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新・ No. 33
Shiryo No.
Rice plant瞳 andleafhopper incidence in Malaysia
and Indonesia-Report of a research tour
January to March 1976
1976
Tropical Agriculture Research Center
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Yatabe, Tsukuba, lbaraki, 300司 21,Japan
CONTENTS
I. Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
II. l¥1ethods・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・.. ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ • • ・ ・ • ・ ・ ・ • • ・ • ・ • ・ • ・ ・ ・ ・ • • • .. ・ ・ • • ・ • • ・ ・ • • ・ • • • • • .... • • • • .. • • .... •"• • ら.........2
III. Plant- and leafhoppers in West Malaysia ............................................. 9
IV. Nilaparvata lugens and other leafhoppers in Indonesia ................... ・・・・・10
l. Ni!aparvata incidence and grassy stunt disease infection in
and Bali・・・・・・・・・................................................................................. 10
2. Nilaparvata in Lampung ...... "・・・.....・.. ・................ , .............. , ............ ,,18
3. Plant-and leafhoppers other than Nilaj>arvata lugens・，...・・.................19
V. Entomophagous inhabiting paddy and weeds・.. 會.............さ......, .. zo VI. Acknowledgements・, ........ ・・・・... ・, ..... ・・・・'" ........... ・....... ・ ● ● "● ・ ・ ・.... ・ ・.. ・..... ・ ・ ・ ・・24
VIJ. Summary・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 、,........................................................... , .. 25
VIIL References・.. ・ ・ ・ ・.. ・ ・ ・.... ベ......................鴫....ヽ...........................................•-?6 . Color photo-plate .............. ・ ・・．．，．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．．．も●も・→●．．．．．．．．．．．疇....・.....タ蕩.."さ.., ... 29
Summary in Japanese, ........... ・・・・・・....,, ...................... いぶ●...... 今...ぃ..........................
Orders, families and other taxa in insects and spiders
listd in Appendices I~VH! ........... ゃ,.,.. 曇..............・・・・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・.... ・ ・.... ・ ・.. ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・.... 33
I Results of collect ion of adult cixiids and meenop-
11 1 1c s .w means Oi sweepwg 、・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・..・・・"・・・"・・・ 34
II Results of collection of adult cicadellids bv means of sweeping・・・・・℃ を..3g
III Total numbers of plant-a,1d and counted.
IV
on 20 rice hills, and numbers of hills vヽithdistinct symptoms
of gras~y stunt disease
出~bibution of adult female on
and ,alueさいf0ome indices for
¥'Parasitism of adult female
........ 令......ら・ ・ ・ ・....... ・ ・... ・49
V[ Reヽultさ ofcdlection of
¥I[ of cnllecte」 and thoEe
¥III Reさuits(,f c,,l]・'・''・ .• ecti, □); 1 ut aduぃげ託ectcarnivores means of
"'............. ヽ..み心々・・-..... 會そふ........令"さ，................00 •• さ々 9 ● ......... ふ....55
e「entativerep:xts presented during the time of tour 遭.............さ...さと● ... 57
RICE PLANT底 ANDLEAFHOPPER INCIDENCE IN MALAYSIA
AND INDONESIA . --REPORT OF A RESEARCH TOUR
JANUARY TO MARCH 1976
＾ By Akio OTAKE and
Nobuhiko HOKYO
Agriculture Research Center』'
J. [NTRODUCTION
Some plant-and are well
known as harmful rice pests with their intensive pl皿 t-juicesucking and transmission of川rus
and mycoplasma-like diseases. Particularly, in tropical Asia, damage caused by the brown plant-
hopper, Nilapan1ata lugens St紅 hasrecently become quite heavy. We have lots of reports and
discussion about this pest in Nos. ト4of the Rice l:'momology I¥/ewsletter.
In some localities of the Philippi11es, severe hopperburnり occurredin 1972 and 1973
1974); in tl1e Mekong Delta, Vietnam, N. lugens is regarded as the most serious insect pest of
rice since 1970 (Huynh, 1975); i11 the Amparai麟 ictof Sriにnka,the pest has become
destructive since 1972 (Fernando. 1975); and in Kerala and some other localities of
epidemic occurrences of N
being epidemic in some of them
1975; Velusamy et aし1975).
In Indonesia, Nilaparvata problem is particularly seriousや Duringthe 1疇心的 wetseason,
heavy occurrences of the pest were noticed in Central and West Java, and then infestation
all over Java Island and also to North Sumatra, South Sulawesi皿 lBali (Dyck,
and Tat叩 g,1976). Recently, 山eIndonesian Government has started a
susceptible rice varieties such as Pelita with IR 26 and some other resistant ones in tl1e heaviest
Nilaparvata-infested areas.
The outbreaks of N. lugens in the above•mentioned countr.ies and also iri the Solomon
(Stapley, 1975) are likely to be related to the recent modernization in rice
in the tropics such as introduction of比叫tillering,high-yielding varieties with increased
application of nitrogenous fertilizers皿 dwidespread 1ice cultivation of more th皿 one (ヽrop
Even in many of the countries wltlch are still
grassy stunt di沢 ase,too,
197 5; Bhalla and Pa war,
personal
）
"d
field is
¥"/
The authors made a tour of studying rice plant-and leafhopper problems it1 the tropics
from January to March, 1976. We fust visited the northern half of Province Wellesley and血
Kedah-Perlis Coastal Plain, West Malaysia, and山enJava, Bali and Lan1pung, Sumatra, Indonesia.
Reflecting山eabove-mentioned state of affairs around rice plant-and lea伍oppers,our deepest
concern was to study N. lugens incidence and we were keenly impressed with the seriousness
in this problem and interested in出efact that出epest there was largely different m some population features from that in our country.
IL METHODS
Places chosen for investigation are respectively given code numbers as shown in Fig. 1. The
place names corresponding to the code numbers in the figure are given in Table 1. In the table, a
paddy field, rice nursery or weedy ground investigated at each coded place is expressed by
combining the code number with symbol f, n or w, respectively, as, for instance, mK6-f A, iC4-n,
etc.
In many parts of the Kedah-Perlis Coastal Plain, a large rice-growing area of about 100,000
ha, crop had already been under the harvestiJ1g stage. In Province Wellesley, rice was a little
younger in general. In both regions, however, there were also some fields with much less mature
rice. The rice plants we chose there for investigation ranged from tl1e ma泣 numtiller-number
stage to the dough ripe one.
In West Malaysia, however, there has been considerable confusion in rice varietal names
and we could not help giving up the idea of identifying the variety exactly in every field we
investigated. On the contrary, in Indonesia, it was usually possible for us to know the v紅ietal
names at the t血 eof investigation. Tl1e main varieties chosen to study iJ1 that country were Pelita
and IR 26; the former had been produced by crossing Syntha and IR 5 and then rapidly spread
over the country since the early 1970's but it is susceptible to N lugens, while the latter is
resistant to the pest and has recently replaced the former in many places of Java and Bali. Other
than these varieties, we occasionally observed local varieties because they were exclusively grown
in some localities and neither Pelita nor IR 26 could be found there.
In many parts of Indonesia, rice cultivation was highly asynchronous and there existed almost
all stages of rice growth. Even under such circumstances, however, most of山epaddy fields
we investigated were ones with plants under the growth stage between maximum tiller-number
and booting (St. c and din Table 1). In a few places, we also observed much younger rice (St. a
and bin the table). Whenever a hopperburned area was studied, the heaviest part ofhopperbum
was avoided and relatively lightly burned paddy was only investigated.
In both Malaysia and Indonesia, application of insecticides on rice seemed not to be intensive.
The methods adopted for the paddy field investigation were "counting", "sweeping" and
"sucking".
Counting ----Female adults and 5虚 instar
with the naked eyes on 20 hills
。f and were counted
sampled印 afield. The number of male adults
was not recorded because tl1ey were so highly movable that exact was not
'ヽ92
f¥
expectable. Spiders on山ehills were also counted. Concerning them, however, no dis-
crirrlination was made between matuare and血matureindivid叫 sbut too young and
small ones were mnitted. Observation on grassy stunt disease was made at the same time,
and out of出e20 sainpled hills, ones with distinct symptoms of山edisease were counted.
Other than山ese,fuere were some hills which were suspicious of being infected but not counted.
Sweeping ----In each field, 40 strokes wi出 abutterfly net, 36 cm in diameter, were con-
ducted. Adult insects thus collected were preserved as dry specimens, and spiders as
ones soaked in alcohol.
---In Java, more than 50 female N. lugens were collected with a glass aspirator
in each of some fields with high densities of出epest. They were preserved in alcohol
＾ and tl1en examined for parasitism in accordance wifu Otake et al. (197 6). In the 2 fields
chosen at Hargomuryo, Sekampung, Lampung, spiders were collected by sucking for
the purpose of comparing species composition with collection by sweeping.
Sweeping was conducted also on rice nurseries and weeds. In Malaysia, only one nursery
was found in the course of our tour, but in Indonesia, we often had chances of investigating
nurseries which were surrounded by mature or pre-mature paddy. As a rule, each nursery was
swept with the same intensity as in the paddy field. Weeds chosen for sweeping were gramineous
ones which were growing near but not very close to paddy. Every weedy ground chosen was
30 tirr1es with the butterfly net.
With a few exceptions, the loc叫itiesselected for study belonged to the double rice cropping
area.
fヽ3
f‘
ヘ巨WELLESLEY
XEDAH-PERL
STAL Plt,,IN
ヽLAND
M
•“ 水令＼ ．） .. ヽ•
LA
LAYSIA 〇 '2040 60 ， l 1 lKM
IND ESIA
Fig. numbe『ふらymbolsa交 ba困立lc:; 匁Hachedto賃廿l貧 wdemimbかrshidicate
Hand m. r邸 pect鰐dy,1.1efined in 1h合 (i;Xt(p, 10), Lill翠由awninに勺霞注miHali lsfamls
of the tom,
(4
Table 1. Investigation sites and methods of investigation adopted
--Investiga△
tion site 1)
Place name Date in Method
1976 Counting Sweeping Sucking
2 3) Remarks'
P. Wellesley, West Malaysia
mWl-n Sungai Dua
mW2-f Pak Elong
mW3-fA Permatang Manggis 1
mW3-fB Permatang Manggis 2
mW4-fA Permatang Manggie 2
mW4-fB Permatang Manggis 2
mW4-wA Permatang Manggis 2
mW4-wB Permatang Manggis 2
mWS-f Pinang Tunggal
mWS-wA Pinang Tunggal
mWS-wB Pinang Tunggal
mW6-w Bumbong Lima
Jan.29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
0
0
0000000000
St。C
St. d
St. e
St. d
St. f
St. f
The Kedah-Perlis Coastal Plain, West Malaysia
mKl-f Sedaka, Kedah Feb. 5
mK 1-w Sedaka Kedah 5
mK2-f A little south of Kota
Serang Semut, Kedah
A little south of Kota
Serang Semut, Kedah
Sala Kecil, Kedah
Sala Kecil, Kedah
Between Alor Setar and
Sala Kecil, Kedah
Between Alor Setar and
Sala Kecil, Kedah
Tana Merah, Kedah
Tana Merah, Kedah
Kuala Lanjut, Kedah 4)
Kuala Lanjut, Kedah
Kuala Lanjut, Kedah
Langgar, Kedah
Langgar, Kedah
South of Jitra, Kedah
Sou th of J itra, Kedah
A little south of Padang
Lalang, Kedah
A little south of Padang
Lalang, Kedah
Pandang Lalang, Kedah
Pandang Lalang, Kedah
Pandang Lalang, Kedah
Pandang Lalang, Kedah
Pandang Latang, Kedah
Between Aier Hitam and
Junjang 1, Kedah
Between Aier Hitam and
Junjang 1, Kedah
mK2咽
mK3-f
mK3咽
mK4-f
mK4-w
mK5-f
mKふW
mK6-fA
mK6匹fB
mK6-w
mK7-f
mK7-w
mK8-f
mK8-w
mK9-f
mK9咽
mKIO-fA
mKlO-fB
mKlO-fC
mKlO-wA
mKlO-wB
mKll匹f
mKll咽
St. d
<3
5
5
5
5
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
St. C
St. C
St. e
0
0
00000000
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Stな f
f
~
f
d
••• t
t
t
s
s
s
St. e
ー
゜St. d
0
0
0000
ー
1
1
1
l
l
f
f
f
．．．
t
t
t
sss
3
0
0
St. d
3
(5)
(Continued ~・-Table 1)
Investiga-
tion site
Ph心 name Date in
1976 Counting
Method
Sweeping Sucking
Rem紅 ks
m.KlU
mK12•w
mK13-f
mK13-w
mK14-f
mK14智
mK心 f
mK15-w
mKl6-f
rnKlかW
Between Aier Hitam and Feb.
