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HubnetColloquiumStrathclydeUniversity–Glasgow,Scotland(UK)
December7th2016
ExtrudedCableSystemsfor
HVDCTransmissionProf.GiovanniMazzan*
Dept.Electrical,Electronic&Informa5onEngineering“GuglielmoMarconi”AlmaMaterStudiorum-UniversityofBologna,Italy
1
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Introducingmyself…
1) MD(1986)andPhDinElectrotechnicalEngineering(1992)atUNIBO
2) Since1992withDEl-UNIBO.Since2004AssociateProfessorofPowerQualityandHVEngineering.Researchfields:insulaVonaging(lifemodels,SC),RES,EMF
3) Since2009ConsultantofTERNA(ItalianTSO).HVDCprojects:SAPEI,SACOI, ITA-FRA(Piemont-Savoie),ITA-MON
4) CoauthorofG.MazzanV,M.Marzino]o,ExtrudedCablesforHighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission:AdvancesinResearchandDevelopment,PowerEngineeringSeries-Wiley-IEEEPress,2013
5) Since 2012 Chairman of IEEE DEIS TC “HVDC cable systems (cables, joints &terminaQons)”.Since2015ChairmanofIEEEDEISWG“HVDCcablesystems”fordeveloping IEEE Standard P1732: “Recommended prac5ce for space chargemeasurementsinHVDCextrudedcablesforratedvoltagesupto550kV” 2
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
3
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
SUMMARY
1) FundamentalsofHVDCextrudedcabletransmission[chp.1-2I-B]
2) Designparameters:HVDCvsHVACcabledesign[chp.3I-B]
3) MainrealizaVonsworldwide[chp.7I-B]
4
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
1) FundamentalsofHVDCextrudedcabletransmission[chp.1-2I-B]
2) Designparameters:HVDCvsHVACcabledesign[chp.3I-B]
3) MainrealizaVonsworldwide[chp.7I-B]
Historyofpowertransmission:fromDCtoACØ PowerT&DstartedwithDC:
-1879: (T.A.Edison) incandescent lamp+useofdynamo⇒1882,PearlStreetStaVon,NYC(6x100-kW“jumbodynamos”+30kmu.g.cables)
-1882:50-km2-kVDClineMiesbach-MunichinGermany
Ø From DC to AC (Tesla & WesQnghouse) ⇒ transformers andinducVonmotors⇒ACdominantingeneraQon,T&D,uQlizaQon
Ø ACsystemvoltageconversionissimple:• transformer (high power and insulaVon, low losses, li]le
maintenance)• 3-φsynchronousgeneratorsuperiortoDCgenerator 5
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DisadvantagesofHVACpowertransmissionØ ACpowertransmissionhasalsodisadvantages,e.g.
1) NoconnecQonbetweenACsystemswithdifferentfrequencies
2) Weak connecQon between independent AC systems ⇒ systeminstability(DOMINOEFFECT)orundesirablepowerflow
3) InducVve & capaciVve elements of OHLs and cables⇒ limits totransmission capacity and distance. Strong limitaVon for HVACcables:inthe40-100kmrange(~70kmat220kV,~40kmat400kV)increasingto50-150kmwithopVmizedreacVvecompensaVon
6
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Fig.2.1–Cabletypologiesusedvs.length,powerandvoltage(aQer[7.2.I-B])7
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AdvantagesoftransmissionwithHVDCcables(1)1) lowerlosseswithsamecurrent(conductor≡noskin&proximityeff.,
metallicsheath&armoring≡nolosses,dielectric≅nolosses)2) higheraverageelectricfield⇒highercableuQlizaQon
8
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AdvantagesoftransmissionwithHVDCcables(2)
3) conductor and insulaVon savings ⇒ HVDC cables cheaper thanHVACcablesforsamepowerraVng⇒lowerp.u.l.linecosts
4) cable lengths not limited by reacVve power (no reacVvecompensaVonatendstaVonsand/orintermediatepoints)
5) DC transmission ≡ asynchronous link with ≈ no increase in faultlevel
6) powerfloweasilyandquicklycontrollable⇒DC linkcan improveACsystemstability
7) uniqueusageofHVDCcables:subseapowerlinksonlongdistances9
