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Amity School of Business
BBA, Semester 1
Computer in Management
Ms Bhawana Gupta
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Introduction to Computers
Many people believe that knowing how to use a computer, is
one of the basic skills needed to succeed in the workplace. In
order to use the computer it is necessary to understand how the
computer works
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What is ComputerThe computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs
operations on that data , presents the results, and stores the data or
results as needed. and give you desired result.
It perform four primary operations are:
1. INPUTentering data into the computer
2. PROCESSINGperforming operations on the data
3. OUTPUTpresenting the results
4. STORAGEsaving data, or output for future use.
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Data Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an
object. Data can be processed to create useful information.Data is a valuable asset for an organization.
Data can be used by the managers to perform effective andsuccessful operations of management. It provides a view of
past activities related to the rise and fall of an organization. Italso enables the user to make better decision for future. Data isvery useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.
ExampleStudents fill an admission form when they get admission incollege. The form consists of raw facts about the students.These raw facts are student's name, father name, address etc.The purpose of collecting this data is to maintain the records of
the students during their study period in the college.
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Information The manipulated and processed form of data is called
information. It is more meaningful than data. It is used for
making decisions. Data is used as input for processing and
information is used as output of this processing.
Example
Data collected from census is used to generate different type of
information. The government can use it to determine theliteracy rate in the country. Government can use the
information in important decision to improve literacy rate.
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Characteristics of a Computer Now-a-days computer is playing a main role in everyday life it
has become the need of people just like television, telephone orother electronic devices at home. It solves the human problemsvery quickly as well as accurately. The important characteristicsof a computer are described below:
The characteristics of a computer are:
1. Speed
2. Spontaneous (Automatic)
3. Storage4. No Feelings
5. Consistency
6. Communications
7. Diligence
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Generations of Computers
The term generation indicates the type of technology used in thecomputer construction. As new technology was emerging, it was
being used in the making of computer. The new technologyimproved the speed, accuracy and storage capacity of the
computers. Different technologies have been used for computersin different times.
Therefore, computers can be divided into five generationsdepending upon the technologies used. These are:
First Generation (1942 - 1955)
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Fourth Generation (Since 1975)
Fifth Generation (Since 1980)
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Advantage of Computer Research
On-line game
Information Storage Watch video and listen the music
To send mail messages
To chat with people
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Disadvantage of Computer Un-Employment
Cyber-crime
Computer can perform only what is it programmed to do.
Computer need well defined instructions to perform anyoperation
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Application of Computer1. Education2. Entertainment
3. Science
4. Publishing
5. Agriculture
6. Government
7. Home
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Computer SoftwareA set of instructions given to the computer in machine code that tells
the computer what to do and how to perform the given task of the
user is known as computer software. The software is developed in
computer programming languages. You can not feel, touch or see
software inside the computer memory.
The Computer software is classified into two main categories:
1.Application software.2.System software.
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Computer HardwareThe physical parts of a computer are known as computer hardware
You can touch, see and feel the hardware. The hardware consists of
electronic circuits and mechanical equipment etc. used to perform
various functions in the computer.
The hardware components are:
1.Input devices2.Output devices
3.Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4.Memory unit
5.Storage devices
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Input and Input DevicesInput is any data or instructions entered into the computer in the form
of signals. The input into the computer can be entered:
Through keyboard (by typing characters).
By selecting commands (icons) on the screen and then clicking withmouse.
By pressing finger on a touch screen.
By speaking into a microphone.
By scanning data printed on paper through scanner etc. Therefore, the devices that are used to enter data and instructions or
commands into the computer are called input devices or units. Theinput devices are the eyes and ears of computers. In old computersthe punched card readers, paper tape readers were used as input
devices.
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Input Devices
Now-a-days, the commonly used input devices are:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner Microphone
Digital Camera
Optical Bar Code Reader
Optical mark recognition (OMR)
Touch Screen Joystick
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
It must be noted that floppy drives, hard disks and CD drives are
used for both input and output devices.
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Output and Output DevicesThe processed input data into a useful form is called output when input
data is processed, computer generates several types of output,
depending upon the hardware and software used and the requirements
of the user. The user use output on a screen, prints it on the printer or
hear it through speakers or head sets.
Therefore, output is normally classifieds as:
Softcopy Output : The output received on the display screen or inthe audio or video form is called softcopy output. This kind of output
is not tangible and can not the touched. The most popular andcommonly used softcopy output device is display screen
Hardcopy Output : The output printed on the paper is calledhardcopy. The printers and plotters devices are used for this purpose.
