Facing the environmental challenge of agriculture «The mission of humanity is to transform solar...
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Facing the environmental challenge of agriculture «The mission of humanity is to transform solar energy into consciousness.”, Patrick Viveret, philosopher
Facing the environmental challenge of agriculture The mission
of humanity is to transform solar energy into consciousness.,
Patrick Viveret, philosopher
Slide 2
2 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Contents
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Positive communication and civic education Results
and perspective for wheat and milk production
Slide 3
3 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Positive communication and civic education Results
and perspective for wheat and milk production
Slide 4
4 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction: the GE+ program framework The Grignon Energie
Positive program (GE+) is a multi-party project, which takes place
at AgroParistechs experimental farm in Grignon. The Grignon farm
Private and public partners Stakeholders
Slide 5
5 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
Grignon experimental farm is open to the general public, and
benefits from a strong reputation, a high-level scientific
environment, and a strong potential for innovation. DEEP-ROOTED
REPUTATION Historical site (1848), participation to the creation of
sheep breeds Ile-de- France & INRA 401 etc. EXCEPTIONAL
SCIENTIFIC ENVIRONMENT Proximity of researchers working on the
environment, on climate, animal science etc. (INRA, CETIOM, etc.)
LOCATION AND VISIBILITY Location on the outskirts of Paris, site
opened to the general public, guided visits for young students
STRONG INNOVATION POTENTIAL Mission historically dedicated to
research and experimentation with available innovative techniques
Introduction: the GE+ program framework The Grignon farm
strengths
Slide 6
6 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
Grignon farm is a mixed-farming system, which enables the study of
interactions between livestock and crops. CROPS 480 hectares split
in 3 main parts (Grignon, Bois-dArcy & Palaiseau) Cereals: 230
ha Maize: 55 ha Rapeseed: 30 ha Grassland and fodder crops: 148 ha
Fallow: 12 ha Energetic crops: 3 ha LIVESTOCK 130 dairy cows (1.3
million liters quota) 500 ewes (meat and breeding) PROCESSING &
CONDITIONING 400 000 L of processed milk (yogurts, bottled milk and
cheese ) DIRECT SELLING EDUCATION Introduction: the GE+ program
framework Description of the farm productions
Slide 7
7 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Positive communication and civic education Results
and perspective for wheat and milk production
Slide 8
8 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
Grignon nergie Positive project was launched in 2005, in a context
of rising oil prices and active debates about agriculture
efficiency and environmental impacts. Objectives and values Origins
of the project Agriculture at the crossroads of many challenges Oil
price / scarcity Climate change Water quality Biodiversity loss
Image in the society Feeding the World Demographic explosion
Climate change Water quality Biodiversity loss
Slide 9
9 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The GE+
project addresses the issues of possible and desirable adjustments
of agriculture and food sectors to the challenges of fossil fuel
scarcity and global warming, with two complementary approaches.
Positive communication and civic education Demonstration and
innovation Exploration of innovative solutions to meet the
environmental challenges of agriculture, linked to GHG (1)
emissions and fossil energy consumption (communication of results
to professionals included in this axis) The Positive communication
axis aims at pointing out that modern agriculture can face the
environmental challenges, while the Civic education axis aims at
explaining these issues to the general public, especially children.
