Famous Chess Players

7/18/2019 Famous Chess Players

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Name Birth Birthplace Adult Nationality Ethnic Background Championship Reign(s)

Classical World Champions:

Legall de Kermeur 17! "aris# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench 17&'17Andr *anican "hilidor 17!+ *reu,# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench1 %rench 17'17-./ohann Baptist Allgaier 17+& 0chussenried# *uchy o$ 2rttem3erg (04a3ia)! Austrian 5erman'04a3ian 17-'161&

8erdoni 9 9# :taly; :talian<%rench :talian 17-'16;/aco3 =enry 0arratt 177! 9# >nited Kingdom (England) British English9 16'161Ale,andre *eschapelles 176 "aris# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench 161'16!1Louis'Charles La Bourdonnais 17- La Runion# %irst %rench Repu3lic %rench %rench 16!1'16;"ierre 0aint'Amant 16 Bordeau,# %irst %rench Repu3lic %rench %rench 16;'16;&=o4ard 0taunton 161 London# >K (England) British English 16;&'161

Adol$ Anderssen 1616 Breslau# "russia ("oland)+

"russian<5erman (rep? "russia) 5erman 161'166@ 16+!'16++"aul orphy 16&7 Ne4 rleans# >0A (LA) American European Continental 166'16+!7

ilhelm 0teinit 16&+ "rague# Austrian Empire (Bohemia) Austrian<American (rep? America) /e4ish 16++'1676/ohannes Dukertort 16;! Lu3lin# "russian Empire ("oland) "russian<British (rep? Britain) /e4ish 1676'166+6

Official World Champions:

ilhelm 0teinit 16&+ "rague# Austrian Empire (Bohemia) Austrian<American (rep? America) /e4ish 166+'16-;Emanuel Lasker 16+6 Berlinchen# "russian Empire ("oland) "olish'"russian<5erman (rep? 5erman Empire) /e4ish 16-;'1-!1-

/os Ral Capa3lanca 1666 =aFana# 0panish Empire (Cu3a) Cu3an =ispanic 1-!1'1-!7Ale,ander AlGechin (Alekhine)1 16-! osco4# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<0oFiet<%rench (rep? %rance) Russian 1-!7'1-&@ 1-&7'1-;+11

a, Eu4e 1-1 Amsterdam# Netherlands (N =olland) *utch *utch 1-&'1-&7ikhail BotFinnik 1-11 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish 1-;6'1-7@1! 1-6'1-+@ 1-+1

1 "layed mostly in the >K?! %ormerly in the "russian Empire?& Allgaier is an alternate candidate $or Classical orld Champion during this period# though 8erdoni and later 0arratt 4ere uniFersally recognied in the >K as the strongest chess players in the 4orld?; 8erdoniHs $irst name and place o$ 3irth are unkno4n? 3Fiously# nothing like the modern nation'state o$ :taly e,isted on the :talian "eninsula in the 17Hs# 3ut 8erdoni seems to haFe 3een 3orn some4here among tand duchies that eFentually came together to $orm the :talian nation'state? "layed mostly in the >K?+ No4 rocIa4# "oland?7 orphy retired 4ith the Jitle?6 DukertortHs reign as Classical Champion is highly disputed? 0teinit essentially retired $rom international play 3et4een 167& and 166! (his only o$$icial match 3eing a 7' 4in against Black3urne in 167+)? hen 0t play# Duckertort did $inish ahead o$ 0teinit in the 166& London Chess Journament 3y three points? As a result o$ their strong sho4ings in this tournament# 0teinit and Duckertort 4ere chosen to play in the $irst offi

Chess match in 166+ (across seFeral cities in the >0A)? 0teinit 4on handily (1'1)?- Jechnically Lasker resigned the Jitle in 1-! oFer $ailed match negotiations? =o4eFer# he agreed to play Capa3lanca in =aFana# Cu3a in 1-!1 (so# technically# Lasker 4as the challenger)? Lasker then resigned thisatch 4ith Capa3lanca a$ter 1; games# making Capa3lanca the undisputed orld Chess Champion (Lasker already kne4 he 4as 3eat@ Capa3lanca 4as clearly the superior player and 4as already 4inning ;'11 AlGechin changed the transliteration o$ his name $rom AlGechin to Alekhine 4hen he 3ecame a %rench citien and 3egan playing internationally $or %rance in Chess lympiads?11 Alekhine died o$ alcoholism 4hile still holding the Jitle@ re$used to play a rematch against Capa3lanca@ and re$used to play either Nimo4itsch or Ru3enstein? Alekhine de$ended the Jitle t4ice against E$im Bogo 3eing a 1 city Gaunt around Bogolyu3oFHs (>krainian'3orn and 3red) adopted homelandM Nai 5ermany? Alekhine lost to Eu4e in the 1-& C match# 3ut he regained the Jitle in the 1-&7 rematch 4ith Eu4e? AlekChampionship matches 3esides the one 4ith Capa3lanca (to get the Jitle)# the t4o matches 4ith Eu4e (one to lose and the other to regain the Jitle)# and t4o 4ith Bogolyu3oF (to duck Ru3enstein and Nimo4itschchampion)? Also# Alekhine le$t Russia shortly a$ter the Russian ReFolution# emigrated to %rance# 3ecame a %rench citien# and $rom then on represented %rance during international play (including during AlekhineHcompeted in the 1-;6 orld Championship Journament that $ollo4ed upon AlkehineHs death@ Eu4e 4on only one game (against 0mysloF) and $inished a Fery distant last (Eu4e and Bogolyu3oF 4ere not championsCasa3lanca (=ispanic)# Ru3enstein (/e4ish)# and Nimo4itsch (/e4ish) 4ere championship leFel players and Alekhine re$used to play any o$ them a$ter he got his hands on the Jitle# despite clinging to the Jitle $or 1! Alekhine died 4ith the Jitle in 1-;7@ BotFinnik 4on the 1-;6 C Journament to gain the Jitle?



8asily 0mysloF 1-!1 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish<Russian1& 1-7'1-61;

ikhail ishaO Jal 1-&+ Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian1 (rep? >00R) /e4ish 1-+'1-+11+

Jigran "etrosian 1-!- J3ilisi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet17 Armenian 1-+&'1-+-Boris 0passky 1-&7 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<%rench (rep? %rance since 1-76)16 /e4ish9<Russian1- 1-+-'1-7!Bo33y %ischer (Nemenyi) 1-;& Chicago# >0A (:L) American<:celandic (rep? >0A)! /e4ish!1 1-7!'1-7!!

Anatoly KarpoF 1-1 Dlatoust# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (rep? >00R# Russia .%:*E) Russian 1-7'1-6@ (%:*E) 1--&'1---5arry KasparoF (einstein) 1-+& Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) 0oFiet<Russian!& P Croatian!; /e4ish<Armenian! 1-6'!8ladimir Kramnik 1-7 Juapse# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (rep? Russia) >krainian<Russian!+ !'!+8is4anathan Anand 1-+- ayiladuthurai# :ndia :ndian :ndian !7'!1&@ (%:*E) !'!!agnus Carlsen 1-- JQns3erg# Nor4ay Nor4egian Nor4egian !1&'present

1& Jhere is some small controFersy surrounding 4hether or not 0mysloFHs mother 4as ethnically /e4ish# 3ut the Fast consensus is that she 4as? 0mysloFHs $ather (8asily sipoFich 0mysloF) 4as ethnically Russian?1; Jhere are considera3le accusations that BotFinnikHs second 4as leaking in$ormation to 0mysloF (hal$ Russian)@ BotFinnik ($ully /e4ish) played the $inal games o$ the 1-++ C match 4ithout a second and then 3l1 Jal died shortly a$ter the dissolution o$ the 0oFiet >nion? =e chose LatFian citienship Gust 3e$ore his death# and he played in many LatFian only tournaments 4hile LatFia 4as under 0oFiet control (i?e?# in the Latinternationally $or an independent LatFia 3e$ore he died?1+ Also the $irst Russian to $ace a 3ull in a 3ull'$ighting arena in 0pain ("alma de allorca# 1-7+)?17 "etrosian 4as 3orn a$ter Armenia (ethnic 3irth home) and 5eorgia (geographical 3irthplace) 4ere anne,ed 3y the >00R and died 3e$ore the dissolution o$ the >00R@ thus# "etrosian 4as 3orn in the >00R and 4ali$e long?16 0passky married a %rench 4omanM he played under the %rench $lag in his 1--! rematch 4ith Bo33y %ischer# $or e,ample? %ischer played under the American $lag# though# as many do not kno4# %ischer eFentuallyand o3tain /apanese citienship in the !Hs# 3ut he 4as denied the documentation necessary to do so 3y the >0 %ederal 5oFernment (though a %innish court ruled that they 4ere common la4 married as o$ !; an 3attles# a4arded %ischerHs estate to atai a$ter %ischerHs death)?1- Jhere is considera3le controFersy surrounding 4hether or not 0passkyHs mother 4as ethnically /e4ish? 0ome historians are adamant that she 4as o$ $ull Ashkenaic /e4ish ethnic descent and that# as $ar as religiorthodo, /e4ish home? Jhere is a3solutely no consensus on the matter o$ 0passkyHs momHs ethnicity@ ho4eFer# as he 3ecame more $amous# 0passy (may3e hal$ /e4ish)# like Bo33y %ischer (pro3a3ly $ully /e4ish)# outspoken and una3ashed anti'0emite and =olocaust denier?! 0ee note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe?!1 Jhere is some controFersy surrounding 4hether or not %ischerHs 3iological $ather 4as /e4ish? n %ischerHs 3irth certi$icate# the 5erman physicist =ans'5erhardt %ischer 4as listed as the $ather@ ho4eFer# the oFer%isherHs 3iological $ather 4as the =ungarian'3orn Ashkenaic /e4ish $luid dynamicist "aul Nemenyi (4ho emigrated to the >0A and 4orked on the anhattan "roGect during ::)? %ischerHs mother (Regina eneFidence may accrue as %ischerHs remains haFe 3een e,humed to conduct a *NA test $or the paternity o$ a child he purportedly $athered 4hile he 4as in the "hillipines (see ne,t note)?!!

%ischer 4as stripped o$ the Jitle $or 3eing una3le to agree to terms $or the 1-7 orld Championship match 4ith KarpoF (to 3e held in anila# "hilippines) (KarpoF and the 0oFiet'controlled %:*E demanded tha4ould 3e $aFora3le to the challenger)? %ischer then handily de$eated 0passky (no4 representing %rance) in 1--! (%ed? Rep? SugoslaFia .ontenegro@ 0er3iaM %ischer 1'1) in an uno$$icial rematch o$ the origChampionship atch (:celand@ %ischer 7'&11)? *ue to >nited Nations sanctions (not American sanctions) against the %ederal Repu3lic o$ SugoslaFia (3asically# against 0er3ia) at the time# %ischerHs participation receiFing due compensation there$rom 4ere declared crimes against the >0A# and %ischer 4as then $orced to $lee the >0A in order to aFoid a siea3le seiure o$ his right$ul assets and# as is likely# some $orm o$ incthe >0 *epartment o$ the Jreasury demanded that %ischer hand oFer all prie money $rom the match (T&#&#)# pay a T!# $ine on top this seiure# and return to the >0 to $ace up to 1 years in prison? %isch1--! and $lee the >0A 3ased on paranoiaM the >0 *epartment o$ the Jreasury# acting as an o$$icial representatiFe o$ the E,ecutiFe Branch o$ the >0 %ederal 5oFernment under the control o$ then >0 "resident 5eorthreatened him 4ith massiFe $inancial penalties and long'term incarceration $or ? ? ? playing chess? A$ter4ards# %ischer liFed in =ungary# 5ermany# the "hilippines# /apan# and :celand# and# reasona3ly enough# 3ecamin his pu3lic statements? :n retaliation $or %ischerHs e,pressing his opinions o$ the >0A# the >0A illegally reFoked his passport 3e$ore he took a trip to /apan in !;# 4hereupon he 4as incarcerated and only allo4e$reedom (a$ter more than eight months o$ incarceration) 3y reUuesting political asylum in :celand# o3taining :celandic citienship# and then $leeing to :celand in !@ he died in :celand shortly therea$ter at age +; in playing chess)? Jhis sort o$ persecution is not unheard o$ in the chess 4orld# o$ courseM seFeral chess players 4ere murdered during riots in Esse,# England# since chess'playing 4as considered 3y some to 3e immorathe 1!Hs# ho4eFer)?!& KasparoF (einstein) 3ecame a citien o$ the Russian %ederation upon the dissolution o$ the 0oFiet >nion?!; KasparoF (einstein) o3tained co'citienship in Croatia (and thus the E>) 4hile in sel$'imposed e,ile $rom the Russian %ederation as a de$ensiFe means against possi3le politically motiFated attempts on his li$e 38ladimir "utin?! 5arry KasparoFHs $ather 4as /e4ish (Kim oiseyeFich einstein)# and the Russi$ication o$ his real name (the name on his 3irth certi$icate) 4as# there$ore# 5arri 8aynshteyn (VW X YYZ [W\]^_`\])? A$ter his $athertry to minimie 0oFiet anti'0emitism# he s4itched to using his motherHs Russian sounding surname (KasparoF) 4as to hide his /e4ish ancestry? KasparoFHs mother# ho4eFer# 4as Armenian# not Russian# and her rea(Գասպարեան)# 4hich 4hen Russi$ied 3ecomes KasparoF (WbW X Y)? 3Fiously# 5arryHs real name in Armenian is 5arik (Գարիկ) not 5arry? 0o# 5arry KasparoF 4as 3orn 5arik einstein#O 4as 3orn in thRepu3lic# is hal$ /e4ish and hal$ Armenian# held 0oFiet citienship until the dissolution o$ the >00R# and then 3ecame a citien o$ the Russian %ederation upon the dissolution o$ the >00R (he currently resides outand 4ill not Fisit due to disputes 4ith Russian "remier 8ladimir "utin)? =e no4 maintains a home in Croatia and o3tained a Croatian passport 3y naturaliation in !<!1;? .5arik einstein 'f 5arri einstein 'f 5aKasparoF!+ Kramnik has a >krainian mother (Kramnik 4as 3orn in Juapse is on Black 0ea nearly on >krainian'Russian 3order)? Note that as o$ !1# Russia 4as still anne,ing or attempting to anne, parts o$ the >kraine# 4 3orders? But thereHs no denying that KraminikHs mother is ethnically >krainian# 4as 3orn in the >kraine# and gre4 up speaking >krainian as her mother tongue?



