Fall 2011 Bahria University BBA VI (a) Conflict Management Student Projects - Prof Manzoor Iqbal Awan

8/3/2019 Fall 2011 Bahria University BBA VI (a) Conflict Management Student Projects - Prof Manzoor Iqbal Awan

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CONTENT Page No.

Teachers Note 1

Compilers Note 2

Group No. Group Theme Page No.

1. Faisal Hassan

Leader Militancy 3

2. M Abu Bakr

Ashraf Leader

Political Integration of

Tribal Areas 20

3. Sanya RazaTiwana Leader

Ethnic Polarization inPakistan 37

4. Yamna Khan -Leader Palestinian Conflict 56

5. Sidra Babar Malik Leader

Kashmir Dispute73

6. Samana Yunus -Leader

Terrorism92

7. Anum Aslam -Leader

Saindak Copper GoldProject 108

8. M Ammar Ansari -Leader

Water Management128

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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Teachers Note

Like all good universities, Bahria University strives to provide the right

environment for producing business executives with ability to think

out of the box. Taking full advantage of that and with a strong faith

in the abilities and potential of our youth , the students of Bachelors of

Business Administration 6th

Semester Section A were encouraged toattempt writing case studies based on their personal observations/

knowledge or information gathered from someone else. They not only

attempted this individual assignment with fair degree of success and

produced some interesting and relevant conflict related cases but also successfully

conducted valuable discussions in the class as part of our overall learning drive.

There is a need to appreciate the first attempts by these budding business professionals in

writing a case depicting a conflict situation notwithstanding the fact that there is

considerable room to make improvements in these. What is of special significance is the

originality of effort/work, and that this could serve as a humble beginning towards attaininggreater creativity in times to come. These cases could also be further improved through

further study and research by the students that follow. It is with this thought that these write

ups are being compiled for appropriate placement.

It will be unfair if the efforts put in by Mahira Tariq in completing this compilation

assignment are not acknowledged. The final product amply speaks of her hard work and

creative talent.

I wish the contributing students as well as the compiler success. May Allah Almighty be their

guide. Ameen.

Prof Manzoor Iqbal Awan, Col (R)

Faculty Member and Senior Consultant

* USQ (Australia), COMSATS & NUML

* Bahria, Air & Preston Universities

* University of Lahore

* Dual Matrix Inc. & MDi

Cell: +92 321 854 3122

Email: [email protected]&[email protected]

Profile:www.linkedin.com/in/manzooriqbawan

Islamabad1 January 2011


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COMPILERS NOTE

We as students had no know how of issues and conflicts existing

in our own country. The projects given to us by Sir Manzoor

were good which agitated our thought process. We were also

engaged in class discussion activities which helped us think out

of the box and relate to the issues prevailing in our country and

also in various organizations and how to deal with thim.

We developed many case studies on various topics and also

their analysis which helped us look at the other side of the picture then what is visible to us.

Our efforts were recognized and we the accredited students were also encouraged by our

Professor to take a further deep look at the case studies presented to him.

Me as the compiler of these case studies learned a lot in the sense that, I learned a lot about

operating Microsoft office and the things I learned helped me with other projects as well.

My work was appreciated by the professor. Moreover I am a very shy person and doubt my

abilities but our professor made me believe in myself and also encouraged me. He boosted

my self-confidence and I will always be grateful to him for that.

MAHIRATARIQ

Fall 2011 BBA 6-A

Bahria University

Email: [email protected]

Islamabad January 6, 2012


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Who Says that Students Dont Work?


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Students only need the right environment..


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Militancy and Pakistan

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Over the last couple of decades, Pakistan has been suffering

from the curse of militancy that continues to take a heavy

toll in all respects of our national life. There is a need to

arrest militancy and resultantly rid the country of this

menace. Having identified parties to the conflict, prepare an

all-inclusive case study for class discussion and possible

online publication.


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Group Leader:Faisal Hassan

Group Members:

Saheer Omer

Zakir Ullah Khan

Noor-Ul-Haya

Anum Riaz


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Faisal Hassan, Group 1

Introduction:

Militancy is a major concern nowadays for Pakistan. The militancy is becoming a major

threat for the security of Pakistan. Militants in Pakistan have two main demands. There are

two major groups that the militancy in Pakistan can be divided into, one of the group wants

Islamic way of living in Pakistan and have been fighting for Islamic Shariya to be introduced

and are largely known as Muslim Fundamentalists. An example of such group is Pakistan

Tehreek e Taliban; the militants of this group are fighting for making Pakistan a perfect

Islamic society. They want to impose upon what they think is right. Imposing Shairya in

Pakistan as it is Islamic Republic of Pakistan is their aim and they want to do this by hook

or by crook. These militants are constantly targeting the officers of armed forces and also the

Muslims of other sects. They are among the trouble makers; hence Pakistan Tehreek e

Taliban has been declared a threat to security of Pakistan, and the rest of the world by

Pakistan and rest of the world. The members of the militants group however call themselves

good Muslims who are punishing bad people and are trying to spread the word of ALLAH.

At the beginning their war was against the Army but now they are also targeting general

public as well. These militant groups have taken the responsibilities of many major attacks in

Pakistan and rest of the world.

The other militants are the ones who have been trying to separate their areas from Pakistan;

such groups are formed on the basis of ethnic, linguistic or racial basis. They want to see their

states independent and want to have separate and distinct states. One of the major groups is

the Baloch Republican Army, this militant group is fighting for independence of ethnic group

The Blochs and they say tha t they have a separate and distinct identity which is in danger

and they have a right to live and spend their lives a free people. This group is working on

independent greater Balochistan and they want the Baloch dominant areas of Iran,

Afghanistan and Pakistan to form an independent Balochistan. This group is led by

Nawabzada Brahmdagh Bugti who is the grandson of Nawab Akbar Bugti. This militant

group also has political affiliation with the political party Baloch Republican Party (BRP)

Nawabzada Brahmdagh Bugti is also the leader of this political party.

The Government of Pakistan is the other stakeholder of this conflict. This is the responsibility

of the Government of the country to take corrective actions to control any kind of anarchy in


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the country. Conflicts on this level cannot be solved by the effort of an individual they can

only be solved by the corrective actions of the conflict.

Facts:Cold War in Afghanistan:At that time the Afghanistan government had money power but

what it lacked was a proper direction because its allies like Pakistan, America and Saudi Arab

left it on their own. Having a lot of natural resources in Afghanistan, Afghanistan failed to get

any major success in the fields of education and infrastructure. Till 2001 militant gr oups

working under Mullah Umar did not performed any criminal or terrorist activity in the

premises of Pakistan and these militant groups used to work for making their Government

strong. Due to the lack of support of international world the Government of Afghanistan was

not connected by the rest of the world and did not have good diplomatic relationship with

other countries.

