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FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL CENTRO DE ENSINO E TREINAMENTO em ANESTESIOLOGIA Prof. Dr. Gastão F. Duval Neto OPIÓIDES e IMUNOSUPRESSÃO : resultados das últimas pesquisas 2012 - JOSULBRA

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Page 1: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL CENTRO DE ENSINO E TREINAMENTO em ANESTESIOLOGIA

Prof. Dr. Gastão F. Duval Neto

OPIÓIDES e IMUNOSUPRESSÃO :

resultados das últimas pesquisas

2012 - JOSULBRA

Page 2: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

TRIAL CLÍNICOS PROSPECTIVOS CONTROLADOS RANDOMIZADOS DUPLAMENTE ENCOBERTO

ESTUDOS PROSPECTIVOS DE COORTE

ESTUDOS DE CASO CONTROLE

SÉRIES DE CASOS

RELATO DE CASOS CLÍNICOS

REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

REVISÃO NARRATIVA

REVISÕES EM LADOS OPOSTOS DA FORÇA DE EVIDÊNCIAS

POSSIBILID

AD

E DA

AN

ÁLISE CRÍTICA

DO

TEXTO

ESTUDOS RETROSPECTIVOS COM “n” BAIXOS

Page 3: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

BASES CIENTÍFICAS DA APRESENTAÇÃO

Page 4: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

“MICRO METASTIZAÇÃO”

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO PROBLEMA

Excisão cirúrgica é a base do tratamento de tumores sólidos potencialmente curáveis. Doença metastática é a mais importante causa de morte relacionada com esse grupo de pacientes.

Page 5: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation NEWSLETTERThe Official Journal of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Volume 23, No. 4, Circulation 84,122 Winter 2008-2009

Does Anesthetic Management Affect Cancer Outcome? Editor’s Note: This thought-provoking article by Dr. Durieux raises questions that have yet to be answered and perhaps expands our conventional view of patient safety.

Page 6: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

O sistema imunológico funciona protegendo contra infecções e CANCER

A resposta ao estresse perioperatório afeta o sistema imunológico do paciente

DEVE SER ENTENDIDO PELO ANESTESIOLOGISTA QUE :

“A CIRURGIA ONCOLÓGICA FAVORECE A LIBERAÇÃO DE CÉLULAS CANCEROSAS DURANTE UM PERÍODO DE POTENCIAL IMUNOSUPRESSÃO, FAVORECENDO O FENÔMENO DE PRODUÇÃO DE METÁSTASES (micro metástases)”.

TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS PODEM INFLUENCIAR ESSE PROCESSO

Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation NEWSLETTER The Official Journal of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Volume 23, No. 4, Circulation 84,122 Winter 2008-2009

Page 7: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral immunity). In disease states the balance is skewed such that the immune picture of autoimmune disease patients, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes, have a Th1 bias, whereas cancer patients have a Th2 bias. Immunotherapy strategies aimed at boosting the immune system of cancer patients serve to enhance the dominant Th2 response that failed to eradicate the tumour. Therapeutic cancer vaccines need to be designed with an immunomodulatory mechanism which is capable of converting a resident Th2 dominant immune response in cancer patients to a Th1 dominant immune response.

RESPOSTA AO ESTRESSE E CÂNCER

DIMINUIÇÃO DA APOPTOSE CELULAR

Page 8: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

RESPOSTA AO ESTRESSE E CÂNCER

Panel A: Immune-mediated tumour killing requires a Th1 microenvironment. In the presence of Th1 cytokines, tumours upregulate MHC Iand co-stimulatory molecules necessary for cytolytic T-cells (CTL) to recognise and kill the tumours. In addition, the inflammatory Th1 environment can non-specifically activate T-cells to kill tumours through FasL and TRAIL effector molecules. Panel B: Tumours condition the microenvironment to have a dominant Th2-bias as a strategy to escape immunemediated attack. In the presence of Th2 cytokines, tumours down-regulate MHC and co-stimulatory molecules, attract suppressor cells such as Treg and myeloid suppressors which suppress killer cell function. The Th2 environment down-regulates co-stimulatory molecules on APC which serves to anergise any Th1 cells that may infiltrate the tumour, whether as a natural immune response or through tumour vaccination strategies. Therefore, strategies to boost Th1 immunity alone are not sufficient to mediate anti-tumour immunity. Sustained Th1 cytokine production is required in the tumour microenvironment.

