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USE OF ENGLISH PRACTICE

' I think if you do something and it turns out pretty good, then you should go do something else

wonderful, not dwell on it for too long. Just figure out what's next'. Steve Jobs

See you at CAE. Good luck!!

Mir

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REPHRASING

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the

word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given.

1-Present Perfect

1.Steve started learning the violin a month ago. LEARNING

Steve………………………………………. the violin for a month.

2. I haven't been to an Indian restaurant for ages. SINCE

It's ages………………………………………………………………an Indian restaurant.

3. When she heard the results, Mary began to feel more confident. BECOME

Since hearing the results…………………………………………….. more confident.

4. The last time Meg came here was in 1986. SINCE

Meg hasn't ……………………………………………..1986.

5. This is my first visit to Japan. TIME

This is the first ………………………………………………to Japan.

6. How long have Helen and Robert been married? GET

When……………………………………………………..married?

7. Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since. FOR

Jack has……………………………………………………………………… a month.

8. It's a long time since our last conversation. SPOKEN

We ………………………………………………………………………. a long time.

2-Tenses Revision

1.There's a party at Mary's house next week. HAVING

Next week ..............................................................party at her house.

2.When you phoned me, it was my lunch time. I

When you phoned me ........................................................lunch.

3.I started working here three years ago. FOR

I've..........................................................................three years.

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4.Our meeting is tomorrow. A

We ...........................................................tomorrow.

5. I haven't had a Chinese meal for ages. SINCE

It's .........................................................................a Chinese meal.

6. David went home before we arrived. HAD

When we ........................................................................home.

7. The arrival time of Helen's flight is 8.00. AT

Helen's flight ......................................................................8.00.

8. Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play. WILL

By the time we get to the theatre, the play ................................................begun.

9. Oh no! My wallet is missing. LOST

Oh no! I.................................................................................wallet.

10. I've only recently started wearing glasses. WEAR

l.............................................................................. recently.

3-Pronouns

1. John patted my back. GAVE

John………………………………………………………………………the back.

2. Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up. BY

Don't ……………………………………………………………………………..the ears.

3. I'll never be able to look at Tanya's face again. IN

I'll never be able to look ………………………………………………….. ……..again.

4. Sue grabbed the thief's arm. BY

Sue …………………………………………………………………………………arm

5. Helen took the baby's hand. BY

Helen ……………………………………………………………………………hand.

6. The bee stung my arm. ME

The bee …………………………………………………………………………….arm

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7. Somebody gave me a black eye. PUNCHED

Somebody …………………………………………………………………………eye.

8. Jane patted the dog's head. ON

Jane ………………………………………………………………………………………head.

9. 'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid. WOUNDED

'I'm……………………………………………………………………………,' said Billy the Kid.

10. I felt someone pat my shoulder. ME

I felt someone ………………………………………………………………..shoulder.

4-Structures like so/such .., er/as ... as or too/enough

1. The food was so good we had to leave a tip. SUCH

It ........................................... we had to leave a tip.

2. The computer was too expensive for me to buy. ENOUGH

I ........................................... money to buy the computer.

3. It's the most beautiful painting I've ever seen. SEEN

I ............................................ beautiful painting.

4. This summer has been much cooler than last year. COOL

Last summer .................................. this year.

5. I'm not as good at maths as you. BETTER

You ......................................... me.

6. The course wasn't as easy as I'd expected. MORE

The course …………………………………………….... I'd expected.

7. This car isn't enough safe to drive. DANGEROUS

This car ……………………………………. drive.

8. This exercise is easier than the last one. HARD

This exercise ……………………………………………... the last one.

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5- Passive

1. The examiner tells candidates the regulations at the beginning of the exam. TOLD

At the beginning of the exam candidates .................................... the regulations.

2. Did we send that letter to Mr Thomas? WAS

Do you know if ........................................ to Mr Thomas?

3. We haven't arranged a date for the wedding yet. BEEN

A date for the wedding .............................................. yet.

4. They will have given him the news by now. TOLD

He .............................................. the news by now.

5. Experts estimate that most people now have access to the Internet. IS

.................................................. most people now have access to the Internet.

6. The garage on the corner usually repairs my car. HAVE

I ................................................... by the garage on the corner.

7. Steve definitely didn't write that essay. WRITTEN

That essay ..................................................... by Steve.

8. The police have cancelled the demonstration. HAS

The demonstration ....................................................... by the police.

9.Smith Ltd are supplying our company with furniture. SUPPLIED

Our company…………………………………………………….by Smith Ltd.

10. William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11th century. BY

The castle ……………………………………………………William the Conqueror in the 11th century.

11. No decision has yet been made. DECIDED

Nothing …………………………………………………………………..yet.

12. People believe that someone murdered Jenkins. WAS

It …………………………………………………………………………………………….murdered.

13. Your hair needs cutting. GET

You ought ……………………………………………………………………………cut.

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14. The police were following the suspects. WERE

The suspects …………………………………………………………………………………………….police.

15. No-one has seen Peter since the day of the party. BEEN

Peter …………………………………………………………………………………..the day of the party

6- Reported Speech

1. 'What do you think of the college?' ASKED

She ......................................... of the college.

2. 'I'll call you later tonight,' Keith promised. WOULD

Keith promised that ................................................ night.

3. 'I didn't break the window,' said the boy. DENIED

The boy ..................................................... the window

4. 'Why don't you come this evening?' SUGGESTED

She ........................................................ that evening.

5. 'You look really tired,' he told her. SAID

He ....................................................... really tired.

6. 'You must do your homework tonight.' the teacher said. TOLD

The teacher ...................................................... my homework.

7. 'What's your name?' he asked. KNOW

He ........................................................ what my name was.

8. 'I might be late for.' he told me. INFORMED

He ........................................................ might be late

7-Auxiliary verbs

1. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE

I ............................................... to the office as it was my day off.

2. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT

We ............................................... the correct turning.

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3. I'm afraid you can't smoke in here. ALLOWED

You .............................................................. in here.

4. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE

You ............................................................................. a suit for the interview.

5. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT

You ....................................................................... a doctor.

6. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE

He …………………………………………………….... until he was in his twenties.

7. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED

We …………………………………………………... book a table at the restaurant.

8. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED

You …………………………………………………….. all the questions on the examination paper.

8-Conditionals

1. I only told you because I thought you would be interested. TOLD

I ……………………………………………………….. you if I thought you weren't interested.

2. I won't organize the party unless you arrange the food. LONG

I'll organize the party …………………………………... arrange the food.

3. I think it would be a good idea to speak to the manager first. WERE

If ……………………………………………………….. speak to the manager first.

4. If you do the washing up I'll make the coffee. PROVIDED

I'll make the coffee ……………………………………………….. the washing up.

5. Your tired because you keep staying up late. WERE

If …………………………………………………….. to bed earlier, you wouldn't be so tired.

6. You never enter competitions so you'll never win anything. MIGHT

If you entered competitions ………………………………………………….. something.

7. The reason I haven't got much money is because they didn't give me promotion. POOR

If they had given me promotion I ………………………………………….. now.

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8. I've been so happy since I met you. MIGHT

I ……………………………………………………………. happy if I hadn't met you.

9-Unreal pasts

1. I'd love to know how John is getting on. KNEW

I ………………………………………………………………………………………….. how John was getting on.

2. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER

You …………………………………………………………………………... an umbrella with you.

3. I think taxes should be increased. TIME

It ……………………………………………………………………………. increased

4. He behaves like the President of the company. THOUGH

He acts …………………………………………………... the President of the company.

5. I regret not inviting Cathy to the party. ONLY

If ……………………………………………………………………… Cathy

6. I'd prefer you to get home early tonight. RATHER

I ………………………………………………………….. home early tonight.

7. It's a pity the car is so expensive. WISH

I ………………….... so expensive.

8. It will be better for you to come alone. SOONER

I would ………………………………………….. on your own.

9. It would be nice to be able to fly a plane. COULD

I wish I…………………………………………………………………….. a plane.

10. Please don't eat in the classroom. YOU

I'd rather ………………………………………………………..classroom

11. I think we should leave now. WE

I think it's …………………………………………………………left.

12.What a pity we ate all the food. ONLY

If……………………………………………..all the food.

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13. I don't want you to buy me a present. SOONER

I'd………………………………………………………….. buy me a present.

14. We ought to start work now. STARTED

It's …………………………………………………………..work.

15. I regret not going to university. HAD

I………………………………………………………. to university.

10 -Verb patterns

1. It's really important that you pay the bill today. REMEMBER

You must …………………………………….. the bill today.

2. I think it would be a good idea if you joined the beginner's class. SUGGEST

I …………………………………………. the beginners class.

3. Meeting John in town was really surprising. EXPECT

I …………………………………………….... John in town.

4. In the future she became a successful business woman. WENT

She ……………………………………….. a successful business woman.

5. I'll help you with your homework. MIND

I ………………………………………….. you with your homework.

6. I hated driving on the left at first but now it's OK. USED

I …………………………………………….. on the left now.

7. Don't bother to apply for the job. POINT

There ……………………………………….... for the job.

8. Were you successful in passing the exam? MANAGE

Did …………………………………………………………………………... the exam?

11- Modals

1.It wasn't necessary for me to go out after all. HAVE

I ……………. .........................................................................................after all.

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2.There was a plan for Jack to become manager, but he left. WAS

Jack ............................................................................... manager, but he left.

3.It was a mistake for you to buy that car. BOUGHT

You .................................................................................................. that car.

4.I don't think that Sally enjoyed her holiday. HAVE

Sally ............................................................................... enjoyed her holiday.

5.It's possible that Bill saw me. MAY

Bill ......................................................................................................... me.

6 . I'm sure that Karen was a beautiful baby. BEEN

Karen ................................................................................... a beautiful baby.

7. Perhaps Alan didn't mean what he said. MEANT

Alan ......................................................................................... what he said.

8. It's possible that I left my wallet at home. COULD

I …………………………………………………………………………………my wallet at home.

9. I think you were wrong to sell your bike. SHOULDN'T

You ....................................................................................................... bike.

10. The only thing I could do was run away! HAD

I........................................................................................................ run away'

12- Phrasal verbs

1. I'm really excited about the holiday. LOOKING

I ............................................ the holiday.

2. The bomb exploded early this morning OFF

The bomb ............................................ early this morning.

3. Why don't you start doing a sport? TAKE

Have you thought about ..................................................... a sport?

4. His parents raised him very strictly. UP

His parents ................................................... very strictly.

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5. They've cancelled the wedding. OFF

They have ....................................................... the wedding.

6. I don't think they should abolish military service. AWAY

They shouldn't ....................................................... military service.

7. I've got to reduce the amount of sweets I eat. DOWN

I must ............................................................. the number of sweets I eat.

8. My host family will let you stay with us. UP

My host family will ..........................................................

13- Sentences requiring two changes

1. (Passive + phrasal verb)

Thieves have burgled our house. INTO

Our house …………………………………………... .

2. (Passive + change from adjective to noun)

Businesses are said to be worried about interest rates. CONCERN

There ............................... amongst businesses about interest rates.

3. (Reported speech + verb change)

'I don't share your views on politics?' he said. AGREE

He told me ............................................... my views on politics.

4. (Passive to active + phrasal verb)

Loans must be repaid in full. BACK

l. You ..... all the money

5. (Preposition x 2)

There have been more redundancies this year than before. NUMBER

There has been a rise ……………………………………….... redundancies this year.

6. (Noun to verb + verb change)

I'm sorry but you must not smoke here. FORBIDDEN

I'm afraid ...................................... here.

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7. (Verb change + verb form)

I don't think it's a good idea to get married too early.IN

I don't ............................................. too early.

8. (Verb change + verb form)

Did you manage to convince him? IN

Did you .......................................... him?

GENERAL REVISION

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the

word given . Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given.

EX1.

1 'Would you like to come for dinner at our house?' asked Ruth. INVITED

Ruth __________________________ come for dinner at their house.