9/11 Bombing: After the attack of 11 Sep 2001 The American government declared Osama

Bin Laden the master mind behind that attack and said that Osama Bin Laden is in

Afghanistan. Taliban government asked for the proper evidence against Osama Bin Laden

but American Government did not provided them with the evidence and imposed war against

them. This all happened because Afghanistan did not have a proper platform to raise their

voices on international level.

Alliance with America: At that time Pakistan had two options one to join Taliban in the war

against America or join America in war against Afghanistan. Pakistan government saw its

benefit in joining hands with America and becoming a part of this US-Afghan war. That is

the time when these militant groups became enemies with the Pakistan and declared a waragainst Pakistan as well. These militant groups had their roots in Pakistan because they were

formed with the help of Pakistan intelligence agencies. All of the groups in Pakistan related

with the Militant groups of Afghanistan declared war against Pakistan and that is when

Pakistan Tehrek-e- Taliban was formed with the collaboration of the 13 small militant groups

under the authority of BaitUllah Mahsood(2007,Saleem safi).

Separation Of provinces: One of the major militant groups of that kind is Baluchistan

Republican Army. This militant group is formed because many nationalist Baloch people

think that Balochistan is not given the proper rights and facilities that they should have been

given. That militant group is only formed because of the mismanagement of the government

and giving proper attention to all the provinces. The Baloch separatists have been activescience the independence of Pakistan. The conflicts among the militants and Pakistani

government arose in 1958, 1963, 1973 (Abbas, 2004) but these all conflicts were resolved

using military power and the militants were crushed every time, but this time when conflict

arose in 2004 (Gal, 2006), after the death of Nawab Akbar Bugti the conflict could not be

settled and the militants could not be crushed. (Gal, 2009) Nawab Akbar Bugti and then Mir

Balach Marri were killed thinking that they were the backbone of the militants and the


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militants will give up if they were killed, but instead the militants had been gaining and

winning support ever since. Many people are picking up arms and are fighting against the

government because they think this is the only way to get their rights. Government officials

say the men were being prosecuted for activities against the state but deny any involvement

in their deaths. People are not convinced and say that while the men supported independence,

they were not involved in the armed struggle. (Gal, 2009) The Interior Minister is quoted in

the press as acknowledging having made 4,000 arrests in connection with the Balochistan

situation, while speaking to the press in Turbat. This matter was later raised by a leader of

PML (N).4. The charges against a number of these persons have not been disclosed to their

families. In some cases it is not known where they are being detained, and furthermore the

government has not disclosed the identity of persons arrested during these operations.

(Human Rights Commissions, 2006)

Analysis:

Wrong Steps

First mistake made by the Pakistani Government was to support Hizbi-e-Islami in forming

the government in Afghanistan in 1992 (2010, Hamid Gul, Nazir Naji) becoming a part of

US-Afghan War in 2001 Pakistan government should have taken the stand and means

shouldnt have become the part of that war. At that time Pakistan could have brought

different International Organizations to solve the conflict without using armed forces.

Dialogues with the help of third party assistance like Saudi Arabia could have brought both

parties together so that the final decisions could have been accepted. Government beforejoining hands with the American forces did not take all the political parties in confidence.

Division of People : The decision of entering into this war was not a decision of majority

population thats why the country divided into two schools of thoughts one who supported

Government and others who supported Talibans and considered this to be a war of Islam.

Pakistani government has always preferred army operation over the dialogues and

negotiations but that has been proved to be wrong because suicide bombing is still continued

in Pakistan. A lot of military officials are getting killed and Pakistan has become a war zone

(2011, Imran khan, Mehmood Achakzai). Also at that time the Militant groups should have

raised their voices in the International media and should have asked for their rights but they

also preferred war. At the beginning this war was only between the forces but because of the

lack of communication between the parties this war spread and now is affecting the whole

country.


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Flaws In Strategies

Pakistan government adopted different strategies to handle the angry militant groups in

Pakistan and to make friends with them. As the militant groups startedsuicide bombing in the

mosques cities and killing innocent people the government decided to make under table deals

with them but it did not helped because Pakistani government used to break or violate the

agreement.

Lal Mosque and Waziristan Operation: Like proper armed conflict between Tehrek-e-

Taliban and Pakistani army stared in 2004 when Pakistani army started military operation in

Waziristan. But later on peace deals were signed between BaitUllah Mahsud and Pakistani

Government but these agreements were never worked upon properly and peace was never

maintained. Sometimes military took actions against them and sometimes they did bombingin Cities and killed People. Officially these agreements came to an end in August 2007 after

the Lal Masjid Military operation. After Lal masjid operation suicide bombings increased in

Pakistan and military started its operation in SWAT in 2007. Pakistani army took complete

control of SWAT in Feb 2009. After that Army started operation in Bajur and that operation

is still continued in Mumaand Agency. Militant groups replied government every time with

arms they could have used the democratic means to express themselves and brought a

revolution against the wrong policies of the government. For overcoming the conflict they

should have shown some flexibility.

Role of Religious Scholars

Islamic scholars did not take any active part to control this issue and many known Aalims

were not ready to give fatwas because they had life threats. At that time the biggest mistake

made by the government was of not giving Aalims proper protection and providing a proper

platform to the Aalims to give a collective fatwa against the acts of militant groups that were

against Islam. Religious scholars were also lacking in providing the students proper education

so that they can take decisions. Government did not have any attention on education people

of the tribal areas. Government should have given proper facilities to the Madrisas and

educated the teachers. They should have monitored the education that they were giving to the

students.


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Shariya Law: As many Militant groups are fighting for imposing Shariya Law and Shariya

Law can only be defined properly by the religious scholars so it was the responsibility of the

government to bring the Militant group leaders on the negotiations so that the deals can be

made according to the Islamic Shariya law. Both the parties the Government and the Militant

groups agree that Shariya law should be imposed but now the problem is on defining the

Shariya law properly. That can only be done if the Islamic Scholars take a step forward with

the help of Government in educating the people about Shariya law.

Rights Distribution

Government took the same actions when dealing with the militant groups of Baluchistan they

did not made any proper negotiations but took army actions and made Muslims fight with

Muslims and Pakistanis with Pakistanis.

External Forces: The militant groups that are working for the separation of provinces are

supported by external powers like India to destabilize Pakistan so taking military action is

considered the as the most appropriate solution to this problem. But instead of military action

people should be given proper education including the part of about their social

responsibilities. Militants that are fighting are Pakistanis and they should have been brought

to the negotiations table. Killing our own people only because they were getting support from

external forces was not the best way of solving this conflict. A country is nothing without the

support of the people of the country so the first priority behind every policy should be the

betterment of the majority people of the country because they are the real stake holders of the

country. The separatist militant groups instead of coming on the negotiation table started

taking help from other countries they should have thought that no other country would like to

support or help them without their own benefits in it.