Notable ethnically Jewish or half Jewish players:

"etrus Alphonsi!7 1 =uesca# al'Andalus (:slamic 0pain) Andalucian /e4ish!6 Disciplina Clericalis# $irst 3ook to propose cheLuis Ramre de Lucena 1;+ 9# Kingdom o$ 0pain 0panish /e4ish!- 4rote the oldest surFiFing prinElias 0tein 17;6 %or3ach# Austrian Netherlands (Lorraine) *utch /e4ish kno4n $orM *utch *e$enseAaron =er Reinganum 17& 9# "russian Empire "russian /e4ish kno4n $orM Benoni *e$ense&

Aaron Ale,andre 17+ =ohen$eld# %ranconia "russian<%rench<British /e4ish inFented modern alge3raic cheilhelm 0chlum3erger 16 ulhouse# Alsace# %irst %rench Repu3lic %rench<American 5erman9<%rench9<04iss9</e4ish9 last and 3est operator o$ the JuBernhard =or4it 167 Neustrelit# "russian Empire "russian<British /e4ish lost Classical 16;+ C atch/ohann L4enthal 161 Budapest# Kingdom o$ =ungary Austro'=ungarian<American<British /e4ishErnst %alk3eer 161- Br2nn# Austrian Empire (oraFia)&1 Austrian<British /e4ish*aniel =arr4it 16!& Breslau# "russian Empire&! "russian /e4ish

0amuel 5old 16& KjFg'rs# Kingdom o$ =ungary =ungarian<American /e4ishAdol$ 0ch4ar 16&+ 5lscs# Kingdom o$ =ungary&& Austro'=ungarian /e4ishilhelm 0teinit 16&+ "rague# Austrian Empire (Bohemia) Austrian<American (rep? America) /e4ish Classical C (16++'1676@ 1660amuel Rosenthal 16&7 0u4aIki (qqq)# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<%rench /e4ish:gnat Fon Kolisch 16&7 "ress3urg# Austrian Empire (Austria)&; Austrian<Austro'=ungarian /e4ish0ymon ina4er 16&6 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<5erman9 /e4ish maGor teacher o$ ChigorinEugene *elmar 16;1 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish/aco3 Ascher 16;1 "lymouth# >K (England) British<Canadian /e4ish/ohannes Dukertort 16;! Lu3lin# "russian Empire ("oland) "russian<British (rep? Britain) /e4ish Classical C (1676'166+)Leopold =o$$er 16;! Budapest# Kingdom o$ =ungary (=ungary) =ungarian<British /e4ish:ssac Rice 16 achenheim# "russian Empire (BaFaria)American /e4ishEmanuel 0chi$$ers 16 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<5erman /e4ish maGor teacher o$ Chigorinikhail Chigorin 16 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian Russian9 /e4ish9& lost 166- and 16-! C matcha, /udkie4ic (/udd) 161 Krak4# Austrian Empire ("oland) American /e4ish

Berthold Englisch 161 so3laha (vwx)# Austrian Emp? (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian /e4ish:sidor 5uns3erg 16; Budapest# Kingdom o$ =ungary Austro'=ungarian<British /e4ish lost 16-1 C match to 0teinit0emyon Alapin 16+ 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian /e4ishiksa (a,) eiss 167 0ered# Kingdom o$ =ungary&+ Austro'=ungarian /e4ishorit "orges 167 9# Austrian Empire (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian /e4ishilhelm Cohn 16- Berlin# "russian Empire "russian /e4ish Nicolai /asnogrodsky 16- Lu3ny# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<American /e4ish /asnogrodsky *e$ense against the Rice 5am3it5yula akoFet 16+ Arad# Kingdom o$ =ungary Austro'=ungarian /e4ish0alomon Langle3en 16+! arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish<American /e4ish

!7 Birth name oses 0ephardi?O!6 0ephardic /e4ish descent?!- 0ephardic /e4ish descent@ Catholic religion?&Ben'oniO is =e3re4 $or child o$ my tears?O&1 No4 Brno# Cech Repu3lic?&! No4 rocIa4# "oland?&& No4 0ezoFce# 0loFakia?&; No4 BratislaFa# 0loFakia?& 0ome historians suggest that Chigorin 4as o$ /e4ish descent (ethnicity)# though he 4as 3orn into a Russian'rthodo, (religion) household (c$?# Jhe /e4ish %orum# ed? *r? 0?J?=? =ur4it# 8ol? !# No? 1# /an? 1-1-# p&+ No4 0ere{# 0loFakia?



0ieg3ert Jarrasch 16+! Breslau# "russian Empire&7 5erman /e4ish lost 1-6 C match to Lasker5ers (5eorge) 0al4e 16+! arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian /e4ish0amuel Lipsch2t 16+& >ngFr# Austria'=ungary (=ungary)&6 American /e4ish/acUues ieses 16+ Leipig# "russian Empire 5erman<British /e4ishEmanuel Lasker 16+6 Berlinchen# "russian Empire ("oland) "olish'"russian<5erman (rep? 5erman Empire) /e4ish Classical C (16-;'1-!1)*a4id (*aFid) /ano4ski 16+6 oIko4ysk# Russian Empire ("oland)&- "olish'Russian<5erman<%rench /e4ish lost 1-1 C match to LaskerChaim /ano4ski; 16+6 oIko4ysk# Russian Empire ("oland);1 "olish'Russian<5erman /e4ish oFed to Jokyo and died in a small /e4ish col"aul Lipke 167 Er$urt# "russian Empire "russian<5erman /e4ishRudol$ Charousek 167& "rague# Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian /e4ishscar ChaGes 167& Brody# Austria'=ungary (5alicia);! Austro'=ungarian<American /e4ishCarl 0chlechter 167; 8ienna# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austro'=ungarian<Austrian /e4ish;& lost 1-1 C match to Lasker 8ictor ahltuch 167 anchester# >K (England) British /e4ish

=einrich ol$ 167 9# Austria'=ungary Austro'=ungarian<Austrian<.Nai /e4ish *ied in the =olocaust in 1-;&@ !nded LLouis Eisen3erg 167+ dessa# Russian Empire (>kraine) American /e4ishA3ram Ra3inoFich 1676 8ilnius# Russian Empire (Lithuania) Lithuanian'Russian /e4ish 0tarFed to death during :: (1-;&)Charles /a$$ 167- *u3ro|na# Russian Empire (Belarus) American /e4ishAki3a Ru3instein 166 0ta4iski # Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<0oFiet<Belgian /e4ish 1-1; C match 4ith Lasker c*a4id "repirka 166 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<0oFiet /e4ish E,ecuted 3y the Nais in arsa4 in 1-/ulius "erlis 166 BiaIystok# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<Austro'=ungarian /e4ish *ied in a mountaineering accident in 1Ale,ander %lam3erg 166 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish *ied at ;+oG}es ~o4cki (Lo4tky) 1661 KieF# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian /e4ish *ied in a Nai a concentration camp inssip Bernstein 166! Dhytomy# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<%rench;+ /e4ish0alomon 0apiro (*r? 0e$$er) 166! ~d•# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian /e4ish *ied during :: in the ~d• 5hettoRudol$ 0pielmann 166& 8ienna# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austrian /e4ish0amuel (0?*?O) %actor 166& ~d•# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<American /e4ishErich Cohn 166; Berlin# 5erman Empire (5ermany) 5erman /e4ish died as $ield medic at the $ront

BenGamin Blumen$eld 166 oIko4ysk# Russian Empire ("oland)

;7

"olish'Russian /e4ish Blumen$eld 5am3it o$ the BenEd4ard Lasker 166 Kempen# 5erman Empire ("oland) 5erman P American (rep? 5ermany) /e4ish;-

Aron Nimo4itsch 166 Riga# Russian Empire (LatFia) LatFian'Russian<0oFiet<*anish /e4ish denied Jitle shots 3y Capa3lan*a4id *aniuse4ski 166 9# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish *ied during :: in the ~d• 5hetto

&7 No4 rocIa4# "oland?&6 No4 >hhorod# >kraine?&- Born in shtetl €qqqq# no4 8a4kaFysk# Belarus?; Sounger 3rother o$ *a4id?;1 Born in shtetl €qqqq# no4 8a4kaFysk# Belarus?;! No4 in the >kraine?;& 0chlechter 4as 3orn into an assimilated Catholic $amily# 3ut 4as o$ $ully /e4ish descent?;; Also# Ru3enstein could not o3tain the T1# sum reUuired to play Capa3lanca (see Note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# 3elo4)? =o4eFer# it does appear as though Capa3lanca 4as 4illing to take on Ru3ensAlekhine in 1-!7# despite Ru3ensteinHs not 3eing a3le to raise a su$$icient purse# since Ru3enstein lost his $inancial 3ackers in Europe during : and 4as stripped o$ his tournament 4innings in Europe 3y anti'0e(Ru3enstein himsel$ came $rom an e,tremely poor household o$ /e4ish scholars and ra33is)? =o4eFer# since Capa3lanca lost the Jitle to Alekhine in 1-!7# and since Alekhine re$used to play a rematch against Capaa chance to play Capa3lanca $or the Jitle? :n addition# Alekhine re$used eFer to giFe Ru3enstein a Jitle shot (see Note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe)?; =e ended up in "oland 4hile $leeing $rom 0oFiet pogroms a$ter : and the "olish'0oFiet ar? =e pro3a3ly should haFe chosen another place to liFe (like as $ar a4ay $rom European anti'0emitism as possi3le)?;+ %led the >00R $or %rance a$ter the cto3er ReFolution@ liFed in %ascist 0pain (under %ranco) 4hile %rance 4as under Nai control during :: (he later returned to %rance and died there in 1-+!)?;7 No4 8a4kaFysk# Belarus?;6 0ee Note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe# on the Benoni *e$ense?;- Lasker 4as the son o$ a /e4ish 5erman $ather and an American /e4ish mother# held dual 5erman'American citienship# and competed internationally $or 5ermany? Nimo4itsch could not raise T1# sum needed to play Capa3lanca and 4as neFer o$$ered a Jitle shot 3y the anti'0emitic Alekhine (see Note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe)?



Boris Kosti 1667 8r‚a# Austria'=ungary (0er3ia) Austro'=ungarian<SugoslaFian /e4ish1

0aFielly Jartako4er 1667 RostoF'on'*on# Russian Empire (Russia) "olish'Russian<Austro'=ungarian<%rench /e4ish inFented Catalan opening $or 1-!- tourLeon 0ch4artman 1667 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<%rench /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in AArnold Aur3ach 1666 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<%rench /e4ishBoris 8erlinsky 1666 Bakhmut# Russian Empire (>kraine) >krainian<Russian<0oFiet /e4ishRichard Rti 166- Bsing# Austria'=ungary ("oland) "olish'Austrian /e4ish leading hypermodern 4ho died5rigory LeFen$ish 166- "iotrk4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<0oFiet /e4ish5ers Rotle4i 166- Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian /e4ish:lya Ra3inoFich 16-1 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire Russian /e4ish 0tarFed to death during :: 4hile trA3raham Kupchik 16-! Brest# Russian Empire (Belarus) Russian<0oFiet<American /e4ishLon onosson 16-! Bo3ruisk# Russian Empire (>kraine)! 0oFiet<%rench& /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in AKornl =aFasi 16-! 9# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) Austro'=ungarian<=ungarian /e4ish *ied in a Nai la3or camp in Bruck an

Ale,ander EFenson 16-! KieF# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<>krainian<0oFiet /e4ish 0hot 3y the hites during the Russian5yula Breyer 16-& Budapest# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) Austro'=ungarian<=ungarian /e4ish leading hypermodern 4ho diedoshe =irsch3ein 16-; ~d•# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian /e4ish *ied during :: in the ~d• 5hettoilliam r3ach 16-; $$en3ach am ain# 5erman Empire 5erman /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in A0amuil 8ainshtein (einstein) 16-; 9# Russian Empire (Russia9) Russian /e4ish *ied in the Nai 0iege o$ Leningrad (10tanisIa4 Kohn 16- 9# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish *ied in the =olocaust in 1-;A3ram odel 16-+ *augaFpils# Russian Empire (LatFia) 0oFiet /e4ish early teacher o$ BotFinnik andA3ram 5urFich 16-7 Baku# Russian Empire (Aer3aiGan) 0oFiet /e4ish 8ictim o$ anti'0emitic 0oFiet anti'cos:stFn %aekas 16-6 0toralGaGhely# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) Austro'=ungarian<British /e4ish8ladimir 8ukoFi 16-6 Dagre3# Austria'=ungary (Croatia) Austro'=ungarian<SugoslaFian /e4ish/aku3 Kolski 16-- ~d•# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish 0tarFed to death during :: in the :aak Jo43in 16-- Korets# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<>krainian /e4ish *ied in the arsa4 5hetto in 1-;1a, alter 16-- "ress3urg# Austria'=ungary (0loFakia); Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian /e4ish *ied in the =olocaust in 1-;:rFing CherneF 1- "ryluky# Russian Empire (>kraine) American /e4ish

/ose$ Cukierman 1- Bialystok# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish Committed suicide in 1-;1 in order toLeon Kremer 1-1 9# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish *ied in the =olocaust in 1-;1:mre Knig 1-1 5yula# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) Austro'=ungarian<British /e4ishEndre (Andreas) 0teiner 1-1 Budapest# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) =ungarian /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp neaAle,ander KeFit 1-! Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ishBoruch :sraƒl *yner 1-& 9# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<Belgian<:sraeli /e4ish=enryk %riedman 1-& L44# Austria'=ungary ("oland) Austro'=ungarian<"olish /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in 15eorge Koltano4ski 1-& Ant4erp# Belgium (0outh =olland) Belgian<American /e4ish0alo Landau 1-& Bochnia# Austria'=ungary (5alicia) Austro'=ungarian<*utch+ /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in 58italy =al3erstadt 1-& dessa# Russian Empire (>kraine) %rench /e4ish8ictor Buerger 1-; NikolaeF# Russian Empire (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian<British /e4ishAchilles %rydman 1- ~d•# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in 1-; a$te:ak 0ch„chter Aloni 1- Buchach# Austria'=ungary (5alicia) Austro'=ungarian<:sraeli /e4ish

1 rthodo, Christian religion@ /e4ish descent?! onosson 4as actually 3orn in the shtetl 0chedrin Gust outside o$ Bo3ruisk?& onosson tried to escape persecution 3y moFing $rom the ne4ly $ormed 0oFiet >nion to %rance# not realiing that the %rench# Gust as Uuickly and easily as Eastern Europeans such as the "oles# 4ould $oist up all gassed to death? onosson pro3a3ly should haFe moFed some place $urther a4ay $rom European anti'0emitism?; No4 "oony# 0loFak Repu3lic? No4 LFiF# >kraine?+ >ntil he 4as murdered 3y the Nais# Landau 4as considered the num3er t4o *utch chess player 3ehind $ormer orld Champion a, Eu4e?



