmerswere grouped into three categories by using the mean and standard deviation score as measures ofcheck.


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Categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD)16.47 to 20.05


3.4.2.11 Decision making ability

Their was referred to the degree to which an individual dairy woman participates in decisionmaking. Based on the extent of participation in decision making, responses were expressed in termsof percentage. The procedure followed by Shreeshailaija (2000) was used. The respondents weregrouped into three categories based on mean and standard deviation as measures of check.

Categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD) 2.91 to 6.07


3.4.2.12 Level of aspiration

Scale developed by Sagar (1983) and followed by Bheemappa (2001) was employed. Tofacilitate the process of obtaining clear respondents from farmers, the items were provided with five

point response categories from 0 to 4 score. The maximum score that one could get was 16 andminimum was zero. Later, the responses were group into three categories based on the mean andstandard deviation as measures of check.

Categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD) 4.43 to 8.27

High > (X + 1 SD)Above 4.43

3.4.2.13 Economic motivation

It referred to the occupational success in terms of profit maximization and the relative valueson individual place on economic ends. The scale developed by Supe and Singh (1969) and followedby Manjunatha (2002) was used. The scale included 6 items and the scoring procedure followed wassimilar to that of risk orientation. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high by usingmean and standard deviation as measures of check.


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Categories Score


Medium (X + 1 SD)17.45 to 22.88


3.5 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED FOR DATA COLLECTION

The data in line with the objective were collected with the help of structured and pre testedinterview schedule. The procedure followed for developing and administering the interview scheduleare explained below.

3.5.1 Development of interview schedule

A schedule was developed in consultation with the experts in the fields of extension educationand dairying. The schedule was divided in to five parts. In the first part, the general information of therespondents and information about socio-psychological and economic characteristics of therespondents was elicited. The second part was divided to collect about the marketing behaviour andmarketing channel used by farmers. The questions related to the knowledge and adoption level of thefarmers about the improved management practices by women farmers were included in the third andfourth parts, respectively. The questions related to get their feed back, suggestions upon betterdairying were in the fifth part.

3.5.2 Administration of interview schedule

Required data were collected by personal interview method using the schedule. The respondents werecontacted individually either at their residence or farm. The filled in interview schedule were scrutinized andtested immediately after the interview for their completeness in all respects.

3.6 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED IN THE STUDY

The data collected from the respondents were scored, tabulated and analyzed using suitablestatistical methods. The statistical methods used in the present study are describe below.

Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to interpret the personal,social psychological and economic characteristics and knowledge and adoption level of therespondents. They were also used for interpreting the marketing behaviour and channels andsuggestions given by the respondents.


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IV. RESULTS

The results obtained from the analysis of the data collected have been presented under thefollowing heads.4.1 The milk yield of dairy animals maintained by women dairy farmers4.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices among the women dairy farmers

4.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers4.4 Socio-economic characteristics of the women dairy farmers4.5 Existing marketing channels followed by the women dairy farmers4.6 Suggestions of dairy women farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

4.1 THE MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS MAINTAINED BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERSThe data presented in Table 1 indicated that 64.70 and 35.29 per cent of the

women farmers obtained 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 litres of milk yield by their cows, respectively.In case of crossbred cows, 40.74 per cent of the farm women received yield upto 5 litres per

day. While, 37.03 per cent of them used to get milk yield between 5 to 8 litres per day. Only 22.22 percent of cross bred cows owners obtained the highest milk yield of above 8 litres per day.

In case of buffaloes, 23.52 per cent of farm women received yield upto 3 litres per day. While,58.84 per cent of them used to get milk yield between 3 to 4 litres per day. Only 17.64 per cent of

buffaloes owners got the highest milk yield of above 4 litres per animal per day.