Military Actions: Government made a huge mistake when they took military action against

the Baloch Leaders like Nawab Akbar Bugti. They did not killed a person but they produced

thousands of militants. After that operation people lost their trust in Government and they

took step of fighting against the Government. This step destroyed the democratic culture of

the country and showed to the people that only way to solve a conflict by the Government is

through forces.


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Major Mistakes: According to our findings after researching on militancy we have found

that the major demands of the militant groups are not to collaborate with American Army

implementation of Islamic Law and on the rights of the provinces. These issues were difficult

to address but they were not impossible to solve and both the parties made mistakes in taking

the proper steps for the solutions. The government thought of the ways that were not

democratic and militant groups thought of fulfilling their demands by spreading terror in the

country. Both the parties made mistakes and still it is not impossible to solve the issue the

condition of the situation has worsened but still the hope is there.

Recommendations:

There are many actions that can be taken by the Government and Militant Groups such as

following:

Dialogues with the Militant: Pakistan should stop all the military actions and start dialogues

with the major militant groups. And make an agreement not to take any military actions until

the final solution have been made. Militant groups should also seize fire until the dialogues

are in process. Agreements should be made with the help of third parties. Religious Islamic

scholars have never given any proper Fatwas against killing of the innocent people by these

militant groups. The militant scholars should sit with the Islamic Scholars to find a solution

that depicts the true image of Islam.

Merits: This is the way through which the solution can be achieved without bloodshed.

Peace will be stored and general public will not get affected. Dialogues will create an

environment of trust. This will make the country strong and stable. Economic development

will be effected and by the help of dialogues national sovereignty will be protected.

Demerits: If any one of the parties will break the agreement it will destroy the whole peace

process. It is also very difficult to bring all the militant groups on the dialogues table at the

same time. By this America will declare Pakistan as a country helping militants.

Development and Education: The under developed areas of Pakistan should be highlighted

and the infrastructural development should be made over there. The living standards of the

people living over there should be improved. Madrissa system in Pakistan has been a major

area of concern for government because the education they are providing over there is not


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properly monitored so the probability of the brain washing of children that do not know

anything increases.

Merits: Standard of living will be high and people will be more inclined towards the

development of the country. Education system will help in changing the mind-sets of people

of tribal areas about armed forces. The image of Pakistan armed forces has been destroyed in

the eyes of people because of the military operations in the country.

Demerits: if not controlled properly this strategy can go against the Government. It is also

difficult to keep the record of all madrisas and checking the education provided over

there.This step cannot be taken until local people are ready to accept the education system

provided by the government.

Clear Policies and Laws: The foreign policies should be made by keeping in mind the fact

that sovereignty of Pakistan lies with Allah Almighty and Pakistan should always consider

the interest of their people first. We can see the practical implementation of this point by the

actions of Iran. Rules and laws should be made so that everyone should be given justice on

time and no one should be neglected. This will help decrease the militancy that is working for

the separation of the provinces. Hypocrisy should be eliminated by both the parties to get the

solution because they should not only think of their personnel interest but they should think

of the interest of all the people of Pakistan.

Merits: Pakistan will be able to protect its national sovereignty. By not helping America in

war the government will gain the trust of people. When people will receive timely justice

they will not be take the path of fighting for getting their rights.

Demerits: Pakistan can face economic sanctions. International trade will be disturbed.

Pakistan is not in a position to risk its relation with other countries. The judicial system

should be according to the needs of the people like in tribal areas Jirgas are held for taking

decisions. The government should help in supporting and protecting Jirgas.

Special Considerations: Militants should be given special seats in the parliaments so that

they can participate in the decision making process by the democratic means and they can

raise their voices in people by the proper means this way these groups will get the power

through democratic means. The provincial Government should be given more power and the

as stated in the constitution of Pakistan the control of the resources of a province should be in


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the hands of that province. This will enable the province to take some special steps for

development. Pakistani Government should try to not only reach the leaders of the militant

groups but also the followers of these militant groups.

Merits: Militant groups will get a platform to raise their voices. This will encourage peace

process. With this every decision will be taken by the help of dialogues and according to the

democratic style.

Demerits: Resources can be exploited.If the federal government fails to keep proper check

and balance the parliament seats given to militant groups will send a wrong message to the

rest of the world. Proper monitoring of the militant groups should be done and certain

standards should be set before giving them those seats otherwise the image of Pakistan could

be harmed.

Conclusion:

Every conflict has its own bad and its own good and if managed properly conflict can be

beneficial. Every conflict has its solution within the conflict the only thing that is mainly

required is believe that the solution of that conflict exists. Same is the case with the conflict

of militancy in Pakistan. For the solution of this conflict Government and militants should try

to find the solution which does not include arms in it. The only thing that is required is the

determination that the solution exists and efforts by the both parties should be made to

achieve it and the most important thing that is required from the government end is the proper

management of every sector so that the future conflicts can be avoided. Both of the parties in

this conflict means Militant Groups and Government are talking from the extreme points they

have never tried properly to negotiate and work together. But now even United States has

found out that the only way to win the war against terrorism is with the dialogs. Dialog means

that both parties should believe in give and take situation. Militant groups are a major force

that has been made by the US and Pakistan and now it is not the time to neglect them or try to

kill them all with the force there could be a middle way to solve the conflict and the leaders

of the militant groups should also think that this bloodshed will counties until or unless they

will show some flexibility.


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References:

Owen Bennett Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the storm (New Haven: Yale University Press,2002) p.133

Selig S Harrison, In Afghanistans Shadow, pp.2728 "Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan," International Crisis Group, Asia

Report No. 119, p.4

Tribal Leader's Killing Incites Riots, New York Times, August 28, 2006 Another Insurgency Gains in Pakistan By CARLOTTA GALL. July 11, 2009 Flucher Ray, 2006, Baluchistans History of in urgency. Grare Fredric, 2006, Pakistan: The Resurgence of Baluch Nationalism. 23rd November 2011, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_conflict Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army 23rd

November 2011

23rd November 2011, Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_Republican_Army

25th November 2011, Baloch Republican Army,http://www.balochrepublicanarmy.com/

25th November 2011, Pakistan Institute of Legislative development and Transparency(PILDAT),

http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/balochistanc onflict/TheBalochistanCo

nflict.pdf

25thNovember 2011, Bloch Media, http://www.balochmedia.com/story/balochistan-conflict.html

Disarmament and Reintegration in Afghanistan, Asia Report, 30 September 2003 Central Asia: Islam and the State, Asia Report , 10 July 2003 Afghanistan: The Problem of Pashtun Alienation, Asia Report, 5 August 2003


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Political Integration Of Tribal Areas

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M.Abubakr Ashraf, Group 2

POLITICAL INTEGRATION OF THE

TRIBAL AREAS

The birth of Pakistan did not bring about any significant

political and administrative change in its tribal areas since

we virtually adopted all the British policies. In fact it only

accentuated the issue, and led to divergent positions on their

political future.


