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Learning Outcomes
• Define the term balanced diet.• Explain how consumption of an
unbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition, with reference to obesity.
Starter Question
• Nutrition come from the food we eat.• What advantages are gained from
eating well?– E.g. better health
• Stronger immune system• Ill less often• Learn more effectively• Make you stronger• Make you more productive.
Next question
• List the seven components of a balanced diet– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Fats– Vitamins– Minerals– Water – fibre
The macronutrients
Nutrient Elements
present
Use in body
Good food sources
Carbohydrate
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Source of energy
Rice, potato, bread
Fats and oils
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Source of energyInsulation
Butter, milk, cheese, egg yolk
Protein Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Growth and tissue repair
Meat, fish, eggs, soya, milk
Requirements of a balanced diet
• Sufficient energy for our needs• Essential amino acids• Essential fatty acids• Micronutrients – vitamins and
minerals• Water• fibre
Guidelines (17 year old girl)
Nutrient Mass/g per day
Carbohydrates 250
Fats 80
Proteins 60
Minerals 9.2
Fibre 12
Vitamins Traces
water variable
Looking at the guidelines
• Are these the same for everyone?• What factors will influence the
energy requirements of different people?
Energy intake
• It is recommended that energy intake come from– 57% carbohydrates– 30% fats– 13% protein
• In an active person the amounts of each of these will increase
Malnutrition
• Malnutrition is caused by eating an unbalanced diet– This could mean eating much more than
is needed or much less
Eating too little
• A person who does not eat enough– Lacks energy– Shows signs of protein energy
malnutrition– Can have deficiencies that impair health
• Vitamin D – rickets• Vitamin C – scurvy
Eating too much
• Obesity is defined as when excessive fat deposition impairs health.
• Body mass index > 30– This is an indication that body weight is
20% or more above that recommended for your height.
– BMI = mass in kg/(height in m)2
Body Mass Index
BMI Category<18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Acceptable
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30 – 34.9 Obese (class 1)
35 – 39.9 Obese (class 2)
>40 Morbidly/severely obese (class 3)
Prevalence of obesity
• Increasing in affluent countries– People eat more than they need– Take less exercise
• In the UK– 25% men obese– 20% women obese
Learning Outcomes
• Discuss the possible links between diet and coronary heart disease (CHD).
• Discuss the possible effects of a high blood cholesterol level on the heart and circulatory system, with reference to high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL).
Coronary Heart Disease
• CHD is a degenerative condition• It involves the build-up of fatty tissue
in the walls of the arteries that supply the heart muscle.
CHD
• As a result of the build up– Arteries become narrow– Flow of blood decreases– Supply of nutrients and oxygen to heart
muscle is restricted– The muscle does not release enough
energy– The heart becomes weak
CHD
• Heart attack / myocardial infarction– A blood clot in the coronary artery cuts off the
blood supply to an area of heart muscle.
• Cardiac arrest– Severe heart attack / heart stops
• Angina– Pain when exercising
• Thrombosis– Development of a blood clot
Lipoproteins
• Lipoproteins – Made in the liver– Move cholesterol around the
bloodstream
• As cholesterol is water soluble, it is coated with phospholipids and proteins so that they can travel in blood plasma
Structure of a lipoprotein
• Phospholipids and protein coat
• Centre– Cholesterol– Triglycerides– Other lipids
Two types of lipoprotein
• There are two types of lipoprotein– Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
• Transports cholesterol to the tissues
– High-density lipoproteins (HDL)• Remove cholesterol from tissues and return
it to the liver
• HDLs have less lipid than LDL
Cholesterol and CHD
• If there is a tear in the endothelial lining of coronary arteries– LDLs enter the inner layer of the arteries– The cholesterol and fat that they carry
are oxidised and build up– This forms an atheromatous plaque– This enlarges the wall, giving the
arteries a rough lining
HDLs – “good” fat
• Appear to protect against CHD by removing cholesterol from the tissues, including the tissues in the walls of blood vessels.
It’s all about proportions
• Health professionals are now less concerned about the quantity of cholesterol in the body
• The focus is now on the proportions of HDLs and LDLs– The more HDLs - the less chance of
heart disease
Fats in diet
• Diets rich in saturated fats tend to increase the cholesterol concentration of the blood due to a high LDL concentration
• Polyunsaturated fats in foods, e.g. fish oils help protect against heart disease and lower the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
Diet and CHD
• Antioxidants e.g. vitamin C and E– Protective and reduce the risk of
developing CHD– Fresh fruit and vegetables are rich
sources
Question time!!