2 Ivan didn't find it difficult to give up smoking. DIFFICULTY

Ivan ________________________________________ smoking.

3 Stefanie's suggestions are always useful. SOMEONE

Stefanie____________________________ are always useful.

4 The witness described the assassin in detail. DESCRIPTION

The witness __________________________ of the assassin.

5 It's a pity we didn't see Athens when we visited Greece. COULD

If only _____________________________ when we visited Greece.

6 A very interesting guide told us about the exhibits. WERE

We_____________________________ by a very interesting guide.

7 The test was too difficult for the students to pass. SO

The test _____________________________ that the students couldn't pass it.

8 The mechanic in the town centre repaired my father's car. HAD

My father____________________________ the mechanic in the town centre.

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9 I only passed the exam because the teacher helped me. NOT

If the teacher had not____________________________ have passed the exam.

10 People say that cats have nine lives. SAID

Cats____________________________________ nine lives.

EX 2

1 The school has postponed the trip to London until next week. OFF

The school trip to London ___________________________ until next week.

2 Merit accidentally crashed her father's car. MEAN

Merit did________________________ her father's car.

3 It was wrong of you to copy the homework from your friend. COPIED

You should __________________________ the homework from your friend.

4 You may not find it easy to understand phrasal verbs. MIGHT

It _________________________________ for you to understand phrasal verbs.

5 The best surgeon in town did Paolo's operation. HAD

Paolo_____________________________________ the best surgeon in town

6 In my opinion you'll be a fantastic teacher! NO

I _____________________________________ you'll be a fantastic teacher!

7 I last visited London 7 years ago. NOT

I have _________________________________________________ seven years.

8 'I'll be home by midnight,' said Isadora. GET

Isadora promised she________________________________________ midnight.

9 Teachers from the British Council started this school. SET

This school ______________________________ teachers from the British Council.

10 Chiara spent years trying to pass the First Certificate exam. TOOK

It____________________________________________ the First Certificate exam.

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EX 3

1. I want to go to university this year. INTERESTED

I ........................................ to university this year.

2. "Have you been on holiday recently, Jane?" asked Tony. BEEN

Tony asked Jane ........................................ on holiday recently.

3. I was too tired to go to the party. THAT

I was ........................................ I couldn't go to the party.

4. There's no point asking Lynda to help as she's really busy. WASTE

It's ........................................ asking Lynda to help as she's really busy.

5. The union claims its members will only return to work if the company agrees to a meeting. NOT

The union claims its members will ....................................... the company agrees to a meeting.

6. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognized her coat. MUST

It ............................................................................ Ana I saw in town as I recognized her coat.

7. We demanded to see the hotel manager to make our complaint. SEEING

We .......................................................................... the hotel manager to make our complaint.

8. The boss wouldn't object to you going early today. OBJECTION

The boss would not ........................................................................ you going early today.

EX 4

1. Because it snowed heavily during the night the motorway is closed. DUE

The motorway is closed .............................................. that there was heavy snow the night before.

2. Did you manage to get in contact with the boss today? GETTING

Did you ................................................................................ in contact with the boss today?

3. I don’t care what you do. CONCERNED

As ........................................................................................ you can do what you like.

4. The meal we had in the restaurant was so nice. SUCH

It ........................................................................................ meal in the restaurant.

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5. He was ordered to leave the field for arguing with the referee. SENT

The referee ............................................................................................. for arguing.

6. Do you and your brother have the same looks? LIKE

Does .............................................................................................................. you?

7. That’s the garage where I left my car last week. REPAIRED

That’s where I went .............................................................................. last week.

8. You can't bring food into this room. SUPPOSED

You ................................................................................................. food into this room.

EX 5

1. 'Why don't you come over for dinner at the weekend?' he asked her. SUGGESTED

He ................................................................................. for dinner at the weekend.

2. His boss won't tolerate lateness. PUT

His boss won't ........................................................................................... lateness.

3. The school I studied at last year was better than this one. GOOD

This school .......................................................................................... my last one.

4. Although the weather was terrible we had a good time. SPITE

We had a good time ...................................................................... the terrible weather.

5. Being rude is inexcusable. EXCUSE

There is .......................................................................................................... rude

6. I find driving on the left in England very strange. ACCUSTOMED

I ......................................................................................... on the left in England.

7. I regret taking up smoking. WISH

I ................................................................................................................ up smoking.

8. The police are interviewing the suspects. INTERVIEWED

The suspects .......................................................................................... by the police.

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EX8

1 The car had almost stopped when it hit the wall. HARDLY

The car………………………………………………………………….when it hit the wall.

2 Despite having several broken bones, John was able to compete in the race. THOUGH

John was able to compete in the race……………………………………………….several broken bones.

3 My grandfather is one of the last people alive who fought in the war. VERY

Other than my grandfather there ……………………………………………… who fought in the war.

4 That car was too expensive for us to buy. NOT

We would have bought that car ……………………………………………………………….so expensive.

5 'Don't do that again, or you'll be in trouble!' said the teacher. WARNED

The students ………………………………………………………………………………………………..do that again

6 I can't believe this is the best hotel in the city! HOTELS

There must be……………………………………………………………………… one in the city.

7 Course fees must be paid in full before the course begins. ALL

Students……………………………………………………………………………….before the course begins.

8 I haven't been to Oxford for at least ten years. WENT

The last time ……………………………………………………………………………… at least ten years ago

9 My parents are both the same age. AS

My mother …………………………………………………………………………………………………..my father

10 Learning French is a waste of time because the language is not widely spoken. POINT

There's …………………………….……………………………….. because the language is not widely spoken

EX 9

1 What are your plans for the weekend? DO

What………………………………………………………………………………………………….at the weekend?

2 I haven't visited my family since 2005. TIME

The …………………………………………………………………………………………….my family was in 2005.

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3 'If I were you, I would study law at university.' ADVISED

He ……………………………………………………………………………………. ……………….. at university.

4 She complains all the time about the teacher. KEEPS

She ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. about the teacher.

5 What subject was your favourite one at school? ENJOY

What……………………………………………………………………………………………… …… at school?