J皿 ja理 2,Kedah
Between Aier Hitam and
J皿 jang2, Kedah
Between Junjang and
Jitra, Kedah
Between J trnjang皿 d
J itra, Kedah
West of Sanglang 1, Perils
West of Sa叫皿g1, Perils
West of Sangl匹 2,Perils
West of Sangi匹 2,Per恥
Bohor Menta.lon, Perlis
Hohor Mentalon, Perlis
3
St. f
3
3 ゜
0
0
0
St. C
3
3
3
3
3
T
J
1
゜0
0
00000
St. e
St. C
St. C
iSl-fA
iSl-fB
iS2-fA
iS2-fB
iS2-f℃
iS2-n
iS3-w
iS牛f
iSS砂た
iSふfB
iSS-n
iSS-w
JS6-fA
is6-rn
iS7-fA
iS7-fB
iS7-w
iS8-n
iS8-w
iS9-n
iSlO.fA
iSHJ-fB
Indonesia
饂砥ndahl , Pandeglang
Sukarcndah l, Pandeg!ang
Si加 rendah2, P皿 deglang
Suk江 endah2, Pandeglang
Sukarendah 2, Pandeglang
Suk紅 end血 2,Pandeglang
Pandeglang, Pandegla11g
Chandur, Pandegla,ng
Serang, Serang
Serang, Serang
Serang, Serang
Serang, Serang
Ciberes 1, Subang
Ciberes 1, Subang
Ciberes 2, Subang
Ciberes 2, Sub皿 g
Ciberes 2, Subang
Sukamandi, Subang
Sukam皿 di,Subang
Tomo, Majalengka
Ujungbenmg, Bandung
Ujungberung, Bandung
Feb. 13
13
14
14
14
14
13
13
14
14
14
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
26
26
26
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
゜0
0
0
0
N. lugens
N lugens
N. !ugens
IR 26, St. c
IR 20, St. c
Pe, St. c
IR 26, St. c
St. a
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
Var.?, St. c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
Pe. St. c
年'""、~''~、'''ぺ"·~、~' へ9'•'が'
Central Ja鳳 Indonesia
iCl-fA 'ゞ 9丘enda!,Kem1al
iC日'B Kendal, Kendal
iC2-f Kanang紐 om,Kl己ten
iCJ.,fA 閏叫U鴎 ri,Kねten
00
1{ 0
0
8
8
ーー{
0
0
IR 26+ 28, SL c
fR 26, St. d
Pe, St. c
IR 26, St夕 C
6
(Continued ---Table 1)
Invcstiga-
non
Place name Date in
1976 Counting
Method
Sweeping
Remarks
Sucking
iC3-fB
iCHC
iC3-n
iC4-n
iC5-fA
iC5-fB
iC5匹W
iC6-n
iC7-fA
iC7-fB
Madusari, Klaten
Madusari, Klaten
Madusari, Klaten
k紅 anganyar,Karanganyar
Kutoarjo, Purworejo
Kuto江jo,Purworejo
Kutoarjo, Purworejo
Karanganyar, Kebumen
Gombong, Kehumen
Gombong, Kebumen
Feb. 18
18
18
19
25
25
25
25
25
25
0
0
IR 26, St. c
Pe, St. c
0
0
Local var., St. d
Local var., St. c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J心 calvar., St. c
Local var., St. c
East Java, Indonesia
iEl-n Ngawi, Ngawi
iEl-w Ngawi, Ngawi
iE2-f Ng皿 juk,Ng皿 juk
iE3-f Bangil, Pasuruan
iE3-w B皿 gil,Pasuruan
iE4-n Panda皿， Malang
iES-fA Prigen, Malang
iE5-fB Prigen, Malang
iE5-w Prigen, Malang
iE6-fA J atiroto, Lumajang
iE6-fB J atiroto, LumaJang
iE6-w Jatiroto, Lumajang
iE7-fA Rambipuji, Jember
iE7-rn Rarnbipuji, Jember
iE7-w Rambipuji, Jember
iE8-fA Silo, Jember
iE8-fB Silo, Jember
iE8-fC Silo, J ember
iE9-fA Rogojampi, Banyuw皿 g1
iE9-fB Rog0Jamp1, Banyuwang1
iE9-w Rog0Jamp1,
iElO-fA Asembagus,
iE10-fB Asembagus, Situbondo
iElO-w Asembagus, Situbondo
iEl 1-n Arjasa, Situbondo
feb. 24
24
19
19
19
24
24
24
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
ooooo
゜
0
0
0
0
Local var,, St. c
Local var., St c
Pe, St. c
IR 26, St. e
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
゜0
0
0
0ごい
八r./ugen:;
0
0
Pe, St. b
Pe, St. b
IR 26, St. c
IR 26, St. c
IR 26, St. c
0
0
0 0 ()
Pe, St. c
St. a
7
(Continued ---Tableり
Investiga-
tion
Place name Date in
1976 Counting
Method
Sweeping
Remarks
Sucking
Indonesia
出1-fA P eny叩 ngan,Negara
IBl罪 Penyaringan,Negara
iBl-w Peny紅 ingan,Negara
出2-fA Antosari, Tab皿 an
iB2-m Antosari, Tabanan
iB3-fA Badung, Denpasar
IB3輝 Badung,Denpasar
ill3-n Badung, Denpasar
iB3-w Badu哨， Denpa氾r
Feb. 21
21
21
23
23
21
21
21
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
IR 26, St. c
IR 26, St. c
JR 26, St. c
JR 26, St. c
Pe, St. c
St. a
0
0
iLl-w
iiふn
iL3-n
iL3-w
iL4-n
iL4平
iL5-fA
iL5-t13
.lL5-w
iL6-fA
iL6-fB
iL6心
且月7-fA
且7-fB
iL7-w
Lampung, Jndones辺Purwodadi, Trimurjo
Ganja料 gung1, Metro
G叫叩gung2, Metro
Ganj江 agung2, Metro
Ganj紅 agung3, Metro
Ganjaragung 3, Metro
Pmjokerto, Trimurjo
I'urjokerto, Trimurjo
恥 rjc:kerto,Trim叫 0
Banarjoyo, Bafangh紅 i
Banarjoyo. ll叫 ngh紅 i
Ban叫oyo,Ratanghari
由 rgomuryo,Sekampung
Hargormrryo, Sekampung
Hargomuryo, Sekamptmg
M皿 2
2
？
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4
4
4
3
and 5
3 and 5
゜Pe, St. d
Pe, St. c
0
0
000
Pe, St. c
Pe, St. c
゜ 。。[)
Spiders
Spiders
Pe, St. c
Pe, St愴 c
1) Tlrree・letter code before the hyphen indicates the locality {cf. Fig. 1), and
mean a paddy field, nu.rsery and weeds, respectively.
means a grnwth stage of paddy. a: l-2 weeks耳tertra.nsplauting; b: 3-4 weeks after transplanting;
e: arnnnd the ma,'<.imum til.ler-mnriber stage or furthe了aged,but prior to the booting stage; d: the boot•
ing stage; ,,: the heading stage; and f: the dough ripe stage.
and w after the hyphen
.lndonesi恥
means Pelitiし
｝臼n窯lerice
names were recorded concerning paddy under St. b and older. Pe
area.
(8)
HI. PLAN1しいDLEAFHOPPERS fN WES『MALAYSIA
On paddy, delphacid
dix I). 1n the 2 fields where
from the result of
nor
Horvath was recorded (Appendix Hl). It is noteworthy that even under such
7 N lugens were collected from the nursery which was swept (Appendix I). Importance of nursery
beds as a place for the maintenance of N lugens and probably also S. furcilera populations should
be recognized (cf. Section IV-1).
On weeds, only 3 individuals belonging to 2 delphacid genera were collected
Neither N lugens nor S. furcifera was included in them
The reason why N. lugens has usually been under a ve1y low
of iI1tensive growing of highッieldirigrice varieties in West
level in
is still unknown. It is
speculated, however, that the present practice of rice cultivation with about one-month inteぃ
ruption of rice臣owingbetween 2 successive cultivation seasons would more or less
呵 uencethe population growth of this actually monophagous rice
The number of cicadellids collected from a
of delphacids (Appen出cesI and
not so abun由ntas N.
St訂andN. virescens Distant are vectors of the tungro group virus disease
and vector/disease relationship in Malaysia has been studied
fmd any occurrence of the disea氾 inthe area we
At mW6-w, lots of N. nigropictus were collected
山eexper血 entalfann of the Rice Research
It is supposed to have been influenced by fertilizer
fields. So, the weeds there might be more attractive
food source and also as a good habitat with m叫 eratemoisture.
Nephotettix density on weeds seemed not to be
Difference 111 Nephotetlな speciescomposition between paddy and weeds is another
subject (cf. Appen出xII). 111isク however,will be de叫twithin:孜 separntepaper
Recilia dorsalis tt O'
,0 り
be anotl1er vector of mngro group virus disease.
our study in Malaysia, they were collected in small number from bo且1rice .ind
density of them being recorded from the nursery
We knew that iJ1
cide was applied
because of its
side effects.
It has
c皿 be
insecti如
and the prey,
undesiJ・able even in Malaysia.
N.NJLAPARVATA LUGENS AND OTHERLEAFHOPPERS IN INDONESIA
1. Nilaparvata incidence and grassy stunt disease infection in Java and Bali
The results of counting on paddy under the growth stage between maximum tiller-number
and booting are most informative (Appendix III). Since there existed some fairly distmct dif-
ferences m varietal composition of rice among the toured localities of Java and Bali, 山econ-
cerned data were rearranged m accordance with the varietal situation as classified below:
Locality I•···Overwheling growing of IR 26. This was出elocality where Nilaparvata infesta-
tion had previously been very serious and therefore the replacement of susceptible rice vari-
eties with山eresistant one, IR 26, had rapidly taken place (cf. the introductory section,
p. 1). 1)
Locality n ----Growing of Pelita was dominant. Localities of this category were often situated
around Locality I, thus in出eatingthat they were not yet affected so seriously by the pest
as Locality I had previously been. In some of the lo呻 ties,IR 26 was also seen in high fre-
quency.
Locality m .. 心-Overwhelming growing of local varieties.
The result of rearrangement and some statistics calculated from it are shown in Table 2.
As seen in Table 2B, density of N lugens on IR 26 was much lower in average than that on Pelita,
this it直icatmgthat the policy of replacement of the latter with the former has been successful
at least in山eexistmg circumstances.
The number of sampled paddy fields m Locality I (Table 2A) was much smaller出an山at
in Locality II but出isnever means the smallness m 出earea with出elocal character I. Paddy
grown there was m general so dean that a heavy accumulation of quantitative data出dnot seem
to be essential. Thus, the mtensity of samplmg for Ni幻parvatawas much reduced there as com•
pared to~cality n. This is山ereason why the number of fields mいし叫ityI was small and this
would be another evidence to show how effectively Nilapaniata population was bemg restrained
by overwhehning growing of IR 26 in
Generally speaking, rice cultivation in Locality n appeared to be further asynchronous than that m にcalityI. This suggests that the probability JI,'. lugens can find rice at any tm1e of血
year would be ltigher in Locality II than m Locality I. Thus, 山efom1er locality may have provided
better conditions for the pest's multiplication由anthe latter one even in the aspect of cultivation
practices.
There were 4 paddy fields in which was in progress when investigated (Table
Densities of adult female were very
1) Some other resistant varieties of IR series were叫so
them was very small as compared to iR 26.
(10)
m社lof tl1em. It is note•
匁ownbut the ru・ea
(A) 1)
Table 2. R四 rangementof counting data (A) and some statistics calculated from them (B)
Paddy
field
Date
in
1976
Variety
and
St。
Adult female Nilaparvata lugens GS Rem紅 ks
M B
Total
Locality l ” iCl-fA
iCl-fB
iE9-fA
iE9-fB
IBl-fA
IBl-fB
IB2-fA
iB2-fB
Feb. 18
18
21
21
21
21
23
23
IR26+28,c
IR26,d
IR26, c
IR26, c
IR26, c
IR26, c
IR26, c
IR26, c
22
4
9
9
3
9
3
5
6
l
l
3
0
4
9
0
3
9
3
2
5
6
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
oolooo
To紐l 189 2
191 4
focality II
iSl心fA
iS2-fB
iC3-fA
iC3-fB
iE8-fC
Feb. 13
14
18
18
20
IR26,c
IR26, c
IR26,c
IR26,c
IR26,c
5
3
3
ー
0
3
Hopperburn in progress
2
28 0
0
5
6
0
2
8
3
2
ー
0
0
2
1
3
Total 168 3
171 6
iS2ふfA
iS4-f
iS5匹fA
iS6-fA
iS6-IB
iSHA
iS7-rn
iSlO-fA
iSlO-IB
iC詞
iCHC
ili2-f
iE3-f
iE6心fA
iEHA
iE7-fB
iElO-fA
iB3-fA
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe, c
Pe, c
Pe,c
Re, c
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe,c
Pe, c
Pe,c
Pe, c
Pe,c
Pe,
Pe,c
'る,_
Feb. 14
13
14
17
17
17
17
26
26
18
18
＂ 19 20
20
20
23
21
149
37
゜51 429
20
24
1
6
1
1
6
1
9
3
5
4
2
2
3
2
9
4
ll
0
1
0
8
0
3
1
2
5
1
3
0
0
0
3
3
9
2
4
0
8
9
9
5
2
3
1
2
6
2
ー
6
0
2
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
2
9
6
0
0
5
1
1
Hopperburn in progress
Hopperburn in progress
Hopperburn in progress
Medium hopperburn
Medium hop匹rbmn
Mediurn hopperbmn
7 ゜。
10
13
Total 835 378 1~ 月`9”ヘよ 72
(11)
(Conti1med --Table 2)
Paddy
field
Date
in
1976
V叫 ety
and
St.
Adult female Nilapan•ata lugens GS Remarks
Mi B
Total. ~ ~ ~ ~
Locality m iC5-fA Feb.
iC5-fB
iC7-fA
iC7匹fB
il::5ふfA
iE5-fB
25
25
Local, d
Local,
Lo図 L
1
4
25
24
24
Local, c
Local, c
1
3
2
0
0
2
0 0 0
0
0
0
rム
4
0
l
3
4
Total 11 3
14
。1) Derived from Appendix m. 2) See Text
(B)
Locality
V叫 ety
I
IR 26
II
IR 26 Pelita
M
Local
No. of fields 8
18 6
~Mean n 娑 Zミ Stan血 d
~ "',:,:::
Mean 公
心'- Stand紅 derror i:.. -~"'Mean 'N .... <:; 0
〇←• Stand江 derror ':,;' 目 Percentageof
~macropterous "= ,€, forms ぐ
s9
Mean
Ini'ectious rate
23.63
8.779
0.25
0.164
23.88
8.768
98.95
33.60
25,355
0.60
0.600
34.20
25.943
.. . .
0.50 l。20
6.00
46.39
24.061
21.00
12.664
67.39
36.324
" "
1.83
0.601
o.sn 0.342
2.33
0.667
68.84
4.00
20.00
.、9吋↓
゜｛｝ Total number of ins麟 sor GS hills I薗 offie止
2) VVariance /No.of fields.
3) M --~-·X M + B
100%
4) JOO佐{20 hills observ叫 in;;
ぅ3
”iふ、,＼
worthy that in one of them, IR 26 was grown PT畑tfield, iS2-fB, was situated adjacent to iS2-fA
with hopperburned Pelita, and it is clear that the pest was attacking the former field without
any fundamental discrimination from the latter one.
Thus, in an area ir1fested so heavily with the pest as to be widely hopperburned, varietal
resistance can never be perfect, and血sshould be recogn立edas a warning against too much
and easygoing reliance on varietal resistance in the practice of Nilaparvata control息
Once the pest adapts itself to a resistant variety of rice by stemming out a new strain, the
policy of pest control by means of wide-ranged exclusive growing of that variety would be nul匹
lified at once. We hope such a tragedy will not happen in the course of the present Nilaparvata
control campaign in Indonesia. As for pest control by means of host resistance, simultaneous
growing of a number of resistant varieties of different genetical sources would strategically be
recommendable.
In Locality II, there were also 3 fields with medium hopperburn (Table 2A). Densities of adult
females there were not so high as in the above-mentioned fields where hopperburn was in progress.
Particularly, in iC2-f, no adult was counted. In each of them, however, young nymphs were
observed abundantly (Appendix III)を
It is believed, therefore, that the adults, probably the inunigrants, had already disappeared
through death and migration after leaving a vast number of their progeny, when the fields were
investigated. The progeny would then take either of the 2 ways; frrst, continuance of their feeding
on to the complete devastation of rice crop, and, second, extinction due to rapid deterioration
of the survival conditions for them prior to the complete death of host plants。
In Locality III, Nilaparvata infestation was very low (Table 2). This locality was character-
ized by a synchronized cultivation practice of and application of fertilizers was believed
to be infrequent because of the low fertilizer requirement of the local varieties grown there.
Probably, these would be the main reasons why the local varieties bore only a small population
of N lugens.
It should be noticed in Table 2B that the proportion of macropterous females to the whole
female adults was very high in all of the varieties. Particularly, in lR 26, almost all of the co皿 ted
females were macropterous, this suggesting a high extent of imperfection of the variety as food
lV. lugens.
In Table 2, the result of investigation on grassy stunt山seaseinfection is also shown
GS). Th誌subjectwill be discussed later.
Frequency distributions of adult female N lugens counted on the respective 20 rice hills
and values of some indices for aggregation pattern紅 etabulated in Appendix IV. The index,
8噂， canbe tested by F-values witl1 the degrees of freedom, n -1 and oo. If it is
than unitv {=I), the spacial distribution is judged to be not random but aggregative (
1) This field was responsible for the higher mean density of N. lug ens on IR 26 of
II than that on the same variety of Locality I, as shown in Table 2B食
(l'.3
1956).11 In the tables of Appendox IV, 14 of the 20 distributions with means more than 2.00
are aggregative in this sense. Even in the other distributions with smaller means, some are also
aggregative.
