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ExtinctionExtinction
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ExtinctionExtinctionThe Definition and CausesThe Definition and Causes
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ExtinctionExtinction ??
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What is Extinction?What is Extinction?
Extinction occurs when the last existingExtinction occurs when the last existingmember of a given species diesmember of a given species dies
In other wordsthere arent any more left!In other wordsthere arent any more left!
It is a scientific certainty when there areIt is a scientific certainty when there arenot any surviving individuals left tonot any surviving individuals left toreproducereproduce
occursoccurs ExtinctionExtinction Only a handful of individuals are leftOnly a handful of individuals are left
Odds of reproduction are slimOdds of reproduction are slim
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Causes of ExtinctionCauses of Extinction
Genetics and DemographicsGenetics and Demographics
Small populations = increased riskSmall populations = increased risk
MutationsMutations Beneficial genetic traits are overruledBeneficial genetic traits are overruled ( sifat( sifat
merugikan )merugikan )
Loss of Genetic DiversityLoss of Genetic Diversity
Shallow gene pools promote massive inbreedingShallow gene pools promote massive inbreedingInbreeding semakin besar )Inbreeding semakin besar )
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Causes Cont.Causes Cont.
Habitat DegradationHabitat Degradation
One of the most influentialOne of the most influential
Has many causesHas many causes Some due to humansSome due to humans
Some due to other factorsSome due to other factors
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Habitat DegradationHabitat Degradation
ToxicityToxicity
Kills off species directly through food/waterKills off species directly through food/water
Indirectly via sterilizationIndirectly via sterilization Can occur in short spans (a single generation)Can occur in short spans (a single generation)
Can occur over several generationsCan occur over several generations
Increasing toxicityIncreasing toxicity
Increasing competition for habitat resourcesIncreasing competition for habitat resources
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Biological magnification ?Biological magnification ?
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increase in concentration of a substance inorganisms body
that occurs in a food chain as a
consequence of:a. Persistence (can't be broken down by
environmental processes)
b. Food chainc. Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal
degradation/excretion of the substance
(often due to water-insolubility)
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Habitat DegradationHabitat Degradation
Destruction of HabitatDestruction of Habitat
Save the Rainforests!Save the Rainforests!
Elimination of living spaceElimination of living space Change in habitatChange in habitat
Rainforest to pasture landsRainforest to pasture lands ( padang rumput )( padang rumput )
Leads to diminishing resourcesLeads to diminishing resources (( -- SDA )SDA )
Increases competitionIncreases competition
Can be caused by natural processesCan be caused by natural processes
Volcanoes, floods, drought, etcVolcanoes, floods, drought, etc
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Causes Cont.Causes Cont.
PredationPredation
CompetitionCompetition
DiseaseDiseaseMass ExtinctionMass Extinction
Planned ExtinctionPlanned Extinction
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PredationPredation
Introduction of predatorsIntroduction of predators
Transported by humansTransported by humans
Cattle, rats, zebra muscles, etcCattle, rats, zebra muscles, etc
Sometimes on purpose, sometimes notSometimes on purpose, sometimes not
Can eat other speciesCan eat other species
Eat foodEat food sourcsourceses
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CoextinctionCoextinction
The loss of one species leads to the lossThe loss of one species leads to the loss
of anotherof another
Chain of extinctionChain of extinctionCan be caused by small impacts in theCan be caused by small impacts in the
beginningbeginning
A predator looses its food sourceA predator looses its food sourceAffected by interconnectedness in natureAffected by interconnectedness in nature
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Mass ExtinctionMass Extinction
A sharp decrease in the number ofA sharp decrease in the number of
species on Earth in a short period of timespecies on Earth in a short period of timeThere have been at least 5There have been at least 5
Last one was 65M years agoLast one was 65M years ago
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Mass Extinction DiagramMass Extinction Diagram
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Mass ExtinctionMass Extinction
Nearly 2/3rds (or more) of all animalNearly 2/3rds (or more) of all animal
species that ever existed on the planet arespecies that ever existed on the planet are
now gone.now gone. With contemporary extinction being attributed toWith contemporary extinction being attributed to
HUMAN activity.HUMAN activity.