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Ø HVDCtransmissiondisadvantages:AC/DCconvertercosts&losses⇒breakevendistance(BD)≡savingsinlinecostsoffsetconvertercosts
Ø Total (line + losses) cost ⇒ DC-lesssteepthanAC-curvesdueto• lower p.u.l. line investment
cost (OHL: narrow ROW &sm a l l t owe r s , 2 v s . 3conductors ; cab les : lowconductor&insulaVoncost,noreacVvecompensaVon)
• lower capitalized losses cost(noAClosses)
10
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
ACvs.DCtransmission:economiccomparison
Fig. 2.8 - HVAC vs. HVDC transmission system costs (after [4.2.I-B])
Ø At500kV:BD≈500kmforOHLs,≈40kmforcables(seeabove)
• highpowerandvoltageraVngs• lowlosses• highreliability• acceptablecosts• goodperformances
11
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AC/DCconvertersØ DCtransmissionrequiresAC/DCconverterswith(ideally):
Ø TwoconvertersmainlyusedforDCtransmission:
• Line-CommutatedCurrent-SourceConverters(LCC)
• Self-CommutatedVoltage-SourceConverters(VSC)
12
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AC/DCconverters:LCC(1)Ø Firstdeveloped:LCC(=tradiVonalDCtransmission,HVDCClassicTM)
Fig. 2.11 - LCC with SCR valves arrangement (after [5.2.I-B])
Ø LCCdevelopment:
1) MercuryarcrecQfiersinthe1930’s⇒LCCdesignpossible
2) Silicon Controlled RecQfiers (SCR, or thyristors) in the late1970’s:oil-immersed,parallel/seriesconnecVon
3) State of the art: air-insulated water-cooled Light-TriggeredThyristors(LTT):highercurrent&voltage,lesscomponentspervalve⇒higherreliability⇒highestpower&voltageraQngs
Ø Power flow reversal: by reversing voltage polarity⇒ criQcal forHVDCextrudedcableinsulaQon!
13
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AC/DCconverters:LCC(2)
14
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AC/DCconverters:VSC(1)Ø Morerecent(late1990s)thanLCC,VSC(HVDCLightTM,HVDCPlusTM)
Fig. 2.12 - VSC with IGBT valves arrangement (after [5.2.I-B])
15
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
AC/DCconverters:VSC(2)
Fig. 2.7 – Operating range for HVDC VSC (after [5.2.I-B])
Ø MaincharacterisVcsofVSC:
• semiconductors with turn-offcapability:IGBT
• four-quadrantoperaQon• highlosses• powerupto≈1000MW
Ø Power flow reversal: byreversing current flow⇒ novoltagepolarityreversal⇒okfor HVDC extruded cableinsulaQon!
1) DisadvantagesofLCC:1) reacQvepowerdemandfromACnodes2) injecVonofcurrentandvoltageharmonics⇒capacitorbanksonACside&harmonicfiltersonACandDCside
2) DisadvantagesofVSC:lessexperience,lowervoltage/powerraVngs
AC/DCconverters:LCCvsVSC
16
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Fig. 2.6 – HVDC with VSC (after [5.2.I-B]) Fig. 2.5 – HVDC with LCC (after [5.2.I-B])
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HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DevelopmentofLCCandVSCØ Since VSC-HVDC started (1990s), the increase of voltage &
powerforIGBT-VSChasparalleledthatofSCR-LCCin1970s
Fig. 2.13 – Solid-state converter development (after [5.2.I-B])
(From [LW2013]:MarcoMarelli, “Achievement and experience in service of long lengthHVDC electricallinks by insulated power cables”, LaVnAmericanWorkshop 2013, Foz do Iguaçu – September 6th, 2013.CourtesyofPrysmian)
ACvsDCCableTransmissionSystems
18
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
1)ground/seaelectrodes2) “metallic return”:MVcable grounded at 1converterstaVon3) midpoint grounded12-pulse conv. + 2 1/2-voltagepoles(nogroundcurrent)
19
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcablelineconfiguraQons:(1)monopolar
Fig.2.11-HVDCconfiguraVonsandoperaVngmodes(axer[5.2.I-B])
Ø Monopolarsystems:simplestandcheapestformoderatepower:2convertersand1HVpoleonly.