Kuno (1968) presented the index CA and applied it to his data on Nilaparvata population. ＊
This is similar to x presented by Iwao (1968, 1970), but the latter seems to be more informative ＊
because of its linear relation to sample mean, x. ふ drawnin Fig. 2, the regre認ionlines, x ==
g+成 werecalculated. (Brachypterous forms on IR 26 and mactopterous and brachypterous
forms on local varieties were not treated because of their scarcity.)
10 40
疇
X
10
疇
X
゜10
*X
゜
.. IR 2 6 M~ X
20 )( " 10
／ +
PEL!TA MSf 0~ ，
i R 26 M+B i ~ 20
40 X " 10
／ x 20
I ／ 噌
PEUTA Bff 0~
PEUTA M+Bi ，
~10 x 20
＊
＾ 暉 2. Relationsh印 betweent and x, and regression lines, x = g +恥.Symbol• represents a paddy
field with rice under St.cord, and+, iE8-fA and B with Pelita under St. b, which are not includ匹
ed in calculation of the regre認ion.
＾ 1) When x> a , "':2 is calculated for F-test. In this case, statistical significance indicates伽
tendency in distribution towards evenness. In Appendix IV, there are 2 distributions of
this sort, i.e. Mand M+B in iBl-fA.
(14)
The values of the intercepts of the ＊
on x叫 axi the
h, are given in Table 3, As seen in the table, g values am distributed around zero, and all (』）fthe h
叫 ues紅 esi臣rifica叫 yhigher than umty, Thus, according to Iwao's classification (1970), the
distribution in adult fern吐囁parvatacan be regarded as孔llag四egativeone
to a mathematical model of negative b加叫lseries with
_ . fields in wlucl1 both c叫 ntingand
conducted. As shown in Fig 3, however, the total. number of macropterous females counted in
a field did not correlate to that colJ.ected with a net in廿,esame fit'ld. U is beheved that in some
fields, insects may have been caught easily in the net be叫 useof tl: 記虹炉theringat the
p叩 ofthe plar1ts for dis匹rsnl,w圧lein some fields, a l紅 geproportion of the insects may
l1ave settled down at the base of rhe plants where it was so deep that the net would only seldo戸
reach
At any rate, it can be said that. 加 sweepingmethod was not
of exact estin旧tionof Ni幻pan'atadensities in the
usefu1 for getting information abc喰utthe g打合tchぃ『
rice crop.'
On加 20thof February, we had a
in which plants were about 3-1-weeks after
parvata of surprisingly higl1 densities
60 insects were ernmte且
but tl1e treatment seemed to be
. too late because the msccts were s叫 aliveand
make leaves vellow when we observed the fieldふ
located near
Since Dr. Moじり出1had observed
incidence wa:;, mucn 11ea国『 rhan
that even young plants are never immune
very exists. However. underいsssevere cぃndじionsas s,J
d evastate 1.t sい）ner or later. Tl - i-1e s1tuat1on rea,1zeG m
of such a
叫-the
deterioratio屯1of rice due to
the
acute
傘
苫
｝ー0
f
さ§
* .,. * Table 3. Values of the intercepts of the regression, x = g + hx, on x-axis, and the regression ＊
coefficients, calculated from x and x in Appendix IV
Variety Wing Sample g h
of form 2) SIZC 3)
M 11 -0.1314 1.3521**り
IR 26 SL c and d
M+B 11 -0.1431 1.3591**
M 17 -0.3434 1.4900**
St. c and d B 14 0.2817 1.2171**
M+B 19 0.0858 1.2 304*"'
1) Refer to Table L
M, Band M mean macropterous, brachypterous and the whole adult female N. lugens,
respectively.
3) No. of paddy fields with x > O. 4) The null hypothesis, the universe regression coefficient (3 = l, is rejected at 1 % levむJof signi心
flcance.
5) lncluding the data from Lampung, Sumatra.
゜z Q.. 山ul 60 l
゜歪ら
゜w ← 'w ' 40 ..J ..J
゜t;J !/)
← 贔
U
山1,/) 20 z
0
,
Oli
傘
゜oxそ←'...
20
磁
晶傘
40 60 た可5
NO OF INSECTS COUNTED
tべ怠，3さ Relationship in the number of macrnptも『ousfomale l¥lilapanata
luge打sbetween counting and sweeping, in Java and Bali. e, 贔 and
寓 represent
respectively.
fields with varieties Pelita, IR s虹 iesand local,
C 16)
ance of hopperbum. Probably, the symptom ofhopperburn observed on paddy under SL c
2A) would result from such a protracted process of deterioration、Th⑱ the behaviour in
population level of N lugens which was taken in Indonesia at the time of our visit can be
spe叫 atedas follows:
(1) Migrating macropterous a叫 tspreferred paddy of susceptible varieties under St. b.
Thus, more or less con⑫ ntrated at紐cksof them upon paddy took
(2) When the attack was very severe, paddy sufforred from an acute process of
but in case the density of alighted insects was not so hi助 (thiswould
frequently than the acute ca淀）， theprocess of hopperburn was somewhat slower;
the damage of rice becomes conspicuous at St. c, when the pest would be in the second
or partially third generation from the fo皿 ders.
(3) Wit血 thearea of double rice cropping with asynchronous cultivation practices, occur-
rences of hopperburn, though usually small in scale, on susceptible varieties were not
rare, probably because of frequent local migrations of the
The process of hopperburn as s匹culatedabove曲 ferslargely from that in Japan, fu most
parts of Japan, paddy is cropped once a year, and migrations of Nilaparvaw from the south
(kisirnoto, 1971, 1976) take place during the rainy season (mid June -面dJuly). The init叫
density of Nilaparvata invaded paddy fields is extremely low as compared with that in Indonesia.
According to邸 no(1968), in Kyushu, it is less than O. 02 per rice hill in average。
when it exceeds the average to some extent, the pest finally attains a population level so
as to bring about thorough destruction of rice crop in autumn啄
Through出selaborate field observations, Kisirnoto (1965) clarified the process of butlctmg up
of Nilaparvata population on paddy in Shikoku: In his fields for observation, the average densities
of macropterous immigrants on 50 hills were less than 5 in Julv雫 Thesuccee出ng2
were mainly composed of brachypterous forms, and their
the average density of adults on 50 hills e平 eededthe 100 level at the
An explosive increase in number of adults took place in the next month when they were in廿記
fourth generation and ma叫ycomposed of macropterous forms. Their density per 50 hills was
plants in the fields were soon destroyed by them.
had increased further in number. The
in Japan, the final phase of the
⑫ mage by N. lugens us叫 lyappears in autunm when the crop has been under
Even in Indonesia, the authors once observed a field with dead ears
no quantitative data were obtained from that case seemed to be an exceptmna! one.
The ordinary process of hopper bum would be
2, iE8-fA and B are also
sion lines which were calculated from the result of
from that in IE8--fA and R
1) The insects are believed to have then perished because of lack of host
of the air temperature which is fat2J to them. It is thought that the
next year訊1il)have 10 be rebuilt u『り紐ainby the immigrants from the south.
ー7
in that country.
different in
The numbers of adult Nilaparvata collected from nurseries with a net were very variable
(Append訟 I). 1n some nurseries, a large number of both males and females, which were all macro-
pterous, were collected. They are supposed to have moved mto there from nearby paddy fields
probably due to harvesting or hopperburning. N lugens were occasio叫 lycollected even from
weeds (Appendix 1). It can be said, however, that weeds were not a fundamental habitat of the
pest.
The numbers of rice hills with distmct symptoms of grassy stunt disease are tabulated i11
Table 2A. In Indonesia, the disease is said to have been first noticed i11 1967狙1dthen become
epidemic (Tantera et叫 1973).At the time of our visit there, however, infection did not seem to
be still critical. In fact, Table 2A indicates that paddy fields with severe infection of the disease
were not very common, though we must be cautious of givmg excessive reliance upon the figures
in the table, which have a tendency of underestimatmg the real state of infection becau況 doubtful
infectious cases were omitted from countmg.
In Table 2B, there exist remarkable differences i11 infectious rate among the rice varieties. It is
said that neither IR 26 nor local varieties are resistant to grassy stunt disease, so that the above-
mentioned sharp varietal differences would be mai.Illy due to the differences in vector's density
among the varieties. As for Pelita, heavily mfected fields were seen in Central Java and further
east (Table 2A)。
Other than the varietal difference i11 the pest's density, the following 2 features of Nilapa1,1ata
population would be important ii1 their relation to grassy stunt disease dおsemmation.First,
the existence of macropterous forms i11 very high proportion (Table 2) suggests the possibility
of rapid and frequent field-to-field dissemmation of the disease. Judging from the fact that almost
all of the counted females were ;nacropterous on IR 26, this variety would particularly be
responsible in tlus regard. Secondly, the evidence that nurseries were sometimes populated densely
N. lugens (Appendix I) suggests that there w叫 dexist fairly high frequent mfections of the
disease in the very nursery. The infected seedlings were to be scattered over the surroundmgs
through transplanti11g, thus beco呻 1gnew sources of further dissemmation of the diseaseも
乙 Nilaparvatain Lampung
Differing from the situation in Java and Bali, I.ampung, Sumatra, did not suffer very much
from N. lugens infestation (Appendix HI). Even i11 that area, however, the provincial bureau of
agriculture had already received some reports on sporadic occurrences of hopperbum within the
territory. Out of the 6 paddy fields where we made the counting investigation令 thefollowing 2
,Nere particularly noticeable in this connection.
In iL5-fB, a fairly large number of fifth-i11star were recorded. Some leaves had
been in the course of yellow, the situation the possibility of
ment of
On the contrary, iL7-fA may have had no problem i11 appeara11ce. However, the evidences
that in there, 4 adult females existed in total on the observed 20 hills and 3 of them were
terous should not be overlooked. The situation can be thought to have had
(18 J
of a future explosion of the
of reproduction there.
population provided that they could display their high
3. Plant-and leafhoppers other than Nilaparvata lugens
As for the counting data, there was no paddy field where the rotal number of fem叶eSogatell.a
furcifera exceeded 20 (Appendix HI). When paddy fields and nurseries were swept with a net,
however, catches of this species were occasionally large in number (Appendix I). Nevertheless,
the following general叫 eseemed to be applicable to the situation in Indonesia: S. furcij如
cannot be as serious as a rice pest as N. lugens, because the former is us叫 lymuch less intensive
in juice sucking activity than the latter and it is not a vector of any ¥tJ.rns or virus-like disease.
As was so in West Malaysia, the number of collected delphacids other than N. luf{ens and 8
furcif era was very small in Indonesia
The average number of female Nephotettix counted in a paddy field was「urthersmaller
than that of S. furcifera, However, the result of sweeping shows that N n加opictusand N.
virescens were fairly common on
from some of the nurseries
iC6-n is conspicuous. The nursery was located
suggesting a heavy concentration of
During our tour of
n). They were itlso collected in a
catches of more than 1 ,800 N
fields after
from the
from
the situation
to the nursery.
we did not observe any occurrenc,~of
that other than disease transmission, Nephotetti:x
have no serious influence upon rice
In Indonesia, more Rccilia dorsalis were collected from
in West Malaysia (Appendix
T加iaspp., a group of small reddish
and nurseries (Appendix II). Hasegawa (1971) observed
were abundant in
芦 theirfeeding on. In oui
should be viewed with some
obtained from weeds in I叫 onesia
cussed in a separate article
fields and nurseries than
nor N parvus was
will be disな
）＇ ー
caus叫 ~· '•
叫 tby the authors, however, the
uous i「thefields had been well
in South
their intensive
sort wuuld
V. ENTOMOPHAGOUS ORGANISMS INHABITING PADDY AND WEEDS
collected from paddy
of parasitism were re心
which was always combined with parasitism by Strepsip•
an extrusion of the male puparium in Strepsiptera; the opening of皿
皿 da sac containing a premature larva of Dryinidae. Nematodes
were detectable by dissectmg the specimens. As shown in Appendix V , parasitism was low as
a whole, and this suggests that the parasites concerned had no significant mfluence upon the
host population when it had attail.1ed the epidenlic level.
more than 30 species of w釘 ecollected. In each of the habitats, paddy
nursery and weeds, there was no fundamental difference in fauna of spiders arrwng the
districts given in Appendix IL So, Table 4, a list of species with indication of abundance, was
made by getting together the data u1 each habitat. The table indicates that difference in species
composition was slight among the habitats but the average number of the whole spiders collected
from a rice field was considerably l1i鼠herthan any of those from a nursery and weeds
the difforence in the intensity of sweeping between
smernuon,
lJ1 2
皿 dweeds should be taken into con-
was made be-
1,vith a net and sucking with an aspirator
of the latter melhod over the former one
was richer th皿 that
and Dolomedes were genera which were not re-
was conducted duri11g uur tour. In the table of
that the 2 different behavioural
above-mentioned difference of the result
Mulsant shown in VUI are preda-
are included in diets of仰 ccinellatrans-
versa/is Fabricius and Harmonia octomaculata Fabricius
1
f" o 1ts dominance
fodonesia at叫
variable among
Table 4. Compariぬ nof species compositions in spiden among the 3 different habitats, p叫dyfield,
叫 rsery皿 dweeds
Species Family
Paddy
Habitat
Nurs虹y Weed,,
Theridion sp.
Co/eosoma blandum
Araneus inustus
Singa sp.
Argiope catenulata
Larin紅 sp.
Dyschiriognaiha sp.
Tetragnatha japonica
T. java四
T. mandibulata
T. sp. A
T. sp. B
Other Tetragnatha
Leucauge
Cal/itrichia sp.
Lycosa psewioannulata
. spp.
Hippasa agelenoides
Oxyopes assam訊 sis
o_ lineatipes
0. spp.
Oxytate sp.
Runcinia acuminarn
Theridiidae
Tfairidiidae
Argiopidae
Argiopidae
Argiopidae
Argiopidae
Tetr昭nathidae
Tetragnathidae
Tetra~nathidae
Tetragnathidae
Tet詑ignathidae
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnathidae
Tet噂 nathidae
Micryphantidae
Lycosidae
Lyoosidae
Lycosi如
Oxyopidae
Oxyopidae
Oxyopidae
Thomisi恥
Thomisid詞
Thomisidae
Salticidae
Clubionidae
Clubionidae
Clubionidae
Cimbionidae
I leteropodidae
Fam.'/
+➔ ヽ
＋
＋
4≫
+ 3)
＋
＋
+
+＋
+
＋
サ
サ
丑
十
ふ
s
+
++ + +
‘
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++‘
十｀す＋十
ーも
如la
C. spp.
lleteropoda sp,
Gen.? sp.'?
~~ ~ ~ ~ ' ← ・- . . クが.