Numerous factors go into the extinction ofNumerous factors go into the extinction ofa specific species.a specific species.
Though all point the finger to climate change.Though all point the finger to climate change.
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Mass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions
1.1. CretaceousCretaceous--Tertiary Extinction (65).Tertiary Extinction (65).
2.2. End Triassic Extinction (200).End Triassic Extinction (200).
3.3. Permian Triassic ExtinctionPermian Triassic Extinction (250).(250).4.4. Late Devonian Extinction (364).Late Devonian Extinction (364).
5.5. OrdovicianOrdovician--Silurian ExtinctionSilurian Extinction (440).(440).
(#= millions of years ago)(#= millions of years ago)
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Planned ExtinctionPlanned Extinction
Human controlledHuman controlled
Thought of to help humansThought of to help humans
Deadly virusesDeadly viruses PolioPolio
Near extinct (only in small parts of the world)Near extinct (only in small parts of the world)
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Natural Causes ofNatural Causes of
ExtinctionExtinction
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Climatic Heating and CoolingClimatic Heating and Cooling
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Changes in Sea Level or CurrentsChanges in Sea Level or Currents
www.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.htmlwww.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.html
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AsteroidsAsteroids
Causes completeCauses complete
devastationdevastation ( damage )( damage )
Flattening and crater atFlattening and crater at
or around impact siteor around impact site--
hundreds of miles widehundreds of miles wide ((
kawah )kawah )
Reverberations felt aroundReverberations felt around
the worldthe world Getaran di mana2)Getaran di mana2)
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Cosmic RadiationCosmic Radiation
www.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.htmlwww.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.html
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Acid RainAcid Rain
Kills acid intolerantKills acid intolerant
speciesspecies
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Disease/EpidemicsDisease/EpidemicsDisease/EpidemicsDisease/Epidemics
Can wipe out entireCan wipe out entire
speciesspecies ((
menghilangkamenghilangkaspesies )spesies )
Frog with fungusFrog with fungus
diseasedisease
Killing frogs and otherKilling frogs and other
amphibiansamphibians
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Spread of Invasive SpeciesSpread of Invasive Species
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Natural factors usually occur at a slower
rate and therefore cause a low extinction
rate. Human activities occur at a faster
rate and cause higher extinction rates.
Human activities are mostly responsible
for the present extinction rates.
http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/sustain/extinct.pdf
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Human Causes ofExtinction
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Top Human Causes of
Extinction:
Increased human population
Destruction/Fragmentation of
habitat
Pollution
Climate change/Global warming
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Based on these, and other
studies done by The
international Union forConservation of Nature
and Natural Resources
(IUCN), human inducedextinctions are not
necessarily a new
phenomena. However,
extinction by humans todayis becoming much more
rapid.
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The rapid loss of species today is estimated by some
experts to be between 100 and 1,000 times higher than
the natural extinction rate, while others estimate rates as
high as 1,000-11,000 times higher.
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Habitat Degradation
Habitat loss and degradation affect 86%of all threatened birds, 86% of mammals and
88% of threatened ( terancam ) amphibians
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Climate change/GlobalWarming
JohnW
.W
illiams from UW
-Madison suggests that changesin regions such as the Peruvian Andes, portions of the
Himalayas and southern Australia could have a profound
impact on indigenous plants and animals
Williams and his research partners used computer modelsto estimate how various parts of the world would be
affected by regional changes consistent with the IPCC's
climate models.
Their findings indicated that By the end of the 21st century,
large portions of the Earths surface may experience
climates not found at present and some 2th century
climates may disappear.