• A study followed 639 people with a family history of CHD over a period of 14 years. Some has an LDL:HDL ratio of more that 8, while some had an LDL:HDL ratio of less than 8. The graph shows the probability of survival of a person in each of these groups over the 14 years of study.
The questions
• Explain why the survival probability is 100% at 0 years
• Suggest why the graph is drawn so that it goes down in steps rather than in a smooth line.
• Describe the conclusions that can be drawn from these data.
The answers
• This means that everyone was alive at the start of the study
• Data collected once a year– Researchers did not know what happened in between– If one or more people died in a year the graph goes
down by a step
• Clear difference between results for people with high LDL:HDL ratio and the lower LDL:HDL ratio– The lower ratio had the greater probability of survival
Learning Outcomes
• Explain that humans depend on plants for food as they are the basis of all food chains.
• Outline how selective breeding is used to produce crop plants with high yields, disease resistance and pest resistance.
• Outline how selective breeding is used to produce domestic animals with high productivity.
Food Chains
• Food chains represent feeding relationships between living organisms
• Plants are the basis of all food chains– Autotroph
• Use an external energy source and simple inorganic molecules to make complex organic molecules
• Photosynthesis
Food Chains
• All other organisms in the food chains are consumers– Heterotroph– Take in complex organic molecules as a
source of energy
• Your diet depends on plants
Food Production
• We can increase food production by making food chains more efficient
• Plants– Improve growth rate of crops– Increase yield– Reduce losses due to pests and diseases
• Animals– Increase rate of growth– Increase productivity– Increase resistance to disease
Selective Breeding
• Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of certain traits– Humans apply the selection pressure for
the change in the population
• Stages– Isolation – Artificial selection– inbreeding
Selective Breeding in Plants
• Examples– Tomatoes
• Bred with improved disease resistance
– Apples• Varieties with improved texture and flavour
– Better quality • Nutritional value• flavour
Selective breeding in Animals
• Increase in the yield of meat, milk and eggs
• Faster growing breeds– Farmed salmon
• reduce time to market
• Production of lean (low fat) meat• Egg laying chickens can lay up to 300
eggs per year
Learning Outcome
• Describe how the use of fertilisers and pesticides with plants and the use of antibiotics with animals can increase food production
Fertilisers
• Replace the minerals in the soil that are removed when crops are harvested.
• Help to increase growth rate and the overall size of the crops
Fertilisers
• Artificial fertilisers contain– Nitrogen (ammonia or nitrate ions)
• Make amino acids
– Magnesium ions• Make chlorophyll
– Potassium ions• Enzyme co-factors• For Guard cells to open stomata
– Phosphate ions• Make DNA, RNA and coenzymes
Pesticides
• Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill pest species– Herbicide– Fungicide– Insecticide
• Organic farmers use methods of crop rotation and biological control to control the number of pests
Antibiotics
• Antibiotics can be used to:– Reduce the spread of disease among
intensively farmed animals– Add to animal feed to reduce the
activity of gut bacteria (banned in EU)
Learning Outcomes
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using microorganisms to make food for human consumption.
• Outline the methods that can be used to prevent food spoilage by microorganisms.
Micro-organisms in food production
• Micro-organisms are used in food technology, where they act as production agents– Turning ingredients into food– Modifying food ingredients
• Bacteria– Cheese– Yoghurt
• Fungi– Cheese– Single celled protein / mycoprotein
• Yeast– Brewing – Winemaking– Bread making
Micro-organisms in food production
Advantages of using micro-organisms
• Low fat foods – free from saturated fat and cholesterol
• No ethical issues• Quick growth, high yields, fast
production
Disadvantages of using micro-organisms
• Infection• Contamination of fermenters by
competitors• Fungi, yeast and bacteria all use
plant substrates• Purification• Palatability – taste and texture
Micro-organisms and Food Spoilage
• Food spoilage begins as soon as an item is picked, slaughtered or manufactured.
• Food poisoning is the presence of microbes or their toxins that cause illness or death
Micro-organisms and food spoilage
• Visible growth (e.g. bread mould)• External digestion process• Clostridium botulinum produces
botulin (toxin) - 1μg is enough to kill• Can cause infection e.g. Salmonella
present in poultry• Aspergillus – produces carcinogenic
toxins
Preventing food spoilage
• In order to grow micro-organisms need:– Organic material– Water– Suitable temperature– Oxygen– Suitable pH
• Food preservation removes one or several of these conditions.