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Group Leader:M.Abubakr Ashraf

Group Members:

Anum Khurshid

Mubashir Us Saadain

Komal Nazir

Obaidullah


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Introduction

The tribal areas lying North-West of Indian sub-continent remain the most mysterious land in

the region. The area has a rich history as it lies on North Western entrance into the sub-continent. Many invading armies passed through this area to ravage fertile indo- magnetic

plains. The invading nomadic tribe moved in and out always leaving behind ruins of their

victory, but the local power remained unchanged. This power has and will remain to be, The

Tribal Pukhtoons.

Political History of FATA

British Era:

The British policy towards the tribal areas was dictated by the imperative of containing

Russia. Under this policy, this was called The Close Border Policy, the British established

direct rule in the settled areas of North West Frontier Region, while the tribes in the tribal

areas were left to administer their own affairs. The tribesmen were allowed entry into the

British territory and to trade freely; but British officers were instructed not to cross into tribal

territory. Agreements were made with the tribes obliging them to maintain peaceful and

friendly relations with the Government.

Independence of Pakistan:

The year 1947 marked a turning point in the history of the Tribal Areas, as a new and

independent state of Pakistan replaced the alien rule of the British migrants. With the

termination of the British rule in India in 1947, all those agreements and treaties, which

bound the Tribal Areas with the British Government in Delhi, were abolished under the

Indian Independence Act, 1947. Constitutionally, the tribal areas became independent and it

was up to the new state of Pakistan to enter into fresh agreements and Government of

Pakistan entered into agreements with the tribal chiefs in 1951-52 acquiring greater control

and authority in the Tribal Areas (blog:Wabash Choudhary). These agreements were

concluded with the willing cooperation and the good will of the Tribal people, and were

meant to enlarge the scope of the existing agreements.


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System of Government:

From 1947 till the formation of One unit in 1955, the Governor NWFP, acted as agent to the

Governor General of Pakistan in relation to the administration of the Tribal Areas, and

exercised immediate authority in those areas. His Secretariat, known as the Local

Administration of NWFP, headed by the Chief Secretary, dealt with all matters in respect of

the Tribal Area. Political Agents used to correspond directly with the local administration.

Article 1 of the 1973 constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan treats FATA as a separate

entity, to be administered by the Federal Govt as prescribed in article 247 of the Constitution.

Accordingly FATA is outside the executive authority of the province of NWFP and the

Governor NWFP, in his capacity as an agent to president regulates its affairs. No act of

legislature extends to FATA unless approved by the president and the jurisdiction of superior

courts is very limited in its applicability to matters relating to the region. This period can

further be divided into three parts, the period of Soviet occupation (1979-1989), the period of

mujahedeen rule in Afghanistan (1992-1996), the period of Taliban rule (1996-2001).

Present Political Setup:

President enjoys the executive power to rule the tribal area. President has delegated his

authority to Governor of the North West Frontier Province. The Ministry of state and Frontier

Regions (SAFRON), at Islamabad look after the administrative affairs and development

activities in the area. The Governor NWFP as agent to the President, representing the Federal

Government, administers the Tribal Areas.

Political Problems in FATA

Aspects Related to Legislation:

The newly born state of Pakistan already confronted with host of problems decided to

continue all the treaties, agreements and allowances and to avoid from interfering with the

tribal traditional freedom. The basic understanding was that internally the area would remain

autonomous and the government of Pakistan would look after the external security and help

in development of the area.


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Frontier Criminal Regulations (FCR):

The FCR give excessively vast powers to political agent. Before creation of Pakistan, the

British Government used to appoint experienced and selected officers in agencies who

invoked provisions of the regulation carefully and administered Justice in fair and equitable

manner. Unfortunately, the prevailing state of affairs is completely reversed. The tribesmen

have lost confidence in political officers and the administration. In accordance with the rules,

political agent has to refer invariably every case to Jirga and considers objections, if any, of

the parties to the nomination of members of Jirga. Political agent has to accept the decision or

else refer the matter to a fresh Jirga if some how he does not feel inclined to accept its

findings and recommendations. Contrary to the provisions of law, the political agent mostly

decides the matters through executive orders without let or hindrance.

FATA Representatives in National Assembly:

The President, considering the growing demand of FATA people, on 14 December 1996

decided to replace the restricted mode of elections through Preparation of Electoral Roll

(FATA) Order Amendment. Grant of adult franchise was received well and a lot of

enthusiasm was witnessed in General Elections 1997 throughout FATA. Presently, 12

members represent FATA in the National Assembly whereas 8 seats are reserved in Senate.

Sensitivities of Politics in FATA:Article 25 of the Constitution allows politics and political parties and Article 19 freedom of

speech, yet these basic rights are taboos in tribal area. Except for the religious parties who use

the umbrella of Islam to hold their meetings, others including tribesmen turned politician are

barred from taking parts in politics or forming political parties since introduction of the 1935

Indian Act. The various governments since partition have gone a step further by making

certain provisions to suppress any voice for rights or equality and criticism of government

policies or wrongs of political administration.

To transform the political culture and argument the level of political awareness in FATA, it isimperative to change constitutional status of the region. However, it is deemed that an abrupt

swap over of the entire area from its special status to settled area may lead to rebuffs.

Particular attention is required to be paid to the systems


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Political System:

During last couple of decades, tribal culture and political culture of FATA has considerably

weakened. The controls of tribal elders, Maliks and Mashrans have reduced to name alone.

Ulema (clerics) have gained stronger feet and enjoy immense control virtually over all affairs

of the society. This is fully manifested from the fact that most of the members of various

elected bodies e.g. the National Assembly, the Senate and the Agency Councils are Ulema

rather than tribal heads / elders / Maliks. This denotes that common people of the area have

started siding with religious rather than tribal elite. This facet has its own dynamics.

Due to dwindling influence of political tribal leaders and growth in the power of clergy,

people of the area do not bother much about political activities. Because of this, and also due

to deep religiosity in the tribal, they become an easy tag for militant organizations of various

shades and grades, of which some are even playing in the hands of foreign powers including

India and the US.

Administration System:

Administration system in FATA is quite outdated and is seriously hampering political as well

as societal division of the area. PA acts like a king in his agency. He practically remains to be

unchallengeable in his decisions and dealings, and does not have a concrete system of check

and accountability monitoring his deeds. This spreads discord and discontent in tribal region

and leads to tangible political repercussions.

Judicial System:

Judicial system of FATA is leaving a number of question makes for spectators both at home

and abroad. The questions including:-

Decisions by Political Admin based on FCR are unchallengeable. Even the FCR itselfis widely known as a discriminatory law.

Validity of the decision made by Jirga. Qualification and knowledge of decision makers. The art of appeal to the offender, which is mostly denied.

The real question is that when a sound system of judiciary is functioning in the country, why

should the people of tribal areas be left to the mercy of their Maliks, who may favor or

disfavor them through a decision of their own choice without leaving a choice of appeal to

the accused. This facet leads to a number of consequences, hampers deletion of true justice


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and leave suspicion for the population as regards their status in comparison with other

citizens of Pakistan.

Practically speaking, the official system of justice has miserably failed in FATA. Because of

this, the affairs are moving into the hands of local militant organizations. On 17 March 2006,

Maulana Meraj Din, MNA from South Waziristan Agency during a live interview to Geo TV,

said that due to operations by security agencies in the area and absence of any such official

setup like police etc, the old age tribal system had been disturbed. Hence, the people of the

area obviously looked towards some entity to take care of societal affairs. The militants

groups emerged out to be a readymade choice. This leaves a lot of questions for the people at

the helm of affairs. This calls for the need to abolish the contentious Frontier Crime Rules

(FCR), systematic integration of the area into settled areas of the country and enforcement of

normal laws of the land there. This also calls for doing something more than mere military

operations.

The System of Law Enforcement:

Hypothetically, a number of agencies are functioning in the region but practically there is

none to ensure law and order in line with settled areas of Pakistan. For instance, Khassadar

Force, the mainstay of law enforcement with the PA has a number of weaknesses:-

Khassadars are enrolled as a political bribe from PA to any tribe. There is no age limit or any merit for enrolled of Khassadars. Khassadars are enrolled and empowered on their duties without any formal or

informal training. Also, they do not have any appropriate weapons or equipment to

ensure law and order in the area. The local populace is rather better armed and

equipped.

For hailing from the same area, they remain under the influence of local tribal andreligious leaders rather than officials

Law and order has, factually, gone to the hands of local militant organizations, which may

read it as lawlessness and disorder instead.

The Role of Media:

Generally speaking, media is playing a good role to positive affect the minds of the tribal to

bring certain level of political awareness and change the existing political culture. But the

problem is that it can be truly effective only if there are perceptible changes on ground.


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Affecting a Change:

It is deemed that changing the political and other systems in FATA would take time and if

carried out abruptly, it may lead to failure. Step-by-step approach in this regard may be quite

beneficial. First and foremost step may be change in constitutional status of FATA. This may

also be resisted but if it is comb with a measure of carrot e.g. equitable political

representation by the people of FATA in all constitutional bodies including the Provincial

Assembly of NWFP, activation of Agency Councils and allotment of dev funds through pub

representatives and extensive dev projects in the area, it is expected to be rather hailed.

Another way could be amalgamation of FATA into settled areas of NWFP gradually, starting

from the FRS first. However, after the status of FATA or one of its parts is changed, strict

enforcement of govt in all spheres must be ensured on one hand, and on the other, people

must be made felt that the change paid them politically and socially.

Recommendations

To change constitutional status of FATA, transform its political administration system and

bring it into national mainstream.

Transformation Parameters:

Change in constitutional status and politico-constitutional merger of FATA withNWFP.

Proportional representation of all regions at provincial level. Introduction of conventional system of District, Tehsil and Union Council.

Measures recommended to fulfill the vision in line with the fore mentioned transformation

parameters are:-

Changing the Constitutional Status of FATA:

The first and foremost step that must be taken by the Government of Pakistan is to change the

status of FATA through proper legislation. It is recommended that a timeline should be

pronounced for amalgamation of various parts of FATA with the settled areas of NWFP, so

as to allow adequate time for setting up of various facilities and establishing necessary

departments in order to genuinely integrate the region into national mainstream.


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Transformation of Politico-Administrative System:

A simple act of legislation cannot really change the status of FATA unless its political

administrative system is changed to come at par with the settled districts of NWFP. It is,

therefore, recommended that the existing system of FATA should be replaced with the

structure identical to the one in vogue in settled areas of Pakistan. Following are

recommended:-

System of administration in vogue in settled areas should be introduced in the region. Agencies of FATA should be designated as district. FRs should be amalgamated with respective districts. Proportional representation of all parts of FATA in Provincial Assembly of NWFP

should be ensured as for National Assembly and Senate.

The system of District, Tehsil and Union Councils should be introduced. Representatives of local bodies should be given due political powers and dev projects

must be planned through them.

Introduction of Conventional System of Law Enforcement:

Change of status must follow institution of normal police system as is in vogue insettled areas of NWFP.

Concerted efforts must be made to abolish weapon culture from the area. It may seemto be difficult today but when the campaign encompassing stick and carrot

commences, it is expected to yield positive results.

Media Campaign for Political Awareness in Tribal Masses:

Together with aforementioned steps, it is recommended that a media campaign may be

launched to educated general public of the area and in still requisite level of political

awareness.

Conclusion

Unity of the nation and integrity of our country depends upon understanding each other,

respecting values and extending a hand of help where required. Today Pakistan is moving

through turbulent waves. Today our emphases should be focusing underdeveloped areas like


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FATA to overcome their socio-economic/political problems and reduce the polarization

effects created over long decades of mistrust and deceit. It is evident that a concerted and

dedicated effort is likely to meet astounding success. I finish on a note of optimism that we

hand over a more harmonious, happier and safer Pakistan to the future generation of this

country.

Bibliography

Khan, RA 2003, Political developments in FATA: a critical view, in PI Cheema &MH Nuri (eds.), Tribal areas of Pakistan: challenges and responses, Islamabad

Policy Research Institute: Hanns Seidel Foundation, Pakistan.

Bangash, MA 2003, FATA: towards a new beginning, in PI Cheema & MH Nuri(eds.), Tribal areas of Pakistan: challenges and responses, Islamabad Policy

Research Institute: Hanns Seidel Foundation, Pakistan.

Khan, H 2003, The Role of Federal Government and Political Agent, in PI Cheema& MH Nuri (eds.), Tribal areas of Pakistan: challenges and responses, Islamabad

Policy Research Institute: Hanns Seidel Foundation, Pakistan.

Alam, M 2003, Political Empowerment and Devolution Plan, in PI Cheema & MHNuri (eds.), Tribal areas of Pakistan: challenges and responses, Islamabad Policy

Research Institute: Hanns Seidel Foundation, Pakistan.

Encyclopedia: Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan (online) Availablehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Federally-Administered-Tribal-

Areas%2C-Pakista n

Tribal Areas, Chapter-3 (online) Available http://www.pap.gov.pk/constitu/P12c3.htm Government of Pakistan Revised Agreements with the Tribal People, Peshawar, 1947. Local Government, Rural Development & Environment (online) Available

http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Factsheets/three_years_of_reforms1.htm

Abbasi, A 2002, Tribal Areas to get Devolution Plan, The News, 24 January.


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The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Part XII, Chapter 3. Tribal Areas(online) Available

http://www.nrb.gov.pk/constitutional_and_legal/constitution/part12.ch3.html


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Ethnic Polarization In Pakistan

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Sanya Raza Tiwana, Group 3

Ethnic Polarization in Pakistan

Notwithstanding the fact that Pakistan was achieved in the

name of Islam that envisages tolerance and respect, we

have, unfortunately, drifted towards its opposite, giving rise

to serious ethnic conflicts in the country.