"aulino ("aulin) %rydman 1- arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) 0oFiet<Argentinean7 /e4ish:saac Kashdan 1- Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish=erman 0teiner 1- *unaserdahely# Austria'=ungary (=ungary)6 American /e4ish:aak Appel 1- ~d•9# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish Killed 3y the Nais in 1-;15isela Kahn 5resser .$em 1-+ *etroit# >0A (:) American /e4ishArthur *unkel3lum 1-+ Krak4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish<Belgian /e4ish/aco3o Bol3ochn 1-+ Buenos Aires# Argentina Argentinean /e4ish"aul Baender 1-+ Rosdhin# Russian Empire (0ilesian "oland)- "olish'Russian<BoliFian /e4ish:saias "leci 1-7 9# Argentina Argentinean /e4ishErnj 5ere3en 1-7 0opron# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) =ungarian<04iss /e4ish5erald A3rahams 1-7 LiFerpool# >K (England) British /e4ish kno4n $orM A3rahams *e$ense:srael Al3ert (:?A?# Al) =oro4it 1-7 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ishilton =anauer 1-6 =arrison# >0A (NS) American /e4ish=enryk "ogorieIy 1-6 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish /e4ish urdered at "a4iak Nai "rison (arsona ay Kar$$ (Ratner) .$em 1-6 9# >00R (Bessara3ia) British andatory "alestinian<American /e4ish0alomon (0alo) %lohr 1-6 =orodenka# Austria'=ungary (5alacia)+ Austro'=ungarian<Cech<0oFiet /e4ish8italy ChekhoFer 1-6 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian9 /e4ish8iacheslaF Ragoin 1-6 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish:lya A3ramoFich Kan 1-- Kui3ysheF# Russian Empire (Armenia) 0oFiet /e4ishEmil Dinner 1-- Br2nn# Austria'=ungary (oraFia) +1 CechosloFakian /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in aGda8ladimir Bron 1-- ykolaiF# Russian Empire (>kraine) 0oFiet /e4ishSose$ "orath 1-- Breslau# 5erman Empire+! British'"alestinian<:sraeli+& /e4ishAron Da3Iudo4ski 1-- BiaIystok# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish /e4ish Killed 3y the Nai Einsatgruppe in a s%red Rein$eld 1-1 Ne4 Sork9# >0A (NS)+; American /e4ishiguel NaGdor$ 1-1 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish<Argentinean /e4ishoshe Cerniak 1-1 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) 0oFiet<British'"alestinian<:sraeli /e4ish

Ernest Klein 1-1 8ienna# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austrian<British /e4ish AlekhineHs second in the 1-& C aikhail BotFinnik 1-11 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish Classical C (1-;6'1-7@ 1-Andor (Andrei) Lilienthal 1-11 osco4# Russian Empire (Russia) =ungarian<0oFiet /e4ish0amuel ResheFsky 1-11 ork4# Russian Empire ("oland)+ American /e4ish=arry 5olom3ek 1-11 London# >K (England) British /e4ishikhail SudoFich 1-11 RoslaFl# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ishirko Brder 1-11 Budapest# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) =ungarian /e4ish Killed 3y the Nais in 1-;&LeF A3ramoF 1-11 9# Russian Empire (Russia9) 0oFiet /e4ish9/acUueline "iatigorsky .$em 1-11 9# %rance %rench<American /e4ish

7 %led Nai<0oFiet Europe $or Argentina along 4ith NaGdor$ and Cerniak (other /e4s) 4hen :: 3roke out during the 6 th :nternational Chess lympiad in Buenos Aires# Argentina (0ee note ErrorM Re$erence sou6 No4 *unaGsk 0treda# 0loFakia?- No4 Kato4ice# "oland?+ No4 in the >kraine?+1 No4 Brno# Cech Repu3lic?+! No4 rocIa4# "oland?+& Sose$ "orath 4as 3orn =ein /ose$ %oerder# $led 5ermany 4hen the NaiHs took oFer# moFed to LatFia (then under 0oFiet control)# and then 4as $orced 3y Goint Nai and 0oFiet anti'0emitism to emigrate in 1-&; t"alestine? =e then took :sraeli citienship in 1-;6 a$ter :srael o3tained independence $rom Britain?+; Rein$eld 4as 3orn some4here in Ne4 Sork 0tate# 3ut : cannot determine the city 4ithin Ne4 Sork that 4as his actual 3irthplace (: 4ould guess one o$ the $iFe 3oroughs o$ Ne4 Sork City# 3ut : haFe no eFidence + Born 0mul Rese4ski in shtetl …q†q‡q# no4 near ~d•# "oland?



A3raham 0piro 1-1! 0tringenau# 5erman Empire "olish++ /e4ish *ied in a Nai concentration camp in AArnold *enker 1-1; Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ishReu3en %ine 1-1; Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish5yula Kluger 1-1; 0toralGaGhely# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) =ungarian /e4ishEd4ard 5ersten$eld 1-1 LFiF# Aus tria'=ungary (5alicia)+6 "olish<.0oFiet /e4ish 0hot and dumped in a trench 3y Nais outside oLsl 0a3 1-17 Budapest# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) =ungarian /e4ish:saac BoleslaFsky 1-1- Dolotonosha# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet /e4ish0emyon %urman 1-! "insk# >00R (Belarus) 0oFiet /e4ishLeF Aronin 1-! Kui3ysheF# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet+- /e4ish/ulio Bol3ochn 1-! Buenos Aires# Argentina Argentinean /e4ish8asily 0mysloF 1-!1 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish<Russian Classical C (1-7'1-6)Arnold Fan den =oek 1-!1 Amsterdam# Netherlands *utch7 /e4ish *ied in a Nai la3or camp 3ear BraunsSuri AFer3akh 1-!! Kaluga# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian9 /e4ish0ergey Eren3urg 1-!& osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ishSakoF Estrin 1-!& osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet /e4ish made $iFe :nternational Correspondence ChessLeonid 0hamkoFich 1-!& RostoF'on'*on# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli P American /e4ish*a4id (*aFid) Bronstein 1-!; Bila JserkFa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ish lost (tie goes to C) 1-1 CE$im 5eller 1-! dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian /e4ish*aniel Sano$sky 1-! Brody# "oland7! Canadian /e4ish Nathan *iFinsky 1-! innigpeg# Canada Canadian /e4ishE$im Rukhlis 1-! Jashkent# Russian Empire (>3ekistan) 0oFiet<Russian9 /e4ishark JaimanoF 1-!+ KharkiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ishArthur Bisguier 1-!- Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish=ans Berliner 1-!- Berlin# eimar Repu3lic American7& /e4ish pro$essor o$ computer science at CarneAnatoly Lein 1-&1 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<American /e4ish Nikita "laksin 1-&1 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ish8iktor Korchnoi 1-&1 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<0tateless<04iss /e4ish7 lost 1-76 and 1-61 C matche

++ =e moFed 4ith his $amily to ~d• as a child@ his $amily pro3a3ly should haFe moFed some4here else (like as $ar a4ay $rom European anti'0emitism as possi3le)?+7 0piro 4as liUuidatedO 3y the NaiHs at Ausch4it a$ter $a3ulous stays $irst in the ~d• 5hetto and then in the arsa4 5hetto?+6 No4 in the >kraine?+- Aronin 4as only allo4ed 3y the >00R to play in one international tournament outside o$ the >00R?7 >ntil he 4as murdered 3y the Nais (he died in an allied 3om3ing campaign on the la3or camp 4here the Nais 4ere trying to 4ork him to death)# Fan den =oek 4as considered the num3er three *utch player 3eha, Eu4e and 3ehind 0alo Landau# the latter o$ 4hom 4as also murdered 3y the NaiHs (0ee note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe)?71 Bronstein surFiFed an assassination attempt 4hile playing Jartako4er at the $irst :nteronal at 0altsG3aden# 04eden (1-;6)? Bronstein 4on the :nteronal# the ensuing Candidates Journament (a$ter 4inning a pla$acing and tying BotFinnik in the $irst %:*E sponsored :nternational Chess Championship in osco4 (1-1) .tie goes to the 4inner and BotFinnik remains Champion# though Bronstein 4as outright 4inning until g4as the youngest 5randmaster eFer at the time o$ con$erral (in 1- at the age o$ !+)? Jo date this record is held 3y 0ergey KarGakin o$ the >kraine 4ho made 5randmaster in !! at the age o$ 1!?7! No4 in the >kraine?7& BerlinerHs $amily moFed to the >0A to escape rising Nai persecution in 5ermany in the 1-&Hs?7; Berliner is an %:*E : o$ traditional chess and one o$ the 3est 5Hs o$ international correspondencechess in the 4orld?7 KorchoiHs ancestry 4as mostly /e4ish 3ut partly 0laFic# though# due to his 0laFic connections to Poland # he 4as 3aptied as CatholicM his /e4ish ancestry and Catholic $aithO did not do much to endear him to theKorchnoiHs $ather 4as /e4ish# 3ut he died in 1-;1 trying to de$end 0t? "eters3urg $rom the Nais as part o$ a volunteer 0oFiet military de$ense corps? Korchnoi 4as a main $igure in the 0oFiet chess scene until he c

1-7 CandidatesH atch %inal (the 4inner o$ 4hich .ultimately# KarpoF 4as supposed to $ace %ischer $or the Jitle# 3ut ended up receiFing the Jitle 3y de$ault 4hen %ischer $laked on the 1-7 C atch)? %or his au punished 3y haFing his stipend taken a4ay# 3y 3eing 3anned $rom the 0oFiet National Chess lympiad Jeam# and 3y 3eing preFented $rom playing in international tournaments in locations outside o$ the >00R $or international tournament outside o$ the >00R in 4hich the 0oFiets allo4ed him to play (in the Netherlands)# Korchnoi asked $or political asylum and 4as allo4ed to stay in estern Europe a$ter the rest o$ the 0oFiKorchnoi then o$$icially de$ected $rom the >00R# changed his citienship status to 0tateless (liFing in the Netherlands and then est 5ermany) and later to 04iss citienship due to (as he reasona3ly claimed) rampRussian'$aForitism in the 0oFiet chess esta3lishment (Korchnoi 4as the $irst maGor adult /e4ish 0oFiet Chess 5randmaster to de$ect $rom the >00R@ ResheFskyHs parents moFed to the >0A in 11<1-! shortly a$ter $leeing the >00R# KorchnoiHs 4i$e and son 4ere stuck in the >00R@ so# 3e$ore his $irst C Jitle atch 4ith KarpoF# Korchnoi 4rote an open letter to 0oFiet "remier Leonid BrehneF (7<1-76)# 3egging him to rele



Larry EFans 1-&! Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ishSair Kraidman 1-&! Jel AFiF'Sa$o# British andate o$ "alestine :sraeli /e4ish:srael Dil3er 1-&& Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian<:sraeli P American /e4ish kno4n $orM 0earching $or Bo33LeF "olugaeFsky 1-&; ogileF# >00R (Belarus) 0oFiet<Belarusian /e4ishLeonid 0tein 1-&; Kamyanets'"odilsky# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet /e4ishJatiana DatuloFskaya .$em 1-& Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) 0oFiet<Russian<:sraeli /e4ishErnest "ogosyants 1-& ChuhuiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet /e4ishLeF Aptekar 1-&+ KieF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<Ne4 Dealander /e4ishEduard 5u$el 1-&+ KieF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<American /e4ishikhail ishaO Jal 1-&+ Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian (rep? >00R) /e4ish Classical C (1-+'1-+1)0amuel 0ch4e3er 1-&+ 9# Argentina Argentinean /e4ishSoel Aloni 1-&7 9# 9 :sraeli /e4ish8ladimir Li3eron 1-&7 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ishBoris 0passky 1-&7 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<%rench (rep? %rance since 1-76) /e4ish9<Russian Classical C (1-+-'1-7!)Raymond einstein 1-;1 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish9 has 3een committed to a mental hospitaAlla Kushnir .$em 1-;1 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ish8italy Daltsman 1-;1 *nepropetroFsk# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<American /e4ish /e$$ 0ar4erHs coach in Searching for B

/aco3 urey 1-;1 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ishBo33y %ischer (Nemenyi) 1-;& Chicago# >0A (:L) American<:celandic (rep? >0A) /e4ish Classical C (1-7!'1-7)ark Jseitlin 1-;& 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ish completely sel$'taughtRoman *indichashFili 1-;; J3ilisi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ishLeF Al3urt 1-; ren3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<American /e4ishLeF 5utman 1-; Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<:sraeli P 5erman /e4ish %reUuent second $or 8iktor Ko8ladimir JukmakoF 1-;+ dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian /e4ishLsl "olgr 1-;+ 5yngys# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian /e4ish Nukhim RashkoFsky 1-;+ 0FerdloFsk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ishikhail Jseitlin 1-;7 Ba3ruysk# >00R (Belarus) 0oFiet<Belarusian<5erman /e4ishilliam =artston 1-;7 London# >K (England) British /e4ish

no aFail? =o4eFer# the >00R did agree to let his son leaFe the >00R# i$ his son surrendered his 0oFiet passport? >pon surrendering his 0oFiet passport# his son 4as dra$ted into the 0oFiet Red Army# and 4hen his s0oFiet Red Army# his son 4as sentenced to t4o and hal$ years imprisonment 4ith hard la3or $or eFading Red Army 0erFice (11<1<1-7-)# a sentence that his son $ul$illed in its entirety (his son 4as still not allo4ed tseFeral years a$ter his sonHs release $rom 0oFiet imprisonment)? Jhese eFents Gust happened to 3e spread out oFer a period $rom 1-76 to 1-6&# i?e?# during KorchnoiHs 1-76 and 1-61 C matches 4ith KarpoF? Breshsu3seUuent imprisonment o$ KorchnoiHs son are generally seen as the main reasons $or KorchnoiHs poor per$ormance in the 1-61 C match (the so'called assacre in eranoO@ played in Kurhaus# erano)? Korchgenerally considered to 3e the 3est modern chess player neFer to 3ecome champion pace *aFid Bronstein (1-!;'!+) 4ho 4as a $ull /e4 $rom the >00R and 4hose chess career 4as ended 3y the >00R simply 3eother 0oFiet Chess 5randmasters# re$used to sign an open letter to BrehneF denouncing Korchnoi $or de$ecting $rom the >00R (3e$ore this eFent# Bronstein 4as also the only 0oFiet player 4ho dared in any 4ay toKorchnoiHs C atch 4ith KarpoF in 1-76)? Korchnoi also 4on a 1-6; CandidatesH atch semi'%inal against KasparoF 3y de$ault (the match 4as supposed to 3e in "asadena# CA# >0A# 3ut the >00R 4ould not ldue to $ears that KasparoF 4ould de$ect)# 3ut Korchnoi graciously agreed to play KasparoF in London# England# >K $or the right to $ace 0mysloF in the 1-6; CandidatesH %inal (4hich 4as meaningless# as either Koclearly haFe gone on the 3eat 0mysloF and thus to challenge KarpoF $or the Jitle in 1-6;)? Jhen# in the >K# Korchnoi lost to KasparoF# 4ho# a$ter de$eating 0mysloF# 4as then allo4ed to challenge KarpoF in the 1-4hich C match 4as a3orted a$ter ; dra4n games? :n the early modern period# the contenders $or the title o$ 3est neFer to hold the orld ChampionshipO 4ere Nimo4itsch (166+'1-&) 4ho 4as a $ull /e4 4ho*enmark due to anti'0emitism (and 4ho neFer got a Jitle shot $rom Alekhine due to AlekhineHs co4ardice and due to anti'0emitism) and A? Ru3enstein (166'1-+1) 4ho 4as a $ull /e4 4ho de$ected $rom the >00Rthen 5ermany) due to anti'0emitism (and 4ho then $aced $urther pro3lems 4ith anti'0emitism during :: in Nai occupied Belgium ̂ ;;‰ o$ the /e4ish population 4as e,terminated 3y the Belgians and the Na

Ru3enstein also neFer had a Jitle shot# though Lasker ($ully /e4ish) arranged one in 1-1; that 4as cancelled due to :# and Capa3lanca (=ispanic) agreed to play him $or the Jitle i$ only Ru3enstein could raise T(4hich Ru3enstein could not do) or i$ Ru3enstein 4ould 4ait until a$ter the Capa3lanca'Alekhine match to play Capa3lanca@ 3ut a$ter Capa3lanca lost the Jitle to Alekhine# Ru3enstein could not play Capa3lanca $ore$used to play Ru3enstein $or the Jitle (due# o$ course# to AlekhineHs co4ardice and due to anti'0emitism) or to giFe Capa3lanca a rematch? Korchnoi continued to 3e punished $or de$ecting $rom the >00R until the1--1# as the 0oFiets threatened to 3oycott any signi$icant international tournaments that admitted Korchnoi?7+ Dil3erHs character is the homeless Russian'sounding man (the 0herri$$O) 4ho 3eats /osh at speed chess in ashington 0Uuare "ark# 4hen /osh is $irst starting out (in the moFie# the real /osh can 3e seen playing a portraying Dil3er and /osh)? Jhe real Dil3erHs date and cause o$ death are unkno4n@ he pro3a3ly $roe to death on the streets and alleys o$ Ne4 Sork City?



