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Fallacies of Presumption and Fallacies of Ambiguity

+Fallacies of Presumption

+Fallacies of PresumptionThere is an unjustified assumption on which the conclusion is based.

+Fallacies of PresumptionAccidentComplex QuestionBegging the Question

+[1] Accident

One applies a generalization to an individual case that does not fall under it.

+[2] Complex Question

One argues by asking a question in such a way as to assume the truth of a detail buried in the question.

+[3] Begging the Question

One assumes in the premises of his argument the truth of what his conclusion.

+Fallacies of Ambiguity

+Fallacies of AmbiguityA term may have one meaning in the premises and a different one in the conclusion.

The change in meaning may be accidental or deliberate.

+Fallacies of AmbiguityEquivocation Amphiboly Accent Composition Division

+[1] Equivocation

The same word or phrase is used with two or more meanings, deliberately or accidentally, in formulating an argument.

+[2] Amphiboly

One of the statements in an argument has more than one plausible meaning, because of the loose or awkward way in which the words have been combined.

+[3] Accent

A shift of meaning arises within an argument as a consequence of changes in the emphasis given to its words or parts.

+[4] CompositionOne reasons that the qualities of a part apply to the whole

One reasons that the qualities of an individual member apply to the group.

+[5] DivisionOne reasons that the qualities of the whole apply to its parts

One reasons that the qualities of a group or collection apply to the individual members.