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Farm Machinery &
Cattle Safety
by
Bob Schultheis
Natural Resource Engineering Specialist
2
National Statistics - Agriculture
700 farmers & ranchers die in work-related
accidents yearly
120,000 ag workers suffer disabling injuries
from work-related accidents
200+ children die on farms, most as
Innocent bystanders
Passengers on farm equipment
Only 1/2 of farm tractors have ROPS
with seat belts
17% of all farm injuries are caused by animals
3
2005-2009
1. Agriculture, forestry & fishing
2. Oil & gas industry
3. Mining
4
Why So High in Agriculture ?
High % of women, children
& over-65 workers
Long hours
Poor working conditions
Slower medical access (golden hour)
Education (no organized training)
Skills (seasonal)
Legislation (exemptions)
5
Farmers’ Perceptions
Inconvenience
"Never happen to me"
Independence
No reward
Added cost
Number of hazards
Habits
Self-image
6
1990 U.S. Work Accident Cost
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Wage Loss Insur.
Admin.
Medical Uninsured Fire Motor
Vehicles
16.0% 16.1% 13.6%
45.8%
5.8% 2.7%
7
1987 Industrial Statistics
Deaths/
100,000
Workers
Disabling
Injuries
Fed. Safety
$$ Spent/
Worker
Agriculture 49 160,000 $ .30
Mining 38 30,000 $ 244.00
All Industries 10 1,800,000 $ 4.48
8
You are the
"Safety Director"
9
An ATV is…
An all-terrain vehicle
A motorized, four-wheel vehicle
Ridden by straddling the seat and
steered using handlebars
For one person to ride
For off-road use
For recreation or work
10
An ATV is…
not a toy
not for taking passengers
not for riding on paved surfaces –
like sidewalks, driveways, parking lots, or streets
not for riding on public roads
not for damaging the environment
11
ATV Annual Death Toll Source: Missouri Dept. of Public Safety
44%20%
Children under
16 years old Children under
12 years old
12
ATV Accident Statistics Source: Missouri Dept. of Public Safety
44%20%31%30%
Were carrying
passengers
Deaths involving
alcohol abuse
13
Check the ATV Golden Rules
Choose the right ATV for your age
Always have adult supervision if you’re under age 16
Always wear protective gear
Always avoid paved surfaces
Do not take any passengers
Do not ride on public roads
Do not use alcohol or other drugs
Take hands-on ATV RidercourseSM
Call 1-800-887-2887 or 1-800-342-3764 (Polaris models) for more info.
14
Size of ATV and Age of Rider
Under 70 cc -- 6 years or older
70-90 cc -- 12 years or older
Over 90 cc -- 16 years or older
15
Missouri Fatal Farm Accidents
Farm Machinery
80% Overturns
60%
Tractors
75%
16
Cause of Missouri Farm Deaths
Tractors 28
Overturns 17
Other 11
Mower 5
Miscellaneous 2
Tree cutting 1
Electrocution 2
17
1992 Missouri Farm
Unintentional Deaths = 35
Jan 1
Feb 2
Mar 4
Apr 4
May 2
Jun 5
Jul 4
Aug 2
Sep 3
Oct 6
Nov. --
Dec 2
18
Prepare Yourself
Read the operator’s manual
Learn location & use of tractor controls, gauges & dials
Understand speeds, slope capabilities, braking & steering characteristics, and tractor-equipment clearances
Observe & question a skilled operator until comfortable with procedures
Good physical & mental condition No medications or alcohol
Proper protective gear
19
Protective Gear
Sturdy shoes, not tennis shoes
Long pants (flying debris, skin irritants,
exhaust burns)
Gloves (cuts, abrasions, chemicals,
skin irritants)
Hearing protection (noise)
Safety glasses or goggles for eyes (flying debris)
Dust mask (dust & pollen inhalation)
Sunscreen
First-aid kit close by
20
Chain Saw = 110 dB Sound Level
Duration
(hours/day)
Sound Level
(dBA) 8 90
4 95
2 100
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 or less 115
Source: OSHA Noise Standard
21
Wear Appropriate Hearing Protection 1
22
Wear Appropriate Hearing Protection 2
23
Learn Basic Hand Signals 1
24
Learn Basic Hand Signals 2
25
Protect from Skin Cancer
Sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher
Clothing that is sun-protective
Hat with a wide brim all the way around
Eyeglasses that block both UVA & UVB rays
Shade, especially between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.