Table 1: Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by the women dairy farmers

Categories Milk yield (lit/day) Frequency Percentage

1. Local cows (n=34)

a. 2-3 litres 22 64.70

b. 3-4 litres 12 35.29

2. Cross bred cows (n=27)

a. Upto 5 litres 11 40.74

b. 5-8 litres 10 37.03

c. Above 8 litres 6 22.22

3. Buffaloes (n=85)

a. Upto 3 litres 20 23.52

b. 3-4 litres 50 58.84

c. Above 4 litres 15 17.64


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4.1.2 Average cost of production in different types of milk animals by women dairy farmersThe data presented in Table 2 indicated that total cost of each type of animals were Rs.

5,200, Rs. 10,350 and Rs. 6,220 for local cow, cross bred cow and buffaloes, respectively. For localcow, total feed costs itself accounted for 63.20 per cent of the total cost, while laborers anddepreciation and interest changes accounted for 13.46 and 19.23 per cent.

In case of crossbred cows, feed cost was the major constituent (67.63 % of total cost). Thiswas followed by labourers (9.60%) and depreciation and interest (19.32%) as in the case of local

cows. The cost of the medicine and veterinary services accounted for 2.90 per cent of the total cost.In case of buffaloes, feeds alone constituted for 65.91 per cent, whereas, 49.81 per cent is for

concentrated feeds as 16.08 per cent for roughages. This was followed by depreciation and interest(19.21%) and labourers (11.25%) and medicine and veterinary service accounted for 3.22 per cent ofthe total cost.

4.1.3 Average cost of production per litre, milk production per annum and benefit cost ratio fordifferent types of milch animals

The data in Table 3 indicated that the total return of the local cow, cross bred cow andbuffaloes were Rs. 7,597, Rs. 19,000 and Rs. 10,895 respectively. In this respect, the returns fromsale of milk, dung and calf were considered for estimating the returns from dairy enterprise.

The average milk yield per annum for local cows, cross bred cows, buffaloes were 780, 1,792and 1,067 litres, respectively.

The cost of milk production, per litre was computed and results for local cows, cross bred andbuffaloes were Rs. 6.69, Rs. 5.77 and Rs. 5.83, respectively.

The value of benefit cost ratio, which indicates the return per rupee invested in dairyenterprise, which was 1.46, 1.84 and 1.75, for local cows, cross bred cows and buffaloes,respectively.


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Table 2: Average cost of milk production in different types of milch animals by women dairyfarmers

(n=120)

Components of cost

Rupee per annum per animal

Local cows (n=34) Cross bred crows(n=27) Buffaloes (n=85)

Rs % Rs % Rs %

1. Depreciation andinterest

1000 19.23 2000 19.32 1200 19.29

2. Roughages 900 17.31 1300 12.56 1000 16.08

3. Concentrates 2380 45.76 5700 55.07 3100 49.83

Foods total 3280 63.07 7000 67.63 4100 65.91

4. Labour 700 13.46 1000 9.66 700 11.25

5. Medicine of veterinaryservice

200 3.82 300 2.90 200 3.22

6. Miscellaneous 20 0.38 500 0.48 20 0.32

Total cost 5200 100.0 10350 100.0 6220 100.0


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Table 3: Average cost of milk production, milk yield and cost benefit ratio for different types ofmilk animals by women dairy farmers

(n=120)

Categories Local cows (n=34)Cross bred cows

(n=27)Buffaloes (n=85)

Average milk yield perannum (lit)

780 1792 1067

Total cost(Rs./annum/animal)

5200 10350 6220

Total return(Rs./annum/animal)

7597 19000 10895

Average cost of productionper lit of milk (Rs.)

6.67 5.77 5.83

Cost benefit ratio 1.46 1.84 1.75

Table 4: Distribution of respondents according to contribution of dairy enterprises tothe total family income

(n=120)

Proportion ofcontribution

Frequency Percentage

Up to 25% 39 32.5

25 to 50% 76 63.33

50 to 75% 3 2.5

Above 75% 2 1.66

Total 120 100.00

4.1.4 Contribution of dairy enterprise to the total family incomeThe data presented in Table 4 showed that 32.50 per cent of the respondents were getting up

to 50.00 per cent of their family income from dairying. Majority of them (63.33%) were getting 25.00 to50.00 per cent of their income from dairying. Only 2.50 per cent and 1.66 per cent of women farmers

were getting 50.00 to 75.00 and more than 75.00 per cent of their income from dairying, respectively.


