Upload
1deakz4lu7ge
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
1/12
Table of Contents
TITLES Page
1. Introduction
1.1Background Research
1.2Aims & Objectives
1.3 Scope & Delimitations
2. Literature Review
2.1 Conceptual Literature
2.2 Related Studies
2.3 Synthesis
3. Materials & Methods3.1 Technical Proposal
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Equipments and Facilities Needed
3.4 Cost Estimated4. References
5. List of Tables
6. List of Figures
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
2/12
1 INTRODUCTION
As the world progress, the demand of electricity increases. But, the amount of
energy source does not increase. Hence, the electricity tariff increases with the demand of
electricity. If Malaysia continues to rely on fossil energy and hydropower to generate
electricity, it would not be sufficient enough. Beside that, by generating electricity by
means of fossil burning, it produces negative effects towards the environment. This
includes the climate, flora and fauna as well as the human being themselves.
The number of carbon emits when burning the fossils are relatively high despite the
precautions taken to reduce the carbon. Based on A. Fay and S. Golomb, in 1996, the (use
the correct format of referencing) worlds carbon emission was summed to be 6250
million metric tons of carbons a year. Building the hydropower dam has disrupted the
balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air. Tonnes of trees were cut down. When the
carbon rate is high, plenty of problems will appear such as acid rainfall, the thinning of
ozone layers, greenhouse effects as well as the humans health themselves.
If this persists further, the air breathed by humans will be as harmful as the air
breathed when there are smokers around. Certain countries like Hong Kong has now
opened up oxygen services where the people may breath a clean oxygen from the centres
with a certain amount of fee. Oxygen that is originally free must now be purchased for
humans to continue living. Worse might be if the people must now carry oxygen tank
behind their back wherever they go if the air is very polluted.
In 1999, Malaysia was a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol. Malaysia, being one of
the parties under the agreement has agreed to abide to work towards saving the worlds
environment. However, based on the Kyoto Protocols agreement, Malaysia being a
developing country does not have a quantified emission limitation or reduction
commitment yearly percentage. The former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Seri Mahathir
Mohamad (1996) had state in his speech that Malaysia will work to contribute to the
protocol despite the financial crisis that was faced. Based on Chapter 19 of the Ninth
Malaysian Plan, Malaysia will focus on sustainable energy development.
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
3/12
Thus, one way to curb the change of climate is to start using clean renewable
energy such as the solar generation which is also known as photovoltaic. This source of
energy is not only safe, but, it would also not be depleted. However, the cost of developing
this solar system is relatively high. To develop a 3 kW peak system will need a capital of
more than USD$5000. However, as told by Jensen (2006), with the incentive by the
government which was done in countries such as Japan or Germany, the price rate for the
panels will be reduced by 20% for every doubling of the market purchases.
.1 Background Research
Today, there are various methods applied to generate electricity. The most
commonly used is by fossil energy which includes petroleum, natural gases and coals. An
article reviewed by Cloughed (2007) states that Malaysia with the capacity of 16GW
generates electricity by thermal (87%) and hydropower (13%). Malaysias Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB)s spokesman mentioned in his interview that Malaysia obtained
the electricity from gas (60%), coal (30%) and hydropower as well as other unconventional
sources (6-7%). The problem with generating electricity by using fossil energy is that it
will emits a high content of carbon to the air which will cause various other problems such
as greenhouse effects, acid rain and plenty other pollutions. Furthermore, fossil energy is
not a renewable energy.
Compared to photovoltaic, the generation of electricity by using fossil energy is
definitely cheaper. But, the dangers of generating this electricity are very high. For those
who are working on the generation of electricity by this method is at high risk. When
dealing with coals, the miners especially will be the most at risk to inhale the coal dust.
This can produce a problem to the lung which is famously known as black lung
(pneumoconiosis). On top of that, the risk of explosions is always there no matter how tight
the precautions were done. Plus, even with the laws, accidents may happen whereby the
water may be contaminated as well as there might be spills or leakage during the
transportation of oils. During the combustion process, gaseous and dangerous particulate
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
4/12
such as carbon will emits to the air causing several other problems which mainly is because
the increase of the carbon rate in the air.
(Fay & Golomb, 2002) (why here?)