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Their studies also suggest isolated climates such as the
Peruvian Andes could change drastically enough to lead
to species extinctions.
The climate change might also create new climates,
providing new opportunities for other species to thrive,
Williams said.
Regions wherenovel climates are
expected to form in
tropical and
subtropical regions
include the western
Sahara,
southeastern U.S.
and eastern India.
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Extinction HotspotsExtinction Hotspots
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HOTSPOT ?HOTSPOT ?
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AA specificspecific locationlocation thatthat hashas enormousenormous
speciesspecies diversitydiversity butbut isis alsoalso underunder threatthreatfromfrom humanhuman activitiesactivities isis knownknown asas aa
biodiversitybiodiversity hothot spotspot..
BiodiversityBiodiversity hotspotshotspots areare areasareas thatthat supportsupport
naturalnatural ecosystemsecosystems thatthat areare largelylargely intactintactandand wherewhere nativenative speciesspecies andand communitiescommunities
associatedassociated withwith thesethese ecosystemsecosystems areare wellwell
representedrepresented.. TheyThey areare alsoalso areasareas withwith aa highhigh
diversitydiversity ofof locallylocally endemicendemic species,species, whichwhichareare speciesspecies thatthat areare notnot foundfound oror areare rarelyrarely
foundfound outsideoutside thethe hotspothotspot..
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Where and what are hotspots?Where and what are hotspots?
The concept of biodiversity hotspots wasThe concept of biodiversity hotspots waspenned by British ecologist Norman Myers inpenned by British ecologist Norman Myers in1988 as a means to address the dilemma of1988 as a means to address the dilemma ofidentifying the areas most important foridentifying the areas most important for
preserving species. (national geographic)preserving species. (national geographic)
Hotspots are included in 6 continents excludingHotspots are included in 6 continents excludingAntarctica.Antarctica.
Hotspots are heavily distributed along shoreHotspots are heavily distributed along shorelines and near the equator.lines and near the equator.
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Hotspots are effected by many factorsHotspots are effected by many factorsincludingincluding
LoggingLogging
AgricultureAgriculture
HuntingHunting
Climate changeClimate change GovernmentGovernment
Hotspots can be added and removed fromHotspots can be added and removed fromthe classification of hotspot by whatthe classification of hotspot by whatrecovery or lack of prevention is takingrecovery or lack of prevention is takingplace in each area.place in each area.
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What is required to be considered aWhat is required to be considered a
hotspothotspot
The region must support at least 1,500The region must support at least 1,500plant species found nowhere else in theplant species found nowhere else in the
world, and it must have lost at least 70world, and it must have lost at least 70
percent of its original habitat.percent of its original habitat.
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What is Biodiversity?What is Biodiversity?Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic lifeBiodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life
forms for a given biome or ecosystemforms for a given biome or ecosystem
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Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity
Food and drinkFood and drink
MedicinesMedicines
Industrial materialsIndustrial materialsEcological servicesEcological services
Leisurely, cultural, andLeisurely, cultural, and
aesthetic valuesaesthetic values
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Causes of Biodiversity LossCauses of Biodiversity Loss
PollutionPollution
Loss of tropical forestLoss of tropical forest
Spread of urban areasSpread of urban areas
WarfareWarfareLarge dam constructionLarge dam construction
Road buildingRoad building
TourismTourism
Loss of traditionalLoss of traditionallifestyleslifestyles
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Consequences of Biodiversity LossConsequences of Biodiversity Loss
Loss of foodLoss of foodDecrease in biomassDecrease in biomass
Collapse of food webCollapse of food web
Reduction of ecosystemReduction of ecosystem
efficiency and communityefficiency and communityproductivityproductivity
Loss of medicinal suppliesLoss of medicinal supplies
Increased vulnerability ofIncreased vulnerability of
species to disease andspecies to disease andpredationpredation
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CropsCropsMonoculture of crops lets the yieldMonoculture of crops lets the yield
become susceptible to pests or virusesbecome susceptible to pests or viruses75% of crop varieties are extinct75% of crop varieties are extinct
Due to the spread of modern agricultureDue to the spread of modern agriculture
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Tropical Forest CuttingTropical Forest Cutting
Cover 13% of EarthCover 13% of EarthHome to 50% of all known plant and animalHome to 50% of all known plant and animal
speciesspecies
FAO reports 15.4 million hectares areFAO reports 15.4 million hectares are
destroyed annuallydestroyed annually
The Convention on BiologicalThe Convention on Biological
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The Convention on BiologicalThe Convention on Biological
DiversityDiversity
Mission StatementMission Statement
The objectives of this convention are theThe objectives of this convention are the
conservation of biological diversity, sustainableconservation of biological diversity, sustainable
use of its components and the fair and equitableuse of its components and the fair and equitablesharing of the benefits arising out of thesharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources.utilization of genetic resources.
