Technical Fabrics HandbookHexForce™

ReinforcementsWoven Fabrics

Unidirectional Fabrics Non-Woven Fabrics

Glass Carbon Aramid Hybrids

REINFORCEMENTS FOR

COMPOSITESMANUFACTURING, SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE

Seguin, Texas1913 N. King St.

Seguin, TX 78155United States

Telephone: (830) 379-1580Fax: (830) 379-9544

Customer Service Toll Free(866) 601-5430

(830) 401-8180 Technical Service for Composite Reinforcement Fabrics

MANUFACTURINGFor European sales offi ce numbers and a full address list,

please go to:http://www.hexcel.com/contact/salesoffi ces

Les Avenieres, FranceZ.I. Les Nappes

38630 Les AvenieresFrance

www.hexcel.com

2INDUSTRIAL DISCLAIMER

For Industrial Use Only - In determining whether the material is suitable for a particular application, such factors as overall product design and the processing and environmental conditions to which it will be subjected should be considered by the User. The following is made in lieu of all warranties, expressed or implied: Seller’s only obligations shall be to replace such quantity of this product which has proven to not substantially comply with the data presented in this bulletin. In the event of the discovery of a nonconforming product, Seller shall not be liable for any commercial loss or damage, direct or consequential arising out of the use of or the inability to use the product. Before using, User shall determine the suitability of the product for their intended use and User assumes all risks and liability whatsoever in connection therein. Statements relating to possible use of our product are not guarantees that such use is free of patent infringement or that they are approved for such use by any government agency. The foregoing may not be changed except by an agreement signed by an offi cer of Seller.

Kevlar® is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours.S-2 Glass® is a registered trademark of AGY Holding CorporationTwaron® is a registered trademark of Teijin Twaron USA, Inc.

3

Company ........................................................................... 4Parameters for Woven Fabric Selection ............................ 5The Process - Converting Yarn to Fabric ........................... 8CARBON FIBER FABRICS .............................................. 11 Physical Properties of Selected PAN Carbon Fibers ... 14 Aerospace Carbon Fabric Construction Data ............. 15 Commercial Carbon Fabric Construction Data ........... 17 Heatset Uni Construction Data .................................... 18 Tweltex Carbon Fabric Construction Data .................. 20FIBER GLASS FABRICS ….............................................. 21 Physical Properties of Fiber Glass ............................... 22 Industrial Applications for Fiber Glass Fabric .............. 24 Fiber Glass Yarn Nomenclature ................................... 26 Glass Composition (Table I) ......................................... 27 Basic Glass Yarn Strands (Table II) .............................. 28 Ultra High Performance Glass Products ...................... 29 Fiber Glass Fabric Finishes ......................................... 31 Others Finishes and Special Processes ...................... 34FIBER GLASS FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA .…........ 35 Fiber Glass Fabrics ...................................................... 36 Fiber Glass Fabric Weight Index .................................. 45 Fiber Glass Fabric Thickness Index ............................ 48ARAMID FABRICS ........................................................... 51 Physical Properties of Aramid Fabrics ......................... 52 Applications of Aramid Fabrics ................................... 53 Aramid Fibers Nomenclature ....................................... 54 Aramid Fabric Finishes ................................................ 55ARAMID FABRIC CONSTRUCTION DATA ..................... 57 Aramid Fabrics Styles ................................................. 58SPECIALTY AND HYBRID COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENTS .................................................... 61 Specialty and Hybrid Reinforcement Materials ........... 62 Hybrid Composite Fabrics ........................................... 64 Lightning Strike Fabrics ............................................... 65 Specialty Fabrics ......................................................... 66TECHNICAL REFERENCE .............................................. 67SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................ 71SELECTED CONVERSIONS AND FORMULAS .............. 74

4COMPANY PROFILE

Hexcel Corporation is a leading advanced composites company. It develops, manufactures and markets lightweight, high-performance structural materials, including carbon fibers, reinforcements, prepregs, honeycomb, matrix systems, adhesives and composite structures, used in commercial aerospace, space and defense and industrial applications such as wind turbines.

As the most vertically integrated supplier in the industry, Hexcel is better able to control the cost, quality and delivery of its products. Vertical integration also means that we can offer enhanced design flexibility and support to our customers worldwide.

Hexcel’s research and technology function supports our businesses worldwide with a highly developed expertise in materials science, textiles, process engineering, and polymer chemistry.

Hexcel manufactures a wide range of reinforcements for the manufacture of structural composites used in aerospace, military, transportation and industrial applications. Reinforcements in the form of fabrics or non-wovens are made using a variety of high performance fibers, including glass, carbon, aramids, and specialty reinforcements.

5PARAMETERS FOR WOVEN

FABRIC SELECTION

In selecting a woven fabric for industrial applications, a number of design parameters may be considered. These are broken down into four basic variables: yarn weight, thread count, weave pattern and fabric fi nish. The wide range of fi ber glass yarn weights, as well as the yarn counts available in Kevlar® and Twaron®, provides the base for fabric design. Yarn weight, combined with thread count [the number of warp ends (lengthwise) and fi lling picks (widthwise) per inch] determines the strength, weight and thickness of the fabric.