Ø AlternaVvesforreturncurrent:
Ø OperaQngmodes:1) Normal (balanced)
⇒ 0 g r o u n dcurrent
2) Monopolar groundreturn:1poleoutage3) Opposite pole formetallicreturn:outageof1converter(ateachend pole/converterbypassswitch) 20
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcablelineconfiguraQons:(2)bipolarØ Bipolarsystems:mostcommon,one12-pulseconverterperpole
andterminal⇒2independentcircuits(1/2capacityeach)Fig.2.11-HVDCconfiguraVonsandoperaVngmodes(axer[5.2.I-B])
Ø ClassificaQonbasedontheinsulaQontype:
q Oil-paperinsulated- Mass-ImpregnatedNon-Draining(MIND)- oilfilled(OF)
o LowpressureOF(LPOF,SCOF,SCFF)o HighpressureOF(HPOF)
q Polypropylene-LaminatePaper(PPLP)orPolypropylenePaperLaminate(PPL)
q Gasfilledcables
q Extruded(XLPE,thermoplasQc)21
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcabletypes
Ø Usedinmanylinks,highestvoltages&longestlengths: up to 500-600 kV, 1000 MW in 1cable, depths under sea up to 1640 m,≈unlimitedlengths.Structure:1) compactstranded/segmentedCu/Alconductor2) carbon-loadedpaperconductorsemicon3) InsulaVon(Kraxpapertapesimpregnated
withhigh-viscositymineraloils)4) carbon-loadedpaperinsulaVonsemicon5) metallic(leadalloy)sheath6) thermoplasVcjacket7) steeltapereinforcement(subseacables)8) bedding(subseacables)9) armorofsteelround/flatwires(subseacables)
Ø Conductortemperature:max.55°C⇒limittocapacity 22
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcabletypes:MIND(1)
Fig.2.16(a)-MINDHVDCdeepwatercableforSAPEIsubsealink(aQer[I-B],courtesyofPrysmian)
23
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcabletypes:Oil-Filled(OF)Ø InsulaVon: paper + low-viscosity oil. Conductor
with longitudinal duct for oil flow along thecable.Otherlayersare≈sameasabove
Ø Oil-filledcablesokforACandDCvoltages:DCvoltagesupto600kV,greatseadepths
Ø Oil flow along cable⇒ lengths limited to<100km,riskofoilleakageintheenvironment
Ø Oil-filledcablesdividedinto:i)single-coreoilfilled(SCOF)=lowpressureoilii)highpressureoilfilled(HPOF)=cableslaidinapipefilledwithhighpressureoil
Fig.2.16(b)SCOFHVDCcable(aQer[I-B],courtesyof
Prysmian)
24
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCcabletypes:PPLPØ Polypropylene Paper Laminate (PPL or PPLP) =
LappedThinFilmInsulaVon
Ø OF-PPLP = impregnated with non-viscous oil ⇒similartoSCOFcables
Ø MI-PPLP=impregnatedwithviscous(non-draining)oil⇒ similar toMINDcables: ok for long&deepsubsealinks
Ø Claimedtooperatewithconductorat80-90°Candupto60%higherelectricalstressthanMIND
Ø Technology under development for DC-cables (KiiChannel,Westernlink:England-Scotland)
Fig.2.16(c)–MI-PPLP
HVDCcable(aQer[I-B],courtesyofPrysmian).