Boris 5ulko 1-;7 Er$urt# East 5ermany (0oFiet'controlled) 0oFiet<American77 /e4ish married AkhsharumoFaark *Foretsky 1-;7 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ishAle,ander 0hneider 1-;6 9# >00R 0oFiet<>krainian /e4ishAnatoly 8aisser 1-;- Almaty# >00R (Kaakhstan) 0oFiet<Kaakh9 /e4ish8aleri Beim 1- 9# >00R 0oFiet<Austrian /e4ishKonstantin Lerner 1- dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian<:sraeli /e4ish/ulio Kaplan 1- Buenos Aires# Argentina "uerto Rican'American /e4ish0emon (0am) "alatnik 1- dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<American /e4ish8alentin Ar3akoF 1-! 9# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ish<Russian76 0peed chess7-

Sochanan A$ek 1-! Jel AFiF# :srael :sraeli /e4ishiron 0her 1-! 9# >00R (9) 0oFiet<American /e4ish/ames JarGan 1-! "omona# >0A (CA) American /e4ish gaFe up pro chess in 1-6; to 3/osi$ *or$man 1-! Dhitomir# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<%rench /e4ishAle,ander BeliaFsky 1-& LFiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<0loFenian /e4ishichael 0tean 1-& London# >K (England) British /e4ishKenneth Rogo$$ 1-& Rochester# >0A (NS) American /e4ishDFulon (Leonid) 5o$shtein 1-& 9# >00R 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ish5ennadi 0osonko 1-& Jroitsk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<*utch /e4ish/eremy 0ilman 1-; *el Rio# >0A (JŠ) American /e4ishEster Epstein .$em 1-; 9# >00R 0oFiet<American /e4ish married to Ale,ander :FanoF:rina LeFitina .$em 1-; 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<American /e4ishAFigdor BykhoFsky 1- 9# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ish/on 0peelman 1-+ London# >K (England) British /e4ishSehuda 5r2n$eld 1-+ *ier}oni4# "oland (0oFiet'controlled) :sraeli /e4ish completely dea$ 8ereslaF Eingorn 1-+ dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian /e4ish*mitry 5ureFich 1-+ osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<American /e4ishAnna AkhsharumoFa .$em 1-7 osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ish married 5ulko/onathan estel 1-7 London# >K (England) British /e4ish also a pro$essor o$ Applied athematics at :mp5ennadi Daichik 1-7 9# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian<American /e4ish0emyon *Foiris 1-6 9# >00R 0oFiet<9 /e4ishLeF "sakhis 1-6 Krasnoyarsk# >00R (0i3eria .Asian Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ish0ergey Kudrin 1-- NoFosi3irsk# >00R (0i3eria .Asian Russia) 0oFiet<American (since 1-76) /e4ish5regory KaidanoF 1-- BerdychiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<American /e4ishLeonid Sudasin 1-- 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<:sraeli (liFes in America) /e4ishichael Rohde 1-- 9# >0A (NS) American /e4ishEliahu 0hFidler 1-- 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ishAle,ander =uman 1-+! Dhytomyr# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<:sraeli (since 1--!) /e4ish

77 5ulko (outspoken /e4ish critic o$ 0oFiet anti'0emitism) 4on the 0oFiet Championship in 1-77 and then 4as mysteriously Gailed $or mysterious political reasons in 1-76@ he rotted in prison until he escaped to the >meeting 3et4een the aitkins and 5ulko takes place in osco4 in 1-6; in the 3ook Fersion o$ Searching for Bobby Fischer.76 /e4ish mother@ Russian $ather?7- :n the moFie Searching for Bobby Fischer # Bruce "andol$iniHs character tells /osh that speed chess ruined Ar3akoF and itHll ruin you too?O :n the 3ook Fersion (4hich came $irst)# %red aitkin (/oshHs $ather and for Bobby Fischer ) relates an incident in 4hich he and /osh traFeled to 0okolniki "ark in osco4 in 1-6; to play speed games 4ith Ar3akoF? Ar3akoF 4as kno4n $or haFing supposedly sUuandered his chess talent 3chess and 3y alcoholism (he 4as $reUuently to 3e $ound to 3e playing speed chess in 0okolniki "ark# though he 4as rarely $ound to 3e so3er)? Note that the 3ook Fersion is purportedly 3iographical# 4hile the moFie at key points ("andol$ini is not nearly so strict as the character portrayed in the moFie 3y 0ir Ben Kingsley@ a$ter the $irst couple o$ training sessions# there 4ere no huge $ights 3et4een /osh and "andol$ini a3out spe 3rining out his Uueen out too early@ the game /osh 4ins at the end o$ the moFie 4as actually a dra4@ etc?)? :n the 3ook Fersion# it is Ar3akoF himsel$ 4ho makes the comment a3out himsel$M ‹But speed chess isnHt gneFer 3ecame a grandmasterHO (0%B%# "enguin# 1--&# p? +7)? Ar3akoF did# in $act# 3ecome a grandmaster in 1--; (the eFents in the 3ook took place during the KarpoF'KasparoF C atch in osco4 in 1-6;)?



Boris Kantsler 1-+! %rune# >00R (JaGikistan) 0oFiet<:sraeli /e4ishichael ilder 1-+! "hiladelphia# >0A ("A) American /e4ish no4 a practicing attorney5arry KasparoF (einstein) 1-+& Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) 0oFiet<Russian P Croatian /e4ish<Armenian6 Classical C (1-6'!)Eduardas Roentalis 1-+& 8ilnius# >00R (Lithuania) 0oFiet<Lithuanian /e4ish/oel BenGamin 1-+; Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish At the time# the youngest eFer >0 5Alon 5reen$eld 1-+; Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American P :sraeli /e4ishAle,ander 5oldin 1-+; 9# >00R 0oFiet<American /e4ishRam 0o$$er 1-+; 9 :sraeli /e4ishAle,ander Khali$man 1-++ 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian /e4ish 1--- %:*E orld Championa,im *lugy 1-++ osco4# >00R (Russia) American /e4ishAle,ander 0ha3aloF 1-+7 Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian<American LatFian9 or /e4ish95ad Rechlis 1-+7 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ish5a3riel 0ch4artman 1-+7 Bucharest# Romania (0oFiet'controlled) Romanian<American /e4ish"atrick 5ideon ol$$ 1-+6 9# >0A American /e4ish:lya 0mirin 1-+6 8ite3sk# >00R (Belarus) 0oFiet<:sraeli (since 1--!) /e4ishBoris 5el$and 1-+6 insk# >00R (Belarus) 0oFiet<Russian<Belarusian<:sraeli /e4ish lost !1! C match to Anand6

Ronen LeF 1-+6 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ish0usan "olgr .$em 1-+- Budapest# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian<American /e4ish5regory 0erper 1-+- Jashenkt# >00R (>3ekistan) 0oFiet<>3ek<American /e4ishBoris Alterman 1-7 KharkiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian9<:sraeli /e4ish !nded KasparoF during KasparSona KosashFili 1-7 J3ilisi# >00R (5eorgia) :sraeli /e4ish no4 an *@ married to 0o$ia "8itali 5olod 1-71 LFiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian<:sraeli /e4ish8adim iloF 1-7! >$a# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<04iss /e4ish8ictor ikhaleFski 1-7! 5omel# >00R (Belarus) :sraeli /e4ish:lya 5ureFich 1-7! KieF# >00R (>kraine) American /e4ish

6 0ee Notes ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound and ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe?61 5el$and ($ully /e4ish# 3orn in the Belarusian 00R# >00R# no4 represents :srael)# the winner o$ !11 %:*E CandidatesH Journament in Kaan# Jartarstan# Russian %ederation# 4as 3anned $rom playing in the !;Jripoli# Li3ya due to Li3yaHs policy o$ not allo4ing :sraeli citiens into Li3ya under any circumstances? ther top contenders such as Emil 0utoFsky and :lya 0mirin (3oth $ully /e4ish# 3oth 3orn in the >00R# 3oth 3anned $rom the tournament? "eter 0Fidler ($ully /e4ish# 3orn in the >00R# represents the Russian %ederation) 3oycotted the tournament due this shameless act o$ international anti'0emitism? Aronian and RadGa3oFin the >00R) competed $or Armenia and Aer3aiGan# respectiFely? Sury 0hulman ($ully /e4ish# 3orn in the >00R# represents the >0A) competed $or the >0A? :n other 4ords# Aronian# RadGa3oF# and 0hulman displ4ith their /e4ish 3rethren@ 4hile Li3ya# in a misguided attempted to sho4 solidarity 4ith their Ara3 3rethren in the "alestinian Jerritories# 3anned :sraeli citiens $rom entering their country# eFen though Li3ya 4as Egypt as 4ell as /ordan had already signed peace accords 4ith :srael (in 1-7- and 1--;# respectiFely) and had already 3egun to allo4 :sraelis to traFel to their esteemed and hospita3le countries? As o$ !1# A$ghanBrunei# :ran# :raU# Ku4ait# Le3anon# Li3ya# alaysia# man# "akistan# 0audi Ara3ia# North 0udan# 0yria# the >AE# and Semen still do not accept :sraeli passports (0audi Ara3ia and Ku4ait are apparently ungratef

solidarity 4ith Ku4ait# 0audi Ara3ia# and the >0A# allo4ed 0addam =ussein to rain scud missiles upon :sraeli residential areas during the 1--1 5ul$ ar 4ithout $acing any :sraeli retaliation that might upset the Aagainst :raU)? :n addition# :ran# Ku4ait# Le3anon# Li3ya# 0audi Ara3ia# North 0udan# 0yria# and Semen do not accept passports $rom any person from any country# i$ that passport sho4s any eFidence that that persto Fisit the 0tate o$ :srael? Jhis all happened despite the $act that Li3ya and the %:*E had assured :sraeli chess players 3e$ore the tournament that they 4ould receiFe Li3yan FisasM a minor :sraeli 5 (8adim iloF)4rote an open letter to the %:*E in response? No3ody kno4s $or sure 4hy the %:*E held the tournament in Jripoli# though Li3ya o$$ered the largest sum $or the hosting the eFent (T!?! million# appro,imately T1? mto the %:*E)@ the 1--7# 1---# !# and !1 eFents had no sponsor and the %:*E receiFed no money? ne might surmise $rom these $acts that in !&# the %:*E dumped its :sraeli players $rom the C Journamen$rom uammar 5adda$i# especially since the %:*E originally announced that the :sraeli players could play 3y haFing the tournament split 3et4een alta (0utoFsky completed an entry $orm to play in alta) and Jrdemanded the complete e,clusion o$ all :sraelis)? Compare this situation to the situation 4ith %:%AM as soon as Li3ya announced an intention not to allo4 the :sraeli soccer team into the country $or the !1 orld Cu

%:%A remoFed Li3ya $rom consideration 4ithout any preGudice regarding the amount o$ money Li3ya might haFe paid %:%A to e,clude the :sraelis? But the %:*E o3Fiously does not haFe the same sense o$ $air play international soccer is $ar more $air than international chess@ other4ise# a Fariety o$ chess players 4ould neFer haFe 3ecome chess 4orld champions?O 8idim 4as not o$$icially denied entry to the tournament# thougthe deadline $or su3mission (note that 8idim is a co'04iss':sraeli citien 4ho plays internationally $or 04iterland)? American 5randmasters Boris 5ulko (co':sraeli citien)# Ale,ander 0ha3aloF# and Ale,ander n$rom the tournament? Jhis de3acle is usually seen as the main reason 4hy the reuni$ication match 4ith KasparoF (hal$'/e4ish) did not happen in !;M the 4inner o$ the !; %:*E championship (Rustam Kasimdhad a3solutely no 3usiness playing $or the C Jitle and is generally seen as a paper champion 4ho 4on only 3ecause so many /e4s 4ere e,cluded or did not participate and 3ecause the time controls $or the tournam(eFen 3y KasimdhanoFHs o4n reckoning)@ 3ut the %:*E got to keep its million 3ucks (minus e,penses)?