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4.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG THE

WOMEN DAIRY FARMERSThe data presented in Table 5 indicated that majority of the respondents (65.00%) had

medium knowledge level about improved dairy practices and 18.63 and 16.67 per cent of them werefound to have high and low knowledge level about improved dairy practices, respectively.

4.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY THE WOMEN DAIRYFARMERS

4.3.1 Overall adoption level of women dairy farmersWith regard to overall adoption of dairying management practices, it is evident from Table 6

that 22.33, 24.16 and 52.50 per cent of the respondents belong to high, low and medium adoptioncategories, respectively.

4.3.2 Adoption of improved dairy practices (regarding milk productions practices) by dairyfarm women

The data presented in Table 7a indicates that out of 8 production practices, majority of therespondents adopted extra fodder feeding (62.50%) and recommended green fodder feeding(52.30%) to pregnant animals.

In case of practicing concentrate feeding, 22.50 per cent of the respondents used more than 3kg of concentrate, 28.33 and 30.83 per cent of them feed 2 to 3 and 1 to 2 kg of concentrate per dayper animal. Only 8.83 of them did not feed any concentrates to their animals. Whereas, 54.16 per centof respondents adopted the improving practice of fodder by soaking overnight in water. Only 16.67per cent of them practiced with molasses and urea.


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Further, the results indicated that all the respondents followed colostrum feeding, whereas46.66 and 53.33 per cent them fed unlimined and limited amount of colostrum, while 39.17 per cent ofthem cultivated fodder in their own field and nearly 61.00 per cent of them did not cultivate fodder.The practice of growing fodder tree was not adopted by majority of the respondents (87.50%) andno one of them adopted the practice of silage making.

4.3.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by women dairy farmersThe results of adoption of improved dairy practices is presented in Table 7b.Thirty per cent of the respondents used to wash their animals regularly, 25.00 and 28.33 per

cent of them use to do it on alternate day and twice in week, respectively. The least adopted practiceswas weaning the animals.

Adoption behaviour of dairy women was studied in respect to 22 improved dairypractices. Out of 22 dairy practices, 13 practices were related to maintenance and veterinarypractices. Table 7b indicates that majority of the respondents were found practicing regular cleaningof feed vessels (75.83%) followed by providing sufficient drinking water (69.17%), vaccinating theanimals (81.66%) undertaking artificial insemination (68.33%), drying the pregnant animals (58.33%)maintaining milk production and income records (55.83 and 100.0%) and inseminating the animal atappropriate time after noticing heat symptoms (54.16%). Deworming the calves regularly and caringof sick animals by separated them were followed by 48 per cent each of the respondents, while 45.83

per cent of them had adopted pregnancy diagnosis of the animals in early period.


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Table 5: Knowledge of women dairy farmers about improved dairy management practices

(n=120)

Knowledge categories

Respondents


Low (upto 11.69) 20 16.67

Medium (11.69 to 16.11) 78 65.00

High (above 16.11) 22 18.33

Total 120 100.00

Mean = 13.90 SD = 2.21

Table 6: Overall adoption level of women dairy farmers about improved dairy practices

(n=120)

Adoption categories

Respondents


Low (upto 15.05) 29 24.17

Medium (15.05 to 18.99) 63 52.50

High (above 18.99) 28 22.33

Total 120 100.00

Mean = 17.02 SD = 1.97


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Table 7a: Adoption of improved milk production practices by women dairy farmers

(n=120)