25
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Fig.3.4–StructureofHVDCXLPE-insulatedcablesforland(leQ)andsea(right)usagewithVSCconverters
(aQer[I-B],courtesyofABB)
Conductor Copper or aluminium
Conductor Aluminium or Copper
Conductor screen Semi-conductive polymer
Conductor screen Semi-conductive polymer
Insulation Dry cured polymer
Insulation Dry cured polymer
Insulation screen Semi-conductive polymer
Insulation screen Semi-conductive polymer
Swelling tape
Swelling tape Lead alloy sheath
Metallic screen Copper wires
Swelling tape Inner jacket Polyethylene
Aluminium laminate Outer covering Polyethylene
Swelling tape
Tensile armour Galvanized steel wires
Outer covering
Polypropylene yarn
HVDCcabletypes:extruded(1)
26
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
(a) (b)Fig.2.19–TwotypesofHVDCXLPE-insulatedcable:
(a)landcable(aQer[25.2.I-B]);(b)submarinecable(aQer[I-B],courtesyofPrysmian)
HVDCcabletypes:extruded(2)
Ø Extrusion:uniformcompact layerofpolymer laidaroundconductorbetween2semiconlayers
Ø Besttodate:• tripleextrusionofinsulaQonthickness+inner&outersemicons• X-linkingof insulaVon (if needed,XLPE): dryenvironment (N2) +
DCP X-linking agent⇒ X-linking by-products that store SC⇒degassing--->thisaxernoon
Ø TripleExtrusionLine:1) conductorentersTripleExtrusionCrossHead2) output:insulatedconductor⇒entersX-linkingpipe,catenaryor
verVcal≡highp&T,longenoughforthermo-chemicalX-linking3) finishedcablecoreviaconVnuousproducVon 27
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
HVDCextrudedinsulaQontechnology:extrusion
Ø ExtrudedXLPEinsulaVonadvantagesvs.oil-papercables:• lowercosts• easier(faster,cheaper)joinQng• environmentalcompaQbility(nooilleakage)• conductortemperature>MINDcables:
o HVACXLPE:conductortemperature=90°C(service),250°C(shortcircuit)o HVDCXLPEconductortemperature=70°C(Hokkaido-Honshulink90°C)
Ø ExtrudedXLPEinsulaVondisadvantagesvs.oil-papercables:• weakpoints(defects)--->thisaxernoon• suffers space charges (SC) and polarity reversals ---> this
axernoon• lessserviceexperience&lowervoltages--->thisaxernoon
28
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Extrudedvs.oil-paperDCcables:pros&cons
29
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
1) FundamentalsofHVDCextrudedcabletransmission[chp.1-2I-B]
2) Designparameters:HVDCvsHVACcabledesign[chp.3 I-B]
3) MainrealizaVonsworldwide[chp.7I-B]
30
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DesignofACcables:(1)thermaldesign
θc=designconductortemperature[known]θa=ambienttemperature[known]Pd=dielectriclosses[notofmainsignificance,preliminaryevaluaVonfromU0,Eave]γ=addiVonallossesinmetalliclayers(screen,armors)Ti=thermalresistancesofcablelayers(T1,T2,T3)+environment(T4).Mainrole:T4[known]Rca=ACelectricalresistanceofconductoratdesigntemperature∝1/conductorX-secVon⇒conductorX-secQon⇒conductorradiusri
P=3U0Iaccosϕ
(5.3ac)
(5.5ac)
Ø Maindesignparameter=maximumtransmissionacQvepowerP
Ø U0=Un/√3=ratedφ-to-groundvoltageofcablesystem⇒Iac=ampacityofunipolarcable⇒thermaldesignaxerIEC60287,seeeq.(5.3ac):
Ø U0+conductorradiusri⇒electricaldesign⇒insulaQonthicknessfromACelectricfield
)])(1([)()(
321
321
TTTRTTTPI
ca
dacac +γ++
++β−θ−θ=
31
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DesignofACcables:(2)electricaldesign
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
i
oAC
rr
r
UrE
ln)( 0
(3.1)
EAC(r)=ACelectricfieldatradiusrU0=designvoltage(AC:φ-to-ground)[known]ri=insulaVoninnerradius[known]r=genericradiuswithininsulaVonro=insulaVonouterradiusEMAX=maximumfieldEMIN=minimumfieldØ fieldprofile• EMAXalwaysatconductor-insulaQon• EMINalwaysatinsulaQon-screen
Fig.3.5–ElectricfieldinACcableinsulaVon:“Laplace”,or“capaciVve”,or“ε-dependent”field(axer[I-B])
Ø ACvoltagewithstandproperQesofinsulaQon⇒EMAX⇒outerinsulaQonradiusro⇒insulaQonthicknessd=ro-ri
32
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DesignofACcables:≈completedØ Known:
• conductorradiusfromthermaldesign• insulaQonthicknessfromelectricaldesign
Ø Thesetwodesigns≈donotinteractwitheachother⇒needed
onlyarefinedevaluaVonofampacityfrom:
• refinedevaluaVonofdielectriclosses• “finetuning”ofcablelayers(screen/sheath,jacket,etc.)• deeperstudyofenvironment(route,soil,etc.)
