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FACTORS AFFECTING SHIP
RESISTANCE
October 1, 2009 1Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Dimensional Analysis
October 1, 2009 2Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Above waterpart
Under water part
Ship Speed V
Water Density r
Water Viscosity m
Pressure p
Ship Size (L)
Total ship resistance R could depend upon the
following:
• Speed V
• Size of body, which may be represented by the linear
dimension L
• Mass density of the fluid ρ
• Viscosity of the fluid μ
• Acceleration due to gravity g
• Pressure in the fluid P
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-13
Applying dimensional analysis and assuming that the
resistance R can now be written in terms of unknown
powers of these variables:
(1)
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-14
fedcba pgLVR mr
Introducing dimensional quantities into equation (1), we
have
(2)
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-15
fed
c
ba
LT
M
T
L
LT
ML
T
L
L
M
T
ML
2232
Hence
(3)
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-16
fedbTime
fedcbaLength
fdaMass
222:
31:
1:
So, Solve for a,b, and c in terms of d, e, and f
(4)
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-17
edc
fedb
fda
2
222
1
Then from equation (1)
(5)
(6)
where the left-hand side of the equation is a non-dimensional resistance coefficient.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-18
fed
V
p
V
gLVLfLVR
22
22
rm
rr
222,,
21 V
p
V
gLVLf
SV
R
rr
Equation (6) states that
if all the parameters on the right hand side have the
same values for two geometrically similar but different
sized bodies, the flow pattern will be the same for each.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-19
If we ignored for now the third term, then
It is obvious that the first term which is related to the
viscosity is also related to the frictional resistance, while
the second term is a function of g is related to the
residuary resistance.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-110
2
2 ,2
1V
gLVLfSVR
T
r
• The frictional resistance is governed almost
exclusively by viscous effect.
• The residuary resistance is concerned with the
dynamic movement of large masses of the fluid.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-111
Case (I)
Consider a non-viscous liquid in which there is no
frictional or other viscous drag,
And for two geometrically similar bodies (Ship and
model):
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-112
2
2
21
V
gLfSVRR RT r
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-113
Water Density rs
Water Viscosity
ms=0
Pressure ps
Ls
Speed Vs
SHIP
Water Density rm
Water Viscosity mm=0
Pressure pmL
m
Speed
Vm
MODE
L
Geomtrical Similarity:
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-114
31
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
S
S
D
D
B
B
L
L
The residuary resistance of the ship RRs and of model
RRm will be in the ratio
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-115
2
2
2
2
21
21
m
mmmm
s
ssss
Rm
Rs
V
gLfVS
V
gLfVS
R
R
r
r
If the value of the function argument is the same:
i.e.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-116
22
m
m
s
s
V
gL
V
gL
m
m
s
s
L
V
L
V22
Then
Corresponding speeds
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-117
m
m
s
s
L
V
L
V
Then
where ∆s and ∆m are the displacements of ship and
model respectively.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-118
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
mmm
sss
mmm
sss
smm
sss
Rm
Rs
L
L
LL
LL
VS
VS
VS
VS
R
R
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
21
21
i.e., the residuary resistance per unit of displacement is
the same for model and ship.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-119
m
Rm
s
RsRR
Froude’s Law:
When the speed of a ship and her corresponding model
are in the ratio of the square routs of their lengths, then
the residuary resistance varies as the displacement
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-120
Case (II)
Consider a deeply submerged body, where there is no
wave making, the total resistance will only be
frictional.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-121
r
VLfSVRR FT
2
21
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-122
Ship
Vs
LS
Model
Lm
Vm
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-123
s
sssssFs
LVfVSR
r 2
21
m
mmmmmFm
LVfVSR
r 2
21
If the parameter is the same for ship and model. In
other words
and assume νs = νm and ρs=ρm then
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-124
m
mm
s
ss LVLV
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-125
FmFs RR
1
21
21
22
22
2
2
2
2
sm
ms
mm
ss
mmm
sss
Fm
Fs
LL
LL
VS
VS
VS
VS
R
R
r
r
Rayleigh’s law:
• When the speeds of a ship and her model are
inversely proportional to their respective lengths, then
the frictional resistance of the model is equal to that
of the ship provided that ν is the same.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-126
Resistance Coefficients
Divide all through by 0.5ρSV2
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-127
RFT RRR
Wetted Surface Area S
= +
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-128
222 5.05.05.0 SV
R
SV
R
SV
R RFT
rrr
RFT CCC
tCoefficien
ResistTotal
tCoefficien
ResistFrictional
tCoefficien
ResistResiduary
Non dimensional Groups
1. Froude Number
William Froude (1810-1871)
V in knots and L in feet
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-129
FrgL
V
gL
V
V
gL
2
2
L
VRatioLengthSpeed k
2. Reynolds Number
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1916)
V in m/s
L in m
ν in m2/s
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-130
RnVLVL
m
r
Froude’s Law, or Rayleigh’s Law?
Assuming ρm=ρs and νm=νs
1.From Rayleigh’ s codition
Since Lm < Ls then Vm >>>>Vs
Example
If Ls=125 m , Vs=25 knots, and Lm=5 then Vm= 625knots. !!!!
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-131
mmss LVLV
m
ssm
L
LVV
2. From Froude’s condition
Since Lm < Ls then Vm <<<< Vs
Example
If Ls=125 m , Vs=25 knots, and Lm=5 then Vm= 5 knots.
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-132
s
s
m
m
L
V
L
V
s
msm
L
LVV
Conclusions:
1- it is impossible to satisfy both laws at the same time
2- it is possible to satisfy Froude’s law
3- it is uneconomical and impracticable to satisfy
Rayleigh’s law
October 1, 2009Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-133