0o$ia "olgr .$em 1-7; Budapest =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian<:sraeli and Canadian6! /e4ish married to Sona KosashFiliArtur Kogan 1-7; CherniFtsi# >00R (>kraine) :sraeli /e4ish*an Doler 1-7; 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ishichael ratoFsky 1-7; 9# >00R (Russia9) :sraeli /e4ish/osh aitkin 1-7 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American /e4ish main character in 0earching $oSury 0hulman 1-7 insk# >00R (Belarus) Belarusian<American /e4ishAle,ander %inkel 1-7 9 :sraeli /e4ishEran Liss 1-7 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ish/udit "olgr .$em 1-7+ Budapest# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian /e4ish strongest $emale chess player e"eter 0Fidler 1-7+ 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (since 1--!) /e4ishRonen =ar'DFi 1-7+ 9# :srael :sraeli P American6; /e4ish*oF Di$roni 1-7+ 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ish*imitri Jyomkin 1-77 9# Canada :sraeli P Canadian /e4ishEmil 0utoFsky 1-77 Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) :sraeli /e4ishBoris AFrukh 1-76 Karaganda# >00R (Kaakhstan) :sraeli /e4ishJal 0haked 1-76 Al3uUuerUue# >0A (N) American /e4ishAlik 5ershon 1-6 *nipropetroFsk# >00R (>kraine) :sraeli /e4ishEFgeny "ostny 1-61 NoFosi3irsk# >00R (Russia) Russian<:sraeli (since 1--) /e4ishLeFon Aronian 1-6! SereFan# >00R (Armenia) 5erman (!&)<Armenian (since !;) /e4ish<Armenian6

ichael Roi 1-6& 9# >00R (Russia) :sraeli /e4ish0ergey Eren3urg 1-6& 9# >00R (Russia) :sraeli P American /e4ish:lan anor 1-6 9# :srael :sraeli /e4ishJeimour RadGa3oF (0heinin) 1-67 Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) Aer3aiGani /e4ish<Aer3aiGani6+

ark BluFshtein 1-66 SaroslaFl# >00R (Russia) :sraeli P Canadian /e4isha,im Rodshtein 1-6- 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) :sraeli /e4ishAleksandr Lenderman 1-6- 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) American Russian9 /e4ish9:an Nepomniachtchi 1-- Bryansk# >00R (Russia) Russian /e4ish0am 0hankland 1--1 0an %rancisco# >0A (CA) American /e4ish967

Jamir Na3aty 1--1 Ness Diona# :srael :sraeli /e4ish*aniel Naroditsky 1-- 0an ateo# >0A (CA) American /e4ish*aniil *u3oF 1--+ osco4# Russian %ederation Russian /e4ish

Notable ethnically non-Jewish players:

Al$onso Š o$ Castile 1!!1 Joledo# Kingdom o$ 0pain (Castile) 0panish (Castilian) 0panish 4rote $irst manuscript mentioning pa4/aco3us de Cessolis 1! Cessole# North :taly :talian :talianKhaGah Ali 0hatrangi (Aladdin) 1& 9# China Ara3ic9 Chineseilliam Ca,ton 1;!! 9# Kingdom o$ England English English%rancesc 8icent 1; 8alencia# Kingdom o$ Aragon Aragonese<0panish (uni$ied) Catalonian

6! 0o$ia married an :sraeli man (Sona KosashFili)# then the $amily moFed to Canada# 3e$ore recently returning to :srael?6& "olgr neFer held the omenHs Jitle since she played on the menHs circuit@ there is no controFersy# ho4eFer# surrounding her status as the strongest $emale player eFer to play the game (she is the only 4oman eFer

the menHs circuit)?6; =ar'DFiHs 4i$e =eather is American@ they and their son Aaron liFe in Ne4 Sork 0tate# >0A?6 Like KasparoF# Aronian has a /e4ish $ather (5rigory AronoF) and an Armenian mother? >nlike KasparoF# Aronian did not change his surname? =is surname 4as Russi$ied as AronoF 4hile Armenia 4as part o$ theArmeniaHs e,it $rom the >00R and his 3ecoming an Armenian citien# he changed it 3ack to its Armenian $orm (Aronian)?6+ RadGa3oFHs $ather (Boris 0heinin) is /e4ish?67 : canHt $ind any in$ormation a3out 0hanklandHs ethnic or religious 3ackground# 3ut he 4ent to Brandeis >niFersity (so# you do the math)?



"edro *amiano 1;6 9# Kingdom o$ "ortugal "ortuguese "ortugueseAtahualpa 1 9# :ncan Empire ("eru) :ncan :ncan"aulo Boi 1!6 0yracuse# 0panish 0icily 0panish'Napolitano :talianRuy Lpe de 0egura 1& BadaGo# Kingdom o$ 0pain (0pain) 0panish 0panish popularied the Ruy Lpe opening (als5ioFanni Leonardo *i Bona 1;! Cutro# 0panish Naples 0panish'Napolitano :talian5iulio Cesare "olerio 1 Lanciano# 0panish Naples .Kingdom o$ 0icily 0panish'Napolitano :talian "olerio 5am3itAlessandro 0alFio 17 9# 0panish Naples 0panish'Napolitano :talian5ioachino 5reco 1+ Celico# 0panish Naples 0panish'Napolitano 5reekB? Asperling 1+ 9# 04iterland (9) 04iss 9 4rote the last 3ook that allo4s $or a KiAle,ander Cunningham 1+ Cummok# Common4ealth o$ 0cotland 0cottish<British 0cottish5iam3attista Lolli 1+-6 Nonantola# *uchy o$ odena (=oly Roman) odenesi :talianLegall de Kermeur 17! "aris# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench Classical C (17&'17)"hilipp 0tamma 17 Aleppo# ttoman 0yria 0yrian'ttoman66 0yrianBenGamin %ranklin 17+ Boston# British America British'American<American EnglishCarlo Coio 171 Casle on$errato# Kingdom o$ 0ardinia (=R) 0ardinian (mainland) :talianErcole del Rio 1716 5uiglia# *uchy o$ odena (=oly Roman) odenesi :talian*omenico Loreno "oniani 171- *uchy o$ odena in the =oly Roman Empire odenesi :talianAndr *anican "hilidor 17!+ *reu,# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench Classical C (17'17-)@ als/ohann Baptist Allgaier 17+& 0chussenried# *uchy o$ 2rttem3erg (04a3ia) Austrian 5erman'04a3ian Classical C# alternate (17-'8erdoni 9 9# :taly :talian<%rench :talian Classical C (17-'16;)/aco3 =enry 0arratt 177! 9# >nited Kingdom (England) British English9 Classical C (16'161)Ale,andre *eschapelles 176 "aris# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench Classical C (161'16!1)illiam Le4is 1767 Birmingham# >K (England) British English $irst true grandmaster@ $irst ope/ulius endheim 1766 Berlin9# "russia "russian 5ermanCaptain illiam EFans 17- 0t? *og4ells# >K (ales) British elch kno4n $orM EFans 5am3itAle,ander "etroF 17-; "skoF# Russian Empire (Russia'LatFia 3order) Russian Russian kno4n $orM "etroFHs *e$ense (tEd4ard L4e 17-; "rague# Austrian Empire (Bohemia) Austrian<British 5erman9 Cech9Louis'Charles La Bourdonnais 17- La Runion# %irst %rench Repu3lic %rench %rench Classical C (16!1'16;)Lud4ig Bledo4 17- Berlin# "russia "russian 5erman/ohn Cochrane 17-6 9# >K British 0cottish kno4n $orM Cochrane *e$enseAle,ander c*onnell 17-6 Bel$ast# >K (:reland) British :rish"ierre 0aint'Amant 16 Bordeau,# %irst %rench Repu3lic %rench %rench Classical C (16;'16;&)8incent 5rimm 16 8ienna# Austrian Empire (Austria) Austrian<Austro'=ungarian Austrian conFerted to :slam and moFed to ttom5eorge alker 16& London# >K (England) British English Celebrated Analysis of A D Ph

Karl 0chorn 16& *2sseldor$# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9/se$ 0n 16 Budapest ("est)# Kingdom o$ =ungary =ungarian<Austro'=ungarian =ungarian leading $ounder o$ the =ungariLionel Kieseritky 16+ *orpat# Russian Empire (LatFia)6- Russian<%rench Baltic 5ermanAugustus ondredien 167 London# >K (England) British %renchEliGah illiams 16- London# >K (England) British English died in 16; Broad 0treet Cholera ut3=ugh Ale,ander Kennedy 16- adras# British :ndia British British9 :rish9=o4ard 0taunton 161 London# >K (England) British English Classical C (16;&'161)Carl ayet 161 Berlin# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9ilhelm =anstein 1611 Berlin# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9

66 "layed heaFily in %rance and the >K@ pu3lished in %rench?6- No4 Jartu# Estonia?

$ li i i ( ) i < < i i h



/ose$ Kling 1611 ain# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman<British 5ermanCarl /aenisch 161& 8y3org# Russian Empire (%inland) Russian %innish<Russian"aul Rudol$ Fon Bilguer 161 Lud4igslust# "russia (5ermany) "russian 5ermanarmaduke yFill 161 Consta3le Burton# >K (England) British English kno4n $orM the yFill (pa4n)0era$ino *u3ois 1617 Rome# "apal 0tates :talian :talian9<%rench9Adol$ 0chliemann 1617 lln# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5ermanAdol$ Anderssen 1616 Breslau# "russia ("oland)- "russian<5erman (rep? "russia) 5erman Classical C (161'166@ 16+Jassilo F? =eyde3rand u?d? Lasa 1616 Berlin# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5ermanCharles =enry 0tanley 161- Brighton# >K (England) British<American English $irst American Championarcus Kann 16! 8ienna# Austrian Empire (Austria) Austrian<Austro'=ungarian Austrian popularied Caro'Kann de$ense along Luigi Centurini 16! Repu3lic o$ 5enoa 5enoese :talian"aul /ournoud 16!1 Lyon# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rench"reston are# /r? 16!1 rentham# >0A (A) American English9 kno4n $orM are pening# 0tone4all A

=enry Jhomas Buckle 16!1 Lee# >K (England) British English also an historian@ died o$ typhoidJhomas ilson Barnes 16! 9# >K (England) British English dieted# losing 1& pounds in 1 months# re0amuel Boden 16!+ 9# >K (England) British English9 BodenHs ateCharles Ranken 16!6 Brislington# >K (England) British Englishil$ried "aulsen 16!6 9# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9%rederick *eacon 16!- 9# >K (England) British Englsih9=enry Ed4ard Bird 16& "ortsea# >K (England) British English/ules Arnous de RiFiŒre 16& Nantes# Kingdom o$ %rance %rench %rencha, Lange 16&! agde3urg# "russia (5ermany) 5erman 5ermanLouis "aulsen 16&& Blom3erg# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9Carl Ahlhausen 16& Berlin9# "russia (5ermany) "russian<5erman 5erman9"aul orphy 16&7 Ne4 rleans# >0A (LA) American European Continental Classical C (166'16+!)5eorge =enry ackenie 16&7 North Kessock# >K (0cotland) British<American 0cottish5ustaF Neumann 16&6 5lei4it# "russia (0ilesia# no4 in "oland) "russian 5erman0am Loyd 16;1 "hiladelphia# >0A ("A) American 9/oseph =enry Black3urne 16;1 anchester# >K (England) British EnglishAndreas Ascharin 16;& "„rnu# "russia (no4 in Estonia) 5erman Baltic 5erman<Russian/ohann Berger 16; 5ra# Austrian Empire Austro'=ungarian Austrian=enry Charlick 16; London# >K (England) British<Australian EnglishAle,ander 0oloFtsoF 16;7 Kaan# Russian Empire (Jartarstan) Russian Russian9 Jartar9Adol$ Al3in 16;6 Dhitomir# Russian Empire (>kraine) Romanian 5erman pu3lished $irst chess 3ook in RAmos Burn 16;6 Kingston upon =ull# >K (England) British English/ames ason 16;- Kilkenny# >K (:reland) American<British-& :rishikhail Chigorin 16 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian Russian9 /e4ish9-; lost 166- and 16-! C matche/ohn ashington Baird 16! 9# >0A American 9

- No4 rocIa4# "oland?-1 Barnes is also kno4n $or the Barnes pening (1?$;) and Barnes *e$ense (1?e; $+)# 4hich 3oth seem to 3e and are horri3le openings? =o4eFer# the Barnes *e$ense unsettled many players o$ BarnesH dayM 4hile pla

Black# o$ course# he actually 3eat "aul orphy in an o$$icial game in London in 166? Jhis 4as no $lukeM Barnes 3eat orphy again in an o$$icial game in London later in 166 4hile playing the KingHs 5am3it *ecFery unsta3le player 4ith a3solutely no tournament successes# 3ut he 4as 4ell kno4n $or 3eing the only player 4ho 4as 3oth interesting to and could compete 4ith "aul orphyM $or e,ample# during orphyHs touruno$$icial games# he 3eat orphy eight times and lost to orphy nineteen timesM not a great sho4ing# 3ut 3y $ar the 3est sho4ing 3y any Brit against orphy during orphyHs tour?-! Aldo$ Al3in is also kno4n $or the Al3in Countergam3it in the ueenHs 5am3it?-& ason 4as 3orn in Northern :reland (then and still in the >K)# moFed to America as a child# then held American citienship as an adult# 3e$ore emigrating 3ack to the >K? later in adulthood?-; 0ee note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe?

% 5 t 167 8i 9 A t i = (A t i ) A t = i <A t i <N i A t i l 5 l h it



%ran 5utmayer 167 8ienna9# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austro'=ungarian<Austrian<Nai Austrian popular 5erman language chess 4riterilliam =? K? "ollock 16- Cheltenham# >K (England) British EnglishCharles oehle 16- 9# >0A American 9 an operator o$ AGee3# successor to the JEmil Kemny 16+ Budapest# Kingdom o$ =ungary Austro'=ungarian<American =ungarianCurt Fon Bardele3en 16+1 Berlin# "russia (5ermany) "russian 5erman Gumped out o$ a 4indo4# dying at age +Al3ert =odges 16+1 NashFille# >0A (JN) American 9 an operator o$ AGee3# successor to the J/ackson 0ho4alter 16+! inFera# >0A (KS) American 9=oratio Caro 16+! Ne4castle upon Jyne# >K (England) British English popularied Caro'Kann de$ense along5eorg arco 16+& CherniFtsi# Austria'=ungary (BukoFina)-+ Austro'=ungarian<Austrian RomanianConstant %erdinand Burille 16++ "aris# 0econd %rench Empire American %rench a great operator o$ AGee3# successor toKŽrlis Bti‚ 16+7 Brmui‘a# Russian Empire (LatFia) Russian<0oFiet LatFianRichard Jeichmann 16+6 Lehnitsch 3ei Alten3urg# "russia "russian 5erman had only one eye=erman =elms 167 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 5erman<9