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CONCENTRAÇÃO DE CITOCININAS REGULAM A RELAÇÃO ENTRE IMUNIDADE, INFLAMAÇÃO E CÂNCER

CITOCININAS

Page 10: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

FORMAÇÃO DE METÁSTASES

Page 11: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

A sua anestesia pode ter influência na evolução normal da doença básica ?

Page 12: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Morfina modifica a sinalização genética de céls. Gliais em pacientes portadores de virus HIV-1 (Câncer ?)

Page 13: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

The -Opioid Receptor in Cancer Progression Is There a Direct Effect? Frances E. Lennon, Ph.D -

Indirect Effects of μ-Opioids on Cancer Progression Suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity – efeito dose dependente

Inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes Experimental effects without of clinical evidence

Direct Effects of μ-Opioids on Tumor Progression

MOR mediates the main clinical effects of opioids, including analgesia, but also mediates secondary effects such as addiction, respiratory depression,

and constipation

Effect of μ-Opioids on Angiogenesis

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The -Opioid Receptor in Cancer Progression Is There a Direct Effect? Frances E. Lennon, Ph.D -

PRO ANGIOGENIC EFFECT

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Smith T J et al. JCO 2002;20:4040-4049

©2002 by American Society of Clinical Oncology

Randomized Clinical Trial of an Implantable Drug Delivery System Compared With Comprehensive Medical Management for Refractory Cancer Pain: Impact on Pain, Drug-Related Toxicity, and Survival

Page 16: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Randomized Clinical Trial of an Implantable Drug Delivery System Compared With Comprehensive Medical Management for Refractory Cancer Pain: Impact on Pain, Drug-Related Toxicity, and Survival Thomas J. Smithnd - October 1, 2002 vol. 20 no. 19 4040-4049

Page 17: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Schematic diagram representing the mechanism(s) by which methylnaltrexone inhibits angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to VEGF receptors induces Src activation, Src-mediated Akt, RhoA, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and consequent endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and actin cytoskeletal reorganization required for angiogenesis. Methylnaltrexone (MNTX) inhibits the -opioid receptor (MOR) and promotes tyrosine phosphatase activity, leading to Src inactivation.This promotes Akt, RhoA, and mTOR inactivation and consequent inhibition of angiogenesis.

INCREASE MORPHINE ACTIVITY

Page 18: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Structure shown is based on canonical μ-opioid receptor (MOR) sequence (Uniprot ref P35372-1). Seven-transmembrane domain topology demonstrating extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains are numbered. Reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms are highlighted in red, and the lipidation site is shown in green

Page 19: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

EVIDENCE THAT STRESS AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS PROMOTE TUMORDEVELOPMENT BY SUPPRESSING NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY

Int. J. Cancer: 80, 880–888 (1999)

Page 20: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

RESPOSTAS SISTÊMICAS AO ESTÍMULO CIRÚRGICO

ACELERAÇÃO DO PROCESSO DE “METASTIZAÇÃO”

Page 21: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

RESPOSTA AO ESTRESSE E CÂNCER

Controle da Resposta Imunológica sobre MICRO METASTIZAÇÃO TUMORAL

CONTOLE DA IMUNIDADE

Linfócitos tipo TNK -T(natural killers)Células dentríticasMacrófafos

CELULAR INFLAMATÓRIA ANGIOGÊNESE

InterferonInterleucinas : ϒ IL 12 Células Helper (Th 1) Células Helper (Th 2)

Fatores : IL 6, 8 e 1β ciclooxigenase 2 NO FNT Insulina

Citocininas Th 2 diminuem a imunidade tumoral por inibirem a atividade das Th1.

A ativação β adrenérgica suprime a atividade NK promovendo a metastização.

Níveis baixos de NK perioperatório são associados a elevação de mortalidade p/ metastização tumoral.

A neo formação vascular eleva as possibilidades de metastização tumoral.

Page 22: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Guy Shakhar and Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu 1998;160;3251-3258

In Vivo b-Adrenergic Stimulation Suppresses Natural Killer Activity and Compromises Resistance to Tumor Metastasis in Rats

Número de células NK por micro/litro de sangue em 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 1h, 3h, 5h e 18 h após a injeção s.c. de 1 mg/kg do MP. Tempo 0 refere-se a linha de base números NK (animais não tratados). O asterisco indica uma diferença significativa (<0.01) da linha de base.

metaproterenol (MP), CETAMINA ?