Basic weaving concepts are utilized in the manufacture of fi ber glass and high performance fabrics. The technology, however, is advanced to incorporate specialized precision equipment to meet the exacting demands of modern industry. Almost any weave can be woven; however, for industrial purposes there are six basic patterns as described below.

PlainThe plain weave consists of yarns interlaced in an alternating fashion one over and one under every other yarn. The plain weave p r o v i d e s g o o d f a b r i c stability but is generally the least pliable.

6 BasketThe basket weave is similar to the plain weave except that two or more warp yarns and two or more fi lling yarns are alternately interlaced over and under each other. The basket weave is more pliable, fl atter and stronger than the plain weave, but is not as stable.

LenoThe leno weave is used where relatively low numbers of yarns are involved. The leno weave locks the yarns in place by crossing two or more warp threads over each other and interlacing with one or more fi lling threads.

The four harness satin weave is more pliable than the plain weave and is easier to conform to curved surfaces typical in reinforced plastics. In this weave pattern there is a three-by-one interfacing where a filling yarn floats over three warp yarns and under one.

Four Harness Satin (Crowfoot)

7Eight Harness SatinThe eight harness satin is similar to the four harness satin except that one fi lling yarn fl oats over seven warp yarns and under one. This is a very pliable weave and is used for forming over curved surfaces.

Twill WeaveThe twill weave is more pliable than the plain weave and has better drapability whi le maintaining more fabric stability than a four or eight harness satin weave. The weave pattern is characterized by a diagonal rib created by one warp yarn floating over at least two fi lling yarns.

8

1. WarpingThe first step in the warping stage is beaming, where purchased yarn is transferred from the bobbin creel to section beams. Most input yarn is in singles form; however, some yarn is twisted and plied together to yield unique properties. The section beams constitute the machine direction or thread sheet segment of yarn in the loom. Several section beams are produced and consolidated into a group called a set, which provides the input for the slashing process.

2. SlashingThe slashing process combines the warp ends of the set’s multiple section beams into a single beam for weaving called a warp or loom beam. Sizing is applied to the threadsheet filaments and to avoid abrasion of individual strands.

3. EnteringThe final stage of preparation is entering, where the warp is set up for installation in the loom. A warp can contain over 4,500 individual ends, depending on the design of the style. Each warp end is drawn through a drop wire, heddles and a reed, either by hand or by machine. These parts work together to mechanically arrange and control the warp yarn spreadsheet during the weaving process on the loom.

THE PROCESSCONVERTING YARN TO FABRIC

94. WeavingAfter the warp beam is installed in the loom, then either rapier technology for heavy fabrics, or air jet technology for lighter fabrics is used to interlace the filling yarns at 90 degree angles to the warp ends on the loom. The fabric, called greige or loom state, is then wound onto a roll or steel drums called mandrels, and the weaving process is complete.

5. Heat CleaningThe next stage is batch oven cleaning, where the mandrels are placed on racks, loaded into large ovens, and exposed to high temperatures until all organic binders are removed and a pure clean glass fabric is produced. Organic, polymer-based fabrics are not exposed to this process (fabrics of Kevlar®/Twaron® fibers).

6. FinishingIn the finishing stage a coupling agent (finish) or chemical treatment is applied to the fabric, and the finished glass is ready for use. The finish serves to provide optimum adhesion between the fiber surface and the matrix resin, to provide fabric stability and protection (weave set), or to provide chemical protection and resistance.

10

11

CARBON FIBERFABRICS

12

Hexcel manufactures the most complete line of carbon fabrics and specialty reinforcements for the composite industry and offers a thorough line of globally certified aerospace products.

Carbon fiber reinforcements, when properly engineered into the right matrix, can achieve one of the strongest and most rigid composite structures available with significant weight savings when compared to metals and other materials.

In addition to the high strength-to-weight ratio, carbon fiber reinforcements are thermally and electrically conductive, have very low CTE and excellent fatigue resistance.

Hexcel Corporation can provide users with a wide variety of commercially available fabrics and specialty reinforcements with different ranges of tensile strength, modulus, and thermal/electrical conductivities.

Our fabric product line includes traditional 0/90 fabrics, +/-45 degree fabrics, flat-tow 12K fabrics (Twelvtex), heat-set uni directional fabrics, multi-layered stitch bonded fabrics, lightning strike (LS) fabrics, double-weave fabrics, and hybrid (multiple fibers) fabrics woven with standard modulus or IM fibers. Many of these fabrics are qualified to major aerospace programs with listings on specifications, such as BMS9-8, BMS9-17, 5PTMCT01, LMACT01, etc. and are available with our enhanced surface treatments such as “ZB.”

In many end products it is desirable to have a lower crimp fabric to reduce resin-rich areas. Hexcel’s “ZB” finishing process for carbon fabrics will gives a more uniform spread where the filaments in each tow are spread out

CARBON FABRICS

13

creating a thinner and more closed fabric that can give you better mechanicals and less porosity in a composite. “ZB” can also be used to lower the mass in a composite where lighter weight is the key characteristic.