Ø Ampacityupdated
Ø ACcabledesigncompleted
33
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DesignofDCcables:(1)samestarQngpoint…
θc=designconductortemperatureθa=ambienttemperatureTi=thermalresistancesofcablelayers(T1,T2,T3)+environment(T4).Mainrole:T4[known]Rdc=DCelectricalresistanceofconductoratdesigntemperature∝1/conductorX-secVon⇒conductorX-secQon⇒conductorradiusri
P=2U0Idc(bipolarsystem)
(5.3)
(5.5)
Ø Maindesignparameter=maximumtransmissionpowerP
Ø 1stchoice(non-trivial≡inv.costs,losses,etc.):ratedpole-to-groundvoltageU0⇒Idc=ampacityofpolecable⇒preliminarythermaldesignaxerIEC60287,seeeq.(5.3):
)()(
4321 TTTTRI
dc
acdc +++
θ−θ=
Ø U0+conductorradiusri⇒electricaldesign⇒inprinciple,insulaQonthicknessfromDCfield.Problem:DCfieldofcablesdiffersbymuchfromACfield!
34
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
DesignofDCcables(2):…butmanydifferences!Ø Maindifference:Maxwell’sequaVons⇒
1) DCelectricfieldEDCaffectedbyelectricalconducQvityσofinsulaVon,affectedinturnbytemperatureandfield⇒EDCdependsoninsulaQontemperaturedropΔT(∝conductorlossesWc∝cablecurrent∝load)⇒fieldprofileinversionbetweenmin.andmax.loadpossible⇒designfield/insulaQonthicknessforoneloadcondiVon(e.g.zero)notokforanother(e.g.maximum)
2) ampacityaffectsEDC⇒selecVonofvoltage,ampacity(losses),field,insulaQonthicknessinherentlyinterlinked
Ø 2nddifference:EDCinsteady-stateisnotthesameasintransients
Ø 3rddifference:Maxwell’sequaQons⇒spacecharge(SC)altersEDC---->thisaxernoon
35
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Noloadvsunder-loadcondiVonsinHVDC:1) cableenergizedatzeroload⇒temperaturedropacrossinsulaVon
ΔT=0⇒EDC“quasi-Laplacian”or“quasi-capaciVve”(≈geometricalvariaVononly,similartoEACinFig.3.5)
2) cableenergizedunderagivenload⇒equilibriumvalueofΔT≠0:
ElectricfieldofDCcablesinsteady-state(1)
)]()(exp[),( 000 EEbTTaET −+−=σσ (3.10)
])/)((exp[),( 000γσσ EETTaET −=
σ(T,E) = σ0 exp(-Ga/kBT) sinh(cE)/E
(3.11)
(3.12)
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
πλ=−=Δ
i
o
T
Coi r
rWrTrTT ln2
)()(
⇒“Poissonian”EDCdependsonΔTviaσ.