Sl.No. Production practices

Respondents


1 Concentrate feeding

a. Not fed 10 8.83

b. 1-2 kg/day 37 30.83

c. 2-3 kg/day 46 38.33

d. Above 3 kg /day 27 22.50

2. Green fodder feeding

a. Green fodder 63 53.50

b. Chaffed green fodder 37 30.83

c. Not practiced 20 16.67

3. Improvement of dry fodder

a. With molasses and urea 20 16.67

b. Soaking overnight in water 65 59.16

c. No need 35 29.16

4. Extra fodder feeding pregnant animal

a. Followed 75 62.50

b. Not followed 45 37.505. Colostrum feeding

a. Limited feeding 64 53.33

b. Unlimited feeding 56 46.66

6. Fodder cultivation in own field

a. Practiced 47 39.17

b. Not-practiced 73 60.83

7. Growing of fodder trees

a. Grown 15 12.50

b. Not grown 105 87.50

8. Silage making

Practiced 0 0.00

Not practiced 120 100.0


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Table 7b: Adoption of improved dairy management practices by women dairy farmers

(n=120)

Sl.No.

Maintenance and veterinary practicesRespondents


1 Cleaning of feed vessels

a. Regular 91 75.83

b. Alternate day 29 24.16

2. Providing drinking water per day

a. Thrice 37 30.83

b. Twice 83 69.173. Washing the animals

a. Regularly 36 30.00

b. Alternate day 30 25.00

c. Twice in a week 34 28.33

4. Vaccinating the animals

a. Followed by vaccination programme 98 81.66

b. Once a year 7 5.83

c. Not vaccinated 15 12.5

5. Caring of sick animals

a. Separation 58 48.33

b. Helps from first aid 28 23.33

c. Immediately show doctor 34 28.33

6. Examining the animal for pregnancy

a. 2-3 months after insemination 55 45.83

b. After 3 months 12 10.00

c. No need 53 44.16

7. Type of floor of cattle sheds

a. Muddy 67 55.83

b. Made of stone 42 35.00

c. Cement 11 9.16

Contd


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8. Animal breeding

a. Artificial insemination 82 68.33

b. Natural service 22 18.33

c. Both 16 13.33

9. Deworming the calves

a. Followed by regular programmes 58 48.33

b. Within two weeks after birth 27 22.50

c. Not followed 35 29.16

10. Breeding animal after noticing heat symptoms

a. Within 8 hrs 30 25.00

b. Within 12-20 hrs 65 54.16

c. Within 20-24 hrs 25 20.83

11. Drying the pregnant animals

a. 8 months of pregnancy 70 58.33

b. 9 month of pregnancy 50 41.67

c. Not followed 10 8.33

12. Weaning the animal

a. Followed 34 28.33

b. Not followed 86 71.67

13. Record maintaining

a. Maintained income record 120 100.0

b. Maintained milk production record 67 55.83

c. Maintained health record 38 31.67

d. Maintained expenditure record 15 12.50

4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS4.4.1 Age

Table 8 gives the distribution of respondents according to their age at the time ofinvestigation. All the respondents are grouped into three groups namely, young (up to 30 years),middle aged (31 to 50 years) and old age (above 50 years).

The Table indicates that, majority of the respondents (59.17%) were middle aged, followed byyoung aged (22.5%) and old aged (18.33%), respectively.

4.4.2 EducationA large majority of the respondents (60.83%) were illiterates, primary education was received

by 22.50 per cent and 10.83 per cent of them studied upto middle school, while 4.17 per cent of themup to high school and only 1.67 per cent of the respondents have studied upto collage level (Table 9).


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Table 8: Distribution of respondents according to their age

(n=120)

Age categories

Respondents


Young (Less than 30 years) 27 22.5

Medium (30 to 50 years) 71 59.17

Old (More than 50 years) 22 18.33

Total 120 100.00

Table 9: Distribution of respondents according to their education

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Illiterate 73 60.83

Primary school 27 22.50

Middle school 13 10.83

High school 5 4.17

College (PUC and above) 2 1.67

Total 120 100.00

4.4.3 Family sizeThe results of family size of respondents are presented in Table 10.Sixty eight per cent of the respondents had 5-8 family members, 20 per cent of them had

more than 8 members and about 12 per cent of them had upto 4 members in their families.


