1

Factores que afectam a distribuição da biodiversidade

Factores

TemperaturaPluviosidadeÁreaBiodiversidade regionalRiqueza de outros taxa

LatitudeAltitude

2

Popu

latio

n Si

ze

Low High Temperature

Zone ofintolerance

Zone ofphysiological stress

Optimum range Zone ofphysiological stress

Zone ofintolerance

Noorganisms

Feworganisms

Lower limitof tolerance

Abundance of organismsFew

organismsNo

organisms

Upper limitof tolerance

Sugar Maple

3

Relação espécie-área

4

Cell 3 South

Cold,dry air falls

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 South

Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls

Polar capArctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

EquatorTropical rain forest

Tropical deciduous forest

DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland

5

Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna,thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest

Tropical deciduous forest

Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

6

MountainIce and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)ConiferousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

ConiferousForest

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

Polar iceand snow

Latitude

Wind

Movement ofsurface water

Diving birds

Nutrients

Upwelling

Fish

ZooplanktonPhytoplankton

7

Producer to primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer

All producers andconsumers todecomposers

Fungi

Bacteria

Golden eagle

Prairiedog

Blue stemgrassBlue stemgrass

CoyoteCoyote

GrasshopperGrasshopper

GrasshoppersparrowGrasshoppersparrow

Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope

PrairieconeflowerPrairieconeflower

Figure 6-24Page 117

A distribuição da biodiversidade

8

Riqueza específica por país corrigida pela área (plantas vasculares e vertebrados terrestres)

Riqueza de famílias de vertebrados

9

Riqueza de famílias de plantas

10

11

Diversidade de famílias de peixes de água doce

12

Anfíbios e répteis Pteridófitas

Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora

Biodiversidade

13

Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora

Análise Canónica Insubstitubilidade

Transgénicos

14

Crop

Crossbreeding

Desired trait(color)

ApplePear

Offspring

Crossbreeding

Best results

Newoffspring

Desiredresult

Phase 1Make Modified Gene

Identify and extractgene with desired trait

Identify and removeportion of DNAwith desired trait

Remove plasmidfrom DNA of E. coli

Insert extracted DNA(step 2) into plasmid(step3)

Insert modifiedplasmid into E. coli

Grow in tissueculture tomake copies

cellgene

DNA

plasmid

E. coliDNA

Geneticallymodifiedplasmid

plasmid

15

Phase 2Make Transgenic Cell

Transfer plasmidcopies to a carrier

agrobacterium

Agrobacteriuminserts foreignDNA into plantcell to yieldtransgenic cell

Transfer plasmidto surfacemicroscopic metalparticle

Use gene gunto inject DNAinto plant cell

A. tumefaciens(agrobacterium)

Plant cell

Nucleus

Host DNA

Foreign DNA

Phase 3Grow Genetically Engineered Plant

Transgenic cellfrom Phase 2

Cell division oftransgenic cells

Culture cellsto form plantlets

Transgenic plantswith new traits

Transfer to soil