Experimentalexpressionsforσvs.EandTinDC-XLPE:
(3.14)
Mostused
36
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Ø Maxwelleqns.inS.S.+(3.10)+simplifyinghypotheses⇒Eoll’sformula:
(3.29)
[inversioncoefficient]
(3.27)
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
=
−
δ
δ
δ
o
io
o
rrr
rrU
rE
1
)(
1
0
( )
( )
( )
( )io
o
io
o
io
io
o
io
o
dT
c
rrbU
rrbU
rrTa
rrbU
rrbUaW
−+
−+
Δ
=
−+
−+
πλ=δ
1
)/ln(
1
2 ,
Ø (3.29)vs.(3.1)⇒steadyDCfieldfarmorecomplexthanACfield
Ø From(3.29),(3.27)steadyDCfielddependsnotonTbutonΔTonly⇒onJoulelossesintheconductorWC
ElectricfieldofDCcablesinsteady-state(2)
ElectricfieldofDCcables:steadyfieldprofiles
37
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
Reference“standard”cable:U0=450kV,1600mm2Cuconductor,ri=23.2mm,ro=42.4mm,ρ0=1x1016ΩmatT0=293K,E0~0kV/mm,a=0.11/°C,b=0.03mm/kV.Underload,inversioncoefficientδ>1fortemperaturedropΔT=10,15,20°C⇒fieldinversion!!
Fig.3.9(b)–SteadyDCfieldprofilesunderno-loadfor“standardcable”using(3.29)(aQer[I-B])
Fig.3.16(b)-SteadyDCfieldprofilesunderloadvs.ΔTfor“standardcable”using(3.29).Inversioncoefficientδ>1⇒fieldinversionoccurs(aQer[I-B])
38
Combinedelectro-thermallifemodel:loadcyclesØ [GMDC]:24-hloadcyclestd,givendependenceI(≡load current)=f(t), t∈[0,td] ⇒cumul.damageMiner’slawforDCcableinsulaVonatradiusr:
LFDC(r)=loss-of-life fraction within td KDC(r)=number of “cycles-to-failure”
1)()()()(0
==∫ rLFrKrdLFrK DCDC
t
DCDC
d
( ) ( )[ ] )(/1,,,/)()(00
rKtrTtrELdtrdLFrLF DC
t
DC
t
DCDC
dd
=∫∫ ==
Ø DCcablelifefromKDC,min=minimumnumberof“cycles-to-failure”KDC(r)withininsulaVon:
( ) ( ) ( ) )41.6(),('exp)(/),())(),,(( ),('00
0 trTBrEtrEtTtrE trTbnDCt
ET −= −−αα
]}[),(min{ ,min, oiDCdDCdDC rrrrKtKtL ∈×=×=
0 5 10 15 20 2520
22
24
26
28
30
Time of the daily cycle [h]
Elec
tric
field
[kV/
mm
]
inner insulation surface25% insulation thickness50% insulation thickness75% insulation thicknessouter insulation surface
Inner insul. 25% insul. 50% insul. 75% insul. Outer insul.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Loss
-of-l
ife fr
actio
n [%
]
ZL period (120 days)HL periods (80 days)LC periods (160 days)
Loss-of-lifefracVonsfor360-kV,2000mm2Al,20mmDC-XLPEcableinLC,HL,ZLperiodsandwhole360daysofPQtestsatsame5locaVons(axer[GMDC])
T
E
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
39
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
1) FundamentalsofHVDCextrudedcabletransmission[chp.1-2I-B]
2) Designparameters:HVDCvsHVACcabledesign[chp.3I-B]
3) MainrealizaQonsworldwide[chp.7I-B]
40
HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
(From[LW2013].CourtesyofPrysmian)
Ø ExponenQalincreaseofHVDCcablemarket!Ø Paper-oilcablesruledunQl2000,thenextrudedcablestookoff!