Total no. of catchesに山1J.tsand nymphs), T 965 l
Sa叫ヽ les饂 n 47 14
8.00
令
+
+
+
++
ふ2
+ ふ~
ふ
+
236
.. 改々.. ..,. 心忍～ふ..』べ.....匹> . ヽ.......如 >ー、 - 心......
of Appendix VL
mWl-n, invest熔atcdin Malaysia
Results of collection of
nur即ries(B), in Indonesia 1 and m 冗espcctivepaddy fields (A) and
Plant-a.nd Predacious Spiders 6)
D灼打ict
in
1976
)
3 t
s
1fミ9t n
a
苔pm;;pぎ
□
悶PP且d!J(J
;!Bpf!Alljl;l1J:
pu83蕊P!qllN
器PIm目菩I13,L
3
号tdo五ぞ
[e10L
Imo,I
[q『
E夕J
詞pmoHiaIJ
盟PPnlllS
っ・ ・- .』.........,』""" ・""・・ .ヽ... ..... ,... • .....
iSH.C 〗1名b.. l う』且 20., 〗；妥 3 2 』 7l.
iS7・ い J.' 「e竺 ('1、 l 0
53 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 、~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ‘~:/ ~ へへ 心心 .. ヽ..........._ ... .,. ら..... 、 . ぷ~ヽヘいへへ 汎ヽも ' 、. い~ 炉へ ~ ~ ~ ~
iCl-fB >8 iR 2(; .. d l I~12
West
Java
o
j
4
2
l
18
18
25
25
Pe,
IR 26, c
Local,
ぃ虞l,C
79,"80
0
8
4
5
7133
0
1冬
う必
>
325 10 370 7 17
4 11 11 15
11 34 53
l2 3 15
East
、lava
迂:3-f
iEH『
iE6-fり
21
23
侭
a
~ぷメ
丘も「'↑R
苓忠4 こ
りう・9
ti
8
3
3 ゜2 35
31
100
27 '忍""'"""べ⇔ミ ＇ ゞ,, "' ' ぃ - ' 勺ヘヽ屈,,, ふ： '
147 4 1 l 7 13 l l 2
55 7 7 16 4 3 1
32 l 6 7 l l
!59 4 2 lJ I
3 3 3
12
1‘{ ー
4
1
3
?14
？ー
2,3
7q
42
91
43 ,、？ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, .. ,, , .. ヤ,.ベ ,,,,.、> .、, ., ,., .
21 IR 26, c 23 4 ],、 61 62 3 30 33
23 IRこ6,c 91 132 > t3 5 ; 87 96 8 14 J 23
L8.m、
pung
37
33
36
58
6
l
~
1ゑ
、84~
、i
ばJ
3
(8) Rice nursery
Plant心 and
leaf hoppers ぶ！朽:1¾iacious ir1scct£ sJ
Spiders 6)
Dis汀ict Date
in
1976 g :pmap包[)
芯10'Iし
;rnp!UO苔5
悶PPHP1S
gP芸日。こ
器pfdOAX0
g弓8ミ
oi:pnu且dA.iorv,i
箆p;qpm1lu.1i0」
悶P!.!J'.W
gp国盆duis
悶pkq目3
娑P!lFlUFJ:lO;J
[810,L
翌pplll!d!尺[
ampgとnpgll
箆P!dop翌
;;i1lpf!P! おqL
F810J'
West
Java
iS2-n
iS5-n
iS8-n
iS9-n
Feb. 14
14
16
26
7
7
3
67
4
4
3
2
5
7
41
61
10
139
l
l
6
1
ー
3
2
8
2
0
3
0
3
0
1
Central iC3-n
iC4-n ..... た
人`）-n
18
19
訪
..
74
264
29
156 230
188 452
1898 1927
，
53
1 91
61
ー
. - 2 54 1
961 51 6
73 1 6
3
4
7
ー
East
Java
iEl-n
iE4-n
iFll予
24
24
23
56
48
52
180
98
108
228
260
ご‘)
r‘心
う~ ー
2
1
9
。ー 3
9
1
5
ー
Aiil
5
3
6
1
4
6
3
1
ー
10
12
!4
~ ~ ~ 一ー 、レムた
Bali iB3-n にゞ 46
- .
51 3
1↑
゜- --一~ ~ ~ ~ な—-- --―ー~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 一
iL2~n M江 2
i,ampung iL3~n
iL4-n
4
4
4
0
9
0
2
l
24
13
14
213
4
5
0
,月C‘
うん
1
19
2
20
2
3
2
2
・.
]) Collection by m叫 nsof sweepi嗅 Insects
nymphふ
2) Refer to Table l.
3) Refer to T乳ble
Species names狂 eg和enin Appendices l and IL
5) Species 11ames are givそnin Appendix VHI.
6) Species names are g如min Appendix VI.
adults only, and spiders were adults and咤e-advanced
23)
prey density was neither very sensitive nor very strong to bring about effective density-dependent
control of the pests by the very predator.
Since Hinckley (1963), this mirid has been emphasized by some authors as an excellent
of the eggs and nymphs of N. 喩 lugnes,but the result of our investigation in Indonesia
suggests that further study would still be necessary before any conclusion is drawn about the
effectiveness of the mirid upon the pest population.
Two individuals of another
Java. Kisimoto (1975) caught a
were coりectedin Central
equipped on a
the East China Sea. This species would be a
In spite of their nature of being polyphagous, predators can never be said that they feed
on all the phytophagous species living in the surroundings indiscriminately. As a matter of fact.
some of the predators mentioned above have been
but it is believed, on the other hand, that some
to prefer rice plant-and lea化oppers,
v:ould hardly be dependent on the
Even if it is allowed to assume that theこamivorousspecies collected in the course of our
habitat.
In
as one of the汀 dailydiets, it can be concluded from Table 5 that all of
with the preys the sarne
of their contribution to the rice pest control when the pests
and we think an accumulation of minute studies on the ecology of
with special reference to their relation with prey species 訊•ould be nee-
their effect upon the pest multiplication further.
Vl. ACKNOWLIDGEMENTS
the
M『.D叫o'MohamedTainin bin
and
ML .R
Wes,、Java.
{ 24)
Mr. Sutiyoso, Governor of Province L皿 pung,and his staff, particularly Mr. Nusjirwan
Zen, Director of Bureau of Agriculture, Mr. Soehendi, Deputy Director of the Bureau, Mr.
Senggono, Mr. H. Sugito and Mr. Sarimin, Tani Makmur 1..ampung Project, and Mr. Yusfian
Yusuf, Subject Matter Specialist on Plant Protection.
Dr. R.A. Morris, Representative of H訊 lInternational Prograrn in Indonesia, and his
staff, particularly Dr. 0. Mochida, entomologist.
Mr. K. Uesugi, Indonesian Embassy of Japan; Dr. Y. Iwata, I.,eader of Japan-Indonesia
Joint Food Crop Research Program, HCA, and his staff; Dr. K. Nojima, Leader of Japanese
Team for Tani MaknurにmpungProject, and his staff, particularly Mr. A. Kitsutaka; a叫
Mr. H. Mikoshiba, T ARC.
We are indebted to the following Japanese taxonomists for identifying our collection o「
insects and spiders and giving information about the habits of those species which were identified:
Mr. T. Okada, Chugoku Agricultural Experiment Station, for pl叩 t-and leafuoppers;
Dr. C. Okuma, Kyushu University, for spiders; and Dr. M. Miyatake and Dr. A. Hisamatsu,
Ehime University, for cocdnellid beetles and carabid and
We also thank Dr. R. Kisimoto, Central
叫 uablesuggestions about the ecology of N、
to examine our collection of
respectively山
for
VIL StJMMARY
I. Investigation was conducted in the northern half of Province
Coastal Plain. West Malaysia, and Java. Bali and
to March. 1976. In paddy fieldふ plant・a叫
naked eyes. (入）unting was also conducted for rice hills with distinct
and the Kedah-Per!is
from
of grassy stunt
disease. Insects and
neous weeds with a
were collected by
neL In some
ぅj
more ahundant than
1 was a1so
and on weeds. Ckadellids
but tungro disease
infection was not observed.
In Java and Bali, incidence of州
been destructive in the
was still serious. in the area where the pest had,
of replacement of susceptible rice varieties such as
Pelita with IR 26 and other resistant ones was
Government. When Nilapm・vata density on fR 26 was
of the former
At the same time. however, some fear was undeniable that the
may become nullified if
In the area with cultiv請lionwas
、S’
seen in some parts of the area.
seemed to he encouraged by such cultivation practice as well as
『hearea with loじalvarieties, on the contrary, was
cultivation a且辻 hardly suffered from the pest's infestation
of the varieties.
about 34 weeks after
alighted on them due to the
Based on the results of
were recorded from 2 paddy fields
Nilaparvata had
under that stage of developmentさ
burning in connection with some
叫 thatthe process of
extent from that in
6. Aggregation
was made about the process of hopper-
features of N. lugens in Indonesia. It was
construction in that country differs to a
was discussed
丁 InJava and Bali, there were some
were all grown with Pelita.
sidered to be closely related to the difference in
the varieties 心 E入isten:~e o「
以Jneentralion
tion of the d誌ease、
some stat isti叫
叫 ectionof grassy stunt disease.
of the disease was con-
、 thevector, 1兄 among
rates and occasional
with r戸麟rdto dissemina心
叫 t,however, that tl . l認 suggestmgsome
neai』 futureeven in tlはt
こollectedfrom some of the paddy fields
and nurseries swept. This
tion there. In thatじountry,
were collected than m
the course
to he氾rious dee cultivaぃ
. common a叫 moreRedlia darsa加
of tlmgro disease was observed
we臼 sometimescol心ctedabundantly from
vm . and lvl.Rふ.K心
Rice Ent. Nぃvsl.,入ro.2:36。
1nd 入り Pa〗·ar I
Nいこ:4G・、+i
いいthreaksin Kernla
riceヽ~ いHimぷ，hal',. 且1am.
6
ゥ3J
、
tv
Dyck, V.A. 1974 Brown
No. l: 2-3.
Dyck, VA. (Ed.) !975 Brown
Rice Ent. News!., No.2: 3-4.
Fernando, H.E. 1975 The brown
34-36.
Hasegawa, H. 1971 [A report of a tourば
Singapore and Brun叫 NettaiNoken
Heong, K.L. 1975 Occurrence and chemical control of rice
No.3:3卜32.
Hinckley, A.D. 1963 Ecology and control of rice
481.
'ヽi” comments. Rice Ent. News!.,
from several countries.
in Sri Lanka. Rice Ent. News!., No.2 :
of through Malaysia,
Rice Ent.
Bu!L Ent. Res., 54: 467匹
Hino, T., L. WathanakuL N. p
U. S. Disthaporn, M. Putta, D.
Kerdchokchai and A. Surin 1974 Studies on rice
Tech. Bull. TARC Noべ 7,
＾ N., A. Otake and T. Okada 1976
dellidae) in West Malaysia and Indonesia.
Huynh, N.V. 1975 Brown plamhopper and white-b叩 ked
Delta (Vietnam). Rice Ent. Newsl. No. 2: 4.
(Hemiptera: Cica-
in July, 1976.]
tion. Res.
S. 1970 patterns
R訊 Pl.Prot. Res ..
K, and S. Kawahara J 973 Food心 h訓
pattern of animal
progress of research in
formulations of insecticides
38: 69-75も
No.I:
34,
field. Bull,
訂
Mochida, 0. and Tatang Surjana 1976 Occurrence of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens
(Hom., Delphacidae), on rice in Indonesia. Rice Ent. News/., No. 4: 39.
Otake, A., P.H. Somasundaram and M.B. Abeykoon 1976 Studies on populations of Sogatella
furcif era Horvath and Nilaparvata lugens St紅(Hemiptera:Delphacidae) and their parasites
in Sri Lanka.Appl. Ent. Zoo!. [Received in July, 1976.]
Rao, P.S., S. Sama, Koesnang and P. van Halteren 1976 Green leafhopper infestation in South
Sulawesi, Indonesia.Rice Ent. News/., No. 4: 5.
Rivera, C.T., K.C. Ling, S.H. Ou and V.M. Aguiero 1969 Transmission of two strains of rice
tungro virus by Recil辺 dorsalis.Philippine Phytopathol. 5: 17. [Cited from: Ung, K.C.
1972 Rice virus diseases, IRRI, 134pp.]
Stapley, J.H. 1975 The problem of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) on rice in the
Solomon Islands. Rice Ent. News!., No. 2: 37.
Tantera, D.M., H. Satomi and Roechan 1973 Grassy stunt disease of rice in Indonesia. Contr.
Cent. Res. Inst. Agric. Bogor, No. 2, 8pp.
Torti, T. 19 56 "The stochastic approach in field population ecology, with special reference
to field insect populations". Tokyo, Jap. Soc. Promotion Sci., 277pp.
Velusamy, R., I.P. Janaki and A. Subramanian 1975 Occurrence of brown planthopper in Coimba-
tore District, India. Rice Ent. News/., No. 3: 3.
Wathanakul, L. 1969 " Rice virus diseases in Thailand". Paper presented at 2nd Ann. Cong. on
Rice Res. at IRRI, 7pp. [Mimeographed.]
(28)
P L A T E
Overall heavy hopperburn in a paddy field (A), and affected
rice plants in the same field (B). ／・
Photographed by A. Otake
at Kentandan, Klaten, Central Java, on 18th February, 1976.
x
摘
1 1976年 1-・3月に，イネのウンカ・ヨコバイ
アのプロビンス・ウェ~ レスレ・-北部わよひケタ
ランポン（スマトラ）でおこなった。主として
ィ＇ゞヽ＂とt
1-~ ゞ ク迂、 U,
且］で，
'I屑マレイシ
ソドネシアのシャワ，/;,'
ウンカ・ヨ
ラッシー・スクント病の明ら
田近く くし、とり勺こ 10てウソカ念ヨコバイ類， クモ
調査した。ジャワ島では， ｝ビイロウン＇力（
から，このウンカの雌成虫
で;i, 2枚の田から
たクモの種類相を比較した。
2 西マレーシアでは，イぃ，
ィ，`P
、J コヨ
こ`/
/）
•
spp.)などによっ
3 ジャワとバリでのト
ぱ，
ど
とく
，＼よみとり//を、ぢこないさらに，それ，ら20株のうちて
ぃ-d,')
f.‘ ， ャ｛ヵン，ツ，
した。また，水田，苗代お屯［び水
し，
ずくし、とり法と
し、
を渇べた。ラソホ
さ
ともにウンカ類 (Delphacidae) かっtこ』`＇
ったが， ツマグロまコバ f
られなかっ亡。
に激しかっ fこ。、ノントネシ
I且
のよう I R26
しヽ芝，う IR26 とプ〗夕こで， 卜こ<'ロウ
2 表〗たしかに I R26
ってしヽることがわかる。た茫し，広しゾj'(田,.
って占められることは秀も その
りi
A:{
f
~~
)~
を
し
夕リ
苗
プ
，
中;~
4
椅i
としヽ う古，
しし、のては危か
ぎかっ
か見られ二このより
G
A ふ“
ふ：ノ
の
r／
ダ
}~, じ5
リヽ~
＇ ー
こ、,rしろこ
9夕」
も）
力 ではなし心にもかかいら
さ
の↑ネ
3~4週間の水！且
Wの iES-fA: 『5よ[〉B。
Jo
ゞ
Aカス3
し i'
，、ヒ~ぐ，ロウ／
ダ、..、ぺ、ふV, ィ、バ
.j1'、,,,
し.• < ,%し情↑
りが〕
い：、l-: 立、.I iふし,!、ぷノ
合〔
¥うff/
苓
i、Sy
9
f
9
[
/9;‘
、、
こへはじめに侵入し之ウンカの
て，＞ふ;'ヽ 't',=, ,, / ,, ネン 1での hopperburn
った（第 2
との違し、
6 :、ビ/ロウンカ
({-; 表Wおよ
7 トビイロウンカによっ さiしるグラッシ'"魯スタント
日で日化っ土
2 表）へつ'~; タでの仕し
ね礼るっこ
一部の釘
向・ニ
こることぱ，
8 ラン＇え：ンで 0);,
し、日1ら
可虎骨ぱ占足でミ，ミし、0
ある田て hopperburn
された。
9 .(ン，、ネシア,:_、裏，七シ~ ロウンカ
ノ＼
布；こみられる
ンJる
と日
れる。こ
ろ
ロウンカによる
及ょ` してし ,jこか， これらぱすべてプリクの栽培された水田
lりや出!(力、、し、＼
ご：、9 :ヽ'
J-;,'.. ,
10 J、'. i、ネ
ふ，ク:,,~o ,_
ふづう
この
ったことと
いくつか
りぱ大きく，また苗代てウンカ
田へのふちこ
力□がっ：こが，このウンカの
っ，ラン玉ンといえども，
つ t~プ::, このウン
ズナ.•
9
.