Objectives and values Values and structure of the project (1):
Greenhouse Gas
Slide 10
10 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
project started with an in-depth diagnosis of the farm,
highlighting the contribution of each activity to the fossil energy
consumptions and GHG emissions in 2005. Objectives and values The
GE+ initial diagnosis Major items of fossil energy consumption
Major items of GHG emissions (in % of the warming potential) CH 4
N2ON2O CO 2 Legends: Feed purchase: 18.4% CH4 emissions from cows:
22 % CH4 emissions from sheep: 22 % Animal production Electricity:
11.2% Building and Dairy Fuel oil: 22.6% Fuel oil: 9 % Tractors
Fertilizer production: 29.6% N 2 O emissions following the
fertilization: 20 % Fertilizer production: 9 % Crop production
Fossil energy consumption: 17 164 GJ (408 t o eq.) = 102 people GHG
emissions: 2 627 t CO2e = 440 people
Slide 11
11 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The main
objective of GE+ is to meet the challenge of improving energy and
GHG performances while maintaining the economic margin, and
preserving or enhancing the capacity to feed people. In terms of
environmental performance, our objective is to reduce the farm's
carbon emissions as much as possible through agronomic solutions
and to compensate locally (on the farm and its surroundings) the
emissions we cannot eliminate. We also aim at becoming a positive
energy farm: able to produce energy for society. But we also think
that progress towards environmental sustainability should not
disengage agriculture from economic profit and capacity to feed
people. Positive energy farm Carbon neutral farm Feed people The 3
Ps hat trick: Objectives and values The 3 Ps approach
Slide 12
12 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 At the
end of the 1 st act of GE+ (2006-2009), tangible results were
obtained, with a significant improvement of Grignon farms
environmental performance. Evolution of GHG emissions due to milk
production in Grignon (2006-2009): Emitted CO2 (g/liter of milk):
Perspective of Grignons environmental and food results: Plate
Planet game animation for a primary school class in London: Grignon
farm consumes as much fossil fuel as 100 people and emits as much
greenhouse gas as 440 people...... But it can feed between 7500 and
9500 people (based on human needs in calories and proteins).
Objectives and values Act 1: concrete and tangible results
Slide 13
13 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Our
interests in environmental issues will go beyond the GHG emissions
and fossil fuel consumptions problems, and will include the
following new indicators: Biodiversity Water quality Variation of
soil carbon stock Farming system protein autonomy Risk management
During the 2 nd act of GE+ (2010 2013), new environmental
indicators will be integrated and the scope of intervention will be
expanded. The environmental issue will go beyond the GHG emissions
and fossil fuel consumptions problems, and will include the
following of new indicators: The scope of intervention of GE+ will
be expanded at different levels: Exportation of tools and methods
from Grignon farm to a whole network of demonstration farms on
energy and GHG issues Participation of GE+ to other research and
experimentation programs (UMT N 2 0, EcoPhyto 2018) Change of
scale: from the farm to the territory Integration of an industrial
channel approach Objectives and values Towards Act 2
Slide 14
14 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Positive communication and civic education Results
and perspective for wheat and milk production
Slide 15
15 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Political
and economic context Global performance of the system described
into details LIVESTOCK CROPS Purchase of crops inputs CROPS OUTPUTS
LIVESTOCK OUTPUTS Purchase of livestock feed Fodder nutritional
values Effluents fertilization values Areas Yields Crop management
Rotation constraints Diet according to age Grazing calendar Etc. A
transparent and farm-scale experimentation site PerfAgro P3:
presentation of the tool
Slide 16
16 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 GLOBAL
PERFORMANCE of the system described into details Quantity of work
(hours/yr) Fossil fuel used on the farm (MJ/an) Cost of constraints
(milk quota, farm area, etc.) Examples of output indicators GHG
emissions Etc. Economic margin (/an) Number of people fed A
transparent and farm-scale experimentation site PerfAgro P3
performance indicators (the 3 Ps) LIVESTOCK CROPS Global
performance of the system described into details Dairy cow diet at
different lactation stages
Slide 17
17 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 A
transparent and farm-scale experimentation site Example of a
crop-livestock farm: initial situation Cultivated area: 392 ha 3
zones, 117 dairy cows (1 050 000 L/yr), 153 bull calves, 2 broiler
houses 400 m 2 (estimations)
Slide 18
18 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 formances
(1) A transparent and farm-scale experimentation site A
crop-livestock farm: performance pathways
Slide 19
19 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Monthly
calculation of performance indicators Impact coefficients Material
& energy flows Information on cropping systems Environmental