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Group Leader: Sanya Raza Tiwana

Group Members:

Fahd Hussain Khan

Fatima Ikram

Sana Abid Ansari

Zeeshan Ayub


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Introduction

A precise definition of ethnicity is not easy. People define it according to their own

perceptions. Theoretically, it emerges that it is much more than racial, cultural, religious or

even political phenomenon. At its core it is probably psychological, i.e., the perception what

separates us from them. It is a shared sense of fear, vulnerability and shared aspirations by a

persecuted people resulting in hatred and a craving for separation.

The increasing incidence of ethnic conflicts and the much publicized consequences of these

conflicts have made many researchers to revisit social sciences. It is a point of inference that

ethnically diverse societies have a higher probability of political conflicts. According to

Montalvo, the political instability caused by potential ethnic conflicts has a negative impact

on investment and, indirectly, on growth.

It is also a point of argument, according to some researchers that, where there is ethnic

diversity it would generate a high level of corruption, which in turn, could deter investment in

that country/or region. Additionally, in heterogeneous societies or strong tribal structure (with

strong cultural and communal affinity) such as Balochistan and FATA, there is low level of

propagation of technology and creativity due to inbuilt potential for partiality, favoritism and

nepotism, which through social and political channel, affects the economy.

Background

When we look at the worlds lesser known conflicts, Pakistan cannot be neglected. There are

many religious sects, tribes and cultural groups in Pakistan; some of which we hardly know,

while others are on our fingertips because they make efforts to do so. Not denying the fact

that lack of education, poverty, bigotry, feudalism, tribalism, ethnic polarization,

discriminatory law and justice compounded with foreign interference, are elements which are

tearing apart the Pakistani society. Since independence, these have steadily become violent

because certain groups want to attain acceptance for their lawful or unlawful demands and

failure of the successive Governments to enforce writ of the state or reconciliation.

Conversely, high level of diversity can also be a potential for growth when handled by erudite

and dedicated leadership.


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Following table and map define the statistics & ethnic groups location in Pakistan:

Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan, 1973 (Wikipedia Map)

Population Percentage

Punjabi - 42.15%

Pashtun - 17.42%,

Sindhi - 14.1%

Seraiki - 10.53%,

Muhajir - 7.57%,

Baloch - 3.57%

Others - 4.66%

Current Ground Realities

Pakistan is a multi lingual, multi ethnic and multi cultural country with more than 60

languages spoke in it. Strangely enough, the struggle for Pakistan during British Rule

transcended ethnic, lingual, cultural and regional differences. It was an expression of a deep

Muslim consciousness which was both inspiring and invigorating. Unfortunately, post

independence that expression could not be sustained. The independence movement in British

India is an inspiration to the argument that there never was true unity among major ethnic

groups; it was only a forced lumping together by the British rulers. So was division of East &

West Pakistan. Post 1971 Pakistan has also witnessed Baloch insurgencies, Pashtun

separatism, Sindhi regionalism etc.

Today Pakistani society is extremely polarized along ethnic, geographic, economic, gender as

well as religious lines which are preventing the social cohesion necessary for broad-based,

inclusive growth. These secular movements pose serious risks to the Federation. These

challenges are indeed mounting, at the same time; these very events offer an opportunity for

seeking solutions remaining still in a multi-ethnic framework.


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Symptoms

[2] On June 5, 2008, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace hosted a discussion on

Pakistans economic and social challenges and prospects. Jan Vandermoortele along with few

others was the featured speakers. The discussion was opened with an overview of Pakistans

lackluster performance in achieving human development goals. The country has made some

limited progress on poverty and health indicators, its education sector remains well below

those of countries at similar levels of existence. The reason ascribed was that the country

spends only about 2.5% of GDP on health and education, whereas most countries that have

prospered have spent on a sustained basis, at least 7% of their GDP.

Extreme examples of ethnic violence are of Balochistan and KPK. Several events like the

PIA Flight PK-544 hijack by the Baloch Students Organization (BSO), the a bduction of John

Solecki; head of UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Balochistan (UNHCR) in 2009, of

Chinese engineers from the Gwadar port, of socio-political leaders and rich businessmen for

ransom or for release of captured compatriots. Our focus in this study is on the ethnic

polarization in Pakistan.

Causes

a. Unpatriotic Leadership. The leaders for the independence movement had achievedtheir aim in the later part of their lives and were not available to guide it through its

formative years. Their inheritors were the big landlords and tribal bourgeois who wereno visionaries like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan etc. Due to their personal

differences, greed and protectionist instincts did not permit stabilizing of state

institution like legislative assembly, independent judiciary, executive and the taxation

administrations. It took them six years to agree on their first Constitution and since

then it has been abrogated, set aside or changed as many times. These interest groups

and cartels control the state institutions as well as all the sources of wealth. The

common people are beholden to them for their survival.

b. Weak Education Base The successive conflict ridden leadership failed to conceiveand implement a national education policy fulfilling the aspirations envisaged for

secession from India, which is, to surmount economic persecution under the dominant

Hindu population. Thus, an educated leadership and workforce have not emerged who

could resolve the issues, appropriately utilize the wealth of resources.


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c. Regional and International Interests and Intervention.Pakistan is located at theinternational cross-roads which makes it prone to regional & international rivalries.

The fledgling state was constrained to join CENTO in sixties, a western alliance

against its neighboring super power the USSR and paid a heavy price for it. In the

eighties, again forced into active war for over a decade for stopping and breaking up

of USSR, as a consequence it received millions of Afghan refugees, freedom fighters

called Jihadist from all over the world, Kalashnikov bearing trained fighters who had

married or settled their families here. After the war these Jihadist termed Taliban, had

no jobs or sustenance, most had worked for international intelligence spy networks,

and were available for any takers. They were clandestinely used against Pakistans

interests to create disillusionment and further rift between ethnic groups. All these

factors disrupted the national cohesion and weakened economy. The leadership which

led to the breaking up of USSR, could have defended against such schemes, was

conspired against and violently removed. Even then, the country was not left alone;

political and military governments were installed and removed in quick succession to

keep the country begging from IMF, World Bank and the so called Big Eight

Countries to continue doing their bidding. These Powers have eyes on the natural and

human resources in and around Pakistan thus they are a source of conflict.

d. Religious Factions. Pakistan was created on social and religious differences withHindus of Hindustan (India to the western countries) but, since inception it also failed

to conceive and implement Islamic laws / constitution. Successive civil and military

leadership did not emerge from the grass roots. They were sons and daughters of

wealthy elite who were educated in the west, dreaded Islamic laws because they were

imbued by western culture, which itself had degenerated into free for all society, do

anything but dont be caught. Pakistan was forced into Wests war, who called it a

holy war. Taking advantage of existing religious sects, funded these groups and

devious individuals who recruited simple Muslims from all over the Islamic world in

the name of Jihad. These

little known so called Islamic groups fattened by foreign currencies and weapons have

started wielding power and become a source of conflict too.

e. Weak Economy. Despite having vast natural resources in the form of rich mineraldeposits, rivers and network of irrigation canal system, vast expanses of arable land a

conducive climate able to produce three crops per year, its economy has failed to


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develop given the above potentials. The reason for this failure squarely rests with

leadership which successively emerged from particular factions or areas who failed a

judicious distribution of national resources and wealth, thus the polarization.

