FCC Cognitive Radio ConferenceFCC Cognitive Radio Conference19 May 200319 May 2003

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Today’s TopicsToday’s Topics

•DARPA XG ProgramDARPA XG Program

• Future Spectrum UtilizationFuture Spectrum Utilization

•How Policy, Technology How Policy, Technology and Radio Waveform and Radio Waveform InteractInteract

•Cognitive Radio Cognitive Radio OpportunitiesOpportunities

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A New Way to Manage Spectrum Is NecessaryA New Way to Manage Spectrum Is Necessary

• Large-Scale Ad Hoc Network Large-Scale Ad Hoc Network Complexity is Beyond Human Complexity is Beyond Human PlanningPlanning

- Ever Changing Membership, Ever Changing Membership, Extent, Topology, Routing, …Extent, Topology, Routing, …

- Varying Demand, Multiple QOS Varying Demand, Multiple QOS Require Adaptive SolutionsRequire Adaptive Solutions

• Planning is at least NPlanning is at least N22

Recent SUO Network Analysis

• Conventional Static Frequency Conventional Static Frequency Planning Process Not PossiblePlanning Process Not Possible

- Not Enough Spectrum to Provide for All Not Enough Spectrum to Provide for All PossibilitiesPossibilities

- NW Topology Dynamic- Unknown at OnsetNW Topology Dynamic- Unknown at Onset

- Only Net Members Know Actual Link Only Net Members Know Actual Link ConditionsConditions

High Rate

Medium Rate

Low Rate

Relay

Relay

High Rate

Medium Rate

Up to 50 clustersUp to 50 clusters

Up to 50 nodesUp to 50 nodes

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Spectrum Access is Not Just A US Issue!

What DoD Faces Overseas! Spectrum Access is Not Just A US Issue!

What DoD Faces Overseas!

Secretary of State Secretary of State Telecommunications Telecommunications & Public Information& Public Information

Secretary of State Secretary of State Telecommunications Telecommunications & Public Information& Public Information

Ministry of Ministry of CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of CommunicationsCommunications

Regulatory Regulatory Authority of Authority of

Communications Communications & Posts& Posts

Regulatory Regulatory Authority of Authority of

Communications Communications & Posts& Posts

Regulatory Authority of Regulatory Authority of Telecommunications Telecommunications

and Postsand Posts

Regulatory Authority of Regulatory Authority of Telecommunications Telecommunications

and Postsand PostsMinistry of Public Ministry of Public Works, Transport, Works, Transport,

& Water Mgt& Water Mgt

Ministry of Public Ministry of Public Works, Transport, Works, Transport,

& Water Mgt& Water Mgt

Department Department of Trade & of Trade & IndustryIndustry

Department Department of Trade & of Trade & IndustryIndustry

Ministry of Ministry of Science, Science,

Technology, & Technology, & InnovationInnovation

Ministry of Ministry of Science, Science,

Technology, & Technology, & InnovationInnovation

Ministry of Ministry of Industry, Industry,

Employment, & Employment, & CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of Industry, Industry,

Employment, & Employment, & CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of Transport & Transport &

CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of Transport & Transport &

CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Civil Ministry of Civil Affairs & Affairs &

CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Civil Ministry of Civil Affairs & Affairs &

CommunicationsCommunicationsMinistry of Ministry of Economics, Economics, Finance, & Finance, &

IndustryIndustry

Ministry of Ministry of Economics, Economics, Finance, & Finance, &

IndustryIndustry

Ministry of Ministry of Transport & Transport &

CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of Transport & Transport &

CommunicationsCommunications

Ministry of Ministry of InfrastructureInfrastructure

Ministry of Ministry of InfrastructureInfrastructure

Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Transport, Posts, & Posts, &

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Transport, Posts, & Posts, &

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Department Department of Public of Public

EnterpriseEnterprise

Department Department of Public of Public

EnterpriseEnterprise

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XG Program ComponentsXG Program ComponentsX

G P

rod

uct

sX

G P

rod

uct

s

Temporal, Spectral, Temporal, Spectral, Dimensional, Energy Dimensional, Energy

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Military & Civil Military & Civil Communications and Communications and Sensor ApplicationsSensor Applications

Transition to Transition to Military Use Military Use

MeasurementsMeasurementsMeasurementsMeasurements Policy-Based ControlsPolicy-Based ControlsPolicy-Based ControlsPolicy-Based Controls

XG Protocol SetXG Protocol SetXG Protocol SetXG Protocol Set

Initial XG ImplementationInitial XG ImplementationInitial XG ImplementationInitial XG Implementation

Control of Features, Control of Features, Priorities, Allocations, Priorities, Allocations, Exclusions,…Exclusions,…

The Primary Product XG Program is The Primary Product XG Program is Not a New Radio, but a , but a Set of Advanced Technologies for Dynamic Spectrum Access for Dynamic Spectrum Access

The Primary Product XG Program is The Primary Product XG Program is Not a New Radio, but a , but a Set of Advanced Technologies for Dynamic Spectrum Access for Dynamic Spectrum Access

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XG Key PrinciplesXG Key Principles

• Create Set of Abstract BehaviorsCreate Set of Abstract Behaviors– Manage Communications Network Spectrum AccessManage Communications Network Spectrum Access– Coordinate Other Spectrum Users (Radars,…)Coordinate Other Spectrum Users (Radars,…)– Not Specific to Any One Physical or Link LayerNot Specific to Any One Physical or Link Layer– Implementation and Application (Military/Civil) IndependentImplementation and Application (Military/Civil) Independent

