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Extreme Temperatures and Contact Insecticides
Paul Fields
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre [email protected]
Overview
• Extreme Temperatures • Contact Insecticides: Canada • Contact Insecticides: World
Temperature Effects on Insects T e
m p
e r a t
u r e
( °
C )
T e m
p e
r a t u
r e (
° F )
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Cold
• Turning grain • Aeration of grain • Rusty grain beetle • -5oC for 8 weeks • -10oC for 6 weeks • -15oC for 4 weeks
Chill Finished Product • No residues, no registration • Storing product at 15oC stops growth • Freezing product will disinfest
– Weeks to months at 0 oC – 1-7 days at -10 oC – 1 minute at -20 oC
Future Solutions for Grain
• Heated Fluidized Beds • 60oC for 1 minute
Gas Heaters (propane or natural)
Treating empty structures
Take Home Message: Temperature
• Advantages – No residues, no registration – Low risk to applicators – No insect resistance (yet)
• Limitations – Temperature sensitive material – Takes time – Cost of heaters or coolers
Overview
• Extreme Temperatures • Contact Insecticides: Canada • Contact Insecticides: World
Contact Insecticides
• Read and follow label • Have proper training for handling and
application • Labels available at PMRA website. • http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-
spc/pest/registrant-titulaire/tools-outils/label-etiq-eng.php
Treating Grain with Insecticides in Canada • Malathion
– Wide spread resistance • Diatomaceous Earth
– Grain must below 14% mc – Lowers test weight – Long lasting
Treating Empty Structures in Canada
• Malathion (many products) • Pyrethrin + PBO (many products)
– Spray or fog • Cyfluthrin (Tempo)
– Apply as spray, spot treatments • Dichlorvos (many products)
– Fog, some penetration • Diatomaceous Earth (many products)
– Need low rh – Apply as dust or slurry
Diatomaceous Earth
• Long lasting • Grain must be below 14% mc • Low mammalian toxicity
Insect Cuticles Treated with DE
Rusty Grain Beetle
LD50 = 50 ppm
Lesser Grain Borer
LD50 = 340
Rice Weevil LD50 = 200
Red Flour Beetle
LD50 = 300
DE Registered in Canada Product* Registrant Registration
#** Silicon dioxoide (%)
Additives Grain Structures
APL DE Absorbent Products Ltd
27265 67 No No Yes
Insecto Natural Insecto Products Inc.
22489 90 Milk Yes Yes
Insectigone Woodstream Canada
19166 80 Milk No yes
Insect stop 9272-9771 Quebec Inc
28656 93 No No Yes
Protect-it Hedley Technologies Ltd
24259 74 Silica aerogel
Yes Yes
• * Names shortened • ** Links to labels
Grain Moisture Content (%)10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Mor
talit
y (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Protect-ItDryacideInsecto
Red Flour Beetle
Effect of moisture
Overview
• Extreme Temperatures • Contact Insecticides: Canada • Contact Insecticides: World
Organo-phosphates registered in world
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Malathion Chlorpyriphos-methyl Pyrimiphos-methyl Dichlorvos (DDVP) Fenitrothion Iodofenphos Tetrachlorvinphos Phoxime
Malation, Malagrain, etc. Reldan Actellic Nuvan, Vapona Folithion, Sumithion Nuvanol Gardona Baytion
Less active against lesser grain borer
Organo-phosphates
Malathion
Chlorpyriphos-methyl
Pyrimiphos-methyl
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
Pyrethroides / pyrethrins registered in world
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Deltamethrin Permethrin Fenvalerate Cyfluthrin Pyrethrins + PBO Pyrethrins alone
K-Othrin, K-Obiol Permethrin, Coopex Sumicidin Baythroid, Tempo Several Names Pyganic
Very effective against lesser grain borer
Pyrethroides / Pyrethrins
Cyfluthrin
Pyrethrins
Deltamethrin
Combination of insecticides
Active Ingredients Trade Name
Pyrimiphos-methyl + Permethrin Pyrimiphos-methyl + Deltamethrin Fenitrothion + Cyfluthrin Fenithrothion + Fenvalerate Malathion + Bifenthrine Chlorpyrifos-methyl + Deltamethrin
Actellic Super K-Othrine Combi Baythroid Combi Sumicombi ProStore Storicide II
Other Insecticides
• Methoprene (Diacon II) – Juvenile hormone analog – Very effective vs immature
• Bacillus thuringiensis – Bacteria – Used against moths as top dressing
• Spinosad – Active registered in Canada
• Pheromones – Used against moths
Residual Insecticides
Snelson 1987, Codex
Insecticide Rat toxcity (LD50, mg/g)
CODEX Maximal
Residue (ppm)
Resistance common
Malathion 2800 10 yes Pyrimiphos-methyl 2050 7 no Chlorpyrifos-methyl 1600 10 yes Dichlorvos 60 2 no Permethrin 430-4000 2 no Deltamethrin 135-5000 2 no Cyfluthrin 500 No info no
Spinozad >5000 1 no Bt >5000 No info no DE >5000 No info no
Take Home Message: Residual Insecticides
• Advantages – Long term protection – Inexpensive
• Disadvantages – Consumers concerned about insecticides – Worker exposure to insecticides – Resistance to insecticides – Kills parasites
Unloading Grain
Pneumatic auger
Impact machine
• Pin mills, Entoleters • Kill insects by impact • 2,500 g • Flour, semolina, grain • Can lower mill capacity • Cost of power • Higher speeds = higher mortality • Lower throughput = higher mortality
www.entoleter.com
Sulfuryl Fluoride
• Replacement for methyl bromide • Non-corrosive • Good penetration of product • Food and grain uses in USA, EU • Seeking grain treatment for Canada • Effective against phosphine-resistant
populations • Dow AgroSciences
Dow
Agr
oSci
nes
Canadian Grain Storage CD-ROM
• CanStore: an expert system • Videos and images • Pesticide labels • Reference databases • Publications on grain storage and methyl bromide alternatives • Available from Paul Fields
Internet Resources • Canadian Grain Commission • Canadian Pesticide Labels • USDA Stored Products Lab • University of Kansas • Stored Product Protection Electronic book on
grain storage • Western Australia Grain Storage Publications • Purdue University