/
，
．、、．すべr.q
f
レ．
その時期はそ
して，
よって示さ
ジャワとパリ
い平均密度が関係したもの
がったことと，
ぎし、
るからである。
ア，：：：り乞く採集:':,:凸fこか， これらの五こ：バイ［ここっ
メヨコ／ヽ・'.° 匝料心こ属する Tllaiaspp.
しこドビ｛戸ウンカ
トビイロウンカ
へノ．． さ
た。ツマグロヨ
レイジ
れ
きイネからかなり多く採集さ
ょ，ネジンバネ カマ/、し
らt
こ八出；，J/;:/J,て，カタグロミ
→ヽ .. ，，．ュコ/'/ F-✓,
＇ 、イウf
ふ‘6
3ri
ウンカ● 万二、,;~ 示さなかった
ンカ給翌コバ、イ 区，ぅ
る
虫屑して集d,t~ ク '~.tくしとり：こ よ
芸たいと
っ左．‘う
s
ふ｝
ス3
ORDERS, FAMILIES AND OTHER TAXA IN INSECTS (INSECTA) AND
SPIDERS (ARANEAE) LISTED IN APPE~DICES I-VHI
Tax a Append ice"
concerned
Class : Insecta (こん虫網）
Order : Hemiptera (半翅目）
Family : Delphacidae Cウンカ利）
Species: NilaParvata /ugens (bro団・nplanthopper, トしイロウ／カ
Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper, ・'、'""'ウンカ）， etc I, III, IV, V
Family: Cicadellidae (ヨコバイ科）
Subfamil:,・: De!tocephalinae (マタラヨコバイ亜和i)
Species: NePhotettix nigroPictus〈greenrice leafhopper, クロス
ツマグロヨコバイ）， Reciliadorsalis (zigzag-striped leaf・
hopper イナスマヨ：2バn_., etc
Subfamily : Hecalinae (フクロココハイ亜刊）
Iassinae (アオスキン."ュ.,;イ亜科）
Tettigel!inae Cオオヨコハイ亜科）
Typhlocybinae (ヒメヨコバイ亜科）. " ... ,"・-- -
Family : Miridae (メクラカメムシ科）
Species: Cyrlorrhinus /ividipennis 〔カタグロ：トリ i タラカメ入/、)，
etc.
Family : Nabidae (マキバサシカメ科）
Reduviidae (サシカメ科）
Order : Strepsiptera (でん翅目・ネンレバネと総称される〕'' ' . . . ..
Order : Hymenoptera (膜翅目` ＼
Family : Dryinidae Cカマハチ丹）
i
うiぷ
VIII ~ ~
V
＞
Order: Coleoptera (鞘翅目）
Family: Co:cinellidae (デン：、ウムシお｝）
Species: Coccinella trans屈 rsalis(メジカタテ，/ :、•:/ .:, •; ¥ etc
Family : Carabidae (: コミムン，Hへ！
Species : Ophionea indica Cクヒナカコ．、二、， i, 臼 (
Family: Staphylinidae (,、不力？シ｛斗，）
Species: Paederus fusciPcs Cアオハアリカタ，，、字｀ウク/). el vm
Class : Arachnida (くも形網）
Order : Araneae (真正くも目）
Family: Theridiidae (ヒ｛クモ科）
Symphytognathidae (立
Pisauridae
Lycosidae (、 i、ククモ付··•、）
Oxyopidae (サ >J・ グ，モ科）
Thomisidae (カニグモ科）
Salticidae〈ハエトリグモ叶）
C!ubionidae (フクロダそ詞)
Heteropodidae (アシダカタモ科｝
3;3 >
ふふ
。諏や宝opL.ds by r:1e巧わら（ぅ t 砂竺pir;g
『）こstrict ¥’ 1"
Dat,, in 1976
芦 rietyand
growth ' "' ゜1hwpa四なう，1,,ur;ens Stal
介、
M3) e B M 早 B Total
Delphacidae
So,1atc:l.fo応匹ら応ばふ）四；；th
＄ 年M B N B
Cixiidae 翌eeuoplidee
Others Total
APPENDIX I
29 筵 n? sp.
面fr・fA
" B
叫芯-f
dftr.｛
l
i
1
0
1
7
、
1
t,i311
2
o
t
o
l
o
)
0
： ゜
〈
34
四mK2-f
5
t
,
，
もや-F
叫、年廿
mK5-f Fむb
" " B
mK7-f
mKB-f
mK9ゴ
mKlO-fA
B
C
rrJ<lじ£
叫(12-f
mK13-f
mKJ今-f
mKlS-f
mKI圧4 Febら
4
ー
，
s
9
9
h
e
r
3/ b
e
F
dece
ぶ~'ffdedfeffdfriecc
-
t
i
{
i
[
―
―
―
―
i
-
―
i
-
i
-
i
-
。
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0 0 1
0
。IJ
o
o
o
o
o
o
‘
0
0
1
0
0
0/,i立russp. 5/,l
。
。ー
ー0
0
C O
1
1
0
0
1
〇)<le Dae,
ふ辺gr四 th
i Sl-fll
. ,.
Ni恥TJaやvata凶戸VSStal
乞旱B M B
... . .. Total
Delphacidae
sぅgate且aJ辺芦f'eI'CHorvaこh~ ~ .. .
ご'¥B 賛 B Total -
()
（江xii<l蕊e 塵 auoplidae
Others
APPENDIX曰
Pe
J
r9し
",i(
rヽヤ
1
6
1
0
2
『
d)
1 ¥l
t『
i
2
0
39879·~
Cl ー
6
6
!
，
~ん了
'0
i. ヽu
り iL
゜ i!l
;)
F &l
年i
C 辛1
District 汀o.
1)
Dde in 1976
Nilクロ四l!atal,、,ge尺G S』1
3 牟
B X Total l・l
Delphacidae
ぷogat幻'l2fu匹ら心匹,Horvこth
ら年．B H B
Totsl
Others Cixiidae Meenoplidae
Ce<1tral Java,
Indonesia
iCJ-n
iC4-n
iC6-訂
0278
ー
なー
8
9
5
1
1
2
e
.
.
b
b
b
eeq}
F
F
F
0 0 0
3
5
3
ー
1
ー
0 0 0
13
262
21
9
2
8
3
0
0
0
21 ー 1
2
8
6
sp. "l
胴 si2sp. &l
APPENDIX I
iEl・・n Feb. 24 岱
tsouopaI
翌：ら3.m喝
a
iE4-n
iEll-n Feb. 23
25
。19 7
5
4
3
。
(Cont'd) 21
。 ー11
゜10
。 ゜12
S. pusa叫
Distant Sl, ~2
さu. s切okata~1Matsumura et Ishihara
40 63
。101 51
。 。59 Nisia spp.,!3, S/-l
Bali iB3-n Feb, 21
。 。 ゜iL2-n
iL3-n
H,4-n
Mar. 2 0
0
翫r•
4
2
0
0
0
。
0
2
4
(＄）
oiiccds
m員4-wA
" B
mWS-wA
" B
mW6-w
Jan. 29 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Gen? sp. B & 1, .',l
ml<l-w
,nK2-w
1nK3-w
mK4-w
mK5-w
mK6-w
mK7-w
mK8-w
巡 9-w
1nKlO-wA
mKlO-wB
mKll-w
Feb. 5
"
"
Feb. ん
"
Feb. l
"
Feb.
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0 0 0
翌．裟匹[m}i3
悶｝i
:Upttdt四ぢeo8
SJ:IJ8d-q'1p Q>(
qJ.
0認四ussp. 平1
oz位叩ssp • .$4, ~l
S. terryi Muir i! 1
Nisc此asp . .¥11
Nisia sp. ~1
District Code
Nu. 1)
Nila四匹atalugens Still
含年
M 3)
B M
B1
塁図羹
3OO息
HeUFt[d
[BlSEO)
s,ped
'qep3〗①ヂL
mK12-w
mK13-w
mK14-, パ
rrJ<l5-w
叫 16--w
Date in 1976
Feb. 3
,eb.
B
Total
0 0 0 0
0
Delphacidae
SogatcUa f汝Pcife四 Horvath
＄年
H B M B
Total
0
0
0
0
0
Others Cixiidae
汎伝かussp. ~2
Meenoplidae
iS3-w Feb. 13
。S. pusa加
Distant .11 Nisia sp. ~2
APPENDIX I (Cont'd) e
tsa口opui:
Bi¥Bf OS?,'¥
iSS-・w
iS7-w
iS8-w
Feb. 14
Feb. 17
Feb. 16
0
0
0
0 0 0
Central .lava
iCS-w Feb. 25
。Gen? sp. D~1
(
3
7
)
t3
ご忍uop{iI
；ら吋iTm83
iEl-w
iE3-w
Feb. 24
Feb. 19
且芍-w
iE6一切
iE7-切
Fe.b. 24
Febぃ
。。
L
J
1
0
0
llisia sp. 3'2
野 0喜docepた尋a if 1 加辺mipen冗isSignoret
ー。
豆 10→}
・1 " iBl-w • ., 0 . .;
•·• •d " 田已①ご日ご
iBl-w
Feb. 21
Feb. 23 。
0
0
0
1
0
1
9
0
1
0
。Feb, 21 0
0
fiisia sp.-" 1
Har.
iLJ-w
~ー，
1f‘
i.Ll+-w
iL6-匂
H、7→i
3
ら
3
f
』r
t
a
a
9
i
E
l』
r
00f'-
Gen ? sp. E & 1
Gen ? sp. E o'l
'『ahle1, Hg. l and texl p. つ
Table 1.
macrnpterous and br琴 hvpterous, 以噂匹ctively. Other than and no brachypterous was collected.
A『:FE乳了lIX ご^［
c)1 ,'.、,i'lee ➔
, . と、'uいい塁；之/ 'c ,. ・L i〕さ し； p :・; C ., C 3
··•· ---··•· --- -や.. - 心..』.....へ... .., 心-心 ，. . ーヽ... .
じt.ix
ー
r:1
1ぃ4
\,~
!:ti
『へ t: 、＇ ム',
APPENDIX II (Cont'd)
(2) Numbers of catches
Habitat 33
d
F
e
r1 ,a
District
Code
no.1)
y
The Kecd'lh-Periis Co.esta.l West
West Java Indonesia
9均m 名し知,,'I l C
d t- 弓w co 01 ,,; ・ri ...
J19T"自
J1ぃ四万
*｝＇
T.[さ
im
j15Di臼
J1勾
3官
,IIt[召U
コJroT〗巳
aJ1 0,l!UI
VJ1(｝T
醤
J1的首
J
ーを苔
』
I
↑消
色J,9弓と
巧'9皆ハ
J,g2臼
』
1
笠首
J15当i
J12当に
J1,[]やU
JIむ官
m』I
丑官
VJI芝官
aJIEI官
VJI幻心a
J,CJPE"
Date in
1976
Jan 29 29 29 29 29
Feb ,-, L 4 l l 1 l 3
っ3O¥i
合
年
合
早
＾
〇
早
念
早
a.~
; 2
r,-閃
N2
N3
Nh
3
、9
9
,
,tl?-
0"と
9"ー
-16 0 り：L 2
1 l'.l'.,
2 8 2 ") ? .l[} り 1
ーr.i
0
1
，ーj
f
,｝
9,“3,ょ1}
ゥ
‘-a42‘"1
、/[
t'／
↓
aJ{，‘-
;， Jt
4, ー
0?i('irj
゜ーt
)0ノ
971
ー"，2
乙3C,r
?j1-
0
5
r,｛
1i^31Jjo
ll1~1
知和
l 12
了］0 l
3 1 〈J C』
l 0
7,"＇,0
Ex
----------------------------------··-------··-----··-·-—.. —··------·•··· ······-··----····•·· ・.; 三ベー··-•···•··-··-』····::··Rl 哀 CJ
.: ！
i
-
｛
一
――
-
i
i
-
―― -
i
i
3
-～ -― i-f-―― -i
t
i
―― ―― ―
-――
}
-
―― ――
――
i
-
――
-
i
i
-
―-――
―― ――
―― ――
―-
}
-
-― ―― ――
―― ――
―― -｛ ―― ―― ―-―-
―一｛翠喜-'
――
?
-
C
-
a
R
-
s
-
M
――
f
-
-
｝
C;:
Bl
-----~ こ---------------------···'•'----•--·-·-··--·--がー一....―..... , .............. _____心、...........—...................』---ふ..べ・--合
恥早
喜----·;·-----------;~----;~---------·--·-·•--、..............__________心-----------心.............ヘ..........、.....................
• 1
r、〉
Ee 合Ot
Bt
合
牟
-- ;!; ra 拿
- - -----·······-·--一-·--·····--··-―-----··•---·---—···----·--··-·-—ー・•—•-·-·一・,;-・ ・一I― (J -··-一·---—-合 1
匹辛゜ J' り 1~
合翫平
----・・-・・-----------------------・・・・・・-・--・-・・・・・・ 々----·--クで—....ぐ..一々.-----・-・・・・・-・・・-・・ ―----・--・ ●●● ーぐ-・・・----・ ー..ヽ--. ベ・・・・・・・・・・・・・----・
Te
-------・ ―-・・-------------------・---・--、一 1-・・・ —-----·-il'
i
l
令
'
‘
と
J
gvai
,i
1、,9
`
rよ
？
j
E令:ferto Table l, Fi芦々 1
Cくぷr麟p~ndin;c: ~o ℃ he し~b正ヽ．
(:19
戸i
凸
"n 日DIX T4
丁｛ (Cont'd)
且己心itat >"
d
！
~, a
＇ t~{
rr↑
（ ーe
よ］f4
F,i.ce nursery
Di.stri.ct ふwa,
』ruJone(ljaEast Java, Indonesl.a、
和已，1,
Indo-nesia
勺<（日年
I I ,-; (C
C1 "' 占 ・バ
Lan,pun釦Indonesia
Mal包v-'
srn
no.