6 She won't be allowed to come to the party. LET

Her parents ……………………………………………………………………………………….. the party.

7 Speaking English is still strange for me. USED

I'm ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………English.

8 I wasn't able to understand much until I had studied for several years. BEFORE

It was…………………………………………………………………………………………………understand much.

9 When the test had finished I remembered the correct answers! REMEMBER

I didn't………………………………………………………………………………………..the test had finished.

10 She can't have passed the exam - she's useless at Maths! FAILED

She …………………………………………………………………………..the exam - she's useless at Maths!

EX 10

1 I moved here 10 years ago. LIVED

I ………………………………………………………………………………………for 10 years.

2 I'm not as old as my brother. THAN

My brother…………………………………………………………………………………………me.

3 'Why don't we go to the cinema?' GOING

Daniel …………………………………………………………………………………..to the cinema.

4 I regret not studying harder when I was at school. STUDIED

I wish ………………………………………………………………………….when I was at school.

5 Someone has killed the party leader in a car bomb attack. HAS

The party leader…………………………………………………………………………… in a car bomb attack.

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6 It's too cold to go to the beach today. WARM

It's …………………………………………………………………………………. to the beach today.

7 You won't pass the exam unless you study harder. DON'T

If …………………………………………………………………………… you won't pass the exam.

8 It took me two weeks to recover from the flu. OVER

I needed ………………………………………………………………………………………… the flu.

9 He crashed his car because he wasn't paying attention. BEEN

If he…………………………………………………………………he wouldn't have crashed his car.

10 The doctor suggested that I starting playing golf. UP

The doctor suggested I………………………………………………………………………………………………golf.

EX 11

1 It was difficult for Sarah to learn to read in Japanese. DIFFICULTY

Sarah……………………………………………………………………………….to read in Japanese

2 The police had to find out whose fingerprints they were. BELONGED

The police had to find out……………………………………………….to.

3 Many people say that there is a ghost in that house. SUPPOSED

There…………………………………………………………………..a ghost in that house.

4 It might rain this afternoon so take an umbrella. RAINS

Take an umbrella…………………………………………………………………..this afternoon.

5 You look the same as you did when we last met ten years ago. CHANGED

You have …………………………………………………………….our last meeting ten years ago.

6 You didn't need to rewrite the composition. WAS

It.........…………………………………………………………………… to rewrite the composition.

7 Toby said that I had taken his girlfriend. ACCUSED

Toby ………………………………………………………………………………. his girlfriend.

8 'Does English bore you?' the teacher asked Fredrick. IF

The teacher asked Fredrick…………………………………………………………………………..him.

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EX 12

1. We were in Venice a week ago today. TIME

We were in Venice……………………………………………………….week.

2. Joe had financial problems, but bought a new motorbike. DESPITE

Joe bought a new motorbike………………………………………………….financial problems.

3. I couldn't drink the soup, as it was too hot. TO

The soup ............................................................................................. drink.

4. Susan was tired, so she decided to go to bed. THAT

Susan was…………………………………………………………………………decided to go to bed.

5. We spoke in whispers as we didn't want to wake the baby. NOT

We spoke in whispers ......... ............................................... to wake the baby.

6. I kept looking for my missing watch, but 1 knew it was no use. EVEN

I kept looking for my missing watch ......................................... it was no use.

7. There were a 10t of people, and 1 couldn't see the screen properly. THAT

There were .................................................. I couldn't see the screen properly.

8. The weather is fine, but my flowers haven't come out. OF

My flowers haven't come out …………………………………………………..weather.

EX 13

1. That's the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard! SUCH

l' ve ……………………………………………………………………….ridiculous thing!

2. I didn't think carefully enough about the situation. MORE

I should ....................................................................... about the situation.

3. Gill hasn't contacted me for weeks. HEARD

I last …………………………………………………………………………..weeks ago.

4. He didn't make a mistake when he played the song. WITHOUT

He played the song ........................................................ mistakes at all.

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5. It's possible that Jana can take you in her car. ABLE

Jana might ..................................................................... a lift in her car.

6. I asked him to explain his behaviour, EXPLANATION

I asked him…………………………………………………………his behaviour.

7. If we don't leave before 8:00, we won't get there on time. SET

We won't get there on time unless ………………………………………………before 8:00

8. The assistant said that it was not possible for me to get a refund GIVEN

The assistant said that I couldn't ………………………………………….…………………back.

EX14

1 “You’ve broken my radio, Frank!” said Jane. accused Jane ……………………………………………………….. her radio. 2 My car really needs to be repaired soon. must I really …………………………………………………….. repaired soon. 3 Susan regrets not buying that house. wishes Susan …………………………………………………….. that house. 4 I could never have succeeded without your help. you I could never have succeeded ………………………………………… me. 5 I thought I might run out of cash, so I took my cheque-book with me. case I took my cheque-book with me ……………………………………….. out of cash. 6 Linda’s plans for a picnic have been spoilt by the weather. fallen Linda’s plans for a picnic …………………………………….. because of the weather. 7 The bread was too stale to eat. fresh The bread …………………………………………………. to eat. 8 Perhaps Brian went home early. may Brian …………………………….……………………… home early. 9 I can’t possibly work in all this noise! impossible It …………………………………………… work in all this noise! 10 The thief suddenly realized that the police were watching him.watched The thief suddenly realized that he …………………………………… by the police.

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FILL IN THE BLANKS

Complete the text using one word in each space.

1-British and American English

Students of English all over the world are aware that (0) there are differences (1)__________

British and American English. But how great are the differences really?

The varieties (2)_____________ English have historical roots. (3)__________ pilgrims left England

in the seventeenth century, (4) ____________language has evolved, giving rise to changes

(5)__________vocabulary, grammar and spelling. Many of the 6)_____________obvious

differences are in the vocabulary used in the two countries (7)_____________many of the words

in common use in the twentieth century (8)_____________not exist in the seventeenth

(9)__________. "Pavements" in Britain, and "sidewalks" in the USA, only became common later,

(10) ___________ example.