Sound Output : The output received into the form of sound is called
sound output. The speakers are most commonly used to receive thesound output.
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Output Devices An output device is a hardware component used to get output fromthe computer. A number of output devices are available. The
commonly used output devices include display device (Monitor),
printer, speaker and headset, fax machine etc.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Monitors
Plotters
Speaker
Printers
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MemoryMemory refers to chip-based storage. When the term memory
is used alone , it refers to chipbased storage used by the
computer-usually the amount of the computers main memory
(called RAM), which is located inside the system unit. In
contrast, storage refers to the amount of long-term storage
available to a PC- usually in the form of the PCs hard drive or
removal storage media such as CDs, DVDs, and USB flash
drives.
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
When the computer is powered on, certain operating system files load
into RAM from the storage device such as a hard disk. Then operating
system remains in RAM as long as the computer has continuous power.
holds its data as long as the computer is switched on
All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched offDescribed as being volatile
It is direct access as it can be both written to or read from in any
order
There are two types of main memory, Random Access Memory
(RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)
Types of Main Memory
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
The RAM is further divided into:
1. DRAM 2.SRAM
DRAM : DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.DRAM is the most common type of RAM used to store data &instructions. In order to maintain data in DRAM chip, the chip isrefreshed frequently (hundreds of time a second), otherwise datamay be lost. During the refreshing process the CPU has to wait toread & write data in DRAM. It is because DRAM decreases the
processing speed of the computer.
SRAM SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is faster than
DRAM because it does not have to be refreshed frequently and theCPU has not to wait to read & write data. SRAM chips howeverare more expensive than DRAM chips. Special applications such
as cache use SRAM chips.
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ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM contains
instructions that are permanently stored by the manufacturers
when they manufacture the chips.
In fact recording data and instructions permanently into this kind
of memory is called "burning in the data". The instructions stored
in ROM can only be read but cannot be modified. This is the
reason why it is called Read Only Memory.
ROM is a semiconductor chip programmed at the time of its
manufacture and is not re-programmable by the user. Theprograms stored in ROM are called firmware.
It is a non-volatile memory. The contents of ROM are not lost
when the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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The ROM contains the Basic Input / Output System (BIOS) which is a
set of instructions that are automatically activated when the computer
is turned on. It means that computer uses the instructions of ROM at
the time of booting for the following purposes.
To check different units of computer system.
To load the operating system into computer memory etc.
Data can be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also direct
access
The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
Many other devices also contain ROM chips. For example aprinter has a ROM chip that contains data or information forfonts. You can say that each electronic device has ROM chipthat contains information about that device.
The ROM is further divided into:
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. PROM is a
blank ROM chip on which the user can write his own programinstructions and data but only once. However once the program ordata is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. The
programmer uses micro-code instructions to write information in aPROM chip. Once the programmer writes the micro-code on thePROM chip, it functions like a normal ROM chip.
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY EPROM
Once ROM or PROM is programmed, its contents cannot be
changed. However there is another type of memory chip called
EPROM that overcomes this problem.
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
It is another important form of read only memory. Like PROM, it
is initially blank and the user or manufacture can writes his own
program or data by using special devices. Unlike PROM the data
written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special purpose
devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM
chip can be changed and new data can also be added on this form of
ROM. When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be read.
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Types of READ ONLY MEMORY
EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory. This kind of ROM can be re-written by using
electrical devices and so data stored on this ROM chip can be
easily modified.
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Cache memory Data and program instructions are moved from RAM to CPU's
registers during data processing. It is most time consuming method
and CPU has to waste a lot of time to access data from memory.
Cache memory is similar to RAM but it is extremely fast than
RAM. It is normally used between RAM and CPU. Cache speeds
up processing speed of computer because CPU stores frequently
used instructions and data in it. When the program is running and
the CPU needs a specific data or program instructions, the CPUfirst checks it in cache memory. If the data is not there, the CPU
reads the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy
of the same data or instruction in cache memory. The next time the
CPU uses it if required again and saves the time needed to load itfrom RAM.
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Types of Computers Computers can also be divided into three categories
depending upon their instruction and form of input data that
they accept and process. These are:
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
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Analog Computers
The word "Analog" means continuously varying in quantity. The
analog computers accept input data in continuous form and output
is obtained in the form of graphs.