Our Specialty Reinforcements product line includes a number of different technologies that produce an endless variety of carbon-reinforced designs for preform products and composite needs. (See “Specialty Reinforcements Materials” in this section.)

Hexcel’s staff, with expertise in the areas of textile development, finishing technology, resin chemistry, composite technology, and applications engineering, is readily available to investigate development requirements for engineered fabrics, coated fabrics, and specialty composite-reinforced structures.

Often a process is limited by the use of “off-the-shelf” textile reinforcements. Hexcel offers the development consultation services required to best tailor the textile component to the final product. Throughout Hexcel’s history our product development staff has worked closely with our customers to create innovative solutions to unique requirements. For technical questions, dial (830) 401-8180.

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21

FIBER GLASSFABRICS

22

PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOF FIBER GLASS

The versatility of glass as a fiber makes it a unique industrial textile material. Fiber glass in fabric form offers an excellent combination of properties from high strength to fire resistance. Wide ranges of yarn sizes and weave patterns provide unlimited design potential, allowing the end user to choose the best combination of material performance, economics and product flexibility.

Dimensional StabilityFiber glass is a dimensionally stable engineering material. Fiber glass does not stretch or shrink after exposure to extremely high or low temperature. The maximum elongation for “E” glass at break is 4.8 percent with a 100 percent elastic recovery when stressed close to its point of rupture.

Moisture ResistanceGlass fibers do not absorb moisture, and do not change physically or chemically when exposed to water.

High StrengthThe high strength-to-weight ratio of fiber glass makes it a superior material in applications where high strength and minimum weight are required. In textile form, this strength can be unidirectional or bidirectional, allowing flexibility in design and cost.

Fire ResistanceFiber glass is an inorganic material and will not burn or support combustion. It retains approximately 25 percent of its initial strength at 1,000ºF.

23

Chemical ResistanceMost chemicals have little or no effect on glass fiber. The inorganic glass textile fibers will not mildew, rot or deteriorate. Glass fibers are affected by hydrofluoric, hot phosphoric acids and strong alkaline substances.

Electrical PropertiesFiber glass is an excellent material for electrical insulation. The combination of properties, such as low moisture absorption, high strength, heat resistance and low dielectric constant, makes fiber glass fabrics ideal as a reinforcement for printed circuit boards and insulating varnishes.

Thermal ConductivityA low coefficient of thermal expansion combined with high thermal conductivity properties make glass fabrics a dimensionally stable material that rapidly dissipates heat as compared to asbestos and organic fibers.

24

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONSFOR FIBER GLASS FABRIC

Fiber glass fabrics are used in a wide range of industrial applications. High strength, dimensional stability, design flexibility and excellent electrical properties are some of the characteristics that ensure optimum performance and economy with this highly engineered material.

Reinforced Plastics Fiber glass fabrics used as reinforcement for plastics have replaced traditional materials, such as wood, steel, and aluminum, in a vast array of products. The inherent strength, light weight, dimensional stability and low tooling costs derived from fiber glass reinforced plastics help make many products more durable, attractive and maintenance free.

Electrical Fiber glass fabrics offer outstanding performance to the electrical industry. High strength, dimensional stability, temperature resistance and excellent electrical properties provide the basis for use as the prime reinforcement in high pressure laminates for printed circuit boards. Fiber glass fabrics coated with chemistry, such as epoxy, silicone, rubber, Teflon® and neoprene, as well as reinforcing mica products, provide the long-term durability and reliability needed in insulating high-voltage generators, transformers, switches and cables.

25

Coated and Laminated Fabrics High strength, dimensional stability, fire resistance and low cost are some of the advantages of using fiber glass fabrics to reinforce foils, plastic film and coatings. Protective covers, vapor barriers, window shades, movie screens, packaging tapes, awnings, protective clothing, gaskets, wall covering and conveyor belts are just some of the products that are improved through the use of fiber glass fabrics.

Thermal Insulation Strength retention at high temperatures, corrosion and fire resistance, and ease of handling make fiber glass fabrics an important material for thermal insulation. Both the U.S. Navy and commercial shipyards use fiber glass fabrics almost exclusively as pipe lagging and for thermal pad covers.

Construction From pipe wrap to wallboard seaming tape, fiber glass fabrics can be found throughout the construction industry. Fiber glass scrim is used to reinforce paper and film for insulation facings and to provide dimensional stability to asphalt used on roofing, roadways and bridge decks. Fabric structures, such as tennis courts, sports centers and football stadiums, use coated fiber glass fabrics as an economical way to encapsulate space.

26

FIBER GLASS YARNNOMENCLATURE

The wide variety of fiber glass yarns produced requires a special system of nomenclature for identification. This nomenclature consists of two parts—one alphabetical and one numerical. In addition, although the final result is the same, there are differences between the customary U.S. Systems and the TEX/Metric System.

U.S. SystemExample: ECG 150-1/2

A. First Letter - “E” characterizes the glass composition (see Table I).

B. Second Letter - “C” indicates the yarn is composed of continuous filaments. “S” indicates staple filament. “T” indicates texturized continuous filaments.