The two countries (11) _______________also borrowed words from different sources: courgettes

(12)_____________imported to Britain from France (13)___________zucchini were brought to

America (14)____________ Italian immigrants.

Printing was a relatively new invention in the seventeenth century and the spelling of

(15)__________words had not yet been formalised, which accounts for many of the differences in

spelling.

2-Fast food

The concept of “fast food” is very important in English-speaking countries (0) for one major

reason: the working day starts at around the same time (1)________________ in European

countries, but finishes (2)_____________earlier, typically at about five o'clock in

(3)_____________ evening when the offices, banks and many of the shops begin to close. As a

result, there's not much time for lunch, (4)_________ many people bring something from home

to eat at their desks, (5)______________ with a cup of tea or instant coffee made with the office

kettle, (6) __________________than going out to a restaurant for a “proper” lunch as do many

European office workers, (7)_______________ usually finish work much later in the evening.

For (8)________________ who prefer to get out of the office to have a break or 9)__________

fresh air, there are the various fast food options (10)___________ as sandwiches, Cornish pasties,

burgers, kebabs, or fish and chips, many of (11)____________ can be eaten “on the move”,

(12)_____________ even the need to sit down!

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3-Exam Tips

When the day comes give yourself plenty of time (0) ... do everything: have breakfast but don't

drink (1) ……………... much; go to the toilet; arrive on time, but not too early or you will find

yourself getting more and more nervous while you wait to start. Try not to talk (2) …………… the

exam before you go in.

In the exam, calm (3) …………….. down by breathing deeply and thinking positively. Read (4)

……………... exam questions carefully and underline all of the key instruction words (5) ……..indicate

how the questions should (6) ………………….. answered. If possible start with the ones (7) …………..

can do easily to give you confidence. Remember what you've learnt from practicing questions and

doing mock exams previously and plan your use of time. Don't panic (8) ……………….... everyone

around you seems to start writing furiously straight away and don't be tempted to follow their

example. Finally, after the exam, don't join in a discussion about (9) ……………….. everyone else did,

(10) …………………….. you want to frighten yourself, and drain your self-confidence for the next

exam. Above (11) …………………....., remember that exams are not designed to catch you out, (12)

……………………... to find out what you know, what you understand and what you can do.

4-Too Good to be True

Some say you can do it in seven days, others promise success in 24 hours, or you may prefer to take (0) ........... time and do it in 5 weeks. What are we talking about? Believe it (1) ................ not, these periods (2) .................. time refer to language learning courses that promise excellent results in less time (3) .............................. it takes to say 'Bonjour'!

However, the advertisements of these companies are not necessarily (4) ........................ best guide and if you don't know what to look for in a good course you could be left with little (5) .................... than a large bill.

A complaint was recently made to a consumer rights group (6) .................... WhizzLearn Systems,

a language school chain, and the company has been forced to remove its claim that its technique

is ten times better than any (7) ........................ method. The Managing Director of WhizLearn

Systems said (8) "................................ we still believe our claim is true, we are willing to change

our advert. But the fact remains, if you spend 3 hours (9) ........................ day for 5 weeks on our

language course you will soon be speaking the language. What we (10) ................ have done was

to make (11) .................................. clearer in the advert. Then we wouldn't (12) ..........................

had these annoying complaints".

5-Camping Holidays

Although it has a reputation for being rather basic in terms of home comforts, the modern

material used in (0) ………... manufacture of tents means camping is at least a (1) …….... less hard

work. Nowadays tents are (2) …………….... lightweight that you hardly notice you're carrying them.

They're easy to (3) ……………..... up yet still a cheaper alternative to hotel accommodation. Talk to

an expert first before spending a lot of money (4) …………………….. a tent. Different tents suit

different needs and there's no point (5) …………….... buying a mountaineering tent (6) ……………...

you're planning to camp in these conditions. Don't (7) …………………………... tempted to splash out

23

on all the latest equipment either. Most of the fun of camping lies in the chance to get back to

nature. There's no need to take anything more (8) ………………………… the basics.

Always try to plan your arrival at the site long before (9) ……………………….... gets dark. You will

want to see (10) ……………………………….. you're doing when you try to erect your tent. Don't forget

to ask for permission if you're not camping on a registered site, and remember to take a supply of

food and drink with you in (11) ………………………………... the local shops are closed when you arrive.

You can then enjoy your first meal under the stars and begin (12) …………………….. appreciate the

joys of camping.

6-Asking for directions

Have you ever tried asking people for directions? I (1) ………….to go to London on business

recently, and I soon realized that I (2) ……………….have bought a street map. Whenever I followed

the directions of passers-by, I got lost . 'You can't (3)…………………it,' they would say 'Carry straight

(4)………………………..,it's opposite the bank.' After walking for half an hour, I would realize that I

(5)…………………………have gone wrong somewhere. '(6) ………………………you tell me where the bank

(7) ………………….…….., please?' I would ask someone. I (8) ………………………..to have known that this

was a mistake. 'Which bank do you mean? I think you (9)……………………………go back to the station'

I now see that I (10) ………………………….have taken a taxi. After all, London taxi drivers

(11)………………………….to pass a test on their knowledge of its streets. But of course whenever I

thought of this, I(12)…………………………………..not find a taxi. In the end I found a solution. I went up

to the first tourists I saw and asked if I (13)……………………………. look at their tourist map. They

turned out to be from Scotland and they (14)……………………………me very detailed instructions. The

only problem was that I wasn't (15) ………………………to understand exactly what they said.

7. An old school friend

When John saw the large crowd (1) ............. had gathered (2) ...............the street, he wasn't sure

(3) …………………..first what had happened. There were (4) ………………………many people blocking

the entrance to the hotel, that he had to push his way (5) ......them to get (6) …………………..the

door. At the door he found two policemen (7) ............were trying to hold the crowd back. 'What

(8) …………………….earth is going on?' he asked them. Then John noticed that some of the crowd

were holding placards (9) ..................................read: ''We love you Sally.' (10) ………………….course,

that was it. Sally Good was a footballer, the first woman to play for England. (11)………………..John

wasn't really interested in sport he decided to join the crowd and wait (12) ………………she

appeared.