• Suitable for Range of Architectural ImplementationsSuitable for Range of Architectural Implementations– From Stand-alone to Fully-cooperativeFrom Stand-alone to Fully-cooperative– Extensible Set of Control ProtocolsExtensible Set of Control Protocols– Enable P3I Into Existing ProgramsEnable P3I Into Existing Programs

• Protocol Developed & Managed Via Request For Comment (RFC)Protocol Developed & Managed Via Request For Comment (RFC)– Modeled After Internet Development ProcessModeled After Internet Development Process– DARPA-Run and Managed, but Open to Public for Comment/inputDARPA-Run and Managed, but Open to Public for Comment/input

• Identify “Identify “Interference-PreservingInterference-Preserving” Core Set” Core Set– Similar to Security-Preserving FrameworksSimilar to Security-Preserving Frameworks

• Red/Black Separation, Labeling, TCB, …Red/Black Separation, Labeling, TCB, …

– Allow for XG Extension Outside of Core Set BoundaryAllow for XG Extension Outside of Core Set Boundary

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XG Policy-Based ControlsXG Policy-Based Controls

• XG Being Developed In Advance of Policy XG Being Developed In Advance of Policy FrameworkFramework– Implementations Must Fit With National And International Implementations Must Fit With National And International

RegulationsRegulations– Algorithms Must be AdaptableAlgorithms Must be Adaptable

• Regional and operational situationsRegional and operational situations

• Evolving policiesEvolving policies

• Policy-Based “Metalanguage”Policy-Based “Metalanguage”– Translates Policy Rules Into Radio Behavior ControlsTranslates Policy Rules Into Radio Behavior Controls– Decouples XG Technology From Regulatory ProcessDecouples XG Technology From Regulatory Process– Control Operating Rules Based on Policies and Control Operating Rules Based on Policies and

SituationsSituations

Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers

Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers

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Policy, Technology, and DesignPolicy, Technology, and Design

Dimension 1

Dim

ensi

on

2Dimensions Could be Frequency, Time to Vacate,

Maximum Power, Maximum Xmit Time, …

Limit Potential Operating Rules by Imposing Policy on All Users

Spectrum Sharing Has Only Limited Capability to Manage Spectrum Use, and Further Constrains Capability

Radio Standards (Waveform, MAC, Bandwidth) Have Minimum RequirementsPolicy Constraint

Polic

y C

onst

rain

t

Po

licy Co

nstrain

t

Sharin

g Tec

hnology

Constra

int

Waveform ConstraintWa

vefo

rm C

on

str

ain

t

Operating Area

Operating Area

OpArea

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How to Technology and Policy Can Maximize Access

How to Technology and Policy Can Maximize Access

Three Ways to Make Opportunistic Sharing More Effective

1. Enhance Policy Flexibility by Opening Up the Envelope• Accept and Manage More

Risk

2. Increase Capability to Dynamically Sense and Adapt• Faster Spectrum

Analyzers, More Instantaneous Bandwidth

3. Develop Radios & Waveform Standards that Can Adapt to Meet Sharing Requirements• Wider Coverage,

Better Antennas, Adaptive Waveforms

Dim

ensi

on

2 Po

licy Co

nstrain

t

Wa

vefo

rm C

on

str

ain

t

OpArea

OpArea

Operating Area

Operating Area

Dimension 1

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Where is the Opportunity?Where is the Opportunity?

• As We Implement New Spectrum Practices, We As We Implement New Spectrum Practices, We Will Learn What Are the ImpedimentsWill Learn What Are the Impediments– Clear a New Generation of Physical and MAC layers are Clear a New Generation of Physical and MAC layers are

AppropriateAppropriate– Opportunistic Spectrum Has Unique Challenges from Opportunistic Spectrum Has Unique Challenges from

What We Used to BuildWhat We Used to Build• Some Physical Layer Challenges/OpportunitiesSome Physical Layer Challenges/Opportunities

– How to Use Any Piece of Available SpectrumHow to Use Any Piece of Available Spectrum– How to Use a Collection of Pieces of SpectrumHow to Use a Collection of Pieces of Spectrum– How to “Squeeze” onto Currently Used Spectrum How to “Squeeze” onto Currently Used Spectrum

Without Causing InterferenceWithout Causing Interference• Enabled by Transition to Enabled by Transition to

Software/Cognitive/Networked RadiosSoftware/Cognitive/Networked Radios

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Where is the Opportunity?Where is the Opportunity?

Adaptive WaveformsDifferent Bandwidth-- Same Information

f0 f0

Discontiguos WaveformsWork Around Existing Signals and Interference

f0 f0

Signals in Band Adapting Waveform

Waterfilling WaveformsWork Around Existing Signals and Interference

f0 f0

Signals in Band Adapting Waveform

Threshold

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The FutureThe Future

• Automated Spectrum Access Will HappenAutomated Spectrum Access Will Happen– FCC Spectrum Task Force Recommendations on FCC Spectrum Task Force Recommendations on

Enabling Adaptive Spectrum Access TechnologiesEnabling Adaptive Spectrum Access Technologies– Existing 802.11a ProtocolsExisting 802.11a Protocols

• Sensing of holes and cooperative spectrum sharing Sensing of holes and cooperative spectrum sharing

– 4G Spectrum Management Technologies4G Spectrum Management Technologies• Immediate NeedsImmediate Needs

– Policy to Allow Initial Development and Usage Policy to Allow Initial Development and Usage • This Process, Task Force, …This Process, Task Force, …

– Spectrum Sensing and Adaptation Technology Spectrum Sensing and Adaptation Technology • DARPA XG, ?DARPA XG, ?

• Far TermFar Term– Radio Designs that Are Specific to the Adaptive Policies Radio Designs that Are Specific to the Adaptive Policies

and Technologyand Technology