One of the biggest fears in todays lives is global warming. Fay & Golomb (2002)
explained that global warming occurs due to the excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the
air together with other greenhouse gases. This global warming is actually the next level of
greenhouse effects which can be said to be more harmful if it is not stopped. They also
warned that the temperature of the world is increasing bit by bit causing the climate
changes, sea level to rise, hence, causing some animals to lose their habitat. Iredale (2005)
had written that scientists had found polar bears in the Arctic died of drowning because the
icebergs were melt. If this goes on, the polar bears will go into extinction, the sea level will
continue to rise and the land will be reduced.
With the increase of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen rate, the air quality is
reduced causing the increase of the acid level in the air. This is mainly caused by certain
combustion of fossil energy with high content of sulphur such as coal. Soil will be the most
affected when acid rain falls. The high rate of acid allows decomposition by bacteria and
fungi which causes destruction the life of the plants. Furthermore, rain falls into the sea or
river causing the content of acid in the water to increase as well. Hence, result to the death
of the marine livings.
(Alma, 2003) why put here?
The disrupt of the environment causes the United Nation Framework of Climate
Change Convention (UNFCCC) to come up with Kyoto Protocol which is an international
agreement to work towards the reduction of emissions. Countries listed under the
agreement have agreed to work towards producing clean renewable energy. **say what
else available to work on**
Besides the listed factors, another factor that may attract the usage of photovoltaic
generation is the cost of electricity these days. The capital may be high, but with
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
5/12
government incentives and loans, people can actually able to purchase install this system.
An article by the Solar Trading Post had mentioned that the premises that install this
system will add up the value of the premise by 15 times the yearly bill saved. On top of
that, Malaysia is one of the countries that have ___________ to provide net metering
incentives. This incentive will be given when any excess of energy generated from the
solar energy will be fed into the grids system. Hence, the grid company will be paying the
home owners instead.
Figure 1: Oil Prices 1999 to 2007 (taken from Solar Trading Post.com)
From Figure 1, it can be seen that the oil price had increased drastically compared
to the year 1999 and 2007. When the oil price increases, the electricity tariff rate will
increase as well, this can be seen in the middle of 2008. TNB announced 30% increment of
the electricity tariff which was initiated in August. In October however, the price of the oil
went down, but the electricity tariff remain the same. Only recently, in an interview with
The Star, TNB claimed that they will only be reduce the tariff rate by 2% if the company
manage to save 10% of production cost.
The price of the oil, as well as the electricity tariff will increase as the world
progress. This is inevitable. However, if more people installs their own source of energy
and does not totally depends on the fossil energy, the tariff can be controlled. Besides that,
when tariff is high, the breakeven point for those who installs the system will faster.Now,
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
6/12
give emphasis on the importance of installing PV system and relate it to the present
situation of your target application to justify the need of installing it.
.2 Aims and Objectives
Your objective is not good enough, suggestion below
The aim of this project is to design a photovoltaic grid tied system intended for
KDU College power demand requirement.
Specifically, this study will emphasize on the following objectives:
To conduct a load survey for KDU College daily power demand to determine
which portion of the areas where PV supply system can be installed.
To identify and determine the design considerations (load survey, components,
alternatives, etc.) needed in the PV system.
To design the PV system forKDU ..
To present the cost-benefit analysis of putting PV System.
.3 Scope and Delimitations
The photovoltaic grid tied system is not a new thing in the electrical industry in
Malaysia. Currently, there are less than 37 photovoltaic electrical generation in Malaysia.
The study of this system will be revolved around to make the photovoltaic grid-tied system
more commercial. The scope of this system will be covering important appliances that
could not risk of being turned off such as the induction cooker, computers, __________
etc.
One of the delimitations of this product is the roofing size of the
buildings/premises. Based on ____________________, a 1kWp photovoltaic system will
need ______________________m2 of solar panels. If the roofing is not large enough, there
will be a problem placing the solar panels which is the key to generate the electricity from
the sun.
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
7/12
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Literature (Talk about the PV system in detail)
Based on a documentary by Solar Century, photo which comes from photovoltaic
refers the light, while voltaic refers to the production of electricity. Photovoltaic can then
be defined as a system which generates electricity from the light. Photovoltaic cells have
two main layers which is the positive doped silicon and the negative doped silicon. The
electricity flows when the electric field across the junction causes the electrons to move. If
the intensity of the light is higher, the electricity produced will be higher as well.
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A]
Provide more detailed presentation of theories about PV System and its componets,
etc.