About ten minutes (13)………………., a smiling woman appeared and waved to the crowd. John was

taken completely (14) .................. surprise when she took his arm and said, 'Remember me? I'm

the girl (15) …………used to sit next to you at school.'

8.Holiday problems

Somehow I always have problems when I go away on holiday. (1) ……………….year my travel agent

promises me that my holiday will be (2) .................................. I have ever had, but none of these

promises has ever (3)…………………………………true. This year I got food poisoning (4) ……………….day I

24

arrived. It must have been the fish I ate at the hotel (5)…………………evening. In (6)

…………….morning I felt terrible, and I was seen by two doctors. I tried to explain my problem to

them, but (7) of them spoke English, (8)…………… didn't help. It took me (9) ……………….of the first

week to recover. and I spent three or four days sitting next to (10) ……………………hotel swimming

pool reading newspapers. By the time I felt better, (11)…………………………..weather had changed

but I was determined to go sight-seeing, and do (12) ………………………………swimming.

Unfortunately (13)…………………. of the museums were open, as there was 14) ………………strike. I

would have enjoyed myself (15)…………………..if I had stayed at home.

9- Sharks For anyone who wants either to film (0) … study great white sharks, Australian expert, Rodney Fox, is the first contact. Fox knows exactly (16) … the sharks will be at different times of the year; and can even predict (17) … they will behave around blood, divers and other sharks. He understands them as well as (18) … else alive. In fact, he’s lucky to be alive; a “great white” once (19) … to bite him in half. Three decades (20) … this near-fatal attack, Fox still carries the physical scars, but feels (21) … hate for his attacker. Instead he organizes three or four trips (22) … year to bring scientists and photographers to the kingdom of the great white shark. (23) … main aim of these trips is to improve people’s understanding of an animal (24) … evil reputation has become an excuse for killing it. Great white sharks are not as amusing as dolphins and seals, (25) … their role in the ocean is critical. They kill off sick animals, helping to prevent the spread (26) … disease and to maintain the balance in the ocean’s food chains. Fox feels a responsibility to act (27) … a guardian of great white sharks. (28) … the scientists, film makers and photographers can communicate their sense of wonder (29) … other people, he is confident that understanding (30) ... replace hatred.

25

WORD BUILDING

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a

word that fits in the gap in the same line

1-Agriculture in Australia

Traditionally, Australia was________________ for producing wheat and FAME

wool, but times have changed in ________________years, with many RECENTLY

farmers ________________ to be more diverse in their ELECT

crop and livestock range. It is now quite common to see farms with more exotic

fruit and vegetables. Farmers are___________________________ to LIKE

sell their produce locally nowadays, but rather to the factories in the cities.

As a result, farms are now large-scale________________________ PRODUCE

where thousands of tonnes of crops are___________________ CULTIVATE

Another aspect that is different nowadays is_______________ . In the IRRIGATE

past, farmers would just flood the fields but now it is common to see

sprinkler ____________everywhere. This means that more water SYSTEMATIC

is_________________ , which has been helpful with the drought that CONSERVATION

has severely impacted the of the farms in the________________ MAJOR

states of the____________________ country. SOUTH

Hopefully, the _________________ the farmers have shown in recent CREATE

times will continue.

2-Food Production

In the not-too-distant past farm animals were able to live (0) ............................ NATURE

lives in what we would now term 'free-range' conditions. Such farming methods however

were not able to supply the rapidly growing (1).......................... POPULATE

of the world and the increasing demands on food

(2) ......................... In order to cope with this rising demand, factory CONSUME

farming methods were introduced along with the (3) ........................... DEVELOP

26

of genetically engineered (4) ........................... hormones, which GROW

resulted in a massive increase in food (5) ................................. PRODUCE

However, these developments in the use of factory farming and drug

(6) ............................... have led to a widespread feeling that animals TREAT

are being caused a lot of distress and that the quality of the food itself suffers

as a consequence. Certainly, many people (7) .................... with the idea AGREE

of keeping animals in one building for their entire (8) .............................. EXIST

and argue that more emphasis should be given to (9) ............................. ALTERNATE

farming methods. A growing number of people are choosing to eat organic food, supporting

farmers who use free-range methods, a system which has proved to be both

(10) ........................ and more humane. ECONOMY

3-Dress Code

UK companies have received (0) ………………….. from a business forum for CRITIC

what their report refers to as a rather narrow-minded attitude towards the

dress code for office workers. This follows a case in which a male

(1) …………………………..... working in the post room of a large EMPLOY

(2) ………………………………………….... in the United Kingdom received a ORGANIZE

(3) …………………………………………... for wearing jeans to work. SUSPEND

Whilst the report accepts that there is a need for people dealing with

(4) ……………. to look well dressed, it questions whether employees who work CUSTOM

behind the scenes necessarily need to dress formally.

The authors of the report made a (5) ……………………….... between COMPARE

the UK and other European nations where employers seem

(6) ……………………….. about the need for their workers to wear smart CONCERN

clothes in the office.

Their (7) …………………… is based on research that claims workers are far ARGUE

more (8) ……………………………………….when they have the PRODUCT

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(9) ………………………………..... to dress in a way that they feel most FREE

(10) ……………………………………………..... in. COMFORT

4-Kitchen Hygiene

The next time you go to the supermarket don't forget

to buy the (0) …………………….….. bottle of kitchen cleaner BIG

you can to (1) ……………………….. your work surfaces. INFECT

Recent (2) ………………...... research in America has shown that SCIENCE

the kitchen is often the most (3) …………………. of all the rooms HYGIENE

in the home.

The (4) ………………... of food, heat and dampness means the COMBINE

kitchen is (5) ……………… a breeding ground for bacteria that POTENTIAL

can cause stomach upsets and vomiting.

The study at the University of Arizona examined fifteen homes over

thirty weeks. Levels of (6) ………………………. were certainly not CLEAN

below average yet cutting boards and dishcloths were found to

contain bacteria in far greater number than elsewhere in the home.

(7) ……………………... say ignorance is the cause of the problem RESEARCH

and point out that (8) ………………………... cleaning can lead to ADEQUATE

serious food poisoning.

