Extra Credit Procedures• Receive Stamp for Completing on time• Grade your answers using the answer sheets (come in outside of class to grade: Mon & Wed.)• MC: write correct response, key term, pg ref.• Give the overall raw score• Essay responses: highlight correct rersponses

**Write in added concepts not mentioned in your response

• Complete the grading by Jan 20th Receive 2nd stamp• Turn in clean copy of the test(s)• Point value: 15 pts for each Test

Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #11) Give three important properties of water

2) How is an amino acid different from a nucleic acid?

3) Explain how a carbohydrate is different from a lipid? Give three examples of each.

4) How is glycolysis different from the Kreb Cycle?

5) Give three differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

6) Why is cholesterol an important part of a membrane?

7) How can you tell if genes are linked?

8) Name three aneuploidy conditions and three Autosomal recessive disorders we discussed.

Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #19) Put these scientists in the proper Historical sequence

according to their key discoveries. Generate a timeline labeling each person on it with the date.

Sumner Meselson & Stahl

Morgan Peter Mitchell

Garrod Hershey & Chase

Griffith Singer & Nicholson

Meissner Watson & Crick

Frye & Edidin Avery, Macloed, & McCarty

Timeline for IQ #1• Meissner (1868) • Garrod (1908)• Morgan (1910)• Sumner (1926)• Griffith (1928)• Avery, McCloed, & Macarty (1944)• Hershey & Chase (1952)• Watson & Crick (1953)• Meselson & Stahl (1958)• Peter Mitchell (1961)• Frye & Edidin (1970)• Singer & Nicholson (1972)

IQ #1 Cont’d10) For each enzyme determine the process it is involved with

and what it specifically does.

Eco R1, Hind III, and BAM I HelicaseTelomerase LactaseDNA Polymerase SSBP’sAminoacetyl-tRNA synthetase DNA ligaseCyclin dependent kinase (Cdk’s)Dehydrogenase (name two)ATP synthasePyruvate kinaseKinase (name two from Glycolysis)

Expected ResultsPLATES OBSERVATIONS

+pGlo

LB/amp

Many colonies with white appearance

Transformation observed (resistance to amp)

NO fluorescence (No arabinose present)

+pGlo

LB/amp/ara

Many transformed white colonies

Fluoresce bright green under UV light

-pGlo

LB/amp

(CONTROL)

No Bacterial growth present on the plate

No transformation

-pGlo

LB only

(CONTROL

Bacteria present with whitish colonies

(regeneration of the starter plate)

• Chapter 17~ Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

Introductory Questions #21) Why is evolution such a controversial subject?2) Name the key founders (original people) for the idea

evolution.3) Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin

considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. 4) Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as

he developed his theory.5) Name the four key observations Darwin made.6) Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct”

evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered?

7) What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

Introductory Questions #31) What is meant by homoplastic features?2) Organisms that are from separate ancestries adapt to their

environments similarly from similar structures. This is an example of .

3) How many vestigial structures have been observed in humans. Name three of them.

4) Why is biogeography (distribution of species) important evidence for evolution?

5) Why is the chimpanzee considered to be the closest living relative of humans?

6) How is a phylogenetic tree generated and what sort of information does it provide?

Evolutionary History• Linnaeus: taxonomy

• Hutton: gradualism

• Lamarck: evolution

• Malthus: populations

• Cuvier: Paleontology

• Lyell: uniformitarianism

• Darwin: evolution

• Mendel: inheritance

• Wallace: evolution

• Lyell (Geologist)Lyell (Geologist)

– Earth was ancient & ever-Earth was ancient & ever-changingchanging

Influences on Darwin’s TheoryInfluences on Darwin’s Theory

• Malthus Malthus (Economist)(Economist)

–““Survival of the Survival of the Fittest”Fittest”

• Political & Political & Philosophical Philosophical RenaissanceRenaissance

Influences on Darwin’s TheoryInfluences on Darwin’s Theory

EvolutionEvolution:

the change over time of the genetic composition of populations

Natural selection:populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success)

Evolutionary adaptations:a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction

November 24, 1859

Descent with Modification

4 Observations:

-Variation

-Overproduction

-Limits to population

-Differential Reproductive success

• Noted subtle differences in Noted subtle differences in finches & tortoises, by island & finches & tortoises, by island & compared to mainlandcompared to mainland

Galapagos IslandsGalapagos Islands

Phylogenetic Tree of Darwin’s Finches

Common Ancestory

Introductory Questions #21) Why is evolution such a controversial subject?2) Name the key founders (original people) for the idea

evolution.3) Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin

considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. 4) Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as

he developed his theory.5) Name the four key observations Darwin made.6) Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct”

evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered?

7) What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

Major pieces of Evidence for Evolution

• Biogeography• Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures)• Comparative Embryology• Fossils

Post Darwin: “Neo Darwinism” also called synthetic theory• Molecular Genetics: DNA/Amino acid Sequencing• Chromosomal Changes• Mutations

Evolution evidence: Biogeography

• Geographical distribution of species

• Examples:Islands vs. Mainland

Australia

Continents

Evolution Evidence: Comparative Anatomy

• Homologous structures (homology)

• Descent from a common ancestor

• Vestigial organs Ex: whale/snake hindlimbs; wings on flightless birds

Analogous StructuresAnalogous Structures• Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution due to similar due to similar

niches niches

Evolution Evidence: Comparative Embryology

• Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos

Evolution Evidence: Molecular Biology

• Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products

• Common genetic code

Molecular evidence for common Ancestry

Evolution Evidence: The Fossil Record

• Succession of forms over time

• Transitional links• Vertebrate descent

Fossil Evidence

Fossils: remains and traces left behind by organisms-most direct evidence for evolution-provides a record of ancient organisms that have existed-able to generate a timeline-observe the presence of vestigial structures-ancestral descent and lineages can be generated-more aquatic fossils vs. terrestrial have been found

Types of Fossils: imprints, hair, nails, tissue, and other remains

Locations: sedimentary rock, ice, amber, tar, quicksand, petrification

Dating Fossils

• Location within the rock strata (use index fossil)

• Radioactive isotopes (half-life)– K40 half life is 1.3 billion years argon– U235 half life is 704 million years → lead – U238 half life is 4.5 billion → lead – C14 half life is 5730 years nitrogen

Extinct Whale w/ small hind limbs

Evolution of the Horse

Key Points to Remember

• A population evolves not an individual organism• The accumulation of small changes over long

periods of time results in larger changes• A new species emerges with slightly different

characteristics usually because of being isolated.• How and why organisms are able to transmit

heritable traits to the next generation was not explained by Darwin.

Final words…...

• “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”