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4.4.4 Annual income of the familyThe results presented in Table 11 revealed that majority (45.00%) of the respondents were

getting medium income, followed by low income (29.16%). However, about 23.33 per cent of themwere high income earners.

4.4.5 Land holding of the family

The data in Table 12 gives clear picture of land holding status of the respondents family. Itwas found that 33.00 per cent each of them belonged to small and marginal land holding groups,while 29.17 per cent of them fell under medium land holding groups and the remaining 4.16 per centof them had large land holdings.

4.4.6 Material possessionThe data in Table 13 indicates that majority of respondents possessed bullock carts (91.66%),

cycles (79.17%) and radios (80.00%). It was observed that 23.33 per cent of them had television setsand the 16.67 per cent of them had motor cycle. Only 12.50 per cent of the respondents possessedtelephones and two respondents owned cars.

Table 10: Distribution of respondents according to their family size

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Small (Upto 4 members) 15 12.50

Medium (5 to 8 members) 81 67.50

Big (Above 8 members) 24 20.00

Total 120 100.00


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Table 11: Distribution of respondents according to their annual income(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (Upto Rs. 30,000) 38 31.67

Medium (Rs. 30,000 to Rs.50,000)

54 45.00

High (Above Rs. 50,000) 28 23.33

Total 120 100.00

Table 12: Distribution of respondents according to their land holding

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres) 40 33.33

Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres) 40 33.33

Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres) 35 29.17

Big (Above 10 acres) 5 4.17

Total 120 100.00


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Table 13: Distribution of respondents according to their material possession

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Bullock cart 110 91.66

Cycle 95 79.17

Motor cycle/scooter 20 16.67

Telephone 15 12.50

Radio 97 80.00

Car 2 1.67

Television 28 23.33

Note : More than one response obtained

4.4.7 Size of herdThe data in Table 14 shows that 32.50 per cent of the respondents possessed at least one

buffalo, 34.16 per cent of them had 2 buffaloes and 5.13 per cent of them had 3 buffaloes.It was also observed that 19.16 per cent of them had one local cow, while 9.16 per cent of

them possessed more than one local cow.It was revealed that 17.50 per cent of the respondents possessed one cross bred cow, 4.16

per cent of the had two cross bred cows and only one respondent possessed three cross bred cows.

4.4.8 Experience in dairyingThe data in Table 15 indicates that majority (74.16%) of the respondents had low experience

in dairying, followed by medium level experience (15.00%). About 10.83 per cent of them had greaterexperience dairying.

4.4.9 Organization participationThe data in Table 15a indicated that 80.00 per cent of the respondents had medium

organization participation and 20.00 per cent of them had high organization participation.An observation of Table 15b indicates that majority of the respondents were the members of

milk cooperative society (83.33%) and farmers cooperative society (46.66%). While, 13.33 per cent ofthem were the members of panchayat. About 8.00 per cent and 12.00 per cent were the members ofyouth club and mahila mandals, respectively.


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Table 14: Distribution of respondents according to their herd size

(n=120)

Categories Frequency Percentage

1. Cross bred cows

a. 1 27 22.50

b. 2 5 4.17

c. 3 and above 1 0.83

2. local cows

a. 1 23 19.16

b. 2 8 6.67


3. Buffaloes

a. 1 39 32.5

b. 2 41 34.16


Table 15: Distribution of respondents according to dairy experience

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (up to 10 years) 89 74.16

Medium (10 to 20 years) 18 15.00

High (Above 20 years) 13 10.83

Total 120 100.00


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Table 15a: Distribution of respondents according to their organization participation

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (up to 0.4) 0 0.00

Medium (0.4 to 3.82) 96 80.00

High (Above 3.82) 24 20.00

120 100.00


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Table 15b: Distribution of respondents according to their organization participation

Organization

Membership Participatio

Member Office bearer Regular Occasiona

F % F % F % F

Panchayat 16 13.33 - - 6 37.50 10 6

Milk cooperativesociety

120 100.00 20 16.67 87 72.50 33 2

Farmers

co-operative society

58 48.33 2 1.67 14 24.13 10 1

Youth club 10 8.33 1 0.83 - - 3 2

Mahila mandal 14 11.67 2 1.67 10 12.50 5 3

Note : More than one response obtained


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Further, 17.00 per cent of the respondents were the office bearers of milk cooperativesocieties and negligible 1.66 per cent each of them were the office bearers of farmers co-operativesocieties and mahila mandals. Only one respondent was working as office bearer of youth club.