Photo credits: www.gemplers.com
26
ABCD Rule for Melanoma Detection
Asymmetry One-half of a mole or birthmark
does not match the other.
Border irregularity The edges are irregular, ragged, notched or blurred.
Color The color is not the same all over, but may have
differing shades of brown or black, sometimes with patches of red, white, or blue.
Diameter The area is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size
of a pencil eraser) or is growing larger.
27
Prepare Your Equipment
Check that all guards are in place & operating
Make all necessary adjustments before turning on the machine
Be sure the tractor is equipped with a roll-over protective structure (ROPS) & seat belt. If not, have it retrofitted for one
Fuel tractor outdoors with engine stopped and cool. Do not smoke while fueling
Be sure the slow-moving-vehicle (SMV) emblem is in place. Check that the warning lights are present & working
28
Know Your Equipment
Read the owner’s manual prior to equipment use
29
Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV) Signs
How not to use
SMV sign!
Only legal use is on equipment
moving at 25 MPH or less on
public highway
2-6 ft.
© Bob Schultheis
30
Keep SMV Signs in Good Repair
31
Make Sure Fire Extinguisher Works
Univ. of MO Tractor Clinic
found 50% were not working
32
Keep Lights On During Road Travel
33
Be Aware of Reduced Closure Times
27 seconds vs. 7 seconds
34
Errors = Accidents
Forgot something
Took a shortcut
Took a calculated risk
Ignored a warning
Used unsafe practices
Was preoccupied
Didn’t see hazard
© Bob Schultheis
35
Heed “Signal Words”
© Bob Schultheis
© Bob Schultheis
36
Youth & Elderly Most at Risk
65+
45-64
25-44
15-24
5-14
1-4
Tractor Accidents
Operator
Age
Frequency (Accidents per
Million Hours of Use)
10-14 43.0
15-24 9.6
25-44 4.5
45-64 5.6
65+ 29.7
Tractor Accident Rate (Michigan & Ohio)
3%
Age
16%
19%
29%
28%
5%
37
NO
Riders!!
38
Inattention / Preoccupation
39
Improper Front and Rear Loads
© Bob Schultheis 40
Ballast According to Load
Check owner’s
manual for
recommended
ballast weights
and locations.
41
Center of Gravity Affects Stability
42
Carry Loads as Low as Possible
43
Rear Overturns
85% of rear overturns result in death
44
Anatomy of a Rear Overturn 1
© Bob Schultheis
© Bob Schultheis
45
Anatomy of a Rear Overturn 2
46
Anatomy of a Rear Overturn 3
© Bob Schultheis
47
Roll-Over Protective Structures
2-Post ROPS 4-Post ROPS
© Bob Schultheis © Bob Schultheis
48
Stay in the ROPS ”Zone of Protection”
Foldable 2-Post ROPS
Photo credit: iowafarmertoday.com/content/articles/2006/09/15/top_stories/02rops.jpg
49
“Weather Cab” – Not a ROPS
50
Hitch It Low…Pull It Slow
Always hitch below axle of towing tractor
51
Speed Causes Overturns
3X speed = 9X centrifugal force
© Bob Schultheis
52
Using Brakes on Road Travel 1
Lock brake
pedals together
When towing load,
use same gear going
downhill as uphill
53
Using Brakes on Road Travel 2
Use auxiliary brakes on towed equipment
if it weighs more than towing vehicle
54
Preventing Tractor Upsets on Slopes
© Bob Schultheis 55
Slope in Degrees vs. Percent
45° = 100%
30° = 67%
15° = 33%
8° = 18%
23° = 51%
56
Even Large Tractors Can Overturn 1
© Bob Schultheis
57
Even Large Tractors Can Overturn 2
© Bob Schultheis
58
Keep Weight on Uphill Side
59
Push Mowers
Mow across slopes, never up and down
Never pull push mowers backwards
60
Riding Mowers
Mow up and down slopes, never across
Look behind you before backing up
No extra riders!!
61
Unguarded PTO Shafts are Deadly
62
Reaction Time vs. Distance
Distance Traveled in Feet
Time (sec.)
PTO @ 540 rpm
PTO @
1000 rpm
Tractor @
20 mph
Object Thrown by 21" Mower
Chain Saw @ full
throttle
0.3 2.1 3.9 9 89 20
0.5 3.5 6.5 15 156 33
0.7 4.9 9.2 21 218 46
1.0 7.1 13.1 29 312 66
Chain moves at 40-55 MPH
(60-80 feet per second = 600 teeth per sec.)
63
Check Bearings on Shielded Shafts
© Bob Schultheis
64
Fix/Replace Damaged & Lost Shields
Do not use
master shield
as a step
Install cover on
PTO shaft when
not in use
65
Balers Have Many Danger Zones
66
Main Causes of Mower Accidents
Driving too fast
Operating unsafely on uneven ground
Operating a mower that has not been
mechanically maintained
Pushing the mower beyond safe operating limits
67
Operating the Tractor Mower 1
Adjust tractor seat, fasten the seat belt, set the
parking brake, place shift lever in neutral or park,
and disengage the tractor PTO before cranking
the engine
Raise the mower high and use low engine RPM
to engage power
Base ground speed on length and density of
material being cut -- normally 2-5 MPH
Mow very tall grass twice at 90-degree angles if
possible
68
Operating the Tractor Mower 2
Mow across slopes
with side-mount,
offset & sicklebar
mowers.
Photo credit: counties.cce.cornell.edu/rensselaer/Agriculture/images/P1010096.JPG
69
Operating the Tractor Mower 3
Mow up and down
slopes with rear-
mount, pull-type &
wing-type mowers.
Photo credit: hometown.aol.com/dlwilliams97/images/2615batwing.jpg
70
Operating the Tractor Mower 4
When leaving seat, disengage PTO, shift to
neutral or park, engage brake, turn engine off,
and wait for all parts to stop before dismounting
When driving between mowing jobs, crossing a
road, path or sidewalk, or when not using the
mower, disengage the PTO to stop the mower
blade or flails
If traction or stability is questionable, test drive
the area with the PTO off
Lock the differential for better traction on slopes
and in slippery places
71
Operating the Tractor Mower 5
Remove the key if leaving the tractor for any
length of time.
Always block the mower if working under it for
any reason.
72
Install Guards on Exposed Drives
© Bob Schultheis
73
Beware Oil Pressure of Hydraulics
Pressure can
exceed 10,000
psi. It only takes
1,200 psi to inject
oil through skin.
74
PTO Entanglement Demo
© Bob Schultheis
75
Animal Stress Can….
Lower conception rates
Reduce immune function
Impair rumen function
Generally lower production
Reduces the ability to fight disease
or gain weight
76
Cattle Psychology 1
Cattle experience
Hunger
Thirst
Fear
Illness
Injury
Penn State
77
Cattle Psychology 2
Each animal has its own personality Respond well to routine; work best in groups
Be calm and deliberate
Remember painful experiences A.I. & squeeze chute should not be the same
Excited cattle may take 20-30 minutes to calm down
Natural tendency to circle In order to see other herd members
In order to see what is behind them
Very sensitive hearing Avoid loud noises
78
Cattle Psychology 3
Can’t judge distances well
Keep wire fences visible
See in black & white, limited color
Balk at sudden light changes
Avoid bright spots & shadows
Need the security of solid walls
Avoid pipe fences to move them
Can see almost all the way around them
Use “flight zone” to move them
79
Stay Out of Blind Spot
80
“Flight Zone”
An Animal’s Personal Space 1
81
“Flight Zone”
An Animal’s Personal Space 2
Cattle face handler
outside flight zone
Cattle turn away when
handler enters flight zone
Photo credits: grandin.com/behaviour/principles/flight.zone.html
82
Cattle Warning Signs
Raised or laid-back ears
Raised tail or hair on the back
Bared teeth
Pawing the ground or snorting
83
Reduce Distractions 1
Chains that jiggle
Clanging or banging metal
Air hissing; high-pitched noises
Barking dogs
Changes in flooring and texture Grates, shadows of pipe fences, etc.
Reflections on metal or puddles
Cracking whips
Air drafts blowing towards approaching animals
84
Reduce Distractions 2
Unusual movement Fan blades, piece of plastic, people ahead
Clothing hung on the fence
Small object on the floor Coffee cup, trash
Sudden changes in the color of equipment
Bright light such as blinding sun
Entrance too dark
85
Reduce Distractions 3
86
Reduce Distractions 4
87
Planning Handling Facilities
Good
Corral
Design
Eff. Animal Flow
Animal Welfare
Vet. Access
Animal Charac.
Vehicle Access
Good Drainage
Fencing Materials
Safety & Security
Environ. Sound
Holding & Handling
Working Area
Economical Cost
88
Cattle Chute & Fence Specs.
< 600
lbs.
600-1200
lbs.
> 1200 lbs or
cow/calf
Holding area, sq.ft./hd 14 17 20
Crowding pen, sq.ft./hd 6 10 12
Working chute, vertical sides
Width
Length, minimum
18 in.
20 ft.
26 in.
20 ft.
28-30 in.
20 ft.
Working chute fence
Height of solid lower wall, with 2’-4” open at bottom
Overall height, quiet/range cattle
48 in.
55/68 in.
50 in.
60/72 in.
50 in.
60/72 in.
Corral line fence
Height
Depth in ground, wood posts with 5 in. top
Depth in ground, steel posts with 2 in. dia.
60 in.
36-42 in.
30 in.
60 in.
36-42 in.
30 in.
60 in.
36-42 in.
30 in.
Loading chute
Width
Length, minimum
Rise, inches per foot
26 in.
12 ft.
3.5
26 in.
12 ft.
3.5
26-30 in.
12 ft.
3.5
Functions of a Corral
Handling or Holding
Holding pen
Sorting pens
Sorting alleys
Working
Crowding pen or tub
Lead-up alley /
Working chute
Man gates & blocking
gates
Loading chute,
squeeze chute,
A.I. chute, scales
89
90
Large Holding Pen
A place to bring
animals from pasture
A place to confine all
or part of the herd
20 sq.ft.
per head
91
Sorting / Holding Pens
Use to break up the
herd into smaller groups
Total area of these pens
should equal area of
large holding pen
20 sq.ft.
per head
25-30
head/pen
92
Sorting Alleys
An alley leading from
holding pen to another
part of corral system
Closed-loop system
returns cattle to starting
point
10-12 ft.
wide
93
Crowding Pen or Tub
Use to funnel cattle into
single file
Size to hold 5-6 head
Use solid sidewalls
Decrease size as cattle move
through
Rough concrete floor
94
Lead-up Alley / Working Chute
Curved sidewalls restricts vision; uses “circling instinct”
Solid sides block distractions to cattle
5 ft. minimum sidewall height
Sloping/adjustable sides to match animal size
At least 20 ft. long to hold 3-4 head
95
Man Gates & Catwalks
Provide easy escape for handler
Provide convenient access to other corral areas
Cheap insurance for operator
96
Blocking Gates
Stops animal escape attempts
Reduces stress
97
Loading Chute, Squeeze Chute,
Scales, etc.
Provide: Level area at end of loading chute
Self-aligning dock platform
Telescoping side panels at end of loading chute
Use separate loading dock for 5th-wheel trailers
Reduce or eliminate noise
Use guards to protect the handler
Use solid blocking gate ahead of squeeze
Plan expansion room for A.I. chute & scales
98
Move calmly & slowly around them
Animals respond to routine
Use “flight zone” to move them
Be patient; never prod an animal when it has
nowhere to go
Gently touch them instead of shoving or
bumping
Respect livestock--don’t fear them
Always have an escape route from them
Rules for Working Cattle
99
Summary
You are the “safety director” on the job
Do a regular safety hazard walk-around
Get safety guidesheets from your county
University of Missouri Extension Center
or on the Web at
extension.missouri.edu/publications
Questions?
Robert A. (Bob) Schultheis
Natural Resource Engineering Specialist
Webster County Extension Center
800 S. Marshall St.
Marshfield, MO 65706
Voice: 417-859-2044
Fax: 417-468-2086
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: extension.missouri.edu/webster
Program Complaint Information
To file a program complaint you may contact
any of the following:
University of Missouri
MU Extension AA/EEO Office 109 F. Whitten Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
MU Human Resources Office 130 Heinkel Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211
USDA
Office of Civil Rights, Director Room 326-W, Whitten Building 14th and Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250-9410
"Equal opportunity is and shall be provided to all participants in Extension programs and activities, and for all employees and applicants for employment on the
basis of their demonstrated ability and competence without discrimination on the basis of their race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age,
disability, or status as a Vietnam-era veteran. This policy shall not be interpreted in such a manner as to violate the legal rights of religious organizations or military
organizations associated with the armed forces of the United States of America."
100