It means that these computers accept input and give output in theform of analog signals. The output is measured on a scale. The
voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are
examples of analog data. These values continuously increase and
decrease.
The analog computers are used to measure the continuous values.
The thermometer is an example of analog device because it
measures continuously the length of a mercury column.
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Digital Computers The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system,
which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consistsof binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high) electrical
pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuousform rather than in continuous form.
In digital computers, quantities are counted rather than measured. Adigital computer operates by counting numbers or digits and givesoutput in digital form. A digital computer represents the data indigital signals 0 and 1 and then processes it using arithmetic and
logical operations. Examples of digital devices are calculators,personal computers, digital watches, digital thermometers etc.Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are digitalcomputers.Or A computer that performs calculations and logical operationswith quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number
system.
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Hybrid Computers
The hybrid computers have best features of both analog and
digital computers. These computers contain both the digital
and analog components. In hybrid computers, the users can
process both the continuous (analog) and discrete (digital)data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast
and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. In hospitals,
these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU
(Intensive Care Unit). These are also used in spaceships,missiles etc.
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On the Basis of Processing Speed
and Storage CapacityComputers are classified according to their data processing speed,
amount of data that they can hold and price. Generally, a computer
with high processing speed and large internal storage is called a bigcomputer. Due to rapidly improving technology, we are always
confused among the categories of computers.
Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers are
classified into following four main groups.
Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Mini computer
Microcomputer
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Super ComputerSupercomputer is the most powerful and fastest, and also very
expensive. It was developed in 1980s. It is used to process large
amount of data and to solve the complicated scientific problems. It
can perform more than one trillions calculations per second. It has
large number of processors connected parallel. So parallel processingis done in this computer. In a single supercomputer thousands of users
can be connected at the same time and the supercomputer handles the
work of each user separately. Supercomputer are mainly used for:
Weather forecasting.
Nuclear energy research.
Aircraft design.
Online banking.
To control industrial units.
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Super Computer
The supercomputers are used in large organizations, researchlaboratories, aerospace centers, large industrial units etc.
Nuclear scientists use supercomputers to create and analyzemodels of nuclear fission and fusions, predicting the actions
and reactions of millions of atoms as they interact. Theexamples of supercomputers are CRAY-1, CRAY-2, ControlData CYBER 205 and ETA A-10 etc.
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Mainframe ComputersMainframe computers are also large-scale computers but
supercomputers are larger than mainframe. These are also very
expensive. The mainframe computer specially requires a very large
clean room with air-conditioner. This makes it very expensive to buy
and operate. It can support a large number of various equipments. It
also has multiple processors. Large mainframe systems can handle the
input and output requirements of several thousand of users. For
example, IBM, S/390 mainframe can support 50,000 users
simultaneously. There are basically two types of terminals usedwith mainframe systems. These are:
1. Drum Terminal
2. Intelligent Terminal
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Mainframe Computersi) Dumb Terminal
Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and storage devices.This type of terminal uses the CPU and storage devices ofmainframe system. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of monitorand a keyboard (or mouse).
ii) Intelligent TerminalIntelligent terminal has its own processor and can perform some
processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not haveits own storage.
The mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World
Wide Web. The mainframe computers are used in large organizations
such as Banks, Airlines and Universities etc. where many people
(users) need frequent access to the same data, which is usually
organized into one or more huge databases. IBM is the major
manufacturer of mainframe computers.
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MinicomputersThese are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also havelower cost than mainframe. These computers are known as
minicomputers because of their small size as compared to other
computers at that time. The capabilities of a minicomputer are
between mainframe and personal computer. These computers are alsoknown as midrange computers
The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other
government departments. Although some minicomputers are designed
for a single user but most are designed to handle multiple terminals.Minicomputers are commonly used as servers in network environment
and hundreds of personal computers can be connected to the network
with a minicomputer acting as server like mainframes, minicomputers
are used as web servers. Single user minicomputers are used for
sophisticated design tasks.
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Microcomputer
The microcomputers are also known as personal computers or
simply PCs. Microprocessor is used in this type of computer.
These are very small in size and cost.
The IBMs first microcomputer was designed in 1981 and was
named as IBM-PC. After this many computer hardware
companies copied the design of IBM-PC. The term PC-compatible
refers any personal computer based on the original IBM personalcomputer design.