performance dashboard Detection of levers for improvement of
agricultural and processing activities Critical examination of
impact coefficients Adaptability to other farms 2 3 We keep
analytical accounts of GHG emissions & energy consumptions of
all farm activities on a monthly basis thanks to the "environmental
dashboard". A transparent and farm-scale experimentation site
Environmental performance follow-up 1
Slide 20
20 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Better
knowledge and understanding of crops impacts on climate
Contribution to and questioning of existing references on N 2 O
emissions from crops Important interannual variations of emission
coefficients Gradient Time Since 2008, we have been developing a
reliable and effective platform for the measurement of N 2 O
emissions from our 8 types of crops. x 3 1234 A transparent and
farm-scale experimentation site Measurement of N 2 0 emissions from
crops
Slide 21
21 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Better
understanding of mechanisms underlying enteric methane emission
Contribution to and questioning of existing references 1 2 1.SF 6
capsule 2.PVC evacuated tube 3.Capillary tube reaching the cows
nostrils Since 2009, enteric methane emissions from cows have been
measured using a method based on the SF6 tracer technique. 123 A
transparent and farm-scale experimentation site Measurement of cows
enteric methane emissions (1/2) (1) 333 98 g CO 2 e (1): neither
the CH4 emissions from excrements, nor the emissions from non
productive cows are included (heifers, dry cows)
Slide 22
22 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Selected
indicators Better understanding of the impact of our practices on
biodiversity Contribution to references on agricultural
biodiversity Testing and questioning of existing biodiversity
indicators 1 2 3 Bird observation, May 2009 Flora indentification
on barley field, May 2009 Melanargia galathea, June 2009 Cynthia
cardui, July 2009 Aphantopus hyperantus, June 2009 Since 2009, we
have been following 3 groups of species depending on agricultural
practices and implementing a biodiversity diagnosis (IBEA). A
transparent and farm-scale experimentation site Biodiversity
follow-up
Slide 23
23 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Thanks to
our expertise on agricultural practices & different measurement
techniques, we are now able to conduct experiments on several
topics. Ability to test different technical itineraries (e.g.
fertilization strategies)on N 2 O emissions 1 Ability to test
different feeding strategies on productivity & enteric methane
emissions Ability to test new machines or technologies (e.g. chaff
harvesting) 2 3 A transparent and farm-scale experimentation site A
high-potential experimental capacity
Slide 24
24 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 With
several agricultural cooperatives, we are building up a network of
energy and GHG demonstration farms based on Grignons experience.
PerfAgro audit of the farm and identification of improvement
pathways 1 Identification of technical solutions applicable to the
farm and approval by farmer and cooperative Definition of pertinent
environmental performance indicators and setting up of a follow-up
system 2 3 Implementation of selected technical solutions and
indicator follow- up 4 The network now groups 9 crop-livestock
farms of the West of France at stage 3. A transparent and
farm-scale experimentation site Indicators follow-up beyond Grignon
farm
Slide 25
25 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Results and perspective for wheat and milk
production Positive communication and civic education
Slide 26
26 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Some of
the practices implemented since 2007 Maintenance of a high
production level Increase in share of legumes in crop rotation More
grazing for non productive cows (dry cows and heifers) Increase in
cattle feed energetic density (e.g. with rape cake) Minimal soil
work whenever possible Test of energetic crops on 3 ha (switchgrass
& miscanthus) Cereal chaff harvest Results and perspectives for
wheat and milk production
Slide 27
27 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Stable
energy consumptions for wheat since 2008 Fertilization: 50 to 70%
of consumptions Fuel: 18 to 27 % of consumptions - 18% Experimental
results by Arvalis (Boigneville, France) : 1658 to 2140 MJ per ton
Results and perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 28
28 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Slightly
decreasing greenhouse gas emissions Fertilization: 83 to 88% of
emissions Fuels: 8 to 14 % of emissions - 14% Experimental results
by Arvalis (Boigneville, France) : 278 to 365 kg CO2 per ton
Results and perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 29
29 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Contributing factors 20062007200820092010 Mineral nitrogen inputs
(kg N/ha)138176151165151 N residue after winter (kg
N/ha)13193974766 Yield (ton/ha)6,96,48,57,98,3 Yield target
(ton/ha)8,78,48,58,18,6 Need for yield targets which are consistent
with soil potentials. It is necessary to secure the soil potential
in order to limit yield variations (tolerant plant varieties, use
of PPPs when necessary) Need for measuring N residues after winter.
