LJ

H-6 DECEMBER 1961

4

CONCERNING THIS BOOKLET

One of the first tasks assigned to me by the President, after Iassumed responsibility for the Federal Civil Defense Programlast August, was to give the American people the facts theyneed to know about the dangers of a thermonuclear attackand what they can do to protect themselves. This bookletattempts to provide the facts.

The factual information in this booklet has been verified byindependent scientific authority, and represents the best consensus of the scientific community that we can establish.

The booklet also describes the national civil defense program.This program necessarily rests on judgments about what areprudent precautions in the light of our knowledge of whatmight happen and our evaluation of scientific facts. Judgmentsmay differ. It is my considered judgment that this is a reasonable and prudent program—and that it is the best program wecan have, measured against the other priorities of our nationallife.

Secretary of Defense

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

AND WHAT YOU SHOULD DO4L

How to survive attack and livefor your country’s recovery

The purpose of this booklet is to help save lives if a nuclearattack should ever come to America. The foreign and defensepolicies of your Government make such an attack highly unlikely, and to keep it unlikely is their most important aim.It is for this reason that we have devoted so large an effort tocreating and maintaining our deterrent forces. However,should a nuclear attack ever occur, certain preparations couldmean the difference between life and death for you.

The need for preparation—for civil defense—is likely to bewith us for a long time, and we must suppress the temptationto reach out hastily for short-term solutions. There is nopanacea for protection from nuclear attack. In a major attackupon our country, millions of people would be killed. Thereappears to be no practical program that would avoid large-scale

5

loss of life. But an effective program of civil defense could savethe lives of millions who would not otherwise survive. Falloutshelters and related preparations, for example, could greatlyreduce the number of casualties.

President Kennedy, speaking on July 25, 1961, put it thisway: “In the event of attack, the lives of those families whichare not hit in the nuclear blast and fire can still be saved if theycan be warned to take shelter and if that shelter is available.We owe that kind of insurance to our families and to ourcountry.”

The President was talking about shelter from radioactivefallout. The blast, heat, and fire of a nuclear explosion areappallingly destructive. But radioactive fallout could spreadover thousands of square miles, covering a much greater areathan the area endangered by fire and blast. fallout wouldbe a potential killer of millions of unprotected persons, but it

also is a hazard that individuals and communities can preparefor through reasonable programs and actions. A fallout shelter program is one of these. This booklet contains informationabout a shelter program—what the Federal Government intends to do, and how State and local governments, and mdividual citizens can work together to bring it into being as asound measure of national preparedness.

There is much we can do together, and perhaps the first stepis to take a clear look at nuclear warfare and what it could meanto the world as we know it today.

There is no escaping the fact that nuclear conflict wouldleave a tragic world. The areas of blast and fire would bescenes of havoc, devastation, and death. For the part of thecountry outside the immediate range of the explosions, it

would be a time of extraordinary hardship—both for the Nationand for the individual. The effects of fallout radiation wouldbe present in areas not decontaminated. Transportation andcommunication would be disrupted. The Nation would beprey to strange rumors and fears. But if effective precautionshave been taken in advance, it need not be a time of despair.

These are somber subjects, and they presuppose a catastrophewhich can be made very unlikely by wise and positive policies,pursued with imagination and faith. Still, realistic prepara

6

I

tion for what might happen is far more useful than blindness,whether from fear or ignorance. A sane and sober person canassume that, whatever comes to pass, he would draw on his reserve of courage and intelligence—and the unquenchable willto live—and begin to build again.

The experience would be terrible beyond imagination and description. But there is much that can be done to assure that itwould not mean the end of the life of our Nation.

There are no total answers, no easy answers, no cheap answersto the question of protection from nuclear attack. But thereare answers. Some of them are in this booklet.

WORDS TO KNOW

A-BOMB AND H-BOMB. Popular terms for what should correctly be called nuclear weapons. An atomic or A-bombexplodes through the fission (splitting) of atomic nuclei; a hydrogen or H-bomb is called a thermonuclear weapon becausetremendous heat is needed to start the fusion process.

KILOTON. The power of nuclear weapons is measured inequivalents of the explosive energy of TNT. A one-kilotonweapon has the explosive equivalent of 1,000 tons of TNT.

MEGATON. The explosive equivalent of one million tons ofTNT. In this booklet, a five megaton nuclear weapon exploded at or near ground level is assumed as a basis for describing explosive effects. There are much larger weapons whichcould do more damage, but the damage from larger weaponsdoes not increase in direct ratio to the size of the weapons.

GROUND ZERO. The surface point at or above which a nuclear weapon detonates.

FIREBALL. The large, swiftly expanding sphere of hot gases,producing brilliant light and intense heat, that is the first man

7

ifestation of a nuclear explosion. After about a minute, thefireball fades into the atmosphere.

BLAST (SHOCK) WAVE. The near-solid wall of air pressureproduced by a nuclear explosion. Beginning at more than 2,000miles per hour, its speed decreases rapidly with distance.

BLAST WIND. The wind gust which travels with the blastwave and may be of many times hurricane force.

ROENTGEN. A unit for measuring an amount of radiationexposure.

INITIAL (PROMPT) RADIATION. The burst of gammarays and neutrons sent out from the explosion during the firstminute after detonation. Initial radiation is most deadly within

about two miles of ground zero.

FALLOUT. The radioactive debris of a nuclear explosion,which eventually falls to earth in particles. The amount offallout is enormously greater if a weapon detonates on or nearthe surface than if it explodes high in the air. Large amountsof earth are drawn up by the fireball. High in the sky, radioactive elements are incorporated into the earth particles, whichare scattered by winds and in time fall to the ground.

FALLOUT RADIATION. The radiation emitted by falloutparticles. Each particle of fallout gives off radiation as thoughit were a miniature X-ray machine. This radiation consistschiefly of beta rays (dangerous only if fallout particles touchthe skin or are swallowed or inhaled) and gamma rays. Gammarays, like X-rays, are very penetrating, and create the need forprotective shields (fallout shelters).

EARLY FALLOUT. The fallout that returns to earth duringthe first day. This booklet is mainly about early fallout. Theradioactivity of such fallout decreases rather rapidly at first,and more slowly as time passes.

8

I

SOME BASIC FACTS

The probable effects of nuclear attack and the relative valueof certain protective measures are complex subjects. There isno attempt here to discuss them in great detail, but to presentinformation that might be helpful in understanding the overallproblem.