Page 23: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

O efeito de aumento das doses de MP sobre a retenção de pulmão de células de tumor MADB106 radiolabeled em ratos normais ou NK-esgotado. Valores são expressos como uma porcentagem do valor de controlo relevantes (±SEM). O nível absoluto de retenção de tumor de pulmão em grupos de controle foi 223 vezes maior nos ratos NK-empobrecido do que em ratos normais (não mostrados). O asterisco indica um desvio significativo (α < 0,0001) o valor do controle (100%).

Guy Shakhar and Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu 1998;160;3251-3258

In Vivo b-Adrenergic Stimulation Suppresses Natural Killer Activity and Compromises Resistance to Tumor Metastasis in Rats

O β BLOQUEIO PODE ELEVAR A RESITÊNCIA A METASTIZAÇÃO TUMORAL

Page 24: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Técnicas regionais, tais como anestesia epidural ou espinal, através do bloqueio neural aferentes por anestésico local, profundamente inibem a resposta ao estresse metabólico e hormonal.

A concentração da citocinina pro –inflamatórias IL-6 foi aumentada em pacientes após a anestesia espinhal com nenhum aumento dos níveis de Th1 citocina IFN-gama e nenhuma elevação de citocininas como IL-10 e IL-4, que são associados com o de tipo 2 (Th2) - como a resposta imune.

A anesthesia na raque resulta em menos imunossupressão, ou seja, mantém o número de células Th1, estimulando assim a imunidade celular.

Page 25: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral
Page 26: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors mediate morphine- induced reductions of natural killer cell activity

Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NPY Y1 receptors mediate morphine's suppressive effect on NK activity and further suggest that opioid-induced increases in nucleus accumbens D1 receptor activation inhibit splenic NK activity via NPY released

from the sympathetic nervous system

SAUER - Volume 177, 18-26, August 2006

Page 27: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

LINHAS DE PESQUISA

Epidemiológica Clínica Weckermann D, Polzer B, Ragg T, et al: Perioperative activation of disseminated tumor

cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. J ClinOncol 27:1549-1556, 2009

Durieux ME: Does anesthetic management affect cancer outcome? http:// www.apsf.org/assets/Documents/winter2009.pdf

Biki B, Mascha E, Moriarty DC, et al: Anesthetic technique for radical prostatectomy surgery affects cancer recurrence: A retrospective analysis. Anesthesiology 109:180-187, 2008

Exadaktylos AK, Bugy DJ, Moriarty DC, et al: Can anesthetic technique for primary breast cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis? Anesthesiology 105:660-664, 2006

Sessler DI, Ben-Eliyahu S, Mascha EJ, et al: Can regional analgesia reduce the risk of recurrence after breast cancer? Methodology of a multicenter randomized trial. Contemp Clin Trials 29:517-526, 2008

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Recorrência de tumores malígnos

MAMA PRÓSTATA CÓLON

Page 29: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Resultados de Pesquisa em Cobaios

Anestesia Regional na Raque ( subaracnóide/epidural)

Diminuí as necessidades de anestésicos inalatórios e venosos OPIÓIDES AMBOS DIMINUEM A ATIVIDADE DE KILLER CELLS

Os OPIÓIDES quando administrados por via medular - em pequenas doses NÃO EXERCEM EFEITOS IMUNOSSUPRESSIVOS

A analgesia epidural bloqueia efetivamente as respostas neuro-endócrino- metabólicas (diminuindo catecolamninas circulantes) DIMINUINDO A REDUÇÃO DE

KILLER CELLS CIRCULANTES

Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001;90:191-9.

Page 30: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

The Novel Role of the Mu Opioid Receptor in LungCancer Progression: A Laboratory Investigation

Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestreSegundo nível

Terceiro nívelQuarto nível

Quinto nível

Efeito Pro-Angiogênico dos receptores opióides mu ativados

2011 112:558-567

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The Novel Role of the Mu Opioid Receptor in LungCancer Progression: A Laboratory Investigation

Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestreSegundo nível

Terceiro nívelQuarto nível

Quinto nível

2011 112:558-567

NALTREXONA

Page 32: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Combined Spinal and General Anesthesia Attenuates Liver Metastasis by Preserving Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance Wada, Hiroki M.D. – 2007; 106: 499

RATOS

Page 33: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Resultados de Pesquisa em Humanos

Estudos epidemiológicos retrospectivosCirurgia Oncológica x Anestesia Regional

Can Anesthetic Technique for Primary Breast Cancer Surgery Affect Recurrence or Metastasis?

Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K. M.D. - 105(4), October 2006, pp 660-664

n - 129 Mastectomia com esvaziamento axilar

Resultados : Livre de Metástase x Metástase 94% (95% confidence interval, 87–100%) e 82% (74–91%) em 24 meses e 94% (87–100%) 77% (68–87%) at 36 meses , paravertebral e anestesia geral , respectivamente (P = 0.012).

Esses resultados sugerem que os bloqueios regionais no neuro eixo podem ser mais efetivos que a quimioterapia pós operatótia para evitar metástases

Page 34: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Resultados de Pesquisa em Humanos

Estudos epidemiológicos retrospectivosCirurgia Oncológica x Anestesia Regional

Can Anesthetic Technique for Primary Breast Cancer Surgery Affect Recurrence or Metastasis?

Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K. M.D. - 105(4), October 2006, pp 660-664

Page 35: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Resultados de Pesquisa em Humanos

Potential Influence of the Anesthetic Technique Used during Open Radical Prostatectomy on Prostate Cancer-related Outcome: A Retrospective Study

- 113(3), September 2010, pp 570-576 Wuethrich, Patrick Y. M.D.*

HR 0.45, P = 0.002

Page 36: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Resultados de Pesquisa em Humanos

Potential Influence of the Anesthetic Technique Used during Open Radical Prostatectomy on Prostate Cancer-related Outcome: A Retrospective Study

- 113(3), September 2010, pp 570-576 Wuethrich, Patrick Y. M.D.*

P = 0.19

Page 37: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

CONCLUSÕES

A anestesia espinhal apresentou um menor nível de imunosupressão e uma menor correlação entre Th1/Th2 quando comparada com anestesia geral com opióides

Page 38: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

Le Cras, Anna E. BSc, MSc Anesthesia & AnalgesiaIssue: Volume 87(6), December 1998, pp 1421-1425

Spinal but Not General Anesthesia Increases the Ratio of T Helper 1 to T Helper 2 Cell Subsets in Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection of the ProstateLe Cras, Anna E. BSc, MSc; Galley, Helen F. PhD, FIMLS; Webster, Nigel R. PhD, FRCA, FRCP

Spinal anesthesia may result in less immunosuppression after surgery. We found that the ratio of T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells was higher in patients undergoing prostate surgery by spinal rather than general anesthesia. Th1 cells promote protective immune responses that may result in fewer postoperative infections and metastasis.

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Follow-up data of 4329 patients on the Central Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society were analysed. (RETROSPECTIVE STUDY)

Results :

General anaesthesia for primary excision of melanoma was associated with a decrease in the survival rate (relative risk 1.46, P < 0.0001).

This study revealed a slight but significantly increased risk of death for patients treated with general anaesthesia for the primary excision of melanoma.

Therefore local anaesthesia should be preferred for the treatment of primary melanoma.

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2011; 342:d1491 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1491 (Published 29 March 2011) Prof. Paul Myles

Perioperative epidural analgesia for major abdominal surgery for cancer and recurrence-free survival: randomised trial ( PROSPECTIVE STUDY)

Use of epidural block in abdominal surgery for cancer is not associated with improved cancer-free survival.

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 Recurrence-free survival after cancer surgery by group (log rank P=0.61).

Myles P S et al. BMJ 2011;342:bmj.d1491

Recurrence-free survival after cancer surgery by group (log rank P=0.61)

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 Five year recurrence-free survival by subgroups.

Myles P S et al. BMJ 2011;342:bmj.d1491

©2011 by British Medical Journal Publishing Group

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Effect of anaesthetic technique and other perioperativefactors on cancer recurrenceG. L. Snyder1,2*

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FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL CENTRO DE ENSINO E TREINAMENTO em ANESTESIOLOGIA

Prof. Gastão F. Duval Neto

2012 - JOSULBRA

AGRADEÇO PELA SUA ATENÇÃO

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FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL CENTRO DE ENSINO E TREINAMENTO em ANESTESIOLOGIA

Prof. Gastão F. Duval Neto

BLOQUEIOS EM PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS:

benefícios além da anestesia/analgesia

2011 - LASRA

Page 46: FACULDADE DE MEDICINA UFPEL - SARGS · The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral

BLOQUEIOS EM PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS:

benefícios além da anestesia/analgesia

2012 - JOSULBRA