It is useful to follow N needs with proper tools (N-tester ). In
case of over-fertilization: rapeseed and/or intermediate crops can
help getting back most of the nitrogen. Results and perspectives
for wheat and milk production
Slide 30
30 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Since
2006, energy consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions due to milk
production have been decreasing by respectively 40% and 20%. A
virtuous dynamic in milk production Standard milk (70g of protein
& fat), economic allocation between milk and meat Results and
perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 31
31 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Milk
production in Grignon emits a relatively low quantity of GHG
compared to other milks produced worldwide. Grignon's outstanding
performance Results and perspectives for wheat and milk
production
Slide 32
32 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
environmental performance of milk production in Grignon affects
positively the performance of Grignons yogurt. The environmental
impact of yogurts * Agricultural steps of milk production in
Grignon (70%) and of production of milk powder (30%) which is added
to the yogurt Results and perspectives for wheat and milk
production
Slide 33
33 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Farm
step: the key for performance 20% of CO 2 saved Results and
perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 34
34 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 80% of
the decrease in fossil fuel consumption due to milk production can
be accounted for by feed (type of feed and cow productivity).
Factors involved in milk production performance Results and
perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 35
35 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 New
solutions will be developed in order to compensate energy
consumptions and GHG emissions that cannot be decreased. Energy
crop production (miscanthus, switchgrass ) 1 MethanizationSolar
energy 2 3 Solutions for environmental impact compensation Results
and perspectives for wheat and milk production
Slide 36
36 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011
Introduction - the GE+ program framework Objectives and values A
transparent and farm-scale site for demonstration, experimentation
and innovation Results and perspective for wheat and milk
production Positive communication and civic education
Slide 37
37 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The GE +
team reports on agricultures improvement possibilities and feasible
technical solutions through information campaigns to professionals
and students in academic agricultural training. The GE+ program is
supported by a website visited by 3,000 people/month in average. A
technical database was created to gather the bibliographic elements
related to energy and climate change in agriculture. A training on
Agriculture, energy and GHG has been proposed to AgroParisTech
students for two years. The 1 st edition of the Positive
Agriculture Meetings placed under the patronage of the Agriculture
Minister was organized at Grignon in 2008 and gathered about a
hundred participants. The GE+ team very often participates in
seminars and conferences and organizes farm visits for
professionals. Positive communication and Civic education
Communication towards professionals
Slide 38
38 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 Positive
communication is used in order to adapt to this particular context
where consumers are hyper sensitive to the environmental issues,
while being more and more distant from the agricultural field.
Positive communication and Civic education Positive communication:
why?
Slide 39
39 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
Grignon farm welcomes more than 12,000 visitors per year and
communicates also through the diffusion of different types of
documents. Communication on productive, high-performing real
agriculture Communication on environmental improvement pathways of
agriculture Communication on benefits that agricultural producers
provide to society Positive communication and Civic education
Positive communication: how?
Slide 40
40 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 In terms
of civic education, pedagogical tools about food, nutrition and
climate have been developed and can be used in or outside the farm
(in schools, for special events, etc.). The yoghurt-bike: to count
the number of calories required to produce one yoghurt. The
miniature Positive farm: to show the relative importance of each
farm activity on the global greenhouse gas emissions and fossil
fuel consumptions. The game "It is good on my plate, for me and for
my planet!" allows children to create a meal that is both
nutritionally balanced and low-carbon emitting. This game has been
used by a wide variety of players (agricultural cooperatives, major
outlets, territorial administrations, etc.) The educational GE+
website Positive communication and Civic education The offer of
educational tools
Slide 41
41 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 The
development of the pedagogical tools implies: more educative
workshops proposed to pupils in Grignon, in partner farms and in
secondary schools, games and information relayed on the educational
website, development of a new game on biodiversity issues The 2 nd
act of GE+ includes the development of new pedagogical tools and a
review of the Grignon farm tour. Review of the Grignon farm tour in
order to: Underline the improvement potential of high- productivity
production systems Educate young students about the modern
agriculture challenges (climate, energy, biodiversity, food)
Positive communication and Civic education Towards Act 2
Slide 42
Thank you for your attention!!
Slide 43
43 Olivier Lapierre, Dominique Tristant, Sophie Carton, Aline
Lapierre, Yves Python et Bernard de Franssu February 2011 More
information http://www.agroparistech.fr/energiepositive Aline
Lapierre : [email protected][email protected]
Sophie Carton : [email protected][email protected]