Effects of a 5-megaton burst

A five-megaton nuclear burst at ground level would destroymost buildings two miles from the point of the explosion.Steel-frame buildings would be knocked sideways and greatfires started.

The destruction five miles away would be less severe, butfires and early fallout could be a significant hazard.

At 10 miles, sturdy buildings would remain intact. At thisdistance fires probably would not be started by the fireball, butmight be started by the blast wave which could rupture gaslines and short-circuit wires. Flying glass would present amajor danger, as would early fallout.

At 50 miles from the bomb burst, all buildings would remainstanding. The fading blast wave would take about five minutesto arrive, but would still shatter many windows. The greatestdanger at this distance would be from early fallout which wouldbegin arriving in some areas within three or four hours, depending upon weather conditions at the time.

Danger of fire storms

When nuclear or incendiary bombs strike a highly combustible city area, they can create a “fire storm”; the rising column ofhot gases draws in surrounding cool air, producing inwardblowing winds that confine the fire storm to the blast damagearea. Primary fires would be a much greater hazard than firestorms. For maximum fire damage, a nuclear weapon must be

9

detonated high in the air. This would eliminate most of the po

tential fallout hazard. The spread of fires from a nuclear attack

would be limited in the same ways as are peacetime fires—by

barriers such as open space, rivers, highways, by rainfall, and by

varied distribution of burnable material.

Exposure to radiationDuring the average lifetime, every human being receives

about 10 roentgens of nuclear radiation from natural sources.

In addition, people are exposed to small amounts of radiation in

dental and chest X-rays and even from the luminous dials oc

wrist watches.When large amounts of radiation are absorbed by the body in

short periods of time, sickness and death may result. In gen

eral, the effects of radiation stay with people and accumulate

over a period of time. Few people get sick who have been ex

posed to 100 roentgens or less. Exposure to more than 300roentgens over a period of a few days will cause sickness in the

form of nausea, and may cause death. And death is certain if

a person receives an exposure of 1,000 roentgens over a period of

a few days.Young people might be injured more by nuclear radiation

than older people. This is because young people are more apt

to absorb radioactive elements into their bones and internal

organs than are older people. Since young people are potential

parents, they should be protected as much as possible following

a nuclear attack to minimize the possible genetic effects on their

descendants resulting from too much exposure to nuclear

radiation.

Radiation sickness not contagious

Radiation sickness is neither contagious nor infectious. Fallout radiation cannot make anything radioactive. Food andwater that have been exposed to fallout radiation are contaminated only to the extent that they contain fallout particles. Exposed food that may have particles on it can be made safe bywashing, brushing, or peeling. Fallout particles can be removed from water supplies by sedimentation or filtering. Peo

10

pie who have fallout particles on their bodies or clothing probably would not carry enough to endanger other people, butthey should wash themselves for their own protection.

Long-term effects of radiation

Following a nuclear attack, most radioactive elements in fallout would decay rapidly, losing most of their power to harm.However, for some time thereafter the hazard could continue torestrict normal activities in some parts of the country. A fewelements, such as strontium 90, cesium 137, and carbon 14, arelong-lived and could harm humans in some ways, such as bybeing absorbed by food plants. However, the long-term damaging effects of such exposure are not yet known in great detail.

Radiation in the air

following a nuclear attack the air would be contaminated byradioactive fallout only to the extent that it contained falloutparticles. The most dangerous fallout particles—early fallout—would reach the earth in the first day after the detonation,but their mere passage through the air would not contaminatethe air. Fallout particles in harmful amounts would not bepresent in basement family shelters. People in undergroundfamily shelters could keep fallout particles out of their sheltersby having a simple hood over the air-intake pipe. Special filtersare not needed for small shelters. However, group sheltersthat have high-velocity air-intake fans would have to havefilters on the air-intake system to keep fallout particles out.

How early fallout looks

The most dangerous fallout—early fallout—would consist ofradioactive particles that are relatively large and heavy—aboutthe size of table salt or fine sand. The chances are you couldsee the particles although you could not detect the radiationfrom the particles without the use of a special instrument.

11

Special clothing offers little protection

Fallout radiation would pass through any type of protective

clothing that would be practical to wear. Heavy and dense

materials, such as earth and concrete, are needed to stop the

highly penetrating fallout rays. Certain types of protective

clothing could be useful—particularly for emergency work

ers—in keeping fallout particles off the body, but the wearer

would not be protected from the gamma radiation given off by

the particles. The worker would wear the clothing when in a

fallout contaminated area, and then discard it or brush and wash

it off thoroughly before entering a non-contaminated area.

Little hope in special medicines

Although many experiments have been conducted, there is

little likelihood that a pill or any other type of medicine wilf

be developed that can protect people from the effects of fallout

radiation, so that shielding from fallout becomes necessary.

Evacuation vs. shelter

Two conditions make pre-attack evacuation of less general

value as a protective measure for nuclear attack than it appeared

to be a few years ago: the danger of radioactive fallout to un

sheltered evacuees, and the decrease in the probable attack-

warning time if an enemy should attack with high-speed mis

siles. However, the problem of mass movement of people in

the event of a nuclear attack is still a significant one because

plans must be made to get people into shelters rather rapidly.

Also, it may be necessary to move people out of severely

damaged areas after an attack.

Probable reaction to disaster

Experience has shown that many human beings act coopera

tively when disaster strikes, many feel helpless, a few panic.

Disaster studies indicate that information, planning, and preparation clearly increase the extent of cooperative and constructive behavior following a disaster.

12

r)2 MI. 10 MI.

CRATER

A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION:

FIRST, THE BLAST

A five-megaton nuclear weapon explodes with a brilliantflash that lasts about a minute. A quick burst of nuclear andheat radiation emerges from ground zero, the point of the explosion. The spurt of nuclear radiation (wavy lines extendingfrom the fireball) is called initial radiation or prompt radiationand kills within a mile or two. The heat rays (straight lines)can kill unprotected people up to 10 miles away and may startfires beyond that. The heat rays and initial radiation are followed by a blast wave which starts at more than 2,000 miles anhour, but loses much of its damaging force by about 10 milesout. With the blast wave comes a violent wind which picksup loose objects and bears them outward. In the illustrationhere, the weapon has burst at ground level, leaving a craterabout half a mile across and 200 feet deep. Nearly everythingwithin a radius of a mile of ground zero would be destroyed.

13

NEXT: FALLOUTSTARTS DESCENDING

As the brilliant fireball rises in the sky, it draws up a vastamount of earth that is melted or vaporized and contaminatedby the radioactive residue of the explosion. A little later thismaterial, condensing in the cold upper air like rain or snow,starts falling back to earth because, like ash from a fire, it isheavier than air. It is called fallout because it falls out of thesky, wherever the winds may blow it. You cannot tell from theground which way it will be carried because its scatter is determined by high-altitude winds, which may be blowing in adifferent direction from the ground-level winds you can observe. About five miles from the explosion, the heavier particles—early fallout—would reach the ground in half an hour.Twenty miles away, people may have nearly an hour to getready. One hundred miles away the fallout may not start forfour to six hours. All this early fallout, which carries the bulkof the radiation danger, descends in less than 24 hours. Theless dangerous lighter particles—delayed fallout—might stayaloft for months.

11b ..:. . -.. . . . -... . . .

CRATER 5 MI. 100 MI.- .—

20 MI.31111b

GROUP ACTION:

COMMUNITY SHELTERS

Experience in Europe in World War II and other humanexperiences under disaster conditions have pointed to distinctadvantages of the community or neighborhood fallout shelterwhen compared with the family shelter. There are severalreasons why group shelters are preferable in many circumstances:

1. A larger than family-size group probably would be betterprepared to face a nuclear attack than a single family,particularly if some members should be away from homeat the time of an attack.

2. There would be more opportunity to find first aid andother emergency skills in a group, and the risk of radiation exposure after an attack could be more widely shared.

3. Community shelters would provide shelter for personsaway from their homes at the time of an attack.

4. Group shelters could serve as a focus for integrated community recovery activities in a post-attack period.

5. Group shelters could serve other community purposes, aswell as offer protection from fallout following an attack.

For these reasons the Federal Government is undertaking anumber of activities—involving guidance, technical assistance,and money—to encourage the development of community fallout shelters. (See “Organizing for Civil Defense.”) The overall program, which got underway with the National ShelterSurvey, aims at securing group fallout shelters in existing andnew structures, stocking them with essential supplies, markingthçm, and making them available to the public in an emergency.

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A model public shelter

and community center

As a model for its hundreds of communities, New York State

expects to have a dual-purpose shelter, like the one below, ondisplay at the Westchester County Airport by May of 1962.

Many growing communities or neighborhoods are crampedfor space in which small civic groups can hold their meetings.Gregarious teenagers often have no after-school hangout wherethey can relax with sodas and play the jukebox. This sheltercan serve such purposes admirably; here a Scout meeting isgoing on in one section while adults attend an illustrated lecturein another. Requiring no surface space except for its entrances,the shelter can be built under a school playground or other civicproperty without interfering with present uses.

The shelter, built of corrugated metal arches buried underseveral feet of earth, can vary in size. New York’s will havethree arches, each 10 feet high, 20 feet wide, and 100 feet long.A steel surface door will lead to a corridor-tunnel providingentry to all arches. Arches can be reinforced with metal ribsfor extra blast protection.

4216

Built-in shelterin new structures

Added safety against fallout radiation can be built into a newstructure without gjeat extra cost. Sometimes the necessaryprotection can be assured by using the “safety core” designprinciple illustrated in the school building below. Eventhough it has no basement, the school house provides a shelterthat is also useful for other purposes. The thick-walled centralcore with concrete-slab roof contains “activity rooms,” dividedand reinforced by the walls of a library and rest rooms. Projecting baffle walls shield the windows of surrounding classrooms.

17

A city building

provides fallout protection

After a nuclear attack, a tall apartment or office building 10miles or more from the explosion could be one of the safestrefuges. In this drawing the people have taken shelter fromradioactive fallout in an office building.

Because the gamma rays given off by fallout penetrate muchlike X-rays, the people taking shelter in the building shown onthe opposite page have put as much mass of material as possiblebetween themselves and the particles which have settled on theroof, ground, and other horizontal surfaces. Above ground,they have gone to the middle of the building; below ground,they have found shielding in a basement corner. Those in themain basement are shielded from radiation by the surroundingearth, by partitions, and by the whole mass of the buildingabove. On the upper floors, people have shielded themselves inthe core” of the building. They have avoided the floor withthe setback and terrace because of radiation from the falloutpiling up there. (For better protection on any floor, it is advisable to keep below the window-sill level.) Because the tallbuilding shields lower floors from some radiation, people havetaken shelter in more rooms on that side. But no one has takencover on the ground and top floors because the shielding thereis inadequate.

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I_II

II

iI

II

-I

I—I

t—I

I—I

INDIVIDUAL ACTION:

FAMILY SHELTERS

Families living in rural or sparsely settled areas may find thatfamily shelters are the only feasible solution to their fallout

shelter problem. Others may have personal preferences forfamily shelters.

There are a number of ways to construct home shelters. Several types are shown here. All of the shelters shown here can

be built with about $150 worth of materials or less. If materials, such as the lumber used in a basement lean-to shelter, areavailable at little or no cost, some persons could build theseshelters for considerably less than 5150. In all of the shelters,the danger from fallout would be at least 100 times less than tounprotected persons.

-

This family is building a basement compact shelter of sand-filled concrete blocks. Solid concrete blocks are used for the roof shielding.This type of shelter also could be built of brick or structural tile.

20

Construction drawings on these and other family shelters canbe obtained by following the instructions on the last page ofthis booklet.

In selecting shielding material for any shelter, sand or earthcan be substituted for concrete or brick, but for each inch ofsolid masonry you need an inch and a half of sand or earth.Adding shielding material to a shelter will improve the protection offered by the shelter, but it also may increase the cost ofthe shelter.

*

This sand-filled lean-to basement shelter will accommodate three persons. Thehouse itself gives partialshielding. Sandbags areused to block the end of theshelter.

A gravel drain under the shelter and a ditch outside help keep it dry.The family blocks the entrance with sandbags after entering the shelter.

LII /

This backyard plywood shelter can be built partially above groundand mounded over with earth, or be built totally below ground level.

21

A number of firms have entered the home shelter field. As

in any new commercial activity there are abuses. Advertising

claims may be misleading; designs and products may be made

quate. Yot;r State and Federal governments will do what they

properly can to minimize these abuses, but the most effective

discouragement to those taking advantage of the rising interest

in home shelters is your caution and shrewdness. You will

have the cooperation of the Better Business Bureau, your local

Civil Defense director, and of your local, State, and Federal

government officials concerned with such matters.

Trade associations that are interested in the shelter construc

tion business have offered their cooperation in making home

shelter plans available to the public and in working with others

to maintain a high level of business practice. Several of these

are listed on the last page of this booklet.

In the event of a nuclear attack, be prepared to live in a shelter

as long as two weeks, coming out for short trips only if neces

sary. Fallout would be most dangerous in the first two days

This prefab backyard shelter for four can be bought for under $150.

The price includes the corrugated steel-pipe unit (4-foot diameter),

entry and air vent pipes.

22

after an attack, and even if you were inside a shelter you probably would have absorbed some radiation. Your freedom ofaction would depend on your radiation exposure during thecritical period after the fallout descends. So, never exposeyourself unnecessarily to radiation.

This four-person basement-corner shelter is made of curved asbestos-cement sheets which are covered with sandbags. Materials cost about$125.

LAST-MINUTE IMPROVISED MEASURES

In the nuclear age, nobody can guarantee you so many minutes, hours, or days of warning time. An enemy ultimatummight set a deadline; enemy bombers could be tracked whilehours away; but enemy missiles could arrived unannounced.However, even the briefest warning you might get by radio orsirens would give you the precious, live-saving time to act.

The two public warning signals are:A 3- to 5-minute STEADY TONE, meaning, turn on your

radio for directions from local authorities.

23

‘:tI

A 3-minute WARBLING TONE or SHORT BLASTS, mean

ing take cover immediately.There are at least two situations that could increase the se

verity of the danger you would face: A plan of action but no

time to put it into effect, or time to act but no plan of action—no shelter, for example.

A plan but no timeYour first warning of nuclear attack could be the flash of an

explosion. Don’t look at it. Quick action during the next fewseconds could save your life.

If you are inside, dive under or behind the nearest desk, table,sofa or other piece of sturdy furniture. Try to get in a shadow;

If you have no basement, you can improvise a shelter by digging atrench next to the house, and making a lean-to structure with housedoors. Pile the dirt from the trench and other heavy objects on top ofthe doors and at the sides for as much radiation shielding as possible

24

I

:1

L3

it will help shade you from the heat. Lie curled on your sidewith your hands over the back of your neck, knees tuckedagainst your chest. Stay away from windows, or turn yourback to them—they admit heat rays and also may shatter.

If you are outside, run into a building and assume the same; curled-up position. If possible, face a corner.If you cannot get into a building, seek the lowest, most

protected spot, such as a ditch, gutter or depression in a lawn.Lie in the curled position. Face away from loose or breakableobjects.

If you are far enough away from the explosion you may feelno effect at all. But stay put for five minutes to be sure. Bythen the blast effects will have passed or lost their force. Youwill have at least half an hour to find fallout protection.

lime but no plan

If you should receive warning of an attack but do not havea plan of action—no shelter to go to, for example—your firstactions should be to guard against the hazards of fires set bythe heat of a nuclear explosion. Get rid of such quick burningthings as oily rags, curtains, and lampshades. Get rid of oldnewspapers and magazines, or stack them in the basement ifyou plan to improvise a fallout shelter there. Shut off mainelectric and gas lines until the fire danger has passed. If yourhouse has venetian blinds, lower and shut them to bar flyingglass and screen Out some of the blast’s fierce heat. Fill buckets,sinks, a bathtub, and other containers with water.

Then turn your attention to fallout protection. There aresix general guidelines to keep in mind for improvising lastminute fallout protection:

1. A basement is usually better than aboveground floors, particularly in private residences. (In large commercial orcivic buildings, however, the central areas of middlefloors could offer good protection.)

2. A corner of a basement that is below ground level is betterthan the center of the basement.

3. On aboveground floors, improvise shelter away from Out

side walls.

25

4. When improvising shelter, keep it small. Concentratethe shielding mass immediately around and above you toconserve construction time.

5. Stay away from windows and outside doorways. Theyare weak points in your fallout shield. Also, windowscould be shattered many miles beyond the severe blastdamage area of a nuclear explosion.

6. If caught in the open, try to get to some substantial structure, such as a large commercial or civic building, a tunnel, or cave. If none of these is readily available, look fora culvert, underpass or ditch—anything that will get youbelow ground level—and improvise a shelter.

TIE=

This man is improvising a fallout shelter in a basement corner by stackingheavy material on and at the open sides of a sturdy table. Piling dirtand other heavy material in the basement window wells will improvehis margin of protection.

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SHELTER SUPPLIES

Not every item on this chart is vital to life. (The most essential ones are outlined in color.) But even though you might beable to leave your shelter briefly after a day or two, you shouldprepare to be conzpletely self-sustaining for at least two weeks.

BOTTLE OPENER

CAN OPENER

(t

POCKET KNIFE

FOOD AND CONTAINERS

DISINFECTANTGARBAGE CAN

IT

_

I

___

HUMAN WASTE -

EMERGENCY TOILET PAPER NEWSPAPERS PLASTIC AND

TOILET PAPER BAGS

EATING UTENSILSAND FOOD

-

-

EATINGUTENSILS

MEASURINGCUP

CLOTHINGAND BEDDING

WATER

EXTRA CLOTHINGSLEEPING BAGS

SANITATION ANDMEDICAL SUPPLIES

BLANKET

iR TOWELS

SANITARY NAPKINS

27

The one essential is water; most people can live no more thanfour days without it. The minimum for a shelter is one quartof fluid per person per day; if space is available near the shelter,a gallon of water a day per person would provide for your comfort, including washing.

Some items, such as tools, should be kept handy but need notbe inside the shelter itself.

INFANT-CARE SUPPLIES

DIAPERS

CIVIL DEFENSEINSTRUCTION MATERIAL

II’iiiI II IIKBOTTLES AND MILK

NIPPLES

II111III F1kEXTRA BATTERIES

NAIIS ANDMATCHES

PLIERS

_____

iiiCANDLES

BUCKETOF SAND

____________________

——SCREWDRIVER

j.IWRENCH

1:IiE.EXTRA BATTERIES

FLASHLIGHT

CHARGER RATE METER, BATTERY-POWERED RADIODOSIMETER WITH AERIAL

RADIATION METERS, RADIO

: IlillhllilUSAW

HAMMER a

TOOLS AND OTHER ITEMS

AX

CALENDAR

28

CROWBAR

EMERGENCY

HOUSEKEEPING

following is a checklist of preparations for, and best waysof, living in close confinement for the two days to two weekswhen a shelter may have to be your home. Also includedis a resume of the first aid information you may need.

Water

It is more vital than food. Humans can live on a quart ofwater or other fluid a day, but an allowance of a gallon is farmore comfortable, especially in a warm shelter.

Store water in five-gallon or larger containers to conservespace. If you use small glass containers, seal them well andpack them with newspapers or wadding to prevent breakage.Some may want to test their stored water for smell and tasteevery three months, but it is not necessary for health. Odorousas it might become, it will still be usable in an emergency.Announcements on your radio may tell you whether local watersupplies are safe. If they are not, you can preserve a considerable safe water supply in your house by closing the water shutoff valve leading in from the street. The water in toilet flushtanks, pipes, hot water tanks, and similar home sources isdrinkable.

Unless authorities have pronounced it safe, try to avoid usingwater from outside the house or open sources (lakes, reservoirs)after the attack without purifying it. Germs or radioactivematerial, or both, may get into water. Cloudy or unclear water

L 29

should first be strained through a paper towel or several thicknesses of clean cloth, or else be allowed to settle in a deepcontainer and then siphoned off. After that, it may be freed ofgerms with water purification tablets, obtainable at drug andsporting goods stores, or by boiling vigorously for a few minutes, or by adding 20 drops of iodine to a gallon of clear wateror 40 drops to a gallon of cloudy water. Then let it stand for30 minutes. Liquid household bleaches of the sodium hypochlorite type can also be used. The label usually givesinstructions.

Radiation in itself does not affect water. It is only if theradioactive particles themselves get into water that the waterbecomes dangerous. There are effective ways to decontaminatewater containing radioactive particles. The particles can beremoved by the simple filtering process with paper or cloth that

30

rIRAYEUETER ‘V

20 40 60 40 O I2O’.11! 1 1

OENTGENS PER HOUR

C NEC EN S00 200 300 400 500 600

Bh1{lIfIfftltiIIIIlItHlItlII

I

Enlarged view of a ratemeterscale. This particular modelmust be exposed to radiationfor certain specific times tomeasure the dose rate (intensity) of radiation.

Enlarged view of a dosimeterscale. The instrument is usedto measure the total amount ofradiation to which a person hasbeen exposed.

was described earlier, or by running the water through one ofthe devices that are sold to soften water for home use. Perhapsan easier way would be to mix a handful of clay soil with eachgallon of water and allow it to settle out over a period of a day.

Radiation metersBecause gamma rays, like X-rays, are not detected by any of

the five senses, each shelter should have some simple instruments to detect and measure them. Instruments developedspecifically for home use can be ordered through departmentstores and other retail outlets. Having these instruments doesnot automatically provide you with simple solutions to problems of radiation exposure since the relations between doserate, total dose, time, radioactive decay, etc., must be learned.Instructions will be available, however, on how to interpretthe instrument readings. If these are studied and understoodin advance, the instruments can be of great value in intelligentlyplanning your action in a fallout situation.

A ratemeter will tell what the intensity of the radiation is.It is similar to a speedometer in a car except that it measuresroentgens per hour rather than miles per hour. Thus, from aratemeter reading made just outside the shelter, you can get anindication of whether it is safe to leave the shelter for a briefperiod. The dosimeter will show you the total amount ofradiation to which you have been exposed during an emergencyperiod. It is similar to a mileage indicator in a car but it

measures total roentgens rather than miles. Carefully studythe instructions provided with these instruments by the manufacturer.

At right is a kit of radiation instruments developed specifically forhome use—a ratemeter, dosimeter, r

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Food

Wherever you live—in the country, city apartment, or suburban house—you should keep a two-week supply of food on hand.Large community shelters in existing buildings are going to bestocked by the federal Government with emergency foods.But for the present, and especially for apartment residents whomay have to take quick refuge in the central core or basementof their building, a good plan is to keep handy a box or basketwith rations and water.

In planning a two-week supply of food for whatever shelteryou will use, bear these things in mind:

Ten thousand calories will be adequate for an adult duringan inactive two-week shelter stay. Select familiar foods (theyare more heartening and acceptable during times of stress) andfood that will last for months without refrigeration and canbe served without cooking. Suggestions: canned meat, fish,poultry, beans, peas and fruits; cereals and tinned baked goods;cheese spreads, peanut butter and jellies with crackers; evapo-rated or dried milk.

Pick cans and packages of a size suitable to your family’sneeds for one meal; this prevents spoilage and offers you greaterdaily variety. Keep all foods in their original containers.Those that do not come in cans should be wrapped and tape-sealed in polyethylene sheets. Write the date of purchase oncans or packages, and use oldest purchases first.

After a nuclear attack, food stored indoors should be safe toeat. That is especially true of food in freezers and refrigerators,which should, of course, be kept closed as much as possible. Eatthe perishable foods first, especially if electricity and gas arecut off. Bread is still edible even when moldy; sour milk isdrinkable. fruits and vegetables with “rotten” spots cut outare safe to eat; if they have been exposed to fallout, wipe, washand peel them, disposing of wash-water and peelings outsidethe shelter.

Throw out canned foods if bubbles appear in the juices, eventhough they smell all right. In an emergency, most cannedand packaged animal foods can be eaten by humans withoutharm.

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A hand-operated air blower, like thisone at the left, would provide ampleventilation for any underground fam

Other models are being

Ventilation

Fresh air is more vital than food and water. A basementhome shelter will get its air via door cracks and other crevicesthrough which fallout particles are unlikely to drift. But well-sealed community shelters and home underground ones willneed ventilation systems because even at rest a person shouldhave at least three cubic feet of air a minute.

In many home underground shelters a three-inch intake pipeis installed to suck in fresh air by means of a hand-operatedblower that is cranked periodically, and an exhaust pipe is setup to vent stale air. The air-intake pipe should extend at leasta foot above the ground, and have a weather cap over it to keepout fallout particles.

Community shelters should have an air filter to remove particles that may get into the ventilation system. Since this filtermay collect radioactive material, the people in the shelter shouldbe shielded from it. No blower is necessary for the outlet orexhaust pipe because of the pressure created within the shelterby the intake blower. In smaller shelters the outlet pipe maybe unnecessary because air would leave through cracks aroundthe door. Blowers are available at hardware stores.

Radiation sicknessThe principal ailment unique to nuclear warfare is radiation

sickness. Its severity depends on the amount of radiation towhich a person is exposed and on the length of the exposuretime. That is because the body can take a certain amount ofradiation damage and repair it without serious permanent injury. It is only when one gets too much too fast that sickness

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or possibly death may result. Radiation sickness is not contagious, regardless of how much exposure the victim has had.It is important to know that many of its symptoms may appearin anyone subjected at any time to anxiety and great stress.

Symptoms of three degrees of radiation sickness are: Mild—the especially sensitive person will show some nausea, lack ofappetite and fatigue within a few hour after exposure. Heshould rest but can continue normal activities. Recovery willbe rapid. Moderate—the same symptoms appear, but wellwithin two hours of exposure, and more markedly. Vomitingand even prostration may occur. By the third day, recoverymay seem complete, but symptoms may recur in the next daysor weeks. Severe—again, all the early symptoms show up andmay vanish after a few days. But after a week or more, fever,mouth soreness and diarrhea may appear; gums and mouth mayulcerate and bleed; and, in about the third week, the patient’shair may start to fall out. Recovery may take seven to eightweeks. When exposure has been overwhelming, death comesin hours or weeks.

Treat symptoms in this way: General rest. Aspirin forheadache. Motion-sickness tablets for nausea. Liquids as soonas possible for diarrhea and vomiting, but not until vomitinghas stopped (ideally, one teaspoon of table salt to one quart ofcool water, to be sipped slowly). For sore mouth, this solutioncan be used as a mouthwash.

First aidSince doctors, medical supplies, and other aids may not be

available to everyone for days or even weeks in some areas, it

is important for at least one adult in every family to knowstandard first aid. Civil Defense units, in cooperation with RedCross Chapters, give courses you can take. In addition, a newtraining course in Medical Self Help, with a reference handbook, contains valuable information on what to do shouldprofessional medical care be unavailable to you because ofemergency conditions.

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There are five basic first-aid rules that everyone should know.They are:

How to stop bleeding. The average adult body containsonly six quarts of blood; the loss of one quart is serious, sobleeding has priority over all other emergencies. Apply pressure to the wound at once—with your hand if nothing else isavailable, although a bandage, clean cloth, or sanitary napkinwill help prevent infection. But don’t waste time looking forthem. Don’t wash the wound. Apply pressure hard and fast,bringing the edges of the wound together if you can. You mayhave to continue the pressure for 30 minutes.

Never apply the old-fashioned tourniquet except as a lastresort. It may cost the patient his limb.

CONTROL OF BLEEDING

BANDAGING A BURN

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SPLINTING

A

IARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

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Breathing difficulties. Getting air into the victim’s lungsfast is vital. Remove throat obstructions such as mucus, debris,a jarred-loose denture. If he is breathing, place him on hisstomach, head to one side so that blood or secretions will notflow into air passages. If he is not breathing, apply mouth-to-mouth respiration. lilt victim’s head back to “sword-swallower” position (a blanket or pillow under shoulders will help),pinch his nose shut (see drawing), seal your open mouth overhis, inhale deeply through your nose and exhale deeply intohis mouth 12 to 16 times a minute for an adult, 20 for achild. Continue this for two hours, even if life seems extinct,before giving up. As he revives, adjust your breathing rhythmto his.

If the patient has a chest wound, cover it with an airtightdressing.

Handling fractures. Simple bone fractures show themselves

by being tender to touch, or by the unnatural shape of theaffected part, or by swelling and change in skin color. Compound fractures are indicated by broken skin, sometimes withthe bone protruding. Splint the fracture wherever the patientlies before moving him, firmly supporting the broken limb.

Burns. Light burns (reddening of the skin) need not becovered, and can be treated with pain relievers or left alone.Deeper burns, where blisters and especially destruction of tissue under the skin occur, should be covered with a clean dressing. No ointments or salves should be used. fluid that oozesfrom the burn and forms a crust is a good dressing in itself.Don’t puncture blisters unless they are likely to break; in thiscase make a small slit at the edge.

If the burns are severe, get the victim to drink a salt solutionif possible (one level teaspoon salt to one quart of water) insmall amounts. A gallon during the first 24 hours is not toomuch.

Comfort. Reassuring the patient in a confident way is vital.Move him only if necessary and then as little as possible. Itmay be useful to place the patient in a slightly head-down position. Do not give alcoholic drinks as a stimulant.

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Sanitation

In the limited space of a shelter, good sanitation is not merelya matter of comfort; it could be a matter of life or death. Thefamiliar, old-fashioned diseases can still kill as surely as blast orradiation, and intimate living makes contagion easy. Probablythe biggest single problem is the disposal of human waste,which can spread such diseases as typhoid, dysentery, anddiarrhea.

The most elemental device is a metal pail with a tightcover. A better expedient, especially where elderly persons areinvolved, is to make a commode by cutting the seat out of achair and placing the pail under it. In either case a supply ofplastic bags, obtainable at department stores, is needed, a bagbeing placed in the pail with its top overlapping the pail rim.A small amount of’ disinfectant (creosol or household bleach)can help control odors and insect breeding.

A larger can with a cover, such as a garbage can, should beavailable to store the plastic bags after use. After two days,the container can be placed outside the shelter. At a latertime, bury such waste under one to two feet of earth. Garbageshould be handled and disposed of in the same way. It is bestwrapped first in several ‘thicknesses of newspaper, which absorbs some moisture and helps hold down odors. Then put itin a covered can.

Control of verminMeasures to control vermin would be vital in the event of an

attack, but some measures can be taken now. The shelter areashould be painted or sprayed with a five per cent solution ofDDT or other insecticides containing chlordane, dieldrin,Diazinon, or ronnel—taking the usual precautions against inhalation or skin contact. Repeat every few months. Lice andother body-infesting insects can be eliminated by dusting witha 10 per cent DDT dust which should be kept on the body andin clothing for 24 hours. The shelter should be stocked withscreening material, a fly swatter, mouse and rat traps. Do notuse spray insecticides in an occupied shelter; there is danger ofexplosion or of injuring eyes and lungs.

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FIRST STEPS TOWARD RECOVERY

The world and your community would be shattered bya nuclear war. Normal services would be disrupted; essentialskills could be in short supply; equipment you had taken forgranted might not be available. You would face the aftermathof a catastrophe, but if there had been previous planning, youneed not face it alone.

Using community resources

As in the case of natural disasters, community action s byfar the best way to do all that must be done to recover from anuclear attack. Local governments have at hand many organized units, such as the police and fire departments, the countyroad commission and the health department, whose survivorscan serve as a hard core for organized recovery actions immediately after people can emerge from shelters. Government agen

3$

cs, military units, and other organizations, such as constructioncompanies and the repairmen of the public utilities, would helpto repair damage and restore service as soon as possible—as theyhave in past natural disasters. But many more helpers wouldbe needed. Wherever you might be, in a community or familyshelter, your help would be needed. If your community is luckyand receives little fallout, you may be needed to help a neighboring qommunity.

The communities that are well organized and have plannedtheir recovery actions would be able to return to tolerable living conditions in the shortest time. The first job in this wouldbe to clean up pre-selected areas to make them safe for livingoutside of shelters. The initial action may well originate withorganized units in community shelters—from the basement ofthe city hall, from a shelter at a school—or it could come fromgroups in several shelters working together. As groups, theywould have more of the manpower, equipment, and communications needed to start the job.

Getting rid of fallout

The process of removing fallout particles from exposed surfaces and disposing of the particles in places where they cannotharm people is called radiological decontamination. Pavedareas could be decontaminated with firehoses or street flushers,using high.pressure nozzles, and with motorized street sweepers.Roofs could be decontaminated with fire hoses. Unpaved areascould be decontaminated by scraping off or plowing under athin top layer of soil. This could be done with large earth-moving equipment—such as motorized scrapers and motorgraders—on large open areas, and with bulldozers, tractorscrapers, shovels and wheelbarrows on smaller areas aroundhouses and trees. Another method would be to cover a contaminated area with clean earth.

In decontaminating paved areas, crews could flush the particles into storm drains or into ditches, where the particlescould be covered with clean earth or picked up and hauled to adumping area. The scrapings from the unpaved areas couldbe dumped in a pile about 100 feet from occupied areas, or

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hauled away. The dumping area might be a gully, refuse area,or even a vacant lot roped off at a safe distance.

Since the most effective and rapid methods of decontamination would involve the use of crews and equipment working inlarge areas, the best places to start the decontamination arelikely to be at schools, shopping centers and downtown areas,and at parks and open fields where large equipment can operate.

It is vital that communities set aside in advance many rallyingpoints where people can meet to start work after an attack. Ifyou are in a home shelter and have a ratemeter, you should waituntil the radiation level has fallen to a point where you can goout for about an hour without receiving more than a fewroentgens. You could use this time to go to your local school,shopping area or other designated gathering place and join withyour neighbors in community decontamination efforts.

If you do not have a radiation instrument, stay in shelteruntil you are assured, by radio, by contact from local authorities, or by other means, that clean areas are established nearyou and that it is safe to proceed there.

In areas of heavy fallout where the first decontaminationactions can be started, if well organized, within the second weekafter attack, there is relatively little danger from fallout particles getting on people doing cleanup work—especially ifnormal habits of personal cleanliness are maintained. Themost likely articles of clothing to pick up fallout particles areshoes, so keep them brushed clean.

On a farmIf you live on a farm, your pre-fallout preparations will have

a lot to do with your cleaning up afterward.You should place as much of your livestock and produce in

barns as you can. A normally filled hayloft affords some shielding from fallout radiation for animals below. Farm machinery,troughs, wells, and any produce you cannot get into barns shouldbe covered with tarpaulins. You should store as much water incovered containers as you can, taking the precautions alreadyoutlined.

Afterward, any livestock exposed to fallout could be washedor brushed to remove fallout particles. Water from wells and

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streams would be safe for animal use. Even water standing ina pond could be use since fallout particles would settle to thebottom. Pond water could be made even safer by stirring upa clay bottom and then letting it settle out. Feed and fodderstored under cover should be used first. If no other feed isavailable, animals could be turned out to pasture after a fewdays when the radioactivity has decreased.

Farm animals and poultry would be an important source ofhuman food and they should not be allowed to sicken and diefrom thirst and starvation. Animals which. have been exposedto early fallout or which have fed on contaminated pasturescould be slaughtered and the muscle meat would be fit forhuman consumption. Internal organs, however, such as theliver and spleen, should not be eaten unless no other food isavailable. It would be easier to preserve meat on the hoofthan on the hook. Hogs and steers could be kept alive evenwith water and feed containing early fallout particles.

Animals, like humans, can have radiation sickness. If theradiation level in your area indicates that animal sickness maybe widespread, you probably will be told and given instructionson slaughtering. Care must be taken in slaughtering to preventcontamination of the carcasses by fallout particles from thehides and digestive tracts.

Chickens and eggs would be a particularly important directfood resource because they are relatively resistant to radiation,especially if they are raised under cover using safe packagedfeeds.

Milk from cows that have grazed on contaminated pastureswould be radioactive, but in the absence of other food in anemergency, it could be used.

Potatoes, corn, and other field crops exposed to early falloutwould be safe to eat after cleaning. Grain that has been covered,as in elevators, would be safe. Threshing would reduce theamount of fallout particles in grain. Threshed grain exposedto fallout could be made safer by washing.

if county agents are available, they can help you decide whatcrops, pasturage, and methods will be best and safest to use.Seeds of all sorts are quite resistant to radiation and do notrequire any special protection.

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ORGANIZING

FOR CIVIL DEFENSE

Fallout shelter is only one part of a complete Civil DefenseProgram. The details of a Civil Defense Program may changewith changes in the kinds of missiles that might be used againstus. But the essential elements of the program remain the same.They consist of a warning system to alert the civilian populationto an imminent attack; a system of shelters equipped and provisioned to furnish protection against those effects of an attack for which protection is feasible—i.e., radioactive fallout; and a system to provide training and equipment, so thatthe survivors can monitor the effects of the attack and carry outthe tasks of decontamination, fire fighting, rescue, and reconstruction, that would be necessary to restore a functioningsociety.

An effective civil defense requires the participation of everycitizen. It calls for advance planning at every level of government—local, State, and national. This planning must be flexible enough to adapt itself to changes in enemy weapons andtactics. It must be comprehensive enough to cover people living under widely different conditions from ranch houses, toapartment buildings, to frame cottages.

Responsibilities

The Federal Civil Defense Act puts the responsibility forcivil defense jointly on the Federal Government and the States.Until this year, there has been little interest, and less moneyavailable for civil defense, so that it has not been necessary todefine responsibilities precisely. Now we have launched amajor program. Under this program, the Federal Governmenthas assumed four responsibilities: First, to keep track of the nature of the threat which the Civil Defense Program must be designed to meet; second, to prepare information about the threatand how it can be met; third, to bear a major part of the costs of

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certain kinds of civil defense activities, where such sharing willstimulate State and local and private activities; and, fourth, toprovide technical assistance through State and local channels forcivil defense planning.