C. Third Letter - Denotes the individual filament diameter: BC, D, DE, E, G, H, K (see Table II).

D. First Number - Represents 1/100 the normal bare glass yardage in one pound of the basic yarn strand. In the above example, multiply 150 by 100 which results in 15,000 yards in one pound (see Table II).

E. Second Number - Represents the number of basic strands in the yarn. The first digit represents the original number of twisted strands. The second digit separated by the diagonal represents the number of strands plied (or twisted) together. To find the total number of strands used in a yarn, multiply the first digit by the second digit (a zero is always multiplied as 1).

27

Composition E Glass S-2 Glass®

Silicon Dioxide 52-56% 64-66

Calcium Oxide 16-25%

Aluminum Oxide 12-16% 24-26%

Boron Oxide 8-13%

Sodium & Potassium Oxide 0-1%

Magnesium Oxide 0-6% 9-11%

TABLE IGlass Composition–By Weight

Fiber glass yarns are available in different formulations. “E” glass (electrical) is the most common all-purpose glass, while “S-2” Glass® (high strength) is used for special applications.

TEX/Metric SystemExample: EC9 33 1X2

A. First Letter - “E” characterizes the glass composition (see Table I).

B. Second Letter - “C” indicates continuous filament. “T” indicates textured continuous filament. “D” indicates staple filament.

C. First Number - Denotes the individual filament diameter (see Table II) expressed in micrometers (microns).

D. Second Number - Represents the non-linear weight of the bare glass strand expressed in TEX. TEX is the mass in grams per 1,000 meters of yarn (see Table II).

E. Third Number - Indicates yarn construction or the basic number of strands in the yarn. The first digit represents the original number of twisted strands and the second digit after the “X” indicates the number of these strands twisted or plied together.

28

U.S. Designation

(inches)

Metric (microns)

U.S. x100= yd/lb

Designated TEX

Number of

Filaments

BC 0.00017 4 150 33 1064

D 0.00023 5 1800 2.75 51

900 5.5 102

450 11 204

225 22 408

DE 0.00025 6 300 16.5 204

150 33 408

100 50 612

75 66 816

50 99 1224

37 134 1632

E 0.00029 7 225 22 204

110 45 408

G 0.00036 9 150 33 204

75 66 408

50 99 612

37 134 816

H 0.00043 10 25 198 816

K 0.00051 13 18 275 816

TABLE IIGlass Composition–By Weight

Filament Diameter Strand Weight

29

ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE GLASS PRODUCTS

The HT fabrics are fashioned after the standard, high volume E-Glass aerospace 7781 and 120 styles. Complimenting these styles in fabric areal weight and weave pattern, 6781HT and 220HT have similar characteristics in fabric hand, flexibility, weight, and thickness, but with the added benefit of superior impact resistance, tensile strength, and bond integrity using S-2 Glass® fiber.

The dry fabric tensile strength for HT fabrics is dramatically higher than typical S-2 Glass® fabrics made with standard starch oil sizing. Starch oil size fabrics require heat cleaning prior to finishing, significantly reducing fiber tensile strength. The HT fabrics have a simple yet effective organic sizing compatible with high temperature Epoxy, BMI, Phenolics, Cynate Esters, Thermoplastics, Polyamide, Polyimide, PEI, PEEK, PAI, LCP and others.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

ksi

Warp Fill

S-2 Glass® 6781 Dry Fabric Tensile Strength Comparison

6781 Finished 6781HT

30

With the superior results of the HT products on 6781 and 220, Hexcel has expanded to direct size applications on E-Glass 7781. This direct size product demonstrates superior tensile strength when compared to typical E-Glass 7781 fabric.

E-Glass 7781 Dry Fabric Tensile Strength Comparison

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

7781 Finished 7781 Direct Size

ksi

Warp Fill

31

FIBER GLASS FABRIC FINISHES

Fiber Glass Fabrics are available with a variety of finishes and treatments.

Greige: Loom state fabric that includes the organic binders and size applied to the yarn prior to weaving.

Carmelized: Partially heat cleaned fabric in which the organic binders and size are only partially volatilized.

Finished: Fully heat cleaned fabric treated with the coupling agent which provides a chemical bond between the fiber glass surface and various matrix resins.

The following finish charts offer recommended Hexcel finishes based on compatibility with resin systems and include special finish processes.

32

HexcelFinish

RecommendedMatrix Resin(s)

PossibleMatrix Resin(s)

PerformanceFeatures

F69 EpoxyPolyester

Silane finish for epoxy composites resins BMS 9-3 Qualified.

F81 EpoxyPolyesterVinyl EsterUrethaneCyanate Ester

BMIPhenolic

Multifunctional silane for use with all major resin systems. Used for surfboard finish.

Z-6040/F46

Epoxy Phenolic Silane finish compatible with epoxy resins.

CS-767 EpoxyPolyimideBTUrethaneVinyl Ester

Cyanate EsterPolyester

Unique multifunctional capability for use with all major resin systems.Excellent wetting characteristics.

CS-724 Epoxy Specially developed finish for structural composites. BMS 9-3 Qualified.

CS-310 Epoxy Silane finish BMS 9-3 Qualified.

CS-550/Volan

PolyesterEpoxyPhenolic

Vinyl Ester Volan/Silane finish for structural polyester/vinyl ester and phenolic resins. Fabric will have a green tint from the Volan. Volan is BMS 9-3 Qualified.

F50 PolyesterEpoxy

Vinyl EsterCyanate EsterPhenolic

Volan/Silane finish. Fabric will have green tint from the Volan. BMS 9-3 Qualified.

Hexcel Fiber Glass Finishes

33

HexcelFinish

RecommendedMatrix Resin(s)

PossibleMatrix Resin(s)

PerformanceFeatures

F3/F16 PolyesterVinyl Ester

EpoxyPhenolic

Volan finish compatible with structural epoxy, polyester/vinyl ester and phenolic resins. Fabric will have green tint from the Volan. F3 is BMS 9-3 Qualified.

F43 Polyester Vinyl Ester Silane finish compatible with polyester and vinyl ester resin systems.

F72 Polyester Silane finish.

A1100/F40

PhenolicAcrylic

UrethaneEpoxy

Silane Finish recommended forphenolic resins.

A1100S Phenolic UrethaneEpoxy

A1100 finish with soft hand.

CS-4667 Phenolic Silane finish for phenolic applications.

F48 Silicone Silicone high temperature release finish, applied to fabric style 1B301 only.

Hexcel Fiber Glass Finishes (continued)

34

Other Finishes and Special Processes

HexcelFinishes

PerformanceFeatures

Greige Loom state fabric. No additional fabric finish processing. Used for coating applications.

F12 Heat cleaned fabric for silicone processes.

RWG “Really White Glass”- surfboard fabric with resin compatible binder for polyester.

"HT" Direct size fabric that is very stable in high temperature applications and can be used in a wide variety of resins.

35

Hexcel reserves the right to use equivalent yarns in fiber glass styles. The use of such yarns is designed to maintain the physical properties of the woven cloth. The values listed for weight, thickness, and breaking strengths are typical greige values, unless otherwise noted.

FIBER GLASSFABRIC

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11.9

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Len

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8.23

279

17.8

0.45

425

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7629

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4431

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G 7

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6.27

213

7.0

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Fib

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Fab

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The

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104

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0.92

31

1076

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33

1070

1.05

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1.19

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1080

1.41

48

108

1.43

48

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1.44

49

1609

1.48

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1620

1.58

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1.60

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1.60

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61.

6054

1562

1.82

62

112

2.10

71

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2.10

71

1608

2.22

75

1614

2.33

79

2113

2.34

79

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2.37

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2.40

81

2313

2.40

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4180

2.41

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1611

2.42

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3313

2.43

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1669

2.50

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1636

2.60

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2125

2.60

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2.65

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1628

2.69

91

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2.69

91

3070

2.74

93

1674

2.85

97

1675

2.85

98

220

HT

3.06

104

2116

3.12

106

116

3.16

107

120

3.16

107

1692

3.18

108

1678

3.20

108

220

3.22

109

1520

3.52

119

1694

3.54

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1695

3.59

122

4579

3.59

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7579

3.61

122

2165

3.62

123

4522

3.64

123

1131

3.65

124

1522

3.67

124

1579

3.68

125

1165

3.70

125

4527

3.70

125

1632

3.75

127

1167

3.77

128

1161

3.85

131

1676

4.10

139

477

4.11

139

1652

4.15

141

2157

4.32

146

4700

4.40

149

1064

4.62

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4797

4.63

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4.70

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2166

4.80

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7630

4.83

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4.95

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4.95

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3731

5.21

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1557

5.26

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1526

5.30

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6557

5.40

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5.40

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5.44

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5.50

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5.57

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5.58

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5.60

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5.60

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5.60

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5.63

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5.70

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5.7

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5.80

197

3780

5.93

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6.00

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6.03

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6.09

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6.20

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7629

6.25

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7629

06.

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3

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6.54

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6.84

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6.89

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7637

7.08

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7635

7.09

240

7532

7.25

246

7715

7.30

248

7652

7.50

254

1568

7.97

270

8800

8.23

279

1142

8.37

284

7520

8.37

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403

8.40

285

3743

8.45

287

1311

8.48

288

6543

8.50

288

341

8.64

293

1543

8.69

295

520

8.70

295

6581

8.75

297

1581

8.79

298

7725

8.80

298

7781

8.81

299

6781

8.92

302

7581

8.94

303

6781

HT

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306

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9.33

316

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9.41

319

1507

10.3

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47

3783

16.0

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5

7597

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3788

52.3

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73

Fib

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S

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S

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m2 )

48

477

4.7

0.12

1676

4.8

0.12

1131

5.0

0.13

1161

5.0

0.12

1614

5.0

0.13

1694

5.1

0.12

4522

5.1

0.13

1692

5.2

0.12

7579

5.2

0.13

1522

5.3

0.12

1500

5.3

0.13

1501

5.3

0.14

1695

5.4

0.14

4579

5.4

0.14

1557

5.5

0.14

3731

5.5

0.14

7630

5.5

0.15

1047

5.6

0.14

104

1.1

0.03

993

1.2

0.03

1071

1.2

0.03

1037

1.3

0.03

1067

1.3

0.03

106

1.5

0.04

1076

1.8

0.05

6060

1.9

0.05

1070

2.0

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1297

2.0

0.05

6080

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0.05

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1299

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62.

40.

06

108

2.5

0.06

117

2.6

0.07

1609

2.6

0.07

2113

2.8

0.07

2112

3.0

0.08

2313

3.0

0.08

4180

3.0

0.08

112

3.2

0.08

1620

3.2

0.08

1669

3.2

0.09

3313

3.2

0.08

2114

3.3

0.08

1628

3.4

0.09

3070

3.4

0.09

220

HT

3.4

0.09

120

3.5

0.09

220

3.5

0.09

1608

3.5

0.09

2116

3.5

0.10

2125

3.5

0.09

1125

3.6

0.09

116

3.8

0.10

1610

4.0

0.10

1611

4.0

0.10

1636

4.0

0.09

1658

4.0

0.10

1674

4.0

0.10

4527

4.0

0.10

2165

4.2

0.10

1165

4.2

0.11

1167

4.2

0.11

1659

4.2

0.11

1675

4.3

0.11

1678

4.3

0.11

1520

4.3

0.11

1562

4.5

0.11

1579

4.5

0.11

1652

4.5

0.11

1632

4.7

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4700

4.7

0.12

Fib

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Thi

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49

6580

5.6

0.15

1064

5.7

0.14

6557

5.8

0.15

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2166

6.0

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6.0

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7626

6.0

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6.1

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4985

6.2

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7627

6.2

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7628

6.8

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6.9

0.16

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7.0

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7629

07.

00.

18

1035

7.1

0.18

7533

7.3

0.20

4533

7.4

0.19

4797

7.4

0.19

7715

7.7

0.20

1543

7.8

0.20

7580

7.8

0.20

3780

7.9

0.20

3733

8.0

0.20

3743

8.0

0.20

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8.2

0.21

7652

8.3

0.21

1581

8.5

0.22

7635

8.5

0.22

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8.6

0.22

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8.9

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9.0

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9.1

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9.1

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9.5

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7637

9.6

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HT

9.6

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9.7

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10.0

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10.0

0.25

1142

10.3

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10.4

0.26

3434

10.9

0.28

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11.0

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1576

11.1

0.28

1800

11.1

0.28

7520

11.4

0.29

7500

11.8

0.30

8000

11.9

0.30

1188

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0.30

7562

12.5

0.32

1582

12.7

0.32

2523

13.0

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7645

13.4

0.34

1523

13.6

0.35

162

13.8

0.35

232

14.0

0.36

332

14.0

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333

14.0

0.36

1527

14.3

0.36

3582

14.4

0.37

3734

14.4

0.37

1530

15.0

0.38

1564

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15.5

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15.7

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50

1568

16.5

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17.8

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19.1

0.49

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24.2

0.61

1584

24.6

0.62

1507

25.0

0.64

1884

26.0

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3884

26.0

0.66

2025

26.2

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1938

26.6

0.68

7587

27.2

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1597

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0.96

7597

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48.7

1.24

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mm

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mm

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ils

mm

S

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m

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mm

51ARAMIDFABRICS

52

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FIBERS

Aramids – Kevlar®, Twaron®

High Strength Aramid fibers are 43 percent lighter than fiber glass, with a density of 1.44 g/cc compared to 2.55 g/cc for fiber glass. Aramids are twice as strong as E-Glass, ten times as strong as aluminum and approach the strength of high strength carbon on a specific tensile strength basis.

Dimensional Stability Aramids display excellent dimensional stability with a slightly negative coefficient of thermal expansion (-2.4 X 10-6/˚C).

Chemical Resistance Aramids resist chemicals with the exception of a few strong acids and alkalis.

Thermal Stability Aramids display excellent stability over a wide range of temperatures for prolonged periods. They show essentially no embrittlement or strength loss at temperatures as low as -320˚F (-196˚C). Aramids do not melt or support combustion but will start to carbonize at approximately 800˚F (427˚C).

53

APPLICATIONS OF ARAMID FABRICS

AerospaceHexcel manufactures aramid fabrics for use in aerospace applications. Aramid fabrics are used in aerospace ducting where low weight and strength are important. They are also used for secondary structures and containment cases where impact resistance is key.

Marine, Tooling and Recreational Products Hexcel’s aramid fabrics, exhibiting the properties of high strength and durability, are used in the recreational industry in a variety of applications ranging from boating to skiing. The market for recreational products is a dynamic market driven by strength, durability, clarity and cost. Hexcel’s products are used in the manufacture of kayaks, boats, hydroplanes, canoes and a wide range of other recreational products where strength and low weight are essential.

54

ARAMID FIBERS NOMENCLATURE

Aramid Fibers are typically designated by denier, tex or decitex (dtex). Each is described below.

Denier The denier system is used internationally to measure the size of silk and synthetic filaments and yarns. Denier number indicates the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of filament or filament yarn. For example, if 9,000 meters of yarn weigh 100 grams, it is a 100-denier yarn. The smaller the denier number, the finer the yarn.

Denier = dtex X 0.9

Tex The tex system is also applicable to the measurement of filament yarns. It is based on the weight in grams of one kilometer 3,300 feet of yarn. Decitex (dtex), is defined as ten times tex.

Tex = dtex/10 Dtex = Tex X 10 = denier/0.9

For example, 840 denier yarn may also be designated as 933 dtex.

55

Hexcel Finish Performance Features

CS-800/F100 Scour finish for Aramid fabric.

Greige Loom state fabric. No additional fabric finish processing.

ARAMID FABRIC FINISHES

56

57

ARAMIDFABRIC

CONSTRUCTIONDATA

58

328

328

Pla

in17

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r 49

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SPECIALTYAND HYBRIDCOMPOSITE

REINFORCEMENTS

62

Multi-Axial Broadgoods NCF-NON-CRIMP FABRIC: Multi-axial material constructed in layers without crimp that are stitched together into a single ply stack.

• Rolls up to 100 inches wide • 2-4 Plys (angles 0° and between 45° and 90°) • Ply aerial weight range depends on roving/tow size • Stitch pattern variability

NC2-ADVANCED NON-CRIMP FABRIC: Patented multi-axial material with potential advantages and capabilities: use large tow fibers, lower aerial weight plys (even with large tow fibers), and binder application to individual plys.

• Rolls up to 100 inches wide • 2-4 Plys (angles 0° and between 45° and 90°) • Ply aerial weights down to 100 gsm • Stitch pattern variability

Preforming Materials DFP – DRY FIBER PLACEMENT: Hexcel’s unique technology for creating complex, net-shaped preforms for demanding liquid molding applications. The manufacturing process is automated and produces very exact and repeatable results.

• Allows optimized weight/performance design • Virtually no limitation on fiber orientations • Robust handling characteristics • Ply drops can be incorporated • Yarn to preform process minimizes

qualification steps • Software provides definitive quality control

SPECIALTY AND HYBRID REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

63

DRY UNI-DIRECTIONAL MATERIAL: Dry UD products are suitable for many applications including preform construction. Various processes are used to hold the fibers in place depending on the applications and requirements.

SPECIALTY PREFORMING MATERIALS: Hexcel has expertise and other capabilities for constructing and optimizing preforms:

• Functionalized binders • Pinning • Stitching

In addition to the products above, Hexcel offers de-sized carbon fabrics (FDS) and Lightning Strike carbon fabrics (XLS). Carbon fibers are typically produced with a sizing (binder) on them which aids in processing the fibers later with less broken filaments. In some markets and for some resin systems, it is preferred not to have this chemistry on the carbon fiber surface. Hexcel has a proprietary de-sizing process to remove this chemical from the carbon fiber surface.

Hexcel also has available carbon fabrics with interwoven wires for Lightning Strike applications where both structural integrity and lightning protection are required in a single ply. Standard plain weave designs are available (IWWF) where the wire is woven inside the weave next to an adjacent carbon tow, as well as the more elaborate pattern designs like our patent pending “double weave,” where the woven wire is 92 percent on the surface of the carbon weave.

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71

SPECIFICATIONS

AMS 3824 This specification covers the basic forms of finished glass fabrics used by themselves or as components of other materials.

AMS 3902 This specification covers cloth woven from high-modulus, continuous, multifilament aramid yarn.

AMS-C-9084 This specification replaces MIL-C-9084 and covers the requirement for glass fabrics that have been woven, cleaned and finished for further fabrication into glass fabric base resin laminates and sandwich materials.

ASTM-D-579 Standard specifications for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics. This specification includes the basic forms of greige woven glass fabrics and their testing.

ASTM-D-1668 This specification covers open mesh woven glass fabrics used for membrane waterproofing and built up roofing (Type II).

ASTM-D-4029 Standard specifications for finished woven glass fabrics. This specification includes finished fabrics woven from

glass fiber yarns intended as a reinforced material in laminated plastics for structural use.

72

MIL-C-20079 This specification covers glass and tape used as lagging material over thermal insulation and as a facing material for hull insulation board.

MIL-C-22787 Vinyl coated Glass fabrics. The base cloth is glass fabric.

MIL-I-24244 This specification covers thermal insulation with special corrosion and chloride requirements.

MIL-P-25515 Phenolic Laminates. Glass fabrics used as supports for phenolic resin laminates.

MIL-Y-1140 This specification covers the basic forms of untreated glass yarns and fabrics used by themselves or as components of other materials. The materials are generally used as electrical insulation, mechanical support or as structural members.

MIL-R-7575 Resin, Polyester, Low Pressure Laminates, Fiber Glass Base. Glass fabrics used as supports for polyester resin laminates.

MIL-R-9300 Resin, Epoxy, Low Pressure Laminates, Fiber Glass Base. Glass fabrics used as supports for polyester resin laminates.

SPECIFICATIONS

73

SPECIFICATIONS

MIL-C-44050A This specification covers cloth woven from high-modules, continuous, multifilament yarn.

U.S.C.G. Subpart 164-009Non-combustible material for merchant vessels. Woven glass cloth containing not more than 2.5 percent lubricant is automatically considered non-combustible.

BMS 9-3 This specification covers the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company’s requirements for woven, cleaned, and finished E-Glass fiber glass fabrics. End fabric uses are high performance structural prepreg for aircraft structure and wet lamination of tooling and structural composite repair.

BMS 9-8 This specification establishes requirement for woven and non-woven carbon reinforcements in a Boeing application.

BMS 9-17 This specification establishes requirements for intermediate modulus carbon fibers and fabric in a Boeing application.

74

SELECTED CONVERSIONS AND FORMULAS

Areal Weight

oz/yd2 x 33.9057 = g/m2

g/m2 x 0.0295 = oz/yd2

Mass

oz: ounce, lb: pound

1 oz = 28.35 g • 1 g = 0.035 oz

1 lb = 0.454 kg • 1 kg = 2.205 lb

Force

N: Newton, daN: decaNewton

1 N = 0.102 kgf ≈ 0.1 kgf • 1 daN = kgf ≈ 1kgf

1 kgf = 9.81 N ≈ 10 N or 1 daN

1 lbf = 4.4482 N = 0.4536 kgf

Strength

Pa: Pascal, MPa: megaPascal

1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

1 MPa = 10bars = 0.1 hbar ≈ 10 kgf/cm2 or 0.1 kgf/mm2

1 bar = 0.1 MPa =105 Pa ≈ 1daN/cm ≈ 1 kgf/cm2

1 hbar = 10 MPa = 107 Pa ≈ 1kgf/mm2

100 psi (lbf/in2) = 0.69 MPa • 1 MPa = 145 psi

1 psi (lbf/in2) = 6894.76 Pa ≈ 0.0703kgf/cm2

Length

yd: yard, ft: foot, in: inch

UK mile: 1 mile = 1.609 km • 1 km = 0.62 mile

Nautical Mile: 1 mile = 1.852 km

1 yd = 0.91 m • 1 m =1.09 yd

1 ft (1/3 yd) = 0.3048 m • 1 m = 3.281 ft

1 in (1/12 ft) = 2.54 cm • 1 cm = 0.39 in

75

Surface

1 sq in = 6.45 cm2 · 1 cm2 = 0.15 sq in

1 sq yd = 0.83 m2 · 1m2 = 1.19 sq yd

1 sq ft = 0.093 m2 · 1 m2 = 10.76 sq ft

1 sq mile = 2.59 km2 · 1 km2 = 0.30 sq mile

1 acre = 0.40 ha · 1 ha = 2.47 acre

Volume

1 cu in = 16.39 cm3 · 1 cm3 = 0.06 cu in

1 cu yd = 0.76 m3 · 1 m3 = 1.31 cu yd

1 cu ft = 28.31 dm3 · 1 dm3 = 0.035 cu ft

Density

1 lb/in3 = 27.68 g/cm3 · 1 g/cm3 = 0.036 lb/in3

1 lb/ft3 = 0.016 g/cm3 · 1 g/cm3 = 62 lb/ft3

Capacity

(US) Gallon: 1 gal = 3.781 · 1 l = 0.26 gal

(UK) Gallon: 1 gal = 4.541 · 1 l = 0.21 gal

Consumption

(US) 0 miles/gal = 23.50/100 km · 10 l/100 km = 23.8 miles/gal

(UK) 10 miles/gal = 28.21/100 km · 10 l/100 km = 29.5 miles/gal

Velocity

1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s · 1mph = 1.609 km/h = 0.4470 m/s

Yarn Conversions

Tex = 496,055/(yd/lb)

Dtex = Tex X 10 = Denier/.9

Denier = dtex X .9 = 9 tex

Denier = g/9000m

Tex = dtex/10 = g/1000m

CONVERSIONS

76

Energy and Power

J: Joule, cal: calorie, th: thermal unit, W: watt

Density

1 W = 1 J/s

1 Wh = 3 600 J = 0.860 kcal · 1 kcal = 4 185.5 J = 1,1626 Wh

1 kJ = 0.2389 kcal · 1 cal = 4.185 J = 0.2389 cal

1 th = 1,000 kcan

tep: ton (metric) equivalent fuel oil

tec: tonne (metric) equivalent coal

1 tep = 10,000 th = 11,626 kWh = 11.6 MWh = 1.5 tec 1 100

Nm3 natural gas

Specific Heat

kj/kgK: kilojoule per kilogram Kelvin

Thermal Conductivity

1 W/mK or W/mºC = 0.860 kcal/mhºC

Coefficient of Thermal Loss:

1 W/m3K or W/n3C = 0.8m60 kcal/m3hºC

Temperature

K: Kelvin, ˚C: degree Celsius, ˚F: degree Fahrenheit

TK = ˚C + 273.18˚

˚F = 9/5˚C + 32

CONVERSIONS

US Operations1913 North King StreetSeguin, Texas 78155

Telephone (830) 379-1580

Fax (830) 379-9544

Technical Service(830) 401-8180

Customer Service Toll Free (866) 601-5430

For European sale offi ce numbers and full address list, please go to:

http://www.hexcel.com/contact/salesoffi ces

www.hexcel.com

March 2009