"'"' +a'" I I "'c-0 0 ·~.,,
a』IOta~[
VJ1 6:,: ‘[
3
了Coat
v.JI9□"
gJ1QaI
J:5戸●
II7』
ぐ』
Im"沿
胃estJava, Indonesia
"'<,: <,: 任乞年; ,, " I I I I
Lへゞ) t-- t--,a "° ← ロ占・ri•ri .,.
u,tH臼
aI5St
tt18筐
gI竺昇
Iャ
ICast
Central ;Java,
Indonesia
ローE3t
uーコ3
弓ー931
］）冠しも
in I心'?{)/,
' " ' ' " "
9ぶ、
6
早
ヘ
亨ざ
卒
合立
Feb 1[;
つJ符
苫斗
『eb
ri
り
9
¢
(し
,fan Feb い J!; 16 2G 18 こ9 25
261:0
111
9113J{fil
l
?』ー5
7
3
1
1
1
5
↓
4
1
1ょ
4
6
28
ー
さ-
--------8·------~ ロ________,,. ...... ・如---------------------------------------------・・---------------・…------―-------------(! ;' l.l C 2 2 0 3 2 l
皐 l,ぅ 2 、; 1 0 (': 今'l S . ii 3 1 J. 1{
食い
--・・;;:・------ヽ--.. ··•·. ----------------------・・--------------------・-----・----------------------------------------------
lヽC・、
合
卒
........ -----------・・・-・・-.... -...... _____________________________ .. __ ... _ .. ______ ........................................ 0 .... 1 ...... . 、9が、,., C
麟 'f 令
り
'1
-・---』-・・・-・--ニ-・--------------- "'""•-10'i
ヽ
＇
ウ
i
]
＂}11
・--―.... ,,,,,_._,, 心、一・;□ ···----~-·---·--へ', ,, 合 l
応・ "''1 O 6 ,,,
Jt; 3 ( )) l 卒 'j l 2 0
一ヽい、～ヽ ,,, -- ' ' -合：1 G O lり 2 /こ C, l O O <J う l 2 2 0 !J ,) 8 I↓ り：lCi
'正? J こ6 El 36 5 エ0 9 5 l 5 こ 2;,2'0 0 3 l l し. 1,2 39 136 20
O ;,3 1 h
1 6 2 17
・-------------・ ・.......,.,_,, ________________と.....-------------------・・--ヤ――-------------・・--.. .--ヽ,た-------------,,, __ --ヽ一----
~＞っJ
](J]
0ウJ
(40)
APPENDIX 工工 (Cont'd)
Habitat Rice nursery w
e
a
District Bali, Indo-nesrn
Code
no.
U15gT
East Java Indonesia
" 口口 1I I 弓
己二ざ ←i 国 "'μ1•rl·rl .,.
I心mpung,Tndoneoi.a
u_q『
It
a,ETt
a,2TT
D巳t.ein
1976
Feb 砂 砂 謬
Feb 21
Mar 2 2 3
A1 OffU
＼
.g区ー巴吝g
WA15]`名[
m?Im官
十し
s
.e
VIfI丑官
pm"
Jan 29 29 29 29 29
1'he Kedah-Perlis Coastal Plain, West Malaysia
区ー
5〗巨
A1名君
A1E眉
区
13〗曰
Iナー[〗s
b[J~ e
F ー只J,
ぞ19
旨
aと1
OU日
VA1 01首
A,6皆
HI塁臼
A1Lfu
1, 4 4 1 1 1
合
牟
喜合
卒
喜Ex が1
--------i: —>---,--[:--------------------------------------------------------------Rl
3 ? l 0 ¥ 038 1 1 2 1~
二□ニロニロニロニロニロニロニロニロニロニ合 l早 〇
~ ~ B2'1-1 l
------------------------------------------------------;:----1-------------------・------------------;!; 3 33 1 年 O 15 14 1 ,,
亨-----;-------------―----------------------------・-――-―-------------------------------------
合2,年2
Nl
N2
i
2
1
62J85
1
3
1
h
h/04"↑
1t
0
2
0
2
h
2
N3
評h
{r-9
ー↓2
7
3
1
0
3
4
l
o
5
1
6
2
-1
.73
l
2
4f,a
5iヰ
8
0
1↑
2
1
0
1T4
8
5
2
1
+
67~~ 6
6
0
2
l
o
69n}l-
2
0
1
Q27
7
h
0
1
1
1
2
1
Cn
Bl
Ac
.”↓ c
e
訂心
含
卒O7{
闘
匹 0
＾ 翠Ya
1 0 l 0 l U
l 1
1
0
っ」
1
ぺ上
0
0
2
ol~
32J
0
2
1
0
2
8
「
9-0
1
nv1
CJ 1
合 1 6 3 早 2 7 l九
＾ 6 10 31 早 3 且
----------・---・------------―-------------・-------・ 心-―--------・一--・ ・ゞ-----------------------・----・-・------
Th 1
3
ゥ↑
21
2
0
6
C乙
rよ
0
1
図r
令l
___ .!.~~----------------
(41)
APPENDIX II /t、
ld)
H乳i.ito.t．， w e e d
Districもふ訊ca,
工ndonをsl包
C入 le
no.
The Ked紅←Pe了しisCo釦,tal『lain,l-/est Ma]9-yda
:, :, ~ ~:, :, I I I I I I
r! :'J ダ'-" ばヽゞ2日；一4 己 rl rl'7
首醤呈眉首醤
区ー8S[
,1
VIi0~
tc~ ，＇
、』9,「
f‘、r
~9し
H
!Jate in
1976
Nl 合早＾oof
＄旦＇含早
r3
bさー
Q〕
gヽ
っヽ1
rr"
5 妙了:, :J 、; 2
l り
3 l
5
上r 3
Jは屡，
ごndo已，
h1C31
A
そ
Im3t
}了ぢ言
ぷー9
日
Bali, ~臼汎（）～
芦乞I I '"',. つ江芦,, .. ,
ー
区，i
．HI
ぷ.. 9
日
5LI51し｝
?I+｛己t
N,15□
1
芦t[rII
Java Indonesia.
......
：王> I ! C
°''" ピi 戸.,., ., →
Mar ? 3 4
ヴi~
0
]
l
月3 ー~
即l
訟 副．心＄しぷ＼釦l
-・--------------・--------------------…--:; 合 こ年.、しi
R>'' 古1
~~::~ ロロ:::::~:ロ—□□ :::: ―～□□ :::: ロニロ::::三::ー□三□□ □ □ □ □□ □□ーニ::□□ □□ 戸予
亨
B'.'·-・～・·-―-一---~合l....● ・・・・-・ ―-・・・・ 一--・-・・・・--・・・・--・・・・・一-------―..一··-·••····----·—-------·--------·---··--!
~L
9
、ィ:~` f
,
こ
rii
゜3 0 :.: l
-------------------------------------------------·-、----—--··· -々----べ・---------・—--------―-々-- ------------、"ふ--------メ 叩 ＄〗，翌印 紅
. '
さ：・. 只 ＇ビ'?月e g_ .
、. ; . ) l <';, 1 こ 3 戸；. ＾ヽ L C 0
~l
合5^~J
r'ふ
C〉
4
''-0'
~ し; ~、~ ~ ~;
--~-二三~・・-------・・--・・---・----・---------・-------------------;;-----・--・・----1
上； り
合1.
••• り·-·-·•-·... ・・-・・・ 今、一・・・・・-・・―.... ―・・・・・ ヽ
r≪
ー＼ ），
6
LJ
(43
cun”
｝
”f97'
,l49
APPENDIX
II
]]
（：
} 2 R
［ ，
i
9
9
9
9
6
”4 Ri乃
9
↑』 り
ゥ
只
fqL
lnJ
）
ふ
i
~l
、‘、/
Oi~9‘i
、
。
じ
（）
)
,
｀
/^
9し
｛
（）
n50c
。
0
0
3
0
0
0
(I
~炉~
9if-139む
t
2
’~{勺
Thore was a hopperi;,,,rne,! Li.cld on the opposit,s
tho
Located
Yellowing叫 I巳四廷霊e to
info station
and H
9
"ノ』？↑
nL 1,
り
[＇
,
0
0
9
i/1i'り
iJ
“ー1t
n
a
d
n
ーi h
A
C
:; 1
2
1
八
3
?
0
り
峨ediumhoppeがいrn
0
0
f
↑
r
;
i
3
2
7
1~~]23
な
l
。り
0 0
0
0
0
"
'
5
0
0
i
~~
oooooo.
9,4/
う
し
う
i
L¥Jstrict Investi-gation
site i)
Date in Variety/ 1976
St. 2)
11 ヽ砂apa四 ataZ U(le ns
Adult female N炉 ph GS
3) 5th-'.! B Total Younger
ins tar
Sogate lla furcifem llepho-tettix
Adult fe1:1ale Nymph spp.
H B Total 5th- Adult
instar female
厖ぷliadorsalis Spider
Adult
Remarks
ぎ后名
4)
iE2-f
J.£3-f
iE5-fA
" B
iE6-fA
" B
iE7-fA
" H
iE8-fA
" B
（；
iE.9-fA
" B
i已10-fA
" H
Feb. 19 Pe
" "
2
9
3
2
4
1
1
9
8
6
8
ム9
9
7
3
1
1
6
1
3
4
2
5
6
2
5
"
e
e
"
b
"
c
"
＂
-
t
}
6
6
2
e
四
e
”
"
"
R
"
＂
P
I
P
I
0
"
"
"
"
”
1
"
2
2
23 Pe
"
-c
" 0!, Local-"
-a
0
0
1
0
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
1
0
1
6
1
0
0
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
0 0 0 1
0
3
0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
1
1
2
5
9
1
0
9
1
0
0
9
0
0 C O
、L
o
o
2
8
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,
3
9
3
4
2
1
4
0
8
6
8
4
9
7
3
1
2
6
2
3
4
2
5
6
?i5
Numerous
0 0 0 0 5
1
6
1
0
0
3
l
o
o
o
1
1
6
0
5
9
5
1
1
ー
。
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 0 -S-
0 0 6
0
9
9
5
1
1
ー
26
24
4
5
13
23
1: } : } Yellowing of leaves due to
1/ilapa四 atainfestation
23
16
13
18 12 } Single rice cropping area
Medium hopperbum
APPENDIX III (Cont'd)
nca
A
B
A
B
A
B
f
f
r
L
l
t
i
1
2
3
B
"
B
"
B
"
4
1
,
1
、
1
Feb. 21 IR26 -c
" " "
" 23
21 Pe
"
q-(/,93
ー
1
1-On’0
0
3
9
3
0
0
?
-
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
L
2
3
0
t'-
8
7
ー 8
7
0
1
0
1
ー 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
1
0
0 0 0
0
33
25
30
17
30
5
A
B
A
l
l
A
B
f
f
f
i
-
―
5
3
6
7
9
,
'
4
,
L
'
］
,
I
'
i
?
.
1
・
1
Mar. 4 Pe -d
C
" 2
2
4
0
0
2
0 0 1
1
～ー 0
2
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0
3
0
0
0
1
i
5
0
D D
0 O C O O 0
1
,
4
0
0
3
o
l
?
i
2
1
竺
m色ii
吋I
3
8
8
5
2
6
1
2
1
1
1
d
しヽ,' a
ー↓
i
J'’~
、j)
，
1?'
Refer to Table .1, Fig. l and text on p.
Refer to Table J..
mean macropterous and brachypterous, respee.tively.
distribution of adult female Nilapa四 ata/.ugens on rice
and values of some indices for aggregation pョttern
lnvesti-District gation
Date in 1976
Variety/
St. 3)
Wing
form 4)
Frequency distribution
The numerator indicates the number [ of insects on a hill (=x), and the ごaご冒；立~:d~~rn悶r i~!e:~;l~=J
Total of
insects (T)
Mean Variance
~~ 6) 位勺
）
ゥ'・っ」
a-
＾X
‘,‘, 8 A
c
; 9)
APPENDIX IV
iSl-fA Febし 13 IR26-c M
0/15 1/5 o. 25 0.197 o. 790 -1 0.040
B
＇ 09 IR20-" M
B
B
+
M
2/3 3/4 4/3 5/1 6/3 7/1 8/2 9/1 IQ/2
0/19 1/1 1
2/3 3/4 4/3 5/l 6/2 7 /2 8/2 9/1 10/2 106
105
0.05
5.30
iS2-fA 11+ Pe M
B
B
+
M
1/2 2/1 3/2 6/1 7 /4 8/2 9/2 10/2 12/2 13/l 14/1
0/5 1/8 2/2 3/3
1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 13/2 l.4/1 15/1
4/1
8/2
6/1
9/3 10/5 11/2
149
31
180
5.25
7. 45
5
0
5
0
．． 1
9
7 .145 1. 361
(
4
5
)
0.050
7 .274
15. 208
2.471
14. 842
1.000
1.312
2. 041**
1. 594
1.649*
0.070
0,071
0.142
5,611
0.404
0.073
0.050
5.672
8.491
2.144
9.649
j¥ IR26 "
芯
Atょr"33H
M-
B
B
+
f~ ヽ＇
1/1 2/2 3/3 1,/1 5/3 6/2 7 /2 9/1 10/1 12/2 14/1 17 /1
0/18 1/1 2/1
1/1 2/2 3/3 4/1 5/2 6/3 7 /2 9/1 10/1 12/1 14/2 17/1
133
3
136
6.65
0.15
6.80
19.292
0.240
20.484
2. 901**
1.597
3. 012**
0.292
8.500
0.303
8.551
0. 747
8. 812
iS4-f 13 Pe M
B
M+B
0/5 1/2 2/6 3/5 4/2
0/7 2/2 3/6 5/1 6/2 7/1 10/1
0/3 2/1 3/5 4/2 5/1 6/3 7 /1 8/2 9/1 13/1
37
56
93
5
0
5
8
8
6
．．．
1
2
4
1.818
7. 958
10. 976
0.983
2.842**
2 ,361**
-0.010
0.693
0.300
1.833
4.642
6.011
iSS-fA 14 B
0/19 1/1 0.05 0。050 1.000 。書050
" B M
B
'•! + B
0/18 1/2
0/19 1/1
0/17 1/3
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.095
0.050
0.134
o. 947
1.000
0.895
-1
-1
0.047
0.050
0.045
iS6-fA 17 Pe
B
M
B
+
M
0/2
Oi3
1/4 9/1
1/5 2/3 3/6
1/5 2/8 3/2
2/2 3/2 4/3 10/1 11/1
4/2
6/1
5/3
6/1 8/1
8/1
6/1 7 /1 8/1
51
41
92
2. 55
2. 05
4.60
3.840
3. 734
9.516
1.506
1.822*
2.069**
0.204
0,419
0.238
3.056
2.872
5. 669
I百vesti-ー・y
t
¥
e"
,
1
`
r
r
a
s
＞
Frequency d註,tdbutiontnsecにさ＇
Variance 、＇~
，
a"X 一
§
‘ヽ
g A
^c
Pc - C i
hf
Il/2 12/2 13/1 lム/125/l 28/1 37 /1 40/l
42.9
、
9§‘ ?
i
?｝
5
ベr
90
3/4
〔太
IR2t' -C
りJ
）． 99
ーL ,9 ーぐー↓
2L45
LL 30
5
7
2 ヽ
i
22
5
5
な
6
令•0
1
261.103
39 .168
296,829
0
5
5
l
o
l
4
`
”
l
o
i
2. 555
173**
3. 466*''
9.064*''
0. 536
2
"/
勺
0. 230
32. 623
13. 766
!+O、Blん
0.5H
1.
o. 050 1.92と
＊
9
T
0
2
7
0
5
4
0
も
••
，
1i,il
9,5)し、t
，~ー！
1
5
5
3
9
9
1,~
上
＊
＊
r
,
0
3
1ioe7
人
b
o
6
u
1ふ
l
l
。.10 D.095
ー5 o. 2な〇
(). 05
。ー。0.20
lloih-
,~59 0
0
0
．．．
0
0
り
o. 274
。.050
o. 674
9
+
0
2
7
5
0
’~•
0',＇
．．．
ra0
9
た、
t,
6
7
人
ーょ
3
3
`
”
0
1
0
APPENDIX IV (Cont
1
0. 6C>6
1.393
り.965
2. じ 99
。.o,,o
o, 947
f/
0,’ rJ
91
LOり0
]~ べ00D
0.9ム7
0.050
0. 05()
0.0ム1
2り800 。）V
、f
亡，）
o. 05 り.050
Invostt-gatlon
site 2)
Date i忘
1976 F詞 quencydistribution
insects (T)
Mean
ぽ）5)
Var-iance
父
~●こ8
A
^c
） ，
*
X
~、...