5a arcy 167 0eged# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) Austro'=ungarian<=ungarian =ungarian%rit Carl Anton Englund 1671 9# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edishCarl August al3rodt 1671 Amsterdam# Netherlands 5erman 5erman=enry Ernest Atkins 167! Leicester# >K (England) British English kno4n as the little 0teiniO@ 4on >K:sak ColliGn 167 0tockholm# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edish=arry "ills3ury 167 0omerFille# >0A (A) American English9%rank arshall 1677 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American English9 lost 1-7 C match to LaskerLudFig ColliGn 1676 0tockholm# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edishEhrhardt "ost 1661 Cott3us# 5erman Empire (5ermany'"oland) 5erman<Nai<5erman 5erman o$$icial chess organier o$ the RAnton lson 1661 9# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edish0ir 5eorge Jhomas# 7th Baronet 1661 :stan3ul# ttoman Empire (Jurkey) British English%edor *u'Khotimirsky 1661 ChernihiF# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<>krainian<0oFiet >krainian"eter RomanoFsky 166! 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet RussianKenneth 0? =o4ard 166! LeRoy# >0A (NS) American 9 contri3utions to the theory o$ chess pro3lem c

ld’ich *uras 166! "chery# Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian CechEugene Dnosko'BoroFsky 166; 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<%rench Russian8ictor 0oultan3eie$$ 166 SekaterinoslaF# Russian Empire (>kraine)-- Russian<Belgian Russianilan 8idmar 166 LGu3lGana# Austria'=ungary (0loFenia) Austro'=ungarian<SugoslaFian 0loFeneKarel (okr“) Jrey3al 166 Kotopeky# Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian Cecha, Bl2mich 166+ %alken3erg'Elster# 5erman Empire 5erman<Nai 5erman o$$icial chess 3ook editor o$ th"aul /ohner 1667 D2rich# 04iterland (D2rich) 04iss 04issarcel *uchamp 1667 BlainFille'CreFon# %rance %rench<American %renchKarel =romdka 1667 5ro”4eikersdor$# Austria'=ungary Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian Cech

- Also the 3asis $or the main character in the noFel The Defense (1-&# noFel 3y 8ladimir Na3akoF) and thus the moFie The Luzhin Defense (!# screenplay 3y "eter Berry)?-+ No4 in the >kraine?-7 arshall 4as eligi3le to play Lasker in 1-; 3ut not a3le to raise the sum needed to play Lasker until 1-7 (0ee notes ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound and ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe)? 3FiouslyeFen close to the player that Lasker 4asM Lasker 4on 7'7?-6

Conspired 4ith Alekhine to keep Jitle out o$ /e4ish hands?-- No4 *nipropetroFsk# >kraine?1 :n other 4ords# it 4as Bl2michHs Go3 to delete all re$erences to /e4s in e,isting chess 3ooks and to re'4rite the history o$ chess so as to eliminate the greatest /e4ish chessmasters $rom historyM the 3est /e4ish che4ith purportedly'Aryan chess midgets (e?g?# Anderssen# L? "aulsen# 0„misch# Lange# and E? 5r2n$eld)? %or e,ample# Bl2mich edited (redacted) *u$resneHs Lehrbuch des Schachspiels in such a 4ay as to eliminate aKolisch# Dukertort# 0teinit# Lasker# Ru3instein) in the historical section@ in addition# he deleted eFery game analysis in 4hich a /e4 3eat a non'/e4 (the only games inFolFing /e4s that Bl2mich allo4ed to remain i/e4s lost)?

Ne4ell Banks 1667 9 >0A American 9



Ne4ell ? Banks 1667 9# >0A American 9/os Ral Capa3lanca 1666 =aFana# 0panish Empire (Cu3a) Cu3an =ispanic Classical C (1-!1'1-!7)E$im Bogolyu3oF 166- KieF# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<5erman<Nai<9 5erman >krainian lost 1-!- and 1-&; C match Norman J? hitaker 16- "hiladelphia# >0A ("A) American 9Ale,ander AlGechin (Alekhine) 16-! osco4# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<0oFiet<%rench (rep? %rance) Russian Classical C (1-!7'1-&@ 1-&Karel pozensk“ 16-! ost# Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian CechErnst 5r2n$eld 16-& 8ienna# Austrian Empire (Austria) Austro'=ungarian<Austrian<Nai<Austrian 0ilesian 5erman kno4n $orM 5r2n$eld *e$ense=ans Kmoch 16-; 8ienna# Austrian Empire (Austria) Austro'=ungarian<Austrian<*utch1!<American Austrian !nded AlekhineHs !nd C atch 4ith Eu4eAle,ander :lyin'5eneFsky 16-; 0t? "eters3urg# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<0oFiet Russian purged 3y 0talinAndr Chron 16- 9# %rance %rench %rench%riedrich 0„misch 16-+ Berlin# 5erman Empire 5erman<Nai<9 5erman 5ermanComins ans$ield 16-+ JiFerton# >K (ales) British 9Al3ert Becker 16-7 8ienna# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austrian<Nai<Argentinean 5erman led the Nai team in the 6th Che

Edgard Colle 16-7 5hent# Belgium (%landers) Belgian %lemish inFented Colle 0ystem@ died atctFio Jrompo4sky 16-7 Rio de /aneiro# Brail Brailian Brailian inFented Jrompo4sky Attackarcel Engelmann 16-- 9# Belgium Belgian %lemish/os /oaUun Araia 1- e,ico City# e,ico e,ican =ispaniceaFer ? Adams 1-1 *edham# >0A (A) American 9 open homose,ualKaimier akarcyk 1-1 arsa4# Russian Empire ("oland) "olish'Russian<"olish "olisha, Eu4e 1-1 Amsterdam# Netherlands (N =olland) *utch *utch Classical C (1-&'1-&7)Arpad Elo 1-& Egyhaskesj# Austria'=ungary (=ungary) American =ungarian inFented Elo Ratings 0ystemErik Lundin 1-; 0tockholm# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edish5sta 0tolt 1-; 0tockholm# 04eden'Nor4ay (04eden) 04edish 04edish=enri 5ro3 1-; Braunau# 04iterland (Jhurgau) 04iss 04iss popularied 5ro3Hs Attack Carlos Jorre 1-; rida# e,ico e,ican =ispanic inFented Jorre Attack# e,ica8ladimir akogonoF 1-; NakhchiFan# Russian Empire (Aer3aiGan) 0oFiet Aer3aiGaniErik Andersen 1-; 5ento$te# *enmark *anish *anish

8era enchik .$em 1-+ osco4# Russian Empire (Russia) Russian<British English<Russian killed 3y the NaiHs in a 3om3i8asGa "irc 1-7 :driGa# Austria'=ungary (0loFenia) Austro'=ungarian<SugoslaFian 0loFenian popularied "irc *e$ense/an %oltys 1-6 0FinoF# Austria'=ungary (oraFia) Austro'=ungarian<CechosloFakian CechAle,ey 0okolsky 1-6 9# Russian Empire (Belarus) 0oFiet >krainian popularied 0okolsky peningEmil *iemer 1-6 Radol$ell# 5erman Empire 5erman<Nai<5erman 5erman o$$icial chess reporter o$ the R5ideon 0thl3erg 1-6 5othen3urg# 04eden 04edish 04edish/ames acrae Aitken 1-6 Calder3ank# >K (0cotland) British 0cottishConel =ugh –*onel Ale,ander 1-- Cork# >K (:reland) British :rish

11 *ied o$ a heart attack during a simultaneous e,hi3ition against other amateurs in the Black %orest?1! arried a *utch /e4 and liFed in the Netherlands $rom 1-&!'1-;7 3e$ore emigrating to the >0A?1& Jhis lympiad took place in Buenos Aires# Argentina in 1-&- (Austria played 4ith 5ermany under the Nai $lag@ the $inals 4ere held on -<1<1-&-# the same day that Nai 5ermany inFaded "oland $rom the 4est$rom the east on -<17<1-&-)@ =ungary and the >0A 3oycotted the lympiad# 4hile the >K team had to head to 3ack to Europe to prepare $or :: 3e$ore they could participate in the $inals? Becker (Austrian Naia$ter the lympiad# Gust like many other top chess players# such as iguel NaGdor$ # 4ho 4as on the "olish team# and oshe Cerniak# 4ho 4as on the British andatory "alestinian team (3oth "olish /e4s# 3oth m

Becker# 0ee note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe)? Needless to say# the Nai team ended up 4inningO this kangaroo lympiad (the NaiHs had already tried to 4in a kangaroo lympiad 3y holding the &rd

in unich# Nai 5ermany in 1-&+@ ho4eFer# the Nai team 4as 3adly 3eaten 3y =ungary .4ho had a young Lsl 0a3 ($ull /e4) playing $or them and "oland .4ho had a young iecysIa4 (a?k?a? iguel) NaGthem)? Note that Nai 5ermany 4ould almost certainly haFe lost the $inals to %rance# had an anti'0emitic Alekhine (4ho played $or %rance# remem3er) decided to play in the $inal (4ith the e,cuse that %rance and 54ould not 3e sporting $or him to play $or %rance against 5ermany in a chess competition)?1; Also called the rangutan peningO and the "olish pening?O1 *iemer also Goined the Nai party in 191# long 3e$ore the Nais came to po4er in 5ermany?

—en˜k Kottnauer 1-1 "rague Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) CechosloFakian<British Cech



—en˜k Kottnauer 1-1 "rague# Austria'=ungary (Bohemia) CechosloFakian<British CechEero Bk 1-1 =elsinki# %inland %innish %innishAle,ander Jolush 1-1 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet Russian 5randmaster and maGor coach and menArthur *ake (*arko4ski) 1-1 "ortland# >0A (R) American "olish Nicolas Rossolimo 1-1 KieF# Russian Empire (>kraine) %rench<American 5reek<>krainian"etar Jri$unoFi 1-1 *u3roFnik# SugoslaFia (Croatia) SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ian Jri$unoFic 8ariation o$ the Alekhine *e$enseAle,ander Konstantinopolsky 1-1 Dhytomir# Russian Empire (>kraine) Russian<>krainian<0oFiet RussianAl3ric –Kelly de 5al4ay 1-11 Brussels# Belgium Belgian Belgian<9/aromir %lorian 1-11 9# CechosloFakia CechosloFakian Cech5edeon Barca 1-11 KisGslls# Austro'=ungarian (=ungary) =ungarian =ungarianRashid NehmetdinoF 1-1! Aktu3insk# Russian Empire (Jartarstan)1+ 0oFiet Jartar allo4ed to participate in only one chess tournamAle,ander KotoF 1-1& Jula# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet Russian:gor BondareFsky 1-1& RostoF'on'*on# Russian Empire (Russia) 0oFiet Russian

Erich Eliskases 1-1& :nns3ruck# Austria'=ungary (Austria) Austro'=ungarian<Nai<Argentinean AustrianAl3ert 0imonson 1-1; Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 9"aul Keres 1-1+ NarFa# Russian Empire (Estonia) 0oFiet Estonianiguel Cullar 1-1+ 9# Colum3ia Colum3ian Colum3ian8ladimir 0imagin 1-1- osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet RussianiGo >doFzi 1-! 0tara /o‚aFa# SugoslaFia (Croatia) SugoslaFian CroatianEd Edmondson 1-! Rochester# >0A (NS) American 9Ro3ert ade 1-!1 *unedin# Ne4 Dealand Ne4 Dealander<British 9Rudol$ Jeschner 1-!! "otsdam# eimer Repu3lic Nai<E? 5erman<? 5erman<5erman (uni$ied) 5erman0Fetoar 5ligori 1-!& Belgrade# Kingdom o$ 0er3ia SugoslaFian<0er3ia 0er3ianLud˜k "achman 1-!; B˜l pod Bed˜em# CechosloFakia CechosloFakian<est 5erman Cech emigrated to ? 5ermany a$terrtFin 0arapu 1-!; NarFa# >00R (Estonia) 0oFiet<Ne4 Dealander EstonianRatmir KholmoF 1-! 0henkursk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet Russian9<Belarusian9ol$gang >nicker 1-! "irmasens# eimar Repu3lic (Rhineland) 5erman<est 5erman<5erman 5erman last great $ollo4er o$ 0teini an

Ale,ey 0uetin 1-!+ KiroFohrad# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<Russian >krainian9<Russian9/an =ein *onner 1-!7 Jhe =ague# Netherlands *utch *utch 3asis $or main character in Theato *amGanoFi 1-!7 ™eletoFci# SugoslaFia (Croatia) SugoslaFian<Croatian CroatianEleaar /imne 1-!6 9# Cu3a Cu3an Cu3anRo3ert Byrne 1-!6 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American :rish9<9"al Benko 1-!6 Amiens# %rance =ungarian<American =ungarian9iroslaF %ilip 1-!6 "rague# CechosloFakia CechosloFakian<Cech CechKarl Ro3atsch 1-!- Klagen$urt# Austria Austrian Austrian popularied odern *e$enseJigran 8? "etrosian 1-!- J3ilisi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet Armenian Classical C (1-+&'1-+-)ario Bertok 1-!- Dagre3# SugoslaFia (Croatia) SugoslaFian<Croatian Croatian8ladimir Antoshin 1-!- osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian*onald Byrne 1-& Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 9 Nikolai Krogius 1-& 0aratpF# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian Chess 5randmaster and trainedAleksandar atanoFi 1-& Belgrade# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ian

:iFo Nei 1-&1 Jartu# >00R (Estonia) 0oFiet<Estonian Estonian

1+ No4 Akto3e# Kaakhstan?17 Jhis 4as despite his haFing 4on the Russian Championship an unprecedented times?16 KarpoF claims that Krogius tried to proFide 3oth chess support and psychological support to 0passky $or 0passkyHs 1-7! C atch 4ith %ischer (:nterFie4 4ith :r4in %isk# Chicago# !6)?