Since it was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,Since it was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,189 countries have signed and implemented it. The United States189 countries have signed and implemented it. The United States
signed it in 1993 but has yet to put it into action still todaysigned it in 1993 but has yet to put it into action still today
The Convention on BiologicalThe Convention on Biological
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The Convention on BiologicalThe Convention on Biological
DiversityDiversity
2010 Biodiversity Target2010 Biodiversity Target
Members adopted a plan to significantly reduce the presentMembers adopted a plan to significantly reduce the present
rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional andrate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and
national level by the year 2010.national level by the year 2010.
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ReferencesReferences
Ceballos, G., and Ehrlich, P., 2002, Mammal Population Losses and the ExtinctionCeballos, G., and Ehrlich, P., 2002, Mammal Population Losses and the ExtinctionCrisis:Crisis:
Science, v. 296, p. 904Science, v. 296, p. 904--908.908.
Fahrig, L., 2002, Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: AFahrig, L., 2002, Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: A
Synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 12, p. 346Synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 12, p. 346--353.353.
Gittleman, J., The Risk of ExtinctionGittleman, J., The Risk of ExtinctionWhat you dont know will hurt you: Science, v.What you dont know will hurt you: Science, v.291.291.
Petcchey, O.L., and Gaston, K.J., Extinction and the loss of functional diversity: TheyPetcchey, O.L., and Gaston, K.J., Extinction and the loss of functional diversity: TheyRoyalRoyal
Society, p. 1721Society, p. 1721--1727.1727.
Rutledge, D., Lepczyk, C., Xie, J., Liu, J., 2001, Spatiotemporal Dynamics ofRutledge, D., Lepczyk, C., Xie, J., Liu, J., 2001, Spatiotemporal Dynamics ofEndangeredEndangered
Species Hotspots in the United States: Conservation Biology, v. 15, p. 475Species Hotspots in the United States: Conservation Biology, v. 15, p. 475-- 487.487.
Kent, Holsinger. "The Causes of Extinction." 27 Aug. 2005. 12 Mar. 2007Kent, Holsinger. "The Causes of Extinction." 27 Aug. 2005. 12 Mar. 2007.
Madeley, J., Warnock, K., 1995, Biodiversity: A Matter of Extinction: The challenge ofMadeley, J., Warnock, K., 1995, Biodiversity: A Matter of Extinction: The challenge ofprotecting the Souths biological heritage .
Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004,Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of Conservation Biology: RecommendedPrinciples of Conservation Biology: Recommended Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society forGuidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society for Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service .Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service . Conservation Biology:Conservation Biology: Conservation BiologyConservation Biology
.. Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.
..
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ReferencesReferencesTrombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004,Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of ConservationPrinciples of Conservation
Biology: RecommendedBiology: Recommended
Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the EducationGuidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education
Committee of the Society forCommittee of the Society for
Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife ServiceBald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service
..
Conservation Biology:Conservation Biology: Conservation BiologyConservation Biology
.
Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.
.