HVDCcablemarket
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Table7.1–MainHVDCextrudedcablesystemsinserviceworldwide(aQer[I-B])MainrealizaQonsworldwide(end2012)
Project Customer Country Sea/land Year Length(km) U0(kV) Power(MW) Cond.(mm2)
Hokkaido-Honshu EPDC Japan Sea 2012 44 ±250 600 600
East-WestInterc. EirGrid Ireland-Wales Land 2012 75 ±200 500 -
East-WestInterc. EirGrid Ireland-Wales Sea 2012 186 ±200 500 -
Valhall BP Norway Sea 2011 292 150 78 -
BorWin1 Transpower Germany Sea 2011 243.3 ±150 400 1200
BorWin1 Transpower Germany Sea 2011 22.6 ±150 400 1600
BorWin1 Transpower Germany Land 2011 155.3 ±150 400 2300
TransBay CaliforniaTSO USA Sea 2010 160 ±200 400 1100
TransBay CaliforniaTSO USA Land 2010 10 ±200 400 1100
Estlink NordicEnergyLink Estonia-Finland Sea 2006 150 ±150 350 1000
Estlink NordicEnergyLink Estonia-Finland Land 2006 62 ±150 350 2000
Troll-A Statoil Norway Sea 2004 284 ±80 2x41 300
Cross-Sound Transenergie-US USA Sea 2002 83.2 ±150 330 1300
Murraylink Transenergie-US Australia Land 2002 223.2 ±150 220 1200
Murraylink Transenergie-US Australia Land 2002 136.8 ±150 220 1400
DirectLink Transenergie-US Australia Land 1999 390 ±84 3x60 630
GotLight GotlandEnergy Sweden Land 1998 140 ±80 50 340
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SummaryofmainrealizaQonsworldwide(end2012)
Totalinstalledlengthofsubmarinecables(km) 1237
Totalinstalledlengthoflandcables(km) 1119
Grandtotalofinstalledlengthofcables(km) 2356
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TransBayProject(commissioned2010):thesubmarinecable
Fig. 5.11 - Trans Bay cable design (after [I-B], courtesy of Prysmian)
Ø ±200kV,400MW,∼2x83km,SanFranciscoBay(USA),commissioned2010(firstextruded200kV-DCattheVme).Cablestructure:
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TransBayProject:thecablesystem
Fig. 7.16 - Cross Section of HVDC Cable for the Trans Bay Cable Project (after [I-B], courtesy of Prysmian)
Ø ±200kV,400MW,1100mm2Cuconductor,VSCMMC
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HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
TransBayProject:thecableroute
Fig. 7.13 – The Trans Bay Project route
(after [I-B], courtesy of Prysmian).
Fig. 1.4(a) – Sketch of cable interconnections of the Trans Bay Cable Project (after [I-B], courtesy of Prysmian).