For this system to work, the
- talk about PV System as a whole
- talk about the inverter
- talk about the net metering
2.2 Related Literature (PV system available)
There are plenty of photovoltaic systems available in the market. However,
Malaysia is still one step behind from other countries such as Korea. Based on an article by
_____________, countries such as Japan, Germany and United States are currently on the
top list of countries with the highest number of photovoltaic systems. Malaysia, being one
of the countries listed under the Kyoto Protocol agreement had already agreed to
__________________ by ___________. Hence, ______________MBIPV, which is
Malaysias leading __________________ is currently working on programs and
___________ on how to attract Malaysians to apply this system at home.
MBIPV has come up with a plan called SURIA 1000 which is working towards
attracting Malaysians to install the photovoltaic systems at home. Together with
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
8/12
organizations such as United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global
Environment Facility (GEF), Suruhanjaya Tenaga and various other __________ to
________________. The target of this plan is to install 1000 kWp photovoltaic system
_______________. This __________ is held twice a year from 2006 until 2010
- put in the review of Malaysian from mbipv thingy
- talk about the pv available in the market
- talk about the pv at dsara
- paste the picture of states with pv.
Provide as many literature of PV projects done in the past and try to evaluate them
comprehensively.
2.3 Synthesis (Discuss and compare the systems available w mine)
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
.1 Technical Proposal
- Project Specification
.2 Methodology
- Block diagram, calculations etc
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
9/12
.3 Equipment, Facilities and Software
- Use PSPICE
- Inverter? PV? Sun?
.4 Cost Estimate
The estimated cost for the whole system varies depending on the capacity of the
system. Based on a calculator that is available at Solar Trading Post, with the monthly may
covers ___________% of the monthly bill.
- need to do proper calculations soon
SUN
PV Array
Inverter Circuit Boxwith Net
Metering
Grid (TNB)
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
10/12
7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
11/12
REFERENCES
1. Tun Dr. Seri Mahathir Mohamed (1999) The world renewable energy congress
1999 Koleksi Arkib Ucapan Ketua Eksekutif, 8 June.
2. Clough, D. L. (2007) Energy Profile of Malaysia, The Encyclopedia of the
Earth, 30 January. Available at:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Malaysia (Accessed: 17 Feb. 2009)
3. Solar Century (2007) Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics, YouTube, 11
December. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A
(Accessed: 23rd Jan. 2009)
4. Electricity tariffs should go down: Muhyiddin (2009) The Star Online, 12
January. Available at: http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?
file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nation (Accessed: 13 Feb. 2009)
5. TNB: Tariff cut depends on power savings (2009) The Star Online, 7 February.
Available at: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?
file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=business (Accessed: 13 Feb. 2009)
6. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar energy the bBig picutre Available at:
http://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-Big-Picture.pdf (Accessed at: 9 Feb 2009)
7. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar energy, 10 main questions Available at:
http://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-10-Questions.pdf (Accessed at: 9 Feb 2009)
8. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar panel manual Available at:
http://www.solartradingpost.com/free-solar-ebook.html(Accessed: 9 Feb 2009)
9. Iredale, Will (2005) Polar bears drown as ice shelf melts, Times Online, 18
December. Available at:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article767459.ece (Accessed: 2 Feb
2009)
10. Jensen, H.R. (2006) International Review of Regulatory Schemes for PV.
11. Eastop, T. D & Croft, D. R. (1995).Energy efficiency for engineers and
technologists. England: Longman Group LTD.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36Ahttp://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nationhttp://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nationhttp://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=businesshttp://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=businesshttp://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-Big-Picture.pdfhttp://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-10-Questions.pdfhttp://www.solartradingpost.com/free-solar-ebook.htmlhttp://www.solartradingpost.com/free-solar-ebook.htmlhttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article767459.ecehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36Ahttp://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nationhttp://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nationhttp://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=businesshttp://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=businesshttp://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-Big-Picture.pdfhttp://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-10-Questions.pdfhttp://www.solartradingpost.com/free-solar-ebook.htmlhttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article767459.ece7/31/2019 Fatin PV System
12/12
12. Fay, James. A & Golomb, Dan. S. (2002).Energy and the environment. New
York: Oxford University Press.
13. Alma, Peter (1995). Social biology topics: Environmental concerns. Great
Britain: University Press, Cambridge.
14. Chapter 19: Sustainable renewable energy (2006) Ninth Malaysian plan.
Available at:
15. Kyoto Protocol (2005) Available at: