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www.iowaagwateralliance.com
Farmer-led Efforts to
Improve Water Quality
Iowa Swine Day 2016June 30th, 2016
www.iowaagwateralliance.com
Iowa Agriculture Water Alliance
• Mission
– Increase the pace and scale of farmer-led efforts
to improve water quality
• Founding organizations
– Iowa Corn Growers Association
– Iowa Pork Producers Association
– Iowa Soybean Association
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U.S. Corn Production and Nutrient Use
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Water Quality – National
• >100,000 miles of rivers and streams
• 166 coastal hypoxic areas or “dead zones” nationwide
• “nutrient pollution is widespread”: 27% river and stream miles have high N, 40% have high P
Source: 2013 EPA website: http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/riverssurvey/index.cfm ,http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment , http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/where-occurs-lakes-and-rivers
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http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/upload/EPA-MARB-Fact-Sheet-112911_508.pdf
Water Quality – Regional
Wadeable Streams
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Gulf Hypoxia
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<11 to 1010 to 100100 to 500500 to 1000>1000
<0.010.01 to 0.10.1 to 1.01.0 to 5.05.0 to 10.0>10.0
kg km-2 yr-1 lbs/A/yr (approx.)
USGS Estimates of Loss and Delivery of N and P to the Gulf
SPARROW - Modeled Estimate of N and P Discharge in Watersheds of the Mississippi R. Basin
Alexander et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 822–830
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EPA Hypoxia SAB report suggested
45% less total N AND
45% less total P discharge to the Gulf to reduce
hypoxia
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Water Challenges – Regional Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia
David, et al., 2010. JEQ 39:1657-67
Impact on the Gulf
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• Nutrient content of water has more to do with historic changes in land use and hydrology than inputs by farmers.
• Current major cropping system leaves soil vulnerable to erosion and nutrient leaching.
• Markets and Technological Advances have shifted cropping patterns and increased productivity.
• Have the most tools available to date and will still continue to develop and adopt new technologies
Soils Vulnerable to Leaching
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Changes in Land Use
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000acre
s h
arv
este
d i
n t
ho
usan
ds
year
Corn, Hay, Small Grains, & Soybeans Harvested Trends 1866-2008
Barley
Corn GrainHarvestedFlaxseed
Hay Alfalfa
Hay Other
Oats
Rye
Sorghum
SoybeansHarvestedWheat
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Microbial production of nitrate from native soil
(100-400 lbs N /acre/year)
Fertilizer to Corn(~150 lbs N/acre/year)
Nitrate leaching to water(~30 lbs N/acre/year)
Corn Grain Harvest(~100 lbs N/acre/year)
Gaseous Loss(~10 lbs N/acre/year)
Corn Nitrogen Cycling & Budget
Native Soil Organic Matter Nitrogen ~ 10,000 lb N/acre
NITRATE
Microbial re-uptake of nitrate
(150-350 lbs N/acre/year)
Corn Nitrate Use(~165 lb N/acre)
Corn Residue Return(~65 lbs N/acre/year)
3
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Microbial production of nitrate from native soil
(100-400 lbs N /acre/year)
Nitrate leaching to water(~30 lbs N/acre/year)
Soybean Grain Harvest(~165 lbs N/acre/year)
Gaseous Loss(~2 lbs N/acre/year)
Soybean Nitrogen Cycling & Budget
Native Soil Organic Matter Nitrogen ~ 10,000 lb N/acre
NITRATE
Microbial re-uptake of nitrate
(150-350 lbs N/acre/year)
Soybean Nitrogen Use(~230 lb N/acre)
Corn Residue Return(~65 lbs N/acre/year)
Atmospheric Fixation(~100 lbs N/acre/year)
Soybean Nitrate Use(~130 lb N/acre/year)
4
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For nitrate, it’s the system…
– Land Use Changes:
Intensive row crop production
Tile Drainage
-Long fallow period
– Climate (it rains, nitrate will move)
– Highly productive soils (rich in organic N and C)
Christian Fischer, Wikipedia
USDA
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Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy
Iowa Water Quality InitiativeIOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE & LAND STEWARDSHIP
Leads• Iowa Department of Ag and Land Stewardship• Iowa Department of Natural Resources• Iowa State University
Goal of 45% Reductions in Total Nitrogen and Phosphorous
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Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy
• Transformational change will be required
to meet these targets (estimated $1-4B
implementation costs, $77M-1.2B
annualized costs)
• No single practice will meet these
reductions
• Current rate of adoption and investment
-centuries vs decades
NRCS Photo
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Farmers Taking Action
Conservation PracticesCover CropsNutrient ManagementStrip Till / No-TillBioreactorsSaturated BuffersNutrient Treatment WetlandsDrainage Water ManagementBuffers, Grass Waterways, Terraces Prairie STRIPS
NRCS Photo
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Cover Crops
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Nutrient Management
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Drainage Water TreatmentWoodchip Bioreactor
Greene County Bioreactor
Oct Apr Jul Oct Apr Jul Jan09 Jan10
Nitra
te-N
, m
g/L
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Incoming, Nitrate, mg/L
Outgoing, Nitrate, mg/L
Maximum Contaminant Level
Woodchip Bioreactors for N removal. An innovative practice being applied in watersheds with nitrogen resource concerns. Water monitoring data to validate performance.
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Re-saturated Riparian Buffers
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Sub-Field Scale Profitability Analysis
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Subfield Financial Product Design: Current Practices
Summary
50 Year Yld Ave: 170 bu/acre50 Year Yld STD: 38 bu/acreProfit Average: $47 $/acreProfit STD: $235 $/acre
Years Profitable Ave: 31
Years Profitable STD: 14Percentage of Field Profitable: 74%
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Subfield Financial Product Design: Release Acres
Summary
Discontinue ops on areas with aveloss > $250/acre with risk adjusted
ins prem’s and int rates
Profit Average: $76 $/acreProfit STD: $124 $/acrePercentage of Field Profitable: 72%Percentage of Field Used Profitable: 81%
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ROI Focused Agronomic Management
No Cost Zone
Expense Limited Zone
Revenue Zone
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National Fish and Wildlife
Foundation
• Business planning as entry point to
conservation planning and water quality
practices
IAWA
Heartland Co-op
AgSolver
ISA-EPSPheasants
Forever
SWCDs
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Business Planning
Identify areas with <0 ROI Plan and implement practice(s)
Business and Conservation
Planning Integration
Conservation Planning
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Initial Estimated CostsInitial Cost: $5.0m ($117/ac)
Yearly Cost: $750k ($45/ac)
Water Quality – Watershed Scale
Rock Creek Watershed Management Plan
*Update – after completion of watershed plan, Mitchell SWCD applied and received WPF/WSPF funding from IDALS. $174K/year one; $962K total request.
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RCPP – Public Private Partnership
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• Co-led by IAWA and IDALS
• Largest RCPP project in nation
• Focused on water quality practices
• Private partners working on integration of
environmental metrics with precision ag
platforms
Midwest Water Quality
Partnership Project (RCPP)
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Iowa Watershed Focus
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Practices
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What is the Fieldprint Calculator?
• An online education tool for row crop farmers that indexes their agronomics and practices to a Fieldprint
• Helps growers evaluate their farming decisions and compare their sustainability performance
– In the areas of:• Land use• Soil conservation• Soil carbon• Water use
• Energy use• Greenhouse gas emissions• Water Quality• Biodiversity (in development)
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www.iowaagwateralliance.com
• Integration of FTM FPC environmental metrics
with private sector platforms
• Agrium/CPS, AgSolver, Agronomic Technol.
Corp., DuPont Pioneer, Syngenta, United
Suppliers, WinField
RCPP Platform Integration
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• Field to Market
• Midwest Row Crop Collaboration
• RCPP – Platform Integration Component
• Data to support sustainability claims?
• Pay farmers for data?
Supply Chain Sustainability Claims
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• Soil Health metric with chemical, physical and
biological indicators
• Improved Validation
• Link Soil Health with land valuation
-economic signals reward management practices
-if adopt practices, land worth more
-promote Soil Health CSR
• New asset class around soil health
• Resilience, Risk and Ag Lending?
Soil Health and Land Valuation
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Questions?