AndriGa %uderer 1-&1 0u3otica SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<Belgian 0er3ian



AndriGa %uderer 1-&1 0u3otica# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<Belgian 0er3ianilko Bo3otsoF 1-&1 "loFdiF# Bulgaria Bulgarian Bulgarian:stFn Bilek 1-&! Budapest# =ungary =ungarian =ungarianEFgeni 8asiukoF 1-&& osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian RussianBo‘idar ™ura‚eFi 1-&& 9# SugoslaFia (0er3ia9) SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ianBorislaF :FkoF 1-&& Belgrade# SugoslaFia SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ianBukhuti 5urgenide 1-&& 0urami# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian 5eorgianilliam 5rady Addison 1-&& Baton Rouge# >0A (LA) American English9 Considered the 3est 5o (ei'chi) player amilan atuloFi 1-& Belgrade# SugoslaFia SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ianBent Larsen 1-& Jhisted# *enmark *anish P Argentinean *anishAle,ander DaitseF 1-& 8ladiFostok# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet Russian%rišrik ›la$sson 1-& ReykGaFik# :celand :celandic :celandic*ragolGu3 —iri 1-& NoFi 0ad# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ian

ol$gang >hlmann 1-& *resden# Nai 5ermany East 5erman<5erman (reuni$ied) 5ermanscar "anno 1-& Buenos Aires# Argentina Argentinean 0panish9 :talian9anuel Aaron 1-& Joungoo# British :ndia (Colonial Burma) :ndian :ndianLsl Brcay 1-&+ iskolc# =ungary =ungarian =ungarian*ragolGu3 ini 1-&+ Jitograd# SugoslaFia (ontenegro)1- SugoslaFian<0er3ian9 0er3ian9 ontenegrin9AiFars 5ipslis 1-&7 Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian LatFianBoris 0passky 1-&7 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<%rench (rep? %rance since 1-76) /e4ish9<Russian Classical C (1-+-'1-7!)LaGos "ortisch 1-&7 Dalaegerseg# =ungary =ungarian =ungarianilliam Lom3ardy 1-&7 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 9 one early teacher o$ Bo33y %isEdmŽrs ednis 1-&7 Riga# >00R (LatFia) American LatFianilan 8ukceFich 1-&7 Belgrade# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<American 0er3ianLkhams2rengiin yagmars2ren 1-&6 9# ongolia ongolian ongolianRentao NaranGa 1-; 9# American "hilippines %ilipino %ilipino:stFn Csom 1-; 0toralGaGhely# =ungary (A,is'controlled) =ungarian =ungarian

8ictor "alciauskas 1-;1 Kaunas# Lithuania (A,is'controlled) 0oFiet<American Lithuanian Nona 5aprindashFili .$em 1-;1 Dugdidi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian9 5eorgianBruno "arma 1-;1 LGu3lGana# SugoslaFia (0loFenia) SugoslaFian<0loFenian 0loFenianRosendo Balinas /r? 1-;1 anilla# American "hilippines %ilipino %ilipino8latko KoFazeFi 1-;! *u3roFnik# SugoslaFia (A,is'controlled) SugoslaFian<Croatian Croatian*ragolGu3 8elimiroFi 1-;! 8alGeFo# SugoslaFia (A,is'controlled 0er3ia) SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ianLu3omir KaFalek 1-;& "rague# CechosloFakia (A,is'controlled) CechosloFakia (0oFiet'control led) <American Cech=elmut "$leger 1-;& Jeplice'œanoF# Bohemia (A,is'controlled)11 est 5erman<5erman (reuni$ied) 5erman%lorin 5heorghiu 1-;; Bucharest# Romania (A,is'controlled) Romanian (0oFiet'controlled) Romanian8italy JseshkoFsky 1-;; msk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian8lastimi l =ort 1-;; Kladno# CechosloFakia (A,is'controlled) CechosloFakian<est 5erman<5erman (reuni$) CechAl3in "laninc 1-;; Bri‚e# SugoslaFia (A,is'controlled 0loFenia) SugoslaFian<0loFenian 0loFenian*uncan 0ettles 1-; 0an %rancisco# >0A (CA) American P Canadian 9*aFid LeFy 1-; London# >K (England) British (0cottish) 0cottish

5ennady Kumin 1-;+ 9# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainian/ohn 5re$e 1-;7 =o3oken# >0A (N/) American 9

1- No4 "odgorica# ontenegro?11 No4 Jeplice# Cech Repu3lic?

ihai 0u3a 1-;7 Bucharest# Romania (0oFiet'controlled) Romanian Romanian



# ( )5ušmundur 0igurGnsson 1-;7 RekyGaFik# :celand :celandic :celandicBruce "andol$ini 1-;7 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS)111 American :talian9<9Andre4 0oltis 1-;7 =aleton# >0A ("A) American "olish9@ =ungarian9 Cech9<9illiam =artston 1-;7 London# >K (England) British English $irst 4i$e 4as /ana Bellin (ne/ana Bellin11! .$em 1-;7 "rague# CechosloFakia (0oFiet'controlled) Cech<British Cech 1st hus3and 4as =artston@ !nd 4ikhail "odgaets 1-;7 dessa# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainianRaymond Keene 1-;6 London# >K (England) British EnglishRo3ert =23ner 1-;6 Cologne# est 5ermany est 5erman<5erman (reuni$ied) 5erman Nana Ale,andria .$em 1-;- "oti# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian 5eorgianalter Bro4ne 1-;- 0ydney# Australia American11& English9Suri BalashoF 1-;- 0hadrinsk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian RussianEFgeny 0FeshnikoF 1- Chelya3insk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<LatFian LatFian9 Russian9

LGu3omir LGu3oGeFi 1- JitoFo >‘ice# SugoslaFia SugoslaFian<0er3ian 0er3ian"eter Biyiasas 1- Athens# 5reece Canadian 5reek Andrs AdorGn 1- Budapest# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian =ungarian>l$ Andersson 1-1 8„sters# 04eden 04edish 04edishAnatoly KarpoF 1-1 Dlatoust# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (rep? >00R# Russia .%:*E) Russian Classical C (1-7'1-6)@ 1-/an Jimman 1-1 Amsterdam# Netherlands *utch *utch lost 1--& %:*E C match to KEugenio Jorre 1-1 9# "hilippines "hilippine %ilipino5yula 0a, 1-1 Budapest# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian =ungarianRa$ael 8aganian 1-1 SereFan# >00R (Armenia) 0oFiet<Armenian ArmenianDoltn Ri3li 1-1 ohcs# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian =ungarianiron 0her 1-! Kaliningrad# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian<American Russian9leg Romanishin 1-! LFiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainianRo3ert Bellin 1-! 5reat Sarmouth# >K (England) British English married to /ana Bellin (ne a=enriUue ecking 1-! 0anta Cru do 0ul# Brail Brail Brailian a?k?a? eUuinho

KeFin 0praggett 1-; ontreal# Canada Canadian %rench95eorgy AgamoF 1-; Jashkent# >00R (>3ekistan) 0oFiet >3ekistani also a philologist@ died hiking in the CrimJony iles 1- Birmingham# >K (England) British English $irst 4i$e 4as /ana Bellin (ne alypetroF)/ohn Nunn 1- London# >K (England) British English9Ale,ander :FanoF 1-+ msk# >00R (0i3eria) 0oFiet<American Russian married to Ester EpsteinLarry Christiansen 1-+ RiFerside# >0A (CA) American 98ictor %rias 1-+ 0antiago# Chile Chilean<American11; =ispanic8ladimir alaniuk 1-7 Arkhangelsk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainian Nick de %irmian 1-7 %resno# >0A (CA) American 9"hilip Cor3in 1-7 9# Bar3ados Bar3adian Bar3adian (Black)u3omr %tznik 1-7 BatislaFa# CechosloFakia CechosloFakian<0loFakian 0loFakian/ohn %edoro4ic 1-6 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American "olish9 /e4ish9Ale, Sermolinsky 1-6 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<American Russian0ergey *olmatoF 1-- KiseleFsk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian

111 :Hm not certain that "andol$ini 4as 3orn in Ne4 Sork City# 3ut he lists Brooklyn as his hometo4nO ( !very "ove "ust ave a PurposeM Strategies fro# Chess for Business and Life# =yperion# Ne4 Sork# !&# p11! Ne alypetroF?11& Bro4ne had an American $ather and an Australian mother@ he 4as 3orn in Australia# 3ut he moFed to >0A at age three and represented the >0A internationally?11; arried an American (Doe Jilton) and moFed to Ne4 Sork in 1-61?

ikhail 5ureFich 1-- KharkiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<Belgian<Jurkish (since !) Russian9



# ( ) g ( )0te$an Kindermann 1-- 8ienna# Austria (Austrian) Austrian Austrianarcel 0isniega Camp3ell 1-- CuernaFaca# e,ico e,ican e,ican<9Sasser 0eira4an 1-+ *amascus# 0yria American 0yrian<English:an Rogers 1-+ =o3art# Australia Australian English9Se /iangchuan 1-+ u,i# China Chinese Chinese"redrag Nikoli 1-+ œamac# SugoslaFia (Bosnia) SugoslaFian<Bosnian BosnianEric Lo3ron 1-+ 5ermanto4n# >0A ("A) American P est 5erman<5erman 5erman kno4n $orM grandmaster 4ho tries to hustle 8inArtur SusupoF 1-+ osco4# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<5erman Russian=arold Fan der =eiGden 1-+ 8eghel# Netherlands (North Bra3ant) *utch *utchaia Chi3urdanide .$em 1-+1 Kutaisi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian 5eorgian0ergey :FanoF 1-+1 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian9Aloyas KFeinys 1-+! 9# >00R (Lithuania) 0oFiet<Lithuanian Lithuanian

/aan EhlFest 1-+! Jallinn# >00R (Estonia) 0oFiet<Estonian<American Estonian:gor NoFikoF 1-+! 9# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian<American >krainianžžžžžEduardas Roentalis 1-+& 8ilnius# >00R (Lithuania) 0oFiet<Lithuanian LithuanianLuc inants 1-+& atermael'Boits$or (Brussels)# Belgium Belgian Belgian9 %lemish95ary Lne 1-+; 9# >nited Kingdom British<Australian 98alery 0aloF 1-+; rocIa4# "oland (0oFiet'controlled) "olish "olishCurt =ansen 1-+; BoF# *enmark *anish *anish8asilios Kotronias 1-+; Athens# 5reece 5reek 5reek 0uat AtalŸk 1-+; 9# Jurkey Jurkish<Bosnian Bosnian Nigel 0hort 1-+ Leigh (5reater anchester)# >K (England) British English lost 1--& Classical C match >tut Adianto 1-+ /akarta# :ndonesia :ndonesian :ndonesian $irst :ndonesian 5randmasteraurice Ashley 1-++ 0t? Andre4# /amaica American /amaican (Black) $irst Black 5randmaster EFgeny BareeF 1-++ Semanhelinsk# >00R (Russia<Kaakhstan) 0oFiet<Russian (since 1--!) RussianLus 5alego 1-++ 9# "ortugal "ortuguese "ortuguese

*ennis onokroussos 1-++ Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 5reek9<9Ale,ander 0ha3aloF 1-+7 Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian<American LatFian9 or /e4ish90imen Agdestein 1-+7 Asker# Nor4ay Nor4egian Nor4egian %:*E :5 o$ Chess and $orme:ldar :3ragimoF 1-+7 Kaan# >00R (Jartarstan) 0oFiet<Russian<American Russian9 Jartar9Anatoly LutikoF 1-+7 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russian) 0oFiet oldoFan:Fan (Lu3anGa) 0okoloF 1-+6 /aGce# SugoslaFia (Bosnia) SugoslaFian<Bosnian<*utch Bosnian/uan'Carlos 5onle Damora 1-+6 9# Cu3a e,ico =ispanic0tuart Rachels 1-+- Birmingham# >0A (AL) American 9Ale,ey *reeF 1-+- 0taFropol# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian8assily :Fanchuk 1-+- Kopychyntsi# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainian lost !! %:*E C match to "8is4anathan Anand 1-+- ayiladuthurai# :ndia :ndian :ndian Classical C (!7'!1&)@ (%:8ladimir ChucheloF 1-+- 9# >00R 0oFiet<Belgian Russian5il3erto =ernnde 5uerrero 1-7 3ano# e,ico e,ican =ispanicŠie /un 1-7 Baoding# China Chinese Chinese

8ladimir Akopian 1-71 Baku# >00R (Armenia) 0oFiet<Armenian Armenian lost 1--- %:*E C match to Kichael Adams 1-71 Jruro# >K (Corn4all) British English9<elch9 lost !; %:*E C match to K8ictor Bologan 1-71 Chi¡in¢u# >00R (oldoFa) 0oFiet<oldoFan (since 1--!) oldoFan

Ale,ei 0hiroF 1-7! Riga# >00R (LatFia) 0oFiet<LatFian P 0panish11 LatFian9 or /e4ish9 lost ! %:*E C match



Loek Fan ely 1-7! =eesch# Netherlands *utch *utchœar£nas œulskis 1-7! K¤dainiai# >00R (Lithuania) 0oFiet<Lithuanian Lithuanian0amir ohammad 1-7& 9# 0yria 0yrian 0yrianKangugi 4a KaranGa (K?K?) 1-7& Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American P Kenyan (rep? >0A)11+ Kenyan (Black)117

"eter =eine Nielsen 1-7& =olste3ro# *enmark *anish *anish/ulio Becerra RiFero 1-7& 9# Cu3a Cu3an<American Cu3an5ata Kamsky 1-7; NoFokunetsk# >00R (Russia) American (since 1-6-) Jartar lost 1--+ %:*E C match to K0ergei Ru3leFsky 1-7; Kurgan# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (since 1--!) RussianAle,ander nischuk 1-7 0eFastopol# >00R (Crimea) >krainian (H-!'‹!)<American (since !!) >krainian98eselin JopaloF 1-7 Rousse# Bulgaria (0oFiet'controlled) Bulgarian Bulgarian !'!+ %:*E orld Champion8ladimir Kramnik 1-7 Juapse# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (since 1--!) >krainian<Russian Classical C (!'!+)Doltn Almsi 1-7+ Budapest# =ungary (0oFiet'controlled) =ungarian =ungarian

:oannis "apaioannou 1-7+ 9# 5reece 5reek 5reek LiFiu'*ieter Nisipeanu 1-7+ Bra¡oF# Romania (0oFiet'controlled) Romanian<5erman Romanian8adim DFGaginseF 1-7+ osco4# >00R (Russia ) Russian RussianAle,ander oroeFich 1-77 osco4# >00R (Russia) Russian Russian/e$$ 0ar4er 1-76 Kinston# Canada Canadian P %innish 9 kno4n $orM /oshHs nemesis in 0=ristos Banikas 1-76 0alonica# 5reece 5reek 5reek 0ergei oFsesian 1-76 J3ilisi# >00R (5eorgia) 0oFiet<5eorgian<Armenian<Cech<0loFak 116 Armenian"eter Leko 1-7- 0u3otica# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) =ungarian Croatian9<9 lost !; Classical C matchRustam KasimdhanoF 1-7- Jashkent# >00R (>3ekistan) >3ekistani >3ek !;'! %:*E orld ChampErald *erFishi 1-7- *urrƒs# Al3ania Al3anian Al3anian8ladimir alakhoF 1-6 :FanoFo# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian*ragan œolak 1-6 9# SugoslaFia (0er3ia) SugoslaFian<Jurkish (since !11) 0er3ian9 Jurkish9Bator 0am3ueF 1-6 9# >00R (Russia) Canadian RussianKrishnan 0asikiran (0asi) 1-61 Chennai# :ndia :ndian :ndian

"ter ¥cs 1-61 Eger# =ungary =ungarian =ungarian*iego %lores 1-6! Las "almas de 5ran Canaria# 0pain 0panish<Argentinean 0panishLaro Brun (Batista) 1-6! Las Junas# Cu3a Cu3an =ispanic%rancisco 8alleGo "ons 1-6! Es Castell# 0pain (inorca) 0panish 0panishRo3ert 54ae 1-6! =arare# Dim3a34e Dim3a34ean Dim3a34ean (Black)*imitrios astroFasilis 1-6& 9# 5reece 5reek 5reek tienne Bacrot 1-6& Lille# %rance %rench %rench98iktoriGa —milyt¤ .$em 1-6& œiauliai# >00R (Lithuania) 0oFiet<Lithuanian LithuanianRuslan "onomarioF 1-6& =orliFka (5orloFka)# >00R (>kraine) >krainian >krainian !!'!; %:*E orld ChampAle,ander 5rischuk 1-6& osco4# >00R (Russia) Russian Russian

11 0hiroF o3tained LatFian citienship upon the dissolution o$ the >00R# then he o3tained dual LatFian'0panish citienship 4hen he married his $irst 4i$e# 4ho 4as a 0panish citien? :nternationally he represented t$rom 1--!'1--&# 0pain $rom 1--;'!1# and then he 4ent 3ack again to representing LatFia $rom !11'present?11+ KaranGa represented the >0A until 1--# 4hen he Uuit competitiFe chess? =e no4 resides in Kenya? Both o$ his parents 4ere 3orn in Kenya# 4ere o$ $ull Kenyan descent# and 4ere Kenyan diplomats?117

*ue to racism# KaranGa 4as initially not selected to represent the >0A at the 1-6+ >nder'1; orld Championship in 0an /uan# "uerto Rico (despite KaranGaHs o3Fiously 3eing the 3est American player under 1; aAl3urt ($ully /e4ish# 3orn in the >00R# de$ected to the >0A) interceded# agreed to coach KaranGa# and sa4 to it that KaranGa 4as selected to represent the >0A? :n 1-6+# /oƒl Lautier $rom %rance 4ent on to 4in theand a young 0o$ia "olgr $rom 0oFiet'controlled =ungary 4on the 5irls >nder'1; Journament?116 oFesian took 5eorgian citienship upon the dissolution o$ the >00R (1--!)# 3ut then s4itched citienship to his ethnic homeland o$ Armenia (1--)? =e played $or the Cech Repu3lic $rom 1--+'!1# 3ut the0loFak Repu3lic in !! due to the poor playing situation in the Cech Repu3lic? =o4eFer# as o$ !1'present# he has again 3een playing $or Armenia?11- 0ee Note ErrorM Re$erence source not $ound# a3oFe?