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Example,TransBayProject:layingacQviQesFig.7.15–Facili*esusedforthelayingac5vi5esoftheTransBayCableinSanFranciscoBay,USA:b)turntableaboardtheshipGiulioVerne(after [I-B], courtesyofPrysmian)d)Hydroplow(after [I-B], courtesyofPrysmian)
Ø ±250kV,600MW,commissionedattheendof2012.Mainfeatures:
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HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
SubmarinecableforHokkaido–HonshuinterQe(commis.2012)
Fig.7.17.±250kV,600MWHokkaido–Honshuinter5e,Japan:(a)route;(b)powercable(aQer[I-B],courtesyofElectricPower
DevelopmentCo.Ltd.&J-PowerSystemsCorpora5on)
• Max.conductorT=90°C• okforpolarityreversal
• DC-XLPEcompound(PolarizedinorganicnanofillersforsuppressingSC,keepingel.resisVvityhighathighT,improveDCbreakdownstrength)
• SuccessfullypassedqualificaVonaxerCIGRÉ219
• lightningimpulsewithstand±750kV,withsuperimposedDCvoltage±530kV
(UDC=250kV)∓
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HubnetColloquium-StrathclydeUniversity,Glasgow,Scotland(UK)-December7th2016
RecentlyinserviceorongoingHVDCextr.cablesys.projectsTable7.2.a-HVDCLightTMextrudedcablesystems(aQer[22.7.I-B],courtesyofABB)
(from[PryRL],courtesyofPrysmian)
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GermanNorthSeaOffshoreWindFarmProjects
(From[LW2013].CourtesyofPrysmian)
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InterconnecQonSpain-France320kVDC«INELFE»
(From[LW2013].CourtesyofPrysmian)
(From[LW2013].CourtesyofPrysmian) 51
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UK:EastWestInterconnector
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UK:NemoLinkØ “NemoLink”:
• 1st400-kVratedXLPE-insulatedHVDCcablesystem• Bipolarlink,1000-MWratedpower
Ø Cablecontractor:JPS,contractawardedin2015,overallprojectvalue≈500M€
Ø Cableroute:• betweenRichboroughEnergyParkinKent(UK)andZeebrugge(Belgium)• 130-kmsubsea• 11.5-kmland
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UK:WesternLinkØ HVDCWesternLinkbetweenScotlandandEngland:
• HVDCbi-polarcablelink• MI-PPLPcableinsulaVon
Ø Cablecontractor:Prysmian,contractawardedin2012,overallcablesystemvalue≈800M€(highestattheVme)
Ø Cableroute:• 400km,mostlysubmarine• ShortlandsecVoninScotland• LongerlandsecVoninEngland-Wales
[I-B]G.MazzanV,M.Marzino]o,ExtrudedCablesforHighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission:AdvancesinResearchandDevelopment,PowerEngineeringSeries-Wiley-IEEEPress,2013.[4.2.I-B]HighVoltageDirectCurrenttransmission:proventechnologyforpowerexchange,SiemensAG–PowerTransmissionandDistribuVon:HighVoltageDivision,Erlangen,Germany,2003.[5.2.I-B]M.P.Bahrman,B.K.Johnson,“TheABCsofHVDCtransmissiontechnologies”,IEEEPowerandEnergyMagazine,Vol.5,N.2,pp.32-44,March-April2007.[7.2.I-B]A.Orini,M.Marelli,E.Zaccone,“IcollegamenVincavoHVDC:statodell’arteeprospe�vefuture”,AEITWorkshop-HVDCTransmission:Technology,StateoftheArtandPracVcalExperiences,Rome(Italy),November27th2008(inItalian).[10.2.I-B]M.Jeroense,“HVDC,thenextgeneraVonoftransmission.Highlightswithfocusonextrudedcablesystems”,Proc.2008InternaVonalSymposiumonElectricalInsulaVngMaterials(ISEIM2008),pp.10-15,Yokkaichi,Japan,Sept.7th-11th2008.[LW2013]M.Marelli,“AchievementandexperienceinserviceoflonglengthHVDCelectricallinksbyinsulatedpowercables”,LaVnAmericanWorkshop2013,FozdoIguaçu–September6th,2013.[25.2.I-B]R.N.Hampton,“SomeoftheconsideraVonsformaterialsoperaVngunderhigh-voltage,direct-currentstresses”,IEEEElectricalInsula5onMagazine,Vol.24,No.1,pp.5-13,Jan.-Feb.2008.[22.7.I-B]DolWin2–900MWHVDCLighttransmissionTheworld’slargestwindpowergridconnecVon,ABBABGridSystems–HVDC,POW-0075rev.0.[PryRL]Reference_List_HVDC_2016_03_17_rev_01.pdf[GMDC]G.MazzanV,“LifeesVmaVonofHVDCcablesundertheVme-varyingelectro-thermalstressassociatedwithloadcycles”,IEEETrans.PowerDelivery,Vol.30,N.2,pp.931–939,Apr.2015[NEMO]h]p://www.jpowers.co.jp/pr/150608/150608e.pdf. 54
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REFERENCES
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THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION!