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One of the most enduring clichs about India isthat it is the country of contradictions. Like all
clichs, this one too has a grain of truth in it. Atthe heart of the contradiction stand Indianwomen: for it is true to say that they are amongthe most oppressed in the world, and it is equally
true to say that they are among the mostliberated, the most articulate and perhaps even themost free. Can these two realities besimultaneously true?
Urvashi Butalia
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Background: Facts about India
Place of Women in Indian Society
Indian Women in Modern Times
Education
Employment
Empowerment
Trivia: Famous Faces Indian Women
Introspection
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Largest democracy in the world Land boundaries with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Nepal
and Pakistan Area: 3,287,590 sq.km (slightly more than one-third the size of US) Coastline: 7,000 k.m. Population: 1,065,070,607 (Growth rate of 1.44%)-second largest
population in the world Sex ratio: 1.07 male (s)/female Life expectancy at birth: 63.25 years (male) and 64.77 years (female) Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other
3% Religions: Hindu (81.3%), Muslim (12%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh(1.9%),
Others (2.5%) Languages: 18 major languages; 216 languages in total and several
thousands dialects Literacy: 59.5% (total population); 70.2% (male); and 48.3% (female)
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The Goddess (Devi)
The motherThe sister
The wifeThe daughter-in-law
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Education Literacy
Gender gaps: Differences across states
(Kerala has highest femaleliteracy; Rajasthan, Bihar andUttar Pradesh have thelowest)
Differences between ruraland urban areas
Parental preference for boysgoing to school
Higher dropout rate amonggirls
Female Male
1971 22% 46%
1991 39% 64%
2003 48% 70%
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Gender gaps in higher education
About 1 percent of total women population
has college education
Women account for a third of the students
at college/university level
In engineering and business, the proportion
of female students is much smaller
In education, nearly half of the students are
women
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Poverty: one-fourth of Indias populationlives below the poverty line (2002)
Social values and parental preferences Inadequate school facilities
Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at
the primary level and 22 percent at theuniversity level (1993)
Gender bias in curriculum
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Difficult to get an overall picture ofemployment among women in India Most women work in the informal sector
Women accounted for only 23 percent ofthe total workers in the formal sector in1991
The number of female workers hasincreased faster than the number of maleworkers
Female unemployment rates are similar to
male unemployment rates
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Category Female Male
Agricultural laborer 46.3% 23.0%
Cultivator 34.6% 39.9%
Household industry 3.5% 2.1%
Non-household industry 3.8% 8.8%
Services 8.3% 10.8%
Other categories 3.5% 15.5%
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Cultural Restrictions
Discrimination at Workplace and pay
Lack of employment opportunities
Social inequalities
Atrocities on womenDomestic violence
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Social EmpowermentEducation There is no direct relationship between education
and work force participation; but may affect theirparticipation in household decision making
Economic Independence: Economic independence does not imply
significant improvement in social standing Culture and tradition play an important role
A small fraction has opened up towards Westernvalues
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Economic Empowerment
Property Rights
Patriarchal society
Economic Decision Making In the household
In businesses
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Political Empowerment
Representation in democraticinstitutions
Government reservations policy forwomen: the constitutionalamendment of 1990s
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TRIVIA
Recognize Famous Faces
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Faces of an Indian woman
Wife
Mother
Sister
Bread earnerCompassionate member of the
society
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The origin of a child is a mother, a woman..she shows a man what sharing, caring,and loving is all about. That is the essence ofa woman."
Sushmita Sen., Miss Universe 1994
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but that is just a beginning.