Analysis

Whatever the causes of ethnic polarization the fact remains that it has become a serious threat

to the integrity of the Pakistani nation. Ethnic prejudices are entrenched in our minds from

the moment we are able to distinguish between right and wrong. No matter how much we

may deny it, but when we look at a person we instantly notice his race and try to distinguish

his origins. When we meet people one of the first thought that come to our minds is, Now

where does this person come from?, or Oh! He / she must be Pathan, Punjabi, Muhajir or

Taliban. We notice the color of that persons skin, decide on his ethnicity and instantly form

judgments about him. These judgments barricade us from recognizing intellectual andprofessional capabilities, moral character and exploit such potential.

This tendency of stereotyping and making generalizations is extremely prevalent in our

society. This only leads to provincialism and ethnic disputes. In Karachi there has been

widespread unrest and violence between the Pathans, Muhajirs and Sindhis. In Balochistan

there is hatred against Punjabi civil military bureaucracy and agro-industrial settlers. The

Baloch people feel that they have not been given fair share in their economic development

and appropriate representation in the government. These divisions have caused much

impediment politically and economically, and might even lead to further division of the

country.

The violent unrest that has taken place in Karachi over the years is solely on the basis of

economic disputes transiting into ethnic prejudices. At the time of the creation of Pakistan in

1947, a large number of migrants settled in the urban areas of Punjab and Sind, namely

Karachi, Hyderabad and Sukkur. These migrants were called Muhajiror refugees. From the

very start the Sindhi population did not accept the influx of the Muhajirs into their lands. The

immigrants or Muhajirs belonged to urban, middle class families, were well educated and

experienced in various occupations and they gave initial impetus to state organizations. On

the other hand the Sindhi population was relatively uneducated and rural, struggling to

survive under their own feudal system. They and their feudal lords resented the presence of a

more educated community taking over their economic prospects. In the 1970s there was

violent confrontation between the two communities, as unlike the rest of the country, the


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Sindhis were also unwilling to accept Urdu as the national / official language in their

province. There was much bloodshed on both sides and no favorable conclusion could be

reached.

Karachi being a port city grew is an economic hub, thus a number of Pashtun and Punjabi

people also came and settled there, taking over many jobs that would be available to Sindhis

or Muhajirs. To protect themselves the Muhajir Qaumi Movement or MQM was created in

1986 by Altaf Hussain. They have since been involved in culpable activities. Whether the

MQM has been of benefit to the people of Karachi is a matter of personal opinion. (Ahmer)

However, the biggest example of ethnic prejudice in Pakistans history lies in the formation

of Bangladesh, previously known as East Pakistan. East Pakistan too had a higher literacy

rate and more population than West Pakistan. Their demand to make Bengali also a national

language along with Urdu was ignored. Apart from this they were not given fair

representation in the National Assembly and the government. There were financial and

monetary disputes as well. Bengalis complained that most of the foreign exchange earned

from their produce was not spent on them and was squandered in West Pakistan by the West

Pakistan heavy leadership and bureaucracy. Taking advantage of that situation India

mobilized the East Pakistani people financially and militarily and Bangladesh was created.

(Ahmed)

What we need to learn from all this is that we should look beyond racial and provincialboundaries and see what really binds us together as a nation. Ethnic prejudice has only lead to

increased tensions and bloodshed of our own people. It is high time to look back on the Two

Nation Theory and educate the people of Pakistan about the true essence of their identity.

What matters is that we are all Pakistani and not Baloch, Sindhi, Urdu speaking, Punjabi or

Pathan. It is our country that gives us our identity. Nobody outside Pakistan is going to ask us

which province or state we belong to. The current situation in Pakistan cant take any more

divisions or faults within itself. We shouldnt let anything; especially disputes within

ourselves get in the way of our progress.

Recommendations


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Implementing Democratic Practices. The simple people ofPakistan have paid a heavy price

for delegating their rights to greedy individuals who had fed them with false hopes and

promises. With the new found freedom of Press & IT they have been well exposed. It is time

that the people choose well their leaders, make them accountable and demand their rights.

Strengthening Institutions. Institutions are assessed on the basis of their response to the

crises and providing relief to the population, more or less institutions in Pakistan (Executive,

Judiciary, Education, Health, Power, Land Administration, Taxation, & Police) have not

delivered.

The ethnic polarization in Pakistan can bedetermined from the uneven distribution of

developmental projects, infrastructure, institutions and poverty alleviation throughout the

country, except Punjab which had a better deal by a fostering leadership which is the bone of

resentment for other provinces specially Balochistan. These anomalies need to be addressed

immediately.

In the rural areas of the provinces, majority of the population live at below poverty level

where are no decent hospitals that can provide them with reasonable health services. Diseases

like Malaria and Tuberculosis are common, especially those living in thickly-populated

slums. This is greatly due to their low standards of living and literacy. Every year

Tuberculosis causes approximately 70,000 death out of 270,000 afflicted by the disease.

According to World Health Organization, the country is 27

th

in the list of most affected states.(MacKenzie, 2011)

EstablishRule of Law and Accountability. Economic experts point out that institutional

proficiency depends to a large extent on the combination of the rule of law, accountability

and democratic practices. Decades have passed, unfortunately for Pakistan, to be ruled by the

gang of landowner wadaras (feudal), big industrialists and civil-military bureaucracy, taking

turns, who have been making a show of holding accountable the outgoing regime but

pardoning them later. This must end now.

Judicious Distribution and Utilization of National Resources . Another big issue is the

unfair representation of isolated ethnic groups on the national level. Some provinces end up

getting a larger share of everything, be it water, power, employment and budget and get to

enjoy the superior facilities that may not be found in other provinces. This has caused

resentment and been taken advantage by the opportunists and external actors (to further their


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own vested interests) Justly elected representatives must ensure equal distribution of national

resources its best utilization.

An Empowered Regulatory Authority. According to a market analyst Yunus Kamran, the

inability of the state to deliver basic public goods and appropriate regulatory framework and

the accumulation of tax, trade, wage and bank arrears indicates weakening of institutions.

The most important reason of this is the presence of corruption at the top level. According to

the Annual Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2001-2010, Pakistan is ranked at 143rd out of

the 178 countries surveyed (Livingston, 2011). Finally there is a strong perception that there

has been a systemic decline in the quality of tax administration and in the face of growing

evasion and corruption; it is argued that the incidence of taxes has effectively declined-

Chaudhary, 2010.