Your State and local governments, on the other hand, havethe operating responsibility for civil defense. An individualmust be able to look to some agency of his State or local Government for advice and assistance on civil defense planning, just ashe looks to them for police and fire protection services. By thesame token, the responsibility for organizing community civildefense protection falls on the States and, through them, onlocal government units. Because the job is an extraordinarilydifficult one, the Federal Government is preparing to assist theStates with technical help and matching funds for certain programs.

The key element in our new program is the provision of fallout shelter. We expect community shelters to protect a largepart of the population; but we recognize that many families,because of their location or individual preferences, will choosefamily fallout shelters. The Federal Government will join withStates and communities, in a variety of ways, to help providefallout shelter.

National shelter survey

We have already taken the first step towards a realistic CivilDefense Program by launching the National Shelter Survey.The survey will identify the approximately 50 million shelterspaces that are now available in existing buildings, tunnels,subways, and other structures to provide protection fromradioactive fallout.

Many of these spaces in the central areas of large populationcenters would be exposed to destruction by blast and fire in theevent of a nuclear attack. But the pattern of attack cannot bepredicted, and existing shelter is more widely distributed inrelation to population than appears to the casual observer.Further, this space is immediately available, and the cost ofidentification, marking, and stocking is less than $4 per space.

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All such shelter spaces, accommodating 50 or more people,and which would be open to the public in an emergency, willbe marked and stocked with essential food, water, first-aid kits,and radiation detection instruments.

Proposed shelter incentive program

The President plans to seek funds from the Congress to support a Federal Shelter Incentive Program in which the FederalGovernment would meet a substantial part of the costs of providing fallout shelters in schools, hospitals, and other publicwelfare institutions. The program is designed to encouragethe construction of fallout shelter in these essential communityfacilities. Many of these institutions are in excellent locationsfor group fallout shelters, but many of them have very limitedresources of their own to pay for shelter construction.

The Federal Shelter Incentive Program would help to fill thisgap. The plan provides a Federal grant of something less thanactual cost for every shelter space meeting approved standards,and created in public, or private non-profit institutions, engaged in health, education, or welfare activities. A substantialnumber of these shelters would be dual purpose, serving a useful peacetime community purpose, in addition to offering protection from radioactive fallout in the event of attack.

In order to qualify for incentive payments, each shelter wouldhave to accommodate a minimum of 50 people, and would haveto be open for public use in time of emergency. Upon completion, each shelter would be identified by the continuingoperations of the National Shelter Survey, and would be markedand stocked with food, water, first-aid kits, and radiation detection instruments. All schools, colleges, hospitals, clinics, andwelfare institutions would be eligible for shelter incentivepayments, provided they were operated by a State or localgovernment unit, or by a private non-profit organization.

The Federal Shelter Incentive Program, together with theFederal Shelter Survey, is expected to stimulate a good deal ofadditional construction and modification of shelter space. Theprimary responsibility for exploiting the exemplary effect ofthe Federal programs lies with. the State and local civil defense

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organizations. Their success will depend largely on their abilityto organize a local civil defense program in each community.This effort includes not only the provision of shelter, but anadequate system of warning, of radiological monitoring, and oftraining and information on survival techniques.

Other federal programs

Every citizen needs to know how he will be warned of imminent attack, where he will take shelter, how he should behavein the shelter, and what he should expect when he emerges fromit. In addition, as many citizens as possible should be trainedin the techniques of shelter management, radiological monitoring, decontamination, rescue, fire fighting, and restoring essential service.

Besides helping to build shelters, the Federal Government willhelp in building these other elements of the Civil Defense Program in a number of ways.

The Federal Government helps to provide warning againstan attack. The National Warning System carries the warningsignal from the Headquarters of the North American Air Defense Command to State warning points. From these pointsthe States send the warning to local warning systems. TheOffice of Civil Defense is studying national installation of anew warning system, the NEAR System, which would bringthe warning into every home with electric power. The NEARsystem operates through signal generators placed in the electrical power grid. These generators would be actuated directlyby the National Warning System, and in turn, actuate buzzersplugged or wired into home electrical circuits.

The Federal Government is providing equipment for 50,000radiological monitoring stations, and is training operators forthis equipment. The eventual plan calls for 150,000 of thesemonitoring points to be established in selected communityshelters and tied into a control point at the local emergencyoperating center.

The job of educating every citizen on the results of thermonuclear attack, and what he can do about it, is necessarily theresponsibility of State and local civil defense organizations. So

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is the job of giving specific training to the literally hundreds ofthousands of volunteer workers who must be prepared to undertake decontamination, rescue work, flreflghting, first aid, andrestoration of necessary services. The Federal Government hasavailable a wide range of informational and instructional literature, including course material, technical manuals, and trainingaids. It also conducts schools to which States may send civildefense operating officials and civil defense instructors. Theseinstructors can then conduct technical training at the local level.

These Federal schools will offer instructor-training coursesin shelter management, radiological officer training, radiologicaldetection, civil defense director-training, civil defense operations and plans. This training is provided at Federal expense,and the Federal Government helps pay travel costs to and fromthe schools. The training materials will be prepared and packaged for the instructor’s use in his home State.

The Federal Government, through the Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, also provides instructor training andinstructional material for an adult education course in the elements of civil defense, which is currently being conducted in15 States, and will be extended to cover 35 States by next summer. The President plans to seek funds from the Congress tocover the entire country.

Shelter, warning, radiological monitoring, training and education are all parts of a total community civil defense program.The responsibility for integrating thee parts, and relating thewhole to the needs and capabilities of the community, necessarily falls on the State and local civil defense organizations.The Federal Government is prepared to help in major ways. Ashas been indicated, it has already begun, through the NationalShelter Survey, to make civil defense a reality.

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MORE INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE

In addition to this booklet, there is a considerable amount ofpublished information available from State and local Civil Defense offices on various aspects of Civil Defense.

A new booklet, family Shelter Designs, published by theDepartment of Defense, Office of Civil Defense, containing construction drawings and step-by-step construction procedures forbuilding eight types of family fallout shelters, will be madeavailable without charge from State and local Civil Defenseoffices.

Several associations have developed plans for family shelters,available upon request. These include the following:

American Concrete Pipe Association228 North LaSalle Street, Chicago 1, Ill.

American Iron and Steel Institute150 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y.

Asbestos Cement Products Association509 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y.

Douglas Fir Plywood Association1119 A Street, Tacoma 2, Wash.

National Concrete Masonry Association1015 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington 7, D.C.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association1619 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington 6, D.C.

Portland Cement Association33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago 10, Ill.

Structural Clay Products Institute1520 18th Street, N.W., Washington 6, D.C.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 O—621904