Feb。 2.4 L切譴l・こ
B
M
-
B
+
M
0/18
0/]3
0/16
1/2
1/2
2
?
J
4
0
0
0
1
1
2
・
ベ
●
0
0
0
0.095
0.095
0.168
0,947
o. 947 Q, 842
1
1
1
t
i
i
0.047
0.047
。倉042
APPENDIX IV
iE6-fA 20 Pe.
B
4
M
0/12
り/15
0/10
4
3
ー，
1~
l
1
2/Z
2/1
2/1 3
ー4
2
1
L
i
1.KII
＂ぺ
3
3
4
8
2
1
2
0
0
0
74,L
．．．
o
o
l
1.063
o. 67!,
2. 200
1.519
1. 684*
2. 000**
o. 831 2.167
1.000
1.219
1.084
2.100
(Cont'd) IR26 -也 M
0/19 lil 0.05 0.050 l. 000 0.050
iE:C-fA Feb. 20 Pe -c M
+ B
2
3
I
I
6
6
2
2
I
I
5
う
3
3
I
I
:
IfIr
6
5
)
I
I
ー
3
3
3
3
1
,
I
2ん
2
3
3
/
3
I
l
l
1
]
1
i
/
i
‘
,
。^N
1
3
4
6
6
[r-50
1
2
l' （ .
，．
"
J
O
3
2. 787
o. 134
J.221
o. 914
0、895
l. 007
-0. 029
-1
0.002
2. 964
0.045
3. 207
3
N
47)
3
S名
3 B
＇ヤ ーー5
l
l
/
f
5
3
4
3
ー~ー2
2
~
6
/
6
/
1
/
I
1
1
g,
9
,
L
Q
I,／ー
f
0
0
0
9
1
0
9ふ
2
o. 95
0.05
1.00
1.524
o. 050
1.681;
1.604*
1.000
1.684*
0.691, 1. 554
o. 747 1.684
ーヽ
5/1 6/1 7/1 9/3 10/4 11/1 ]2/l 13/1 14/ l 15/2 17 /2 18/1 21/1
238 11.90 18.095 l.521 。.044 12. 421
B
)! l
l
II
1
2
^
6
12-
II
7
1
ー
3
546 27. 30 343.905 12. 597** 0.:,35 33. 897
TR26 - M
0/6 1/7 2/3 3/2 l,/1 5/1 t 8
。4
1] 2. 042 1.459 0.31,li l.859
狂笠-[A 21
ou
" ... "
0/'l L/4 2/3 3/3 4/4 S/1 6/1 8/1 54 2. 70 白.537 J..680* 0.260 3. 380
M
0/1 1/4 1/5 3/5 6/1 7 /3 13/1 69 て、―,“. 3
9. 629 2. 791** o. 54 l 5. 241
Pe H 0/14 1/5 2/1 u,) 3
ヽiー、 0.345 0.985 -0.050 o. 335
0/17 1/3 0.15 0.134 0.895 ー］ 0.0今5
JR26 ... ぐ-
TItぶi
B
M
B
ャM
I、)/.5 i/!2 2/2
0/19 l/1
0/1, l/D 2/2 3/1
9
1
0
1
1
2
5
5
0
9 0 0
．．．
0 0 1
0. 576
0.050
o. 526
(), 607''
1、000
o. 526*
、一-0.428
ぃヽ
-0. 1,87
0.557
0.050
o. 526
" ll ~さj 0/17 1/3 3
。ー5 o.B1, 亡
40f
co ヘー
；ヽく、 -1 ～う,7
‘~’ ,；‘
゜23 w
0/12 1/7 2/1 0。45 0. :J66 0、813 -o. 457 0.263
Investi-District gation
site 2)
Date in
1976 Variety/
St. 3)
Wing
form 4)
Frequency distribution 1.nsects
(T)
Mean
（父）5)
Variance 02 6) (cr)
’~~•
7
2
^g-
＾X
）
8 A
^c
‘~•~,
，
*X
Balt iB2-.fB
iL5-f'A
Feb, 23
Mar, h
B
IR26 -c
Pe --Pe
-d
-c
H
B
B
]
M
B
+
M
0/12 1/4 2/3 3/1
0/19 1/1
0/19 1/1
0/18 1/1 3/1
0/17 1/2 3/1
3
-
1
-
1
4
5
ー o. 65
0.05
0.05
0. 20
0.25
0.871 1.340
0.050 1.000 -. 0.050 1.000
0.484 2.421**
0.513 2.053**
0.583
18. 001
7 .143
0.990
0.050
0.050
1. 621
1.303
APPENDIX IV
笠
Im苔e1
iL6-fA M
0/18 1/2 0.10 0.095 0.94 7 -1 0. 047
(Cont'd)
B
M
0/18 1/2 0.10 0.095 o. 947 -1 0.047
iL7-fA
（お）
B
M
B
+
M
0/ 19 1/1
0/17 1/3
0/17 1/2 2/1
1
3
4
5
5
0
0
1
2
••• 0 0 0
0.050
0.134
0.274
1.000
o. 895
1. 368
-1
2. 800
o. 500
0.045
0.568
Counting data. Fields without adult female /1. 似genswere omitted。
Refer to Table 1, Fig。 1and text on p.
Refer to Table 1。
M and B mean macropterous and brachypterous forms, respectively. M + B indicates the whole females. k'hen either M or B was zero, the lines on it and M + B do not exist in the Table.
5) T/20. 2
6) -ニー（恥x2 (1')
n•·" n 信
''and *" indicate that the null hypothesis, --,;--a 1, is rejected at 5% and 1災 levelof significance. ヘ，? X
a ---) (Kur10, 1968).
n
1)
2)
3)
4)
7)
8)
9) X iヽ -l) (Iwao, 1968). X
APPENDIX V
Parasitism of adult female NiZapa匹 ata Zugens collected by sucking
Total No. of insects:
Investi- Wing gation Date in
form 1) no. of Without any With symptoms Percentage
site 1976 insects symptom of of 2) parasitism
collected parasitism parasitism
iSl-fA Feb. 13 M 55 53 DgO and OFS: 1
SD: 1
Total: 2
iS2-fB Feb. 14 M 55 48 DgO and OFS: 1
OFS: 6
B 2 1 DgO,EMS and OFS: 1
M + B 57 49 Total: 8
iS6-fB Feb. 17 M 55 49 Ne.: 6
B 12 5 SD and Ne: 1
Ne: 6
M + B 67 54 Total 13
iE8-fB Feb. 20 M 94 81 DgO and OFS: 6
DgO and ENS: 1
OFS: 2
SD: 4
Total 13
1) Mand B mean macropterous and brachypterous forms, respectively.
2) DgO: degeneration of ovipositor; OFS: the opening of an adult female
strepsipteran; EMS: extrusion of the male puparium in strepsipteran;
SD: sac containing a dryinid larva; and Ne: nematode.
(49)
3. 77
14.04
19.,,0
13 .83
APPENDエXVI
Results o『 collect.ion of spjders by means of sweeping
C
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r
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ゃ
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y
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心口勺Jt直！詞,,n a,,e-advanc臼~ 如 cph 社rは
'[,, し記 ~,C, (uppさr) o,nd mean nc , (上oweで）さ
(50)
APPENDエXVI (Cont'd)
n こ, r e r
じ,cra,;r,nt.tidcie
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t
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d
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sa1ts
uo~四
tt3と0ごい
paeA"[
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APPENDIX VI (Cont'd)
l! u n t
e r
1は
1
T
q
d
E
1
3
t
4
1
s
T
G
S'3'.1-P
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d
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y
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go臼腐
scProuaTabe
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sc1aofixo NY
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y
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A
e●
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cidae
ds t
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y
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ds
d
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芦ac-
y
z
sj
" >, ら o;;..sj <D West 窟図 ~MalayOs <D コ
・rl " sia '"
26 2
0.08 1
0.04 1
0.04 2 3
0.08 0.12 2
o.88
PrlatJ
West Java
Central Java
East Java
3
7
1 0.20 0
4
2
4
1
1
．．
0
0
0
9
7
h
9
2
1 •• 3
1
1
0.14 7
4
5
゜
3
0
6
1
3
3
6
6
8
••• 0
0
0
否3Pdd
Bali
Lam-pung
2
4
1 0.25
1 0.25
ら4as,Ina
West Java
Central Java
East Java
h
3
3
7
2
6
゜
0
0
7
2
5
2
0
1
6
.
1
.
1
.
0
4
3
1
0.33
1 3 0.33 1.00
aotに
Bnli ー
L皿-
pung 3
2
0.67 1
0.33
" 'O ,,
:s
West Malay-sfo.
West Java
Central 江ava
East Java.
Bali
Lam-pung
22 3 2 0.14 0.09
1 0.05
h 5
li2 ゜rt-
4
5
3
1
3
7
h
．
．
0
0
7
2
6 7
1
1
゜
4
0
3
1
1
1
5
2
3
••• 0
0
0 。
6bo
ー
0
7
1
5
l
l
．．
0
0
。1
5
。
9
0
7
2
2
8
0
4
6
.
5
.•
0
9
0
つJ
5
4
3
ー上2
1
-
1
1
2
3
．
．
．
o
o
c
9
0
9
0
7
2
0
2
5
2
2
J
2
0
1
1
．
．
．
．
．
0
0
0
1
0
C 52)
APPENDIX VI (Cont'd)
H
u n t e r
Clubionidae
1.8
や
J
q" H
d
．Jゃsゃ
a.saogA
芯o;;,,:uod菜
図10,:qnr;:;
y
z
ゃ
oTJ1sTG
S8や
,s
gotゃe3はS8AU}
JO'O!,J d
A
.doo
Enrgu"3"NTq3
y
z
BS芯
・saoa
y
euateuorqnr3
z
Ad
dds
d
A
euoFqnT3
y
z
Hetero-podldae
怠
d
A
蕊podoza芯H
y
z
Fam. 7
芦cis
5
口ao
Ny Ad
もロら
>, "',.. "'(1) West 窟図 r.!Malay— p.. (l)" •rl 口 sia...
26 21
0.81 24
0.92 1
0.04 1
0.04
P1"1=J
West Java
Central Java
East Java
ゎpp序I
Bali
Lam-pung
3
7
2
4
1 0.20
1 0.20
u,
1
2
。
10 2.00
11 1.57
1 1 0.20 0.20
3 O.'T5
AJosいnu
aotu
West Java
Central Java
East Java
Bali
Lam-pung
4
3
3
3
1
3
゜ー
3
s p " " 11
West Malay-sia
West Java
Central 1 Java
East Java
22 5
1
0
゜4
3
1
。4
Bali
Lam-pung
7
2
6
(53)
且.7-fA LT.7-fE Total
Swをepfag
Dat磁
Ad e'"
ざ牟
,¥ d Ny
夕早 Total
Sweepi.ng
Ad Ny -— ＄早 Total
Sucking
迅, Ad 3 早 Total
APPENDIX VII
O.P, Cambri.clgを
゜0
0
onJ
2 0
0 l O 1
。2 4
応 文h
3)
DoleschalJ
1
ふ。0
0
6
-
0
0
0
喜虞叶五四互；加t加asp. l 0
5
4
)
Tetrag・ 量
冗
汀＇.. sp.
sp。 B
spp . .. L.81位 叩,gesp.
（均1区切炉hiasp.
。rL34
人
2 ー
0
0
09i134
ん~2
ー
0
1
0
2
0 C 0
ーc40 0 0 3
0
1
らヽ
0
0
0
n"O Snarer
紅 ithhabit hunting
Pisauridne
5 4 40
8
2
0 0
0
0
0"2
L90
6
2
ー8
0
加む，,mcde.esp.
。 。Lycos這暉
Jloes.etStr. へL!4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hnnt釘
匹,omisidae
。 。ー
Gen 7 s匹？
Ch1b ionidae Cl況biし9戎29心~
Snltid<lae
。 ー。 。
1 1
。。 。
T o t a 1 4
19 10 6 16 3 0 18 7 7 14 27 l 6
37 17 13 30
1) Ad mean age-advanced nyn,ph and adult, respectl.vely.
Laビ（pcmg
，＇
ご
1ota1
号．（苔開r)
,s,;d mean
F已誓ご0rou9
e
e
！
’し
Eas・t
9, Java
匁
est
吝にay.,
m1g`
一宍iest
J'arn
こ
oi↓trai
West
9jav、]
centtg
>
,Java
Eagt
JaTa
O, ！＼｝ .. ,
s
22
イ
rp滋ー
pur,g
l,)
Rice
,,,
m訟 ser:r
w vJ
0
亡〉←」
'"
,_,
(
5
5
)
02藝辺言〇藍巴
~9,
ピ忍巳
4:cf rn, 蕊cts
u, ぷ；'
〗巾ctecL 、：ぅ i-'
、、s1
ぐこ
e、、)し心
i甚c
l
r ，
゜
゜ャ'vJf・ ・」
,.. ;、~0
ク・・.,.- (こ） 9ぷ代9戸
（つ'-"
r、)
ぃ''")))
氏)ド’
、＂
、C f'0
゜
LB~1,~ pung
ぷ
Padd:r
,_,
一-~'"
Ba]'i
'"
field
West
Java
oentt.g1
Java.
日
ast
Java
.. ..,
゜八，心
ゞ
こ
臼,-,,-
ぷヽ
゜lヽン戸
゜
ぐ） ,_,'つ v;. . . . .--, ,0 nゞC心、,.凶,n o 叫
ぐ`＇
i¥) ,-
゜,~ ぐ3
しd
o, I') -
0 0 八3. .。、n CJ ,-」 CJ)-,)
C l心
Paddy field and nursery
宝ffi"'乏ト,, 戸<])il',, en '<; rl-，
H a b i t a t
訊
＼ゞ''°'凶 I--'
CO C0 ・,_,.,② I-" ,o
D
卜J ぃr0
:つ
戸 e心｝ヽ
o.oh
Distric"'.;
恥. of investigation sites
Coccinella transversal.is Fabricius
Harmonia octomacula ta Fabricius
Micraspis discolor
Fabricius
Micraspis afflicta Mulsant
Mieras pis lineata Thunberg
Scy11111us /Neopullus) sp. A
Scymr,us
(Neopullus) sp. B
Scymnus /Pullus) sp.