An Indigenous Education and Religious Policy. These two need immediate reforms. Apart

from few decent schools and colleges for the financially rich people in Pakistan, the general

population has no option but to go to Urdu medium schools where, given the pitiable

allocation of resources, the standards and amenities are contemptible. A big number of very

poor family children are taken up by Religious Mudrissahs which are run by benevolent

funding and which are preaching religion, morality or behavior in an irritatingly tedious or

overbearing way repugnant to the mainstream Islam.

In the absence of a national educational policy each educational or religious institute ishaving their own syllabi. Making things even worse are the strong political parties who for

the lust of money keep opting for aid in the name of education but would make no such

efforts to develop good educational institutions. In an article by Stuteville, 2010; as many as

30,000 ghost schools nonfunctioning schools, that exist only on paper. This has to stop.

There is a dire need of formulating and implementing an indigenous national education and

religious policy to bring out the best national talent. The education system should be such that

it surpasses the international standards yet at the same time promotes knowledge regarding

the true Islamic / world history culture, literature and art of Pakistan. What lies at the essenceof such an educational system is that students would not only be focusing on reaching

International standards but also having a firm grip on what they are and where they belong.

Adding books written by authors of Pakistani origin as part of schools syllabus along with

comprehending the geographic and cultural beauty of Pakistan. The aim should be to make

the youth feel proud that they are a part of a nation whose ancestors include people like


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Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu, Mirza Ghalib, Sayyed Ahmad Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal,

Muhammad Ali Jinnah etc rather than creating a sort of inferiority complex through

dramatizing western heroes. The government of Pakistan should create as many educational

platforms that would educated people regarding how they can practice their rights make

them understand what is considered as their right and make them believe that the government

will be there for their support. Once the students have a firm belief that they are no lesser a

nation than any other on the face of this planet, they would do wonders for this country.

A Proactive Agriculture Policy and Land Reforms . Adop[tion of wrong policies have lead

the country to rely more on loans from IMF and World Bank for its very survival. What

makes things even worse for Pakistan is the segment of the population who are feudal and

landlords who just do not want their children as well as others to get educated.The feudal

archetype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or

even thousands of acres of land (interior Punjab, KP and Sindh). They seldom make any

direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants

who live at subsis tence level. Pakistan suffers not only from decadent feudalism but also

from the primitive tribal system.

In order to improve institutions, new and fresh policies should be implemented throughout

Pakistan. Thoroughly revising and making structural changes ensuring equal representation to

each and every province.

An indigenous Foreign Policy. Pakistan is in dire need of a foreign policy that would benefit

the National Interest of the country itself rather than one that is customized and manufactured

by super powers. Type-casting some minorities with menial sanitary work are belittling and

extremely discriminatory. Therefore care must be taken that minorities dont get stereotyped

and consequently oppressed by those in the majority.

Conclusion

Pakistan is a state of over 180 million people with sixty percent in the age group of 35 years and

below, who are imbued with nationalistic fervor, are hard working and God fearing. They are well

aware of the prevailing regional and international geopolitics. If equal opportunities for all, best man

for the job is adopted as the state policy it will mitigate the grouse among the people and the

provinces. In the end a beautiful quote by Mr Mowahid Hussain;


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Pakistan was never envisioned to be the play ground of plunderers, perverts

and parasites, given the horrid results so far, is there any harm, for a change of

flavor, to giverecognition to honesty, hard work and merit? Surely, results cant

be any worse

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Chaudhry, I.S, 2010. Determinants of Low Tax Revenue in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of

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Palestinian Conflict

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Yamna Khan, Group 4

PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

Palestinian conflict surfaced when Jews were given a

homeland, displacing the Muslim population of Palestine.

Instead of getting resolved, this conflict continued to get

complicated with time.


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Group Leader:Yamna Khan

Group Members:

Ayesha Tahir

Hajirah Khajavee

Mahwish Amanat

Neeli Rasool


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REPONSIBILITIES

Name Responsibility

Yamna Khan Analysis, Options

Ayeesha Tahir Options, Recommendations

Hajirah Khajavee Current Realities

Mahwish Amanat Introduction, Background

Neeli Rasool Symptoms, Causes


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Table of Contents

Topic No. Title Page No.1 Background 3

2 Current Realities 4

US Involvement 53 Symptoms and Causes 6

UN Partition Plan 6Gaza Strip Blockade 7

Refugees 7

Water Issues 8

Dispute over Jerusalem 8

4 Possible Options 8

5 Recommendations 11

6 Appendix: Exhibit A 12

7 References 13


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1. BackgroundThe struggle for Israel between the Jews and the Arabs is one of the major conflicts of the

world. Numbers of attacks have been made by both sides, numerous negotiations have been

tried for but the conflict still persists. The Jews believe they have an ancestral right to the

land and it is sacred to them since it is the Promised Land by God to the linage of Isaac and it

belonged to them 3000 years ago. Palestinians, mainly the Muslims had been living in this

land for around 2000 years; they believe the Jews snatched it out of their hands in 1948 and

they too have religious ties to the land (Avakin, 2006).

Throughout history this land has been conquered and re-conquered but from 7th century to the

fall of the Ottoman Empire in 20th century it remained under Muslim rule (Isseroff, 2003-

2007). After World War I the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Palestine by the Arabs

combined by the British and Palestine became a colony of Britain, Arabs believed that if theyhelp the British they will be given the land (Trueman, 2000). After WWI Jewish immigrants

started to enter the land especially since they faced the holocaust in Europe, mainly Zionists

whose ideology was that The Jews should 'return' to their 'homeland' which is Jerusalem,

promised to them in their Torah by God. These Jews wanted their Holy land back. The main

conflict at the time was due to religious reasons over the city of Jerusalem, soon the Jews

started to ascend in number and so did the conflict. When the British left Palestine they

handed the dispute over to the UN to solve which decided on a 50/50 partition. Right after the

Palestinians refused to accept this plan war broke out and Palestinian land was taken over bythe Jews in the 1948 war. Israelis won the war and two thirds of Palestinians were exiled and

77% of the land was seized by Israel. Property and funds of these 750,000 refugees was

confiscated to prevent their return. (Avakin, 2006). Since then major chunks of Palestinian

land have been grasped by the Israelis [See Exhibit A for map, pg.12].

Currently the Palestinian conflict resides over religious issues, the Gaza strip, Jerusalem and

water issues. Both parties want the other out and facts have shown their reluctance to live in

peace with each other.

2. Current RealitiesThough Palestinians and Israelis have their own differences the main issue is over the land

and to whom the boundaries belong. Israelis believe the land was promised to them in their

Bible and the Muslims snatched it from them while Palestinians believe the vice versa mainly


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that the land belonged to the Palestinians they were in control of it until the Jews coaxed their

Documents

Fall 2011 Bahria University BBA VI (a) Conflict Management Student Projects - Prof Manzoor Iqbal Awan