Further, showed that large number of members were regular participants in various activitiesof milk cooperative society (72.50%) and mahila mandals (62.50%). About 37.50 per cent of themwere members of panchayat and 24.13 per cent of them cooperative society were regularly

participating in the activities of their respective organizations. Few of them were found to beoccasional participants.

4.4.10 Mass media exposureThe data presented in Table 16 reveals that radio sets were possessed by majority of the

respondents (80.0%). 23.33 per cent of respondents possessed television and 11.66 per cent ofrespondents were subscribers of newspapers whereas negligible number of respondents ownedbooks and magazines.

Majority of the respondents listen to radio sets regularly (71.67%) and 9.17 per cent of themoccasionally and 19.15 per cent of them did not listen.

Majority of respondents were never in the habit of reading newspaper regularly andoccasionally (80.0%). Only 11 per cent of them were regularly readers of newspaper.

While, 18.33 and 33.33 per cent of the respondents were in the habit of viewing television

regularly and occasionally. Only five per cent each of them go through dairy magazines.

4.4.11 Extension participationIt is clear from Table 17 that considerable percentage of respondents participated in

extension activities such as, training programmes (97.50%), discussion meetings (91.66%) andanimal health camps (61.66%). While, 25.00 and 21.00 per cent of them participated in exposurevisits and field days, respectively. Krishi Mela and demonstrations meeting were attended by 12.50and 16.66 per cent of them respondents.

4.4.12 Risk orientationThe high level of risk orientation was noticed among 17.50 per cent the respondents, medium

level of risk orientation was possessed by 62.50 per cent and 20 per cent of them had low level of riskorientation (Table 18).

4.4.13 Decision makingThe data in Table 19 indicated that high level of decision making was noticed by only 6.67 per

cent of the respondents and medium level of decision making was exhibited by 79.16 per cent and theremaining 14.16 per cent of them were having low decision making behaviour.

Table 16: Mass media participation by the respondents(n=120)

Mass media

Owned Listening/viewing/reading

F %Regular Occasional Never

F % F % F %

Radio 97 80.00 86 71.69 11 9.19 23 19.16

Television 28 23.33 22 18.33 40 33.33 58 48.33

Newspaper 14 11.66 14 11.66 10 8.33 96 96.80

Books/magazines onanimal husbandry

7 5.83 7 5.83 4 3.33 10 90.83


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Table 17: Distribution of respondents according to their extension participation

(n=120)

Activities

Attended


Training programmes 117 97.5

Discussion meetings 110 91.66

Calf rallies/animal health camp 74 61.66

Krishi Mela 15 12.5

Demonstration meeting 20 16.55

Field days 25 20.83

Exposure visit 30 25.00

Note : more than one response obtained

Table 18: Distribution of respondents according to their risk orientation

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (up to 16.47) 24 20.00

Medium (14.47 to 20.05) 75 62.50

High (Above 20.05) 21 17.50

120 100.00

Mean = 18.26 SD = 1.78


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Table 19: Distribution of respondents according to their decision making

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (upto 1.91) 17 14.16

Medium (1.91 to 6.07) 95 79.16

High (Above 6.07) 8 6.67

Total 120 100.00

Mean = 3.99 SD = 2.08

Table 20: Distribution of respondents according to their aspiration level

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (upto 4.43) 24 20.00

Medium (4.43 to 8.28) 79 65.83

High (Above 8.28) 17 14.16

120 100.00

Mean = 6.35 SD = 1.92


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4.4.14 Level of aspirationIt is clear from the Table 20 that majority of respondents had medium level aspirations

s(65.83%) and followed by low (20.0%) and high levels aspirations (14.16%), respectively.