Leinier *omngue "re 1-6& =aFana# Cu3a Cu3an =ispanic



8aruhan Ako3ian 1-6& SereFan# >00R (Armenia) Armenia<America (rep? >0A since !&) Armenian*mitry /akoFenko 1-6& msk# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian Russian"aFel ElGanoF 1-6& KhakiF# >00R (>kraine) 0oFiet<>krainian >krainian Ni =ua 1-6& 0hanhai area9# China Chinese ChineseBaadur /o3aFa 1-6& 5ali# >00R (5eorgia) 5eorgian 5eorgianEhsan 5haem'aghami 1-6& Jehran# :ran :ranian :ranianJigran L? "etrosian 1-6; SereFan# >00R (Armenia) 0oFiet<Armenian ArmenianLuke c0hane 1-6; London# England British :rish9<0cottish9<English9EFgeny AlekseeF 1-6 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) Russian Russian%arai andiha 1-6 9# Dim3a34e Dim3a34ean<American9 Dim3a34ean (Black)Bu Šianghi 1-6 ingdao# China Chinese Chinese0hakhriyar amedyaroF 1-6 0umgayit# >00R (Aer3aiGan) Aer3aiGani Aer3aiGani

*aFid NaFara 1-6 "rague# CechesloFakia (0oFiet'controlled) Cech CechDahar E$imenko 1-6 akiiFka# >00R (>kraine) >krainian >krainianArkadiG Naiditsch 1-6 Riga# >00R (LatFia) LatFian<5erman (since 1--7)<Aer3aiGani LatFian9 5erman9Anton Koro3oF 1-6 KemeroFo# >00R (Russia) >krainian >krainianAndrei 8olokitin 1-6+ LFiF# >00R (>kraine) >krainian >krainian"endyala =arikrishna 1-6+ 5untur# :ndia :ndian :ndian8ugar 5ashimoF 1-6+ Baku# >00R (Aer3aiGan) Aer3aiGani Aer3aiGani died in 5ermany at the age o$ !Ale,ey Kim 1-6+ 9# >00R (>3ekistan) >3ekistani<0outh Korean Korean0andro areco 1-67 9# Argentina Argentinean =ispanic0usanto egaranto 1-67 :ndramayu# :ndonesia :ndonesian :ndonesian=ikaru Nakamura 1-67 saka# /apan American /apanese Nikita 8itiugoF 1-67 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) 0oFiet<Russian (since 1--!) RussianEFgeny JomasheFsky 1-67 0aratoF# >00R (Russia) Russian Russian=umpy Koneru .$em 1-67 5udiFada# :ndia :ndian :ndian

ang Sue 1-67 Jaiyuan# China Chinese ChineseRadosIa4 oGtasek 1-67 El3l¦g# "oland "olish "olishAle,andr %ier 1-66 /oinFille# Brail Brailian BrailianSuri 8oFk 1-66 LFiF# >00R (>kraine) >krainian >krainianarkus Ragger 1-66 Klagen$urt# Austria Austrian AustrianBassem Amin 1-66 9# Egypt Egyptian Egyptianang =ao 1-6- =ar3in# China Chinese Chinese9 anchu9Li Chao 1-6- Jaiyuan# China Chinese ChineseAleksandr Lenderman 1-6- 0t? "eters3urg# >00R (Russia) American Russian9 /e4ish9Kenny 0olomon 1-6- itchells "lain# 0outh A$rica 0outh A$rican 0outh A$rican (Black)Ali 0yed Ahmad 1-- 9# "akistan "akistani "akistaniSuriy Kuu3oF 1-- 9# >00R (>kraine) >krainian >krainianagnus Carlsen 1-- JQns3erg# Nor4ay Nor4egian Nor4egian Classical C (!1&'present)/on LudFig =ammer 1-- Bergen# Nor4ay Nor4egian Nor4egian !nded Carlsen during the !1&

a,ime 8achier'LagraFe 1-- Nogent'sur'arne# %rance %rench %rench*aFid ei Liang =o4ell 1-- East3ourne# >K (England) British 0ingaporean<English*mitry Andreikin 1-- Ryaan# >00R (Russia) Russian Russian0ergey KarGakin 1-- 0im$eropol# >00R (>kraine) >krainian<Russian (since !-) >krainian Nguy§n Ng¨c Jr©ªng 0«n 1-- R¬ch 5i# 8ietnam 8ietnamese 8ietnamese

ang "uchen 1-- 9# China Ne4 Dealander ChineseL Li 1--1 0®i 5¯ 8i t 8i t 8i t



L uang Lim 1--1 0®i 5¯n# 8ietnam 8ietnamese 8ietnameseRo3ert =ess 1--1 Ne4 Sork# >0A (NS) American 9*ing Liren 1--! enhou# China Chinese ChineseBaskaran Adhi3an 1--! 9# :ndia :ndian :ndian%a3iano Caruana 1--! iami# >0A (%L) :talian P American (rep? >0A since !1) :talianusta$a SŸlma 1--! Kastamonu# Jurkey Jurkish JurkishAnton KoFalyoF 1--! KharkiF# >kraine >krainian<Canadian >krainian0anan 0GugiroF 1--& Elista# Russian %ederation Russian 9"hiona utesi .$em 1--& Kat4e# >ganda >gandan >gandan (Black) kno4n $orM The $ueen of %at&

A?R? 0aleh 0alem 1--& 9# >nited Ara3 Emirates (resides in A3u *ha3i) Emirati Ara3ian Nils 5randelius 1--& Lund# 04eden 04edish 04edishesley 0o 1--& Bacoor# "hilippines %ilipino P American (rep? >0A since !1;) %ilipino

"arimarGan Negi 1--& >ttarakhand# :ndia :ndian :ndianAle,ander :patoF 1--& LFiF# >kraine >krainian<0panish<Jurkish >krainian*arius °4ierc 1--; Jarno4skie 5ry# "oland (0ilesian "oland) "olish "olishAnish 5iri 1--; 0t? "eters3urg# Russian %ederation *utch (since !6) Nepalese<RussianRay Ro3son 1--; 5uam# >0A (later# 0t? "eters3urg# %L# >0A) American "aci$ic :slander<RussianSu Sangyi 1--; =uangshi# China Chinese Chinese=ou Si$an .$em 1--; Šinghua# China Chinese Chinese8idit 0antosh 5uGrathi 1--; Nashik# :ndia :ndian :ndianRingoir Janguy 1--; etteren# Belgium (%landers) Belgian *utch9 Belgian9/orge Cori 1-- 9# "eru "eruFian =ispanic*aFid Antn 5uiGarro 1-- 9# 0pain (urcia) 0panish 0panish:Fan BukaFshin 1-- RostoF'on'*on# Russian %ederation Russian RussianLu 0hanglei 1-- 0henyang# China Chinese Chinese9 anchu9"ouya :dani 1-- 9# :ran :ranian :ranian

Richrd Rapport 1--+ 0om3athely# =ungary =ungarian =ungarian/an'Krysto$ *uda 1--6 Krak4# "oland "olish "olishei Si 1--- u,i# China Chinese Chinese/ei'Chen =o ! 9# Jai4an Jai4anese Chinese (Jaipei)0amuel 0eFian ! Coming# >0A (NS) American Armenian

%ully Russian Chess 5reatsMChigorin ight haFe 3eeno$ /e4ish descent@ neFer held any kind o$ title@ lost ! C matches to Lasker ($ully /e4ish)



Chigorin ight haFe 3een o$ /e4ish descent@ neFer held any kind o$ title@ lost ! C matches to Lasker ($ully /e4ish)Alekhine "layed $or %rance (le$t Russia due to Russian ReFolution)@ only got to play Capa3lanca in 1-! $or the Jitle 3ecause Ru3enstein ($ully /e4ish) and Nimo4itsch ($ully /e4ish) 4

T1# sum needed $or Capa3lanca to agree to the match@ neFer de$ended against Capa3lanca@ completely ducked Nimo4itsch# Ru3enstein# and then %lohr ($ully /e4ish)@ played Jitle matches only against Eu4e (he lost one o$ t4o matches) and E$im Bogolyu3oF (a $ormer >krainian citien o$ the Russian Empire turned citien o$ the Nai Empire)@(second and last de$ense o$ the Jitle) 4ith Bogolyu3oF in a 1 city Gaunt across Nai 5ermany@ 4as anti'0emitic and 4rote seFeral Ficious hate articles denouncing the /e4s 4hilecontrol such as his essay on Aryan and /e4ish ChessO (4hich# despite his lies to the contrary# 4ere later $ound 4ritten in his o4n hand upon his death due to alcoholismM he choc4hile drunk)@ neFertheless# his last and only long'term 4i$e 4as $ully /e4ish

.0passky other reportedly /e4ish@ 4on Jitle $rom "etrosian ($ully Armenian)@ lost Jitle on ne,t cycle to %ischer ($ully /e4ish)KarpoF NeFer played %ischer ($ully /e4ish) $or Jitle@ receiFed Jitle 3y de$ault instead o$ Korchnoi (mostly /e4ish) due to a disputed one point Fictory oFer Korchnoi in the %inal o$ the 1

Journament@ de$ended Jitle t4ice against an ailing Korchnoi (mostly /e4ish) 4ho# due to anti'0emitism# had to $lee to the Netherlands and later o3tain 04iss citienship Gust to gthen too old to 3eat KarpoF in either o$ their orld Championship matches 4hile su$$ering psychologically under the 4eight o$ his illegally imprisoned son@ lost Jitle as 4ell as &.KasparoF (hal$ /e4ish)

5rischuk NeFer held any kind o$ Jitle@ lost !- CandidatesH %inal to Boris 5el$and ($ully /e4ish :sraeli citien)

/e4ish or hal$ /e4ish Chess 5reatsM0teinitDuckertortLasker JarraschRu3insteinJartako4er Nimo4itsch%lohr BronsteinBotFinnik 0mysloF .hal$ Russian

JalJaimanoF"olugaeFskyKorchnoi.0passky .possi3ly hal$ /e4ish%ischer /? "ulgar .3est $emale eFerKasparoF (einstein) .hal$ ArmenianKhali$man5el$andAronian .hal$ ArmenianRadGa3oF (0heinin) .hal$ Aer3aiGani

Armenian or =al$ Armenian Chess astersM

"etrosian .3orn in 00R o$ 5eorgia@ o$ $ull Armenian descent@ competed in (00R) Armenian championships as 4ell as 0oFiet championships@ competed internationally $or the 0oFiet >nionKasparoF (einstein) .hal$ /e4ishAronian .hal$ /e4ish8ladimir =ako3yan (Akopian)0ergei oFsesian .3orn in 00R o$ 5eorgia@ o$ $ull Armenian descent@ no4 competes $or Armenia

0hakhriyar amedyaroF0amuel 0eFian .3orn in and competes $or >0A@ 3oth parents 4ere 3orn in 00R o$ Armenia and are o$ Armenian descent



0amuel 0eFian .3orn in and competes $or >0A@ 3oth parents 4ere 3orn in 00R o$ Armenia and are o$ Armenian descent

0emiticM Ashkenaic /e4s and 0ephardic /e4s $rom Europe# B"# :srael@ >AE@ 0yria0outh and East AsianM "akistan :ndia Nepal@ :ndonesia the "hilippines 8ietnam@ China Jai4an@ ongolia Korea /apan@ "aci$ic :slands



0outh and East AsianM "akistan# :ndia# Nepal@ :ndonesia# the "hilippines# 8ietnam@ China# Jai4an@ ongolia# Korea# /apan@ "aci$ic :slandsJurkicM Jurkey@ Kaakhstan# >3ekistan# .JartarstanCaucasianM 5eorgia# Armenia# Aer3aiGan5ermanicM Netherlands@ Austria# 5ermany@ *enmark# Nor4ay# 04eden# :celand@ .%landers%rankishM %rance# BelgiumRomanianM Romania# oldoFaCeltic and Anglo'0a,onM :reland# ales# 0cotland# England# the >0A# Canada# Australia# Ne4 Dealand:3erian# :talic# and 5reek (N editerranean)M Catalonia# 0pain# "ortugal@ Naples# N :taly@ 5reece=ispanicM Cu3a# "uerto Rico# e,ico@ Brail# Argentina# BoliFia# Colum3ia0laFicM Cech Rep?# 0loFak Rep?# "oland@ 0er3ia# Croatia# Bosnia# 0loFenia# Bulgaria@ Lithuania# LatFia@ Russia# Belarus# >kraine>ralicM %inland# Estonia@ =ungary N A$ricanM Egypt

BlackM Kenya<>0A# /amaica<>0A# Bar3ados# Dim3a34e# >ganda

%emaleM 5isela Kahn 5resser@ ona ay Kari$$@ :rina LeFitina@ & "olgar 0isters@ Alla Kushnir@ Anna AkhsharumoFa@ Ester Epstein@ Nana Ale,andria@ 8era enchik@ Nona 5aprindashFili@ /ana B8iktoriGa —milyt¤@ =umpy Koneru@ =ou Si$an@ Jatiana DatuloFskaya@ "hiona utesi@ Šie /un@ /acUueline "iatigorsky@ .iyoko atai

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C AsianM :ran# >3ekistan# Kaakhstan# .Jartarstan# .0i3eria0 AsianM "akistan# :ndia# Nepal0E AsianM 8ietnam# :ndonesia# the "hilippines# 0ingaporeE AsianM ongolia# China# Jai4an# /apan# KoreaceaniaM Australia# Ne4 Dealand# "aci$ic :slands

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