Burmoides lfoeatus Weise
゜゜゜
" (D
戸
巳
'" "
APPENDIX く日
H日
r,,
窓芦1tsofoo1犀ction
of adult insect carnivores by means of sweeping
APPENDIX VエII (Cont'd)
+-' c3 ,, rl
~
cJ
出
1
3
I和
1
s
[
C
Sのや
i:s
ao臼や
dば村石色日IJo.o[I
Carabidae Staphylinidae Mirldae
ghX1日丘Ec
Porpar
e災8tqdo
ds
eurnn::,
.ds
（畏苔包0
気四0芝
goTPT肯B[I
st1甘Q
sadrosnJ
snJapapd
uosぶ。
Ii国
snpmue3
sn.wpa "d
吹ls
juao
Jaやnaに
判guadrprAロ
smIT名io1hA3
品ゃS
STSuaurq3
sm{Ba4
<l)
8
p
p
,, 之
a
e
p
t
t
A
n
P
a
に
t
y
s
a
a
eli
w
a
s
M
ら凸悶
5na
puept昇J
A磨塁
26 25 0.96
2 0.08
55 2.12
p[atJ
West Java
Central Java
四astJrrva
注3
窟Qe[
Bali
Lam pung
3
T
?
0
3
0
0
2
4
3
¥
r↓
•••. cこ
0
?
．,
0
1 0.20 0
9
0
u,02215
．
．
．
f,＋
0
0
ta
l
0.20 1
0.20 328
65.60
46 6,57
1い874。00
13 3,25
2 o.4o
10 2.00
K¢IOSr閾臼
対estJava
Central '
史1ava
出iY'-1
h
?，-
3
5
0
7
l-(こ
2
0
2
5
a
「
上
。
・
0
4
0
3
｛上？c
3}
r上
3
。
5
3
0
1
2
1
3
つ10
．
．
．
O
O
r
上
①
ot}]
B:11i [9!｛
5
3
3
3
7
7
5
3
2
3
3
.
0
.
1
.
工
2
8
1
7
6
3
~
ふ,mn-pung つ｝
o
5
0
l
.
Uノ 3
1
3
。
印
む
West 訂ulay・-SlS
West 江ava
Central ；区va
E狂sot,Java
Bali
Lw芍ー
p1mg
22 Lfノ
2L99
l}0 。
2
0.09
1,
。CJ5 。
ー
7'
つl
0.50
6
ゥー
rよ
r~i。
(56)
APPENDIX IX
Tentative Reports Presented during the Time of Tour
Tan Sri Mohamad bin Jamil
Director, MARDI, Selangor, Malaysia
Dr. A. Otake/Dr. N. Hokyo
Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Yatabe, Ibaraki, Japan/ Kyushu Agricultural Experiment Station, Chikugo, Fukuoka, Japan
9th February, 1976
Report皿旱 LeafhopperIncidence
紐竺旱 Malaysia
1. Because of their direct plant-juice sucking and/or of their transmission
of some virus diseases, rice leafhoppers are causing more and more serious
troubles in many Asian countries, So it is highly significant for us to have
an opportunity of studying the incidence of these pest insects in Malaysia
by getting good understanding and kind help on the part of Malaysian scientists
and other officials concerned.
2. Our investigations were first conducted in the northern half of Province
Wellesley on the 29th January, and then all over the Kedah-Perlis Coastal Plain
(so-called Muda area) from the 1st to 5th February.
3. Throughout our inspection trip, we found neither hopperburn nor tungro
(penyakit merah) virus infection in the field.
4. Leafhoppers were collected from paddy fields, mostly of double cropping,
under various growth stages of rice plant ranging from maximum tillering to
dough ripening. The numbers of fields sampled were 6 and 19 in Wellesley and
Muda, respectively, and in each of them, 20 double-sweeping was carried out.
The result of the investigation shows that the density of leafhoppers is
generally very low on paddy in this season; the total numbers of collected
adult Nilaparvata Zugens (the brmrn planthopper), 8ogateZZa furcifera (the
white-backed planthopper) and Nephotettix spp. (the green rice leafhopper)
were 2, 13 and 155 in Wellesley, and 7, 4 and 239 in Huda, respectively.
(57)
(Cont'd -APPENDIX IX)
5. Samples were also taken from nearby gramineous weeds. In this case, 15 l)
double-sweeping was done in each of the 4- and 17 samples taken in Wellesley
and Muda, respectively. Through the weed sweeping, neither討． nor S.
was recorded, but Nephotett紐： spp. were surely inhabiting; the total
numbers of collected Nephoもettixadults were 55 and 160 in Wellesley and Muda,
respectively. It should be noticed that gramineous weeds play an important
role in the matntenance of the population in these areas編
6. As a by-product of the sweeping-net sampling, predators such as spiders,
ladybirds and mirid bugs and some kinds of stink bugs were also collected.
The data on them and the ones on species composition will be
analyzed in our final report after we return to Japan.
7. In conclusion, we can say that at least in this main rice crop season,
there ls no trouble about rice leafhoppers in the northe.rn Wellesley/Nuda
region餐 However, it would be recommended to conduct a continuous and systematical
study on leafhopper field populations in order to provide for the future
possibility of any outbreaks of tungro disease and hopperburn念
Governor nf Propinsi Lampung
Sumatr汽., In<lonesia
Dr. Ak:l.o Otake
Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Japan
and
Dr. Nobuhiko Hokyo
Kyushu Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan
6th March, 1976
L Among rice leafhoppers, widely distributed important species are the
brか・mplanthopper, 万1'.Z雰心冗望：a l加汀a, the white-backed planthopper, 塁 gateEa
(58)
(Cont'd -APPENDIX IX)
and the green leafhopper, spp. Their damage, sucking
the plant juice and/ or transmitting son,e virus diseases, are ser:ious :in most
of the Asian countries.
2. We, two Japanese entomologists, are interested in this group of pest
insects, and came to Indonesia to study the real state of its occurrence
and damage in this country. We have already finished inspecting some brown
planthopper-infesting and grassy stunt-infected areas in Java and Bali. Now
we have had a chance of studying rice leafhoppers even in Lampung.
3苓 Our4-day investigation in the rice growing area of Lampung Tengah was
conducted as follows:
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Places investigated
Ganjaragung, Metro; and Punrodadi, Trimurdjo.
Hargomuryo, Sekampung; llanarjoyo, Batanghari; and
Ganjaragung, Metro.
Pujokerto, Trimurd肛jo.
Hargomuryo, Sekampung.
At Hargomuryo, Banarjoyo and Pujokerto; we chose some fields with variety
Pelita aと therice-growing stage between maximu,n tillering and booting, and
counted adult few.ale leafhoppers and spiders on 20 hills sampled :in each.
After counting、insome of the fields, insects and spiders were collected by
means of 20 double-swe.eping with a butterfly net. At Ganjaragung, some
nurseries were also swept with the same intensity as .in the paddy fields. At
some places in the area, gramineous weeds 言ereswept (15 doubleか吋sweeping) in
to ma.ke a comparison in leafhopper :Fauna between weed and paddy.
＃憶 Thedensity of the brmm planthoppeこ onpaddy crop was generally very
low but WE. must not overlook a few exceptions⇔ At Hargomuryo, there was a
field from which 3 brachypterous l macropterous females were counted on
the total 20 h.Llls sa四pled沿 Thismeans 0.2 adult female h:i.11。 Seemingly
the figure is very small but互ctuallyit cannot be ignored because in this
pest the potential power of muエtipl:i.cationis so high that hopperburn can
finally be led even from a low density
A high nymphal density of brown
chosen at. Puj0kerto is mentioned
sampled, 72 fifth-instar n0'Illphs
59)
as mentioned aboveが
which was
exception. On the total
counted, and also
(Cont'd —紐PEtIDIX IX)
a much larger number of younger nymphs there.
Those evidences indicate that even in Lampung, where the brown plant-
hopper problem has not been serious, the pest partially attains a warning
density level, warning because it suggests the possibility of hopperburn
occurrence afterwards before the booting stage of rice growth. So continuous
and careful monitoring would be necessary for detecting any change in the
incidence of brown planthoppers on paddy.
5. In some fields, the number of white-backed planthoppers collected by
sweeping was larger than that of brown planthoppers. Nevertheless, the
white-backed planthopper seems not to be dangerous in this area. Green
leafhoppers were not very abundant in either of the paddy field, nursery or
weed plot.
6. In many of the paddy fields investigated, spiders were fairly abundant.
They are recognized as an effective check of the leafhopper population. So
precaution should be taken of an excessive application of insecticides which
may significantly decrease the number of those effective natural enemies.
7. We want to express our deepest appreciation to His Excellency Sutiyoso,
Governor of Propinsi Lampung, kindly permitting us to study the rice leafhoppers
in Lampung. We also want to thank Mr. Nusyirwan Zen, Director of Dinas
Pertanian Propinsi Lampung, and his staff, particularly Mr. Soehendi, Deputy
Director, Mr. Senggono, Mr. H. Sugito and Mr. Sarimin, Lampung Tani Makmur
Proyek, and Mr. Yusfian Yusuf, Subject Matter Specialist on Plant Protection,
for giving us precious information and suggestions about the leafhopper
incidence in Propinsi Lampung.
(60)
Dr. Akio Otake
Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Japan
and
Dr. Nobuhiko Hokyo
Kyushu Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan
7th March, 1976
(Cont'd -APPENDIX IX)
Professor Ir. A. M. Satari
Director, CRIA, Bogor, Indonesia
Report皿声 LeafhopperIncidence
紐 Indonesia
細 ongrice leafhoppers, widely distributed important species are the
brown planthopper, Nilapa匹 atalugens, the white-backed planthopper, SogateUa
fuPcifePa, and the green leafhoppers, Nephotettix spp. In Indonesia, the
damage caused by凡 lugenshas been particularly serious. So it is highly
significant for us to have the opportunity of studying rice leafhopper problem
in the very country.
1.
2. We made field inspections in the double rice cropping areas of Java and
Bali from the 11th to the end of February. The central rice growing area in
Lampung, Sumatra, was also inspected from the 2nd to 5th March. The numbers
of paddy fields, nurseries and gramineous weed plots thus inspected are as
follows:
West Java
Central Java
East
Java Bali Lampung Total
Paddy field
Nursery
Weed plot
4
4
4
ー 0
3
1
ー 5
3
7
ー 6
1
2
6
3
4
51
14
18
Most of the above-mentioned paddy fields were inspected during the rice
growing stages between maximum tillering and booting. On 20 hills sampled in
each of the fields, female hoppers and spiders were counted and the number
of hills with distinct symptoms of the grassy stunt disease was also recorded.
Collections of insects and spiders were obtained by means of butterfly-net
sweeping from some of the paddy fields and all of the nurseries and weed
plots mentioned above.
3 ． In Java and Bali, there were fairly distinct differences in rice varietal
composition among the r:i.ce growing areas we visited.
into the following 3 categories for the convenience of discussion:
So the areas are classified
Area A: Overwhelming growing of IR 26.
brown planthoppers burst previously令
This would be an area where
(61)
(Cont'd -APPENDIX IX)
Area B:
Area C:
The growing of Pelita is more or less conspicuous.
Overwhelming growing of local varieties.
Concerning N. しugらns, data obtained from the fields at the stage between maximum
tillering and booting are arranged as follows:
Area Variety No. of
fields
No. of恥 Zugensadult females on 20 hills per field
Macroptr. Brachyptr. Total
No. of hills with distinct S)'Tilptoms of
g.s. per field
A
B
C
IR 26
IR 26 Felita
Local
85386
ー
'.:3. 63
33.60 46.39
1.83
0.25
0.60 21.00
0.50
23.88
34.20 67.39
2.33
0.50
1.20 l+囀 00
。傘00
Felita.
[✓-,:
Examining the above table, we can point out some interesting tendencies
in the present situation of見 lugensproblem. First, IR 26 is quite effective
to keep翫 lapa:rvatapopulation below its destructive density level at the
moment (although it is a question whether exclusive growing of a single rice
variety over a wide area is a wise step as a control measure against
because in thls pest the selection of a strain destructive to a given resistant
rice variety is not so difficult at least under experimental conditions),
Secondly, in Area C with local varieties, the population density is very low
as compared to Areas A and B. The practice of simultaneous rice cropping in
Area C would be one of the main causes of the present small釘
population because through the practice, some interruption in rice growing would
take place every year and this must make NiZaparvata, a monophagous pest,
difficult to maintain a large population all the year round. Third, difference
in the proportion of macrcpterous females to the whole ones is remarkable
between IR 26 and Pelita. On IR 26, the proportion was much higher than on
Perhaps this means that the former is less suitable as a host of
than the latter. Anyway, the vigorous production of macropterous
adults on IR 26 seems to be important from the vie匹 ointof grassy stunt disease
dissemination because the macropterous form has a strong tendency of dispersion
and is therefore considered to play the leading part as a dissemi.nator of the
disease. As easi.ly estimated from the table, grassy stunt rate is much lower
in IR 26 than in Felitaら Perhapsthis is a reflection of the difference i.n
尉、7羹 ;a匹 atadensity betぃeenthe 2 varieties. However, it should be not.iced
that the ev:idence of a 1ow grassy stunt rate in IR 26 is a matter quite different
active dlssemination of the disease by mac1:,1pterous
26.
from the possibility
adults origi.nated from
\'~ うタ勺^f
¥
(Cont Id -APPENDIX IX)
4. At a certain place in East Java, we found many N. lugens macropterous
adults on l'elita which was much younger than the maximum tillering stage
(on some hills, the number of macropterous females exceeded 60). It is believed
that the paddy had been at a stage attractive to migrating macropterous adults
just when they had come upon the place.
5. In each of 2 of the 11 nurseries chosen in Java and Bali, more than 100
adult見 were collected by sweeping, We can say, therefore, that
sometimes the planthoppers concentrate to a nursery and probably this heightens
the rate of infection of rice seedlings with grassy stunt at the very nursery.
6. In Lampung, the density of ll. Zugens was generally very low. However,
it should be noticed that even in that area, there existed a few paddy fields
in which the pest had attained a density level significantly higher than the
average. This evidence seems to suggest that rice cultivation there, too,
is never immune from the brown planthopper infestation.
7. In order to establish an efficient monitoring or forecasting systerr
agaュnst印"'" , it would be necessary, first of all, to analyze step by
step the complicated situation of the pest in this country景 Therewould exist
such important basic subjects to be solved as local migration and population
establishment of the pest, transmission and dissemination of the grassy stunt
aisease by the pest, etc.
8. In some of the paddy fields and nurseries inspected, S. was
higher in density than凡 や Nevertheless, the former is regarded much
less important than the latter.
9. In some of the nurseries, were abundant. Particularly, when
a nursery surrounded by fields after harvesting was .investigated, a vast number
of were collected. It is positive that the nursery bed is important
as a habitat£or the insect after the rice crop is harvested in a double
cropping area急 Acomparison in species composition between paddy
and weed will be made after the taxonomical identification is finished concerning
our collection魯
10. Generally speaking, the fauna of natural enemies around the rice leaf-
hoppers was poorer in West Java t.haぃ inthe other provinces studiecl. At some
places, spiders were fairly abundanじ onpaddy。 Pてecautionshould be taken
of an excessi.ve application of insecticides which may seriously decrease the
(63)
(Cont'd -APPENDIX IX)
number of these effective natural enemies.
11. We should like to make special mention of how successfully our research
work in Indonesia has been accomplished by receiving full cooperation and kind
assistance from you and your staff including Dr. I. N. Oka and Mr. Dandi Soekarna.
The final report of our research trip will be published after we return to
Japan. We hope the materials therein would be helpful for your scientists in
intensifying their study on the rice leafhopper problem.
(64)