4.4.15 Economic motivationIt is clear from the Table 21 that the high economic motivation was noticed among 24.16 per

cent and medium level of economic motivation was exhibited by 67.50 per cent and only 8.33 per centwere found to have low economic motivation.

4.5 EXISTING MARKETING CHANNELS FOLLOWED BY THE WOMEN DAIRY FARMERSThe data presented in Table 22 revealed that dairy cooperative society was the main source

of marketing for all members, whereas only 16.67 per cent of them use to sell their milk directly to theconsumers as well as through cooperative society.

4.6 SUGGESTIONS OF DAIRY WOMEN FARMERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF DAIRYENTERPRISECareful examination of the results presented in Table 23 revealed that cent per cent of the

respondents suggested better price for their milk products.The loan amount for the purchase of dairy animals (80.83%), to provide water facility for their

animals (87.50%), more field visits are to be organized at all important operation of fodderdemonstrations (50.00%), more educational trip to the organized by dairy cooperative society(58.33%), to educating them an improvement of dairy management practices (62.50%), training to begiven for concentrates preparation using local resources (58.33%), fodder production to beundertaken in community land (50.0%) and small scale dairy industries are to be encouraged atvillage level to produce dairy products (62.5%) were the major suggestions offered by majority of themembers.

Some of suggestions offered by them were regular and timely supply of green fodder atreasonable rate, establishment of veterinary hospital near their settlements. Cost of veterinaryservices and medicine to be reduced, proportion of profit should be used in infrastructuredevelopment of their village and training has to be organized in values added milk production.


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Table 21: Distribution of respondents according to their economic motivation

(n=120)

Categories

Respondents


Low (upto 17.45) 10 8.33

Medium (17.45 to 22.99) 81 67.50

High (Above 22.99) 29 24.17

120 100.00

Mean = 20.72 SD = 2.27

Table 22: Sources of marketing of milk followed by women dairy farmers

(n=120)

Sources Frequency Percentage

Dairy co-operative society 100 83.33

Directly to consumer 0 0.00

Both 20 16.67

120 100.00


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Table 23: Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

(n=120)

Sl.No.

Suggestions Frequency Percentage

1. Better milk price for the producer 120 100.0

2. Providing water facilities, by sinking openwells, tube wells or by constructing smalltanks, for their animals sufficiently

105 87.5

3. The loan amount for the purchase of dairyanimals to be increased

97 80.83

4. More important to be given to educating thenon improvement of dairy managementpractices especially on feeding of milchanimals, pregnant animals, care of pregnant

animals

75 62.5

5. Small scale dairy industries are to beencouraged at village level to produce dairyproducts

75 62.5

6. More educational trips to be organized bydairy co-operative society for the benefit ofdairy enterprises

70 58.33

7. Training to be given for concentratespreparation using local resources

70 58.33

8. Field visits are to be organized at importantoperation of fodder demonstration

60 50.0

9. Fodder production to be conducted incommunity land

60 50.0

10. Regular and timely supply of green fodder atreasonable rate

58 48.33

11. Establishment of veterinary hospitals neartheir settlements

56 46.66

12. Some proportion of profit should be used in

infrastructure development of their village

45 37.5

13. Training has to be organized in value addedmilk production

42 35.0

14. Cost of veterinary services to be reduced 40 33.33


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V. DISCUSSION

The results of the present study are discussed under the following headings.5.1 The milk yield of dairy animals of women dairy farmers5.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers5.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers

5.4 Socio-economic characteristics of women dairy farmers5.5 Existing marketing channels followed by the women dairy farmers5.6 Suggestion elicited by women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

5.1 THE MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS OF WOMEN DAIRY FARMERSThe result presented in Table 1 indicated that the milk yields obtained by 64.70 and 35.29 per

cent of dairy women farmer from local cows were 2 to 3 liters and 3 to 4 respectively.In case of cross bred cows, 40.74 per cent of the cross bred owners were getting yield up to 5

liters per day. 37.03 per cent of the cross bread owners were getting the milk yield between 5-8 litersper day only 22.22 per cent of cross bred owners were getting the highest milk yield of above 8 litersper day.

In case of buffalo owners 58.84 per cent of them were getting yield up to 4 liter per day,followed by up to 3 liters (23.52%) and more than 4 liters (17.64%) per day, respectively.

The reason for above results may be the of medium knowledge for dairying, poor feedingpractices, sub-optimum nutrition, local breeds and low prices offered for milk.

The above findings were inconformity with the findings of Singh et al.(2004).

5.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY THERESPONDENTSAs it is evident from the table 5, majority of the respondents (65.00 %) had medium

knowledge level about improved dairy practices, followed by high (18.16%) and low (16.67 %)knowledge level about improved dairy practices.

The reason for above results may be due to the fact that majority of the respondents aremiddle aged, belong to medium social participation, had better mass media exposure and belong tomedium extension participation.

The above findings were inconformity with the findings of Sheela (1991), Beerannavar (1995)and Shinde et al. (1998).

5.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY RESPONDENTS5.3.1 Over all adoption levels of women dairy farmer

The results from the table 7 revealed that half of the respondents (52.50%) had mediumadoption level of dairy management practices, followed by low (24.16%) and high (22.63%) level ofadoption of dairy management practices, respectively.

The above findings were in line with the findings of Kunzne (1994), Chandrakala (1999).

5.3.2 Adoption of individual improved milk production practices by dairy farm womenThe data in Table 6b indicated that out of eight production practices, majority of the

respondents adopted two practices i.e., recommended green fodder feeding (53.50%) and extrafodder feeding to pregnant animals (62.50%). This may be due to the fact that pregnant animalsrequire more amount of food at the time of pregnancy and also for the growth of healthy calvesfurther.

Further, 30.86 per cent of the respondents used 1 to 2 kg of concentrates per day per animalfollowed by 2 to 3 kg of concentrates (28.33%) and more than 3 kg of concentrates (22.50%).Whereas, 54.16 per cent of them practiced improvement of fodder by socking overnight in water. Only16.67 per cent of respondents practiced with improvement of fodder by molasses and urea. Thereason given by respondents was that, their animals were not used to feed on concentrates and ifones fed and later discontinued, animals would not give good milk yield. The poverty also contributedto this factor to some extent. Further, the high cost of concentrates might have forced them not tofeed concentrates to all categories of dairy animals.

The above findings were in conformity with the Nataraju and Channegowda (1986) andSheela (1991) and Singh et al.(2004).

Cent percent of the respondents were feeding colostrum to calves. Among them, 53.33 percent of the respondents fed limited amount of colostrum and 46.67 per cent of them fed unlimited


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amount. This may be due to the simplicity and familiarity of the practice as well as no costinvolvement in this practice. The above finding are in conformity with the result of Beerannavar (1995)

It is interesting to note that nearly 61.00 per cent of the respondents did not cultivate fodder,Whereas, 39.17 per cent of them cultivated fodder in their own fields. This may be due to the fact that33.00 per cent of the farmers belonged to small and marginal land holding categories. So, theywanted to grow fodder crops.

5.3.3 Adoption of individual improved dairy maintenance and veterinary practices by dairyfarm womenThe results presented in Table 6 a indicated that 13 practices were coming under

maintenance and veterinary practices of dairy animals. Among them majority of the respondents(75.83 %) were regularly practicing cleaning of feed vessels, providing sufficient drinking water(69.17%), vaccinating the animals (81.66%), artificial insemination (68.33%), drying the pregnantanimals (58.33%), maintaining income in milk production records (58.83%) and inseminates theanimals at appropriate time after heat symptoms (54.16%), while 48.00 per cent of them werefollowing regularly de-worming the calves and 45.83 per cent of them had adopted pregnancydiagnosis in the early period.

This might be due to the reason that these practices do not require more cost andrespondents may perceived them easy to follow. This may also be due to the awareness of these

practices and facilities a

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