The (9) …………………….. ? Make sure you clean all work surfaces SOLVE

(10) ………………………………. and keep an eye on that dishcloth! DAY

28

CLOZE:For questions 1 to 12 or 15 , choose the best alternative.

1- Environmental Concerns

Earth is the only (0) ... we know of in the universe that can support human life. (1) ... human

activities are making the planet less fit to live on. As the western world (2) ... on consuming

two-thirds of the world's resources while half of the world's population do so (3) ... to stay

alive we are rapidly destroying the (4) ... resource we have by which all people can survive

and prosper. Everywhere fertile soil is (5) ... built on or washed into the sea. Renewable

resources are exploited so much that they will never be able to recover (6) ... We discharge

pollutants into the atmosphere without any thought of the consequences. As a (7) ... the

planet's ability to support people is being (8) ... at the very time when rising human numbers

and consumption are (9) ... increasingly heavy demands on it.

The Earth's (10) ... resources are there for us to use. We need food, water, air, energy,

medicines, warmth, shelter and minerals to (11) ... us fed, comfortable, healthy and active. If

we are sensible in how we use the resources they will (12) ... indefinitely. But if we use them

wastefully and excessively they will soon run out and everyone will suffer.

1 A Although B Still C Yet D Despite

2 A continues B repeats C carries D follows

3 A already B just C for D entirely

4 A alone B individual C lone D only

5 A sooner B neither C either D rather

6 A quite B greatly C utterly D completely

7 A development B result C reaction D product

8 A stopped B narrowed C reduced D cut

9 A doing B having C taking D making

10 A natural B real C living D genuine

11 A hold B maintain C stay D keep

12 A last B stand C go D remain

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2- No More Classes

The use (0) ... computers has meant students can study language programmes (1) ... their own

speed when and for how long they want - and no need to worry about the teacher having a

favourite or doing (2) ... another boring lesson. What's more, in the virtual classrooms of the

future the student will (3) ... on their headset, and be transported into an imaginary school,

choose their class, take the books they need off the shelf and (4) ... conversations with other

computerized students.

They might (5) ... choose to pay a visit to the supermarket or the train station, the bank or the

restaurant. At the (6) ... of a button they would be transported to (7) ... realistic settings where

they could practice their English, maybe getting a hand (8) ... a virtual English companion. All this

perhaps, at the computer, from the comfort of their home: no (9) ... to catch the bus to college, or

a plane to England.

Exciting? Certainly, and an interesting alternative to traditional classroom lessons. But would it

ever (10) ... the classroom? Hopefully not. (11) ... the need to relate to real people talking about

real issues and generally learning a little more about others will always lead language learners to

(12) ... at least a little of their time with real people.

1 A with B for C at D in

2 A still B for C yet D already

3 A place B put C set D get

4 A take B do C catch D hold

5 A although B preferably C instead D contrary

6 A force B hit C depress D push

7 A so B such C like D alike

8 A with B to C from D for

9 A role B duty C obligation D need

10 A replace B restore C succeed D recover

11 A definitely B mainly C totally D surely

12 A spend B make C have D do

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3-The latest news

Dear Linda,

I'm sorry I(1) …..to you for so long, but I (2) …..very busy lately. All last month I (3) exams, and I

(4) ….anything else but study for ages. Anyway, I (5) …..studying now, and I (6) ….for my exam results.

As you can see from this letter, I (7) …..my address and (8) …in Craydon now. I (9) ……..that I

wanted a change from central London because it (10) ….so expensive. A friend of mine

(11)…..me about this flat, and I (12)……here about two months ago. When you(13) ………to London

this summer, please visit me. I (14) ......here until the middle of August. Then I (15) .....on holiday to

Scotland.

Please write soon,

Margaret

1) A don't write B haven't written C am not writing D wasn't writing

2) A was being B had been C am D have been

3) A had B was having C had had D have had

4) A haven't done B don't do C wasn't doing D am not doing

5) A stop B will have stopped C have stopped D was stopping

6) A wait B am waiting C have waited D was waiting

7) A am changing B had changed C will change D have changed

8) A will live B have been living C live D have lived

9) A decided B have decided C was deciding D decide

10)A will become B becomes C has become D will have

become

11) A tells B told C was telling D will tell

12) A have moved B had moved C was moving D moved

13) A will come B came C come D were coming

14) A am staying B stayed C stay D have stayed

15) A have gone B went C am going D will have gone

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4- The stolen bike

One morning last week I realized that my bike (1) ….stolen from my garden. I phoned the

police and two officers called at my house the next day. They (2) ….me if I had seen or heard

anything. I told (3) …. had been out that evening, and hadn't noticed anything suspicious when

I came home. 'If I had seen anything, I (4) ….you,' I replied. 'It was raining hard too. If the

weather (5) ….so bad, I would have ridden my bike.' The officers told me that lots of people (6)

….their bikes stolen lately. 'The thieves (7) to have put the bikes in a van,' said one of the

officers. 'I (8) ….I had known about that,' I said. I saw a black van that evening. In fact, it (9)

….opposite my house.'

The officers asked me what the van's number (10) …., but I couldn't remember. '(11) ….

you saw the van again, (12) …you recognize it?' one of them asked. 'It (13) …painting. I

remember that,' I replied. However, there was a happy ending to this story. After the officers

had left, I (14) …..by a friend of mine. 'By the way', she said, '(15)….you want your bike, I'll

bring it back this afternoon. I borrowed it a couple of days ago.'

1) A had B had been C had had itself D had not

2) A reminded B questioned C told D asked

3) A them B that C if D later

4) A called B would C had called D would have called

5) A wasn't B wouldn't be C hadn't been D wouldn't have been

6) A had B had had C had to have D hadn't

7) A think B are thought C have thought D are thinking

8) A would B realise C wish D thought

9) A was parked B had parking C is parked D has parked

10 ) A is B was C had D wrote

11) A If B When C Remember D Suppose

12 ) A do B can C would D if

13) A needed B had been C looked like D seemed

14) A called up B was phoned C had a phone call D heard some

15) A unless B if only C if D as long as

32

5- Arriving in Bluffville

Stephen arrived in Bluffville (1) ….the early evening, and walked (2) …..the bus station through

the town centre, looking for somewhere to stay. There was a huge old-fashioned hotel, (3) ….it

was obviously closed. The windows (4) .....street level were covered (5)….sheets of corrugated

iron. (6) ….there must have been many travellers passing (7 )….Bluffville, but now the motorway

(8) ….the south passed the town several miles (9)…., and so very few people stopped. Stephen

found a telephone (10) ….a run- down bar, and called the nearest motel (11) ….turned out to be

seven miles away on the motorway. He asked the barman, (12) ……was reading a comic book,

how (13) ….. a taxi would cost to take him (14) …..the motel. The man stared hard at Stephen (15)

….., he said, 'No taxis here - haven't been any for more than ten years.'

1) A at B in C after D and

2) A down B with C from D away

3) A though B which C that D despite

4) A at B the C under D across

5) A and B with C from D up

6) A over B so C soon D once

7) A out B into C through D from

8) A in B of C by D to

9) A away B out C far D long

10) A and B which C in D box

11) A it B which C who D this

12) A although B why C he D who

13) A far B much C many D often

14)A to B in C at D out

15) A who B since C before D eventually

33

6 -The lost property office

Recently I read a magazine article about the things (1) ….people lose when they travel on

the London Underground. I (2) …believe it at first. (3) ….you are a violinist, and when you

(4) ….off at your station, you leave your violin (5) ….the train. It seems strange that nobody says,

I (6 )….me, but I think you have forgotten something.' I suppose the violinist (7) ….have been

thinking of something else, and there might (8) ….have been any other (9) ….on the train.

Still, why didn't the violinist go (10)….. the lost property office? All the lost property on the

underground system (11) ….to be sent to this office, so if you lose anything you (12) ….easily get it

back. In this case, the violinist must have (13)….very absent minded. Perhaps he or she didn't (l4)

….to play the violin ever again after this journey. Or perhaps they were just too embarrassed (15)

….go to the office.

1) A who B whose C that D a

2) A wasn't B haven't C shouldn't D couldn't

3) A If B Suppose C Why D Sometimes

4) A get B go C fall D are

5) A at B for C on D by

6) A Help B It's C Excuse D Correct

7) A who B might C should D to

8) A not B then C often D so

9) A pedestrians B customers C audience D passengers

10) A in B at C to D for

11) A should B must C needs D has

12) A can B can't C don't D are

13) A been B or C had D because

14) A know B like C have D used

15) A and B to C must D so

34

7- I don't believe in ghosts!

Last year I stayed for a few days in an old house in Scotland which was famous (1)….its ghost. I don't

really believe (2) ….ghosts, so I'm not afraid (3) …. them of course. So when my hosts suggested

(4) ….. up all night to see their ghost, I simply laughed (5) ….them. Then they told me (6) ….the

woman who haunted their house. She had been accused (7) …. murdering her husband in the

eighteenth century because she had been jealous (8)….him, but she had avoided (9) ….tried, and

had disappeared. She appeared quite regularly, walking through the house as if she was searching

(10) ….something. I agreed to watch that night, although it would (11) ….sitting for hours in the

cold. I expected one of my friends to appear dressed (12) ….the ghost, and so when the figure of a

woman finally came (13) ….me, I (14) …. to be terrified. You can imagine my surprise when the

figure took a knife from her dress, and then vanished. I decided to disappear myself, and drove

home to London as (15) ….as I could.

1) A with B for C from D as

2) A for B to C at D in

3) A with B for C of D by

4) A waking B getting C staying D coming

5) A at B with C about D to

6) A for B that C with D about

7) A that B of C for D while

8) A of B by C to D for

9) A and B being C but D having

10) A like B after C with D for

11) A mean B be C have D uncomfortable

12) A with B for C as D in

13) A about B towards C round D through

14) A wanted B imagined C pretended D supposed

15) A quickly B then C well D though

35

Revision Reported Speech

Complete the second sentence to report the sentence before:

1 ‘I’m working in a factory,’ said Luke. Luke said (that) he ................................................................................................ 2 ‘I’ve been working very hard today,’ said Alison. Alison said (that) she ................................................................................................ 3 ‘I’m in love with Tom,’ said Ruth. Ruth said (that) she ................................................................................................ 4 ‘I don’t want to watch that programme,’ said Lucy. Lucy said (that) she ................................................................................................ 5 ‘I can’t go to the party,’ said Fred. Fred said (that) he ................................................................................................ 6 ‘I’ll phone you later,’ Keith said to me. Keith said to me (that) he ................................................................................................ 7 ‘I wasn’t thinking clearly,’ said Wendy. Wendy said (that) she ............................................................................................... . 8 ‘I’m not going to do anything this weekend,’ said Christine. Christine said (that) she ................................................................................................ 9 ‘I didn’t do anything wrong,’ said David. David said (that) he ................................................................................................ 10 ‘I haven’t seen Ralph recently,’ said Harry. Harry said (that) he ............................................................................................. ... 11 ‘I don’t know what you’re talking about,’ George said to me. George said to me (that) he ................................................................................................ 12 ‘I can’t do what I’ve agreed to do,’ I said. I said (that) I ................................................................................................ 13 ‘You’ve made a mistake,’ Alan said to her. Alan said to her (that) she ................................................................................................ 14 ‘This problem is my fault,’ the manager said to me. The manager said to me (that) ............................................................................................... . Complete the second sentence to report the questions. 1 ‘Have you seen my brother recently?’ he asked me. He asked me ................................................................................................ 2 ‘Could you wait in reception, please?’ she asked me. She asked me ................................................................................................ 3 ‘Why didn’t you mention the problem before?’ I asked them. I asked them ................................................................................................ 4 ‘Could I have two tickets, please?’ I asked her. I asked ................................................................................................ 5 ‘What are you thinking about?’ she asked me. She asked me ................................................................................................ 6 ‘Will you be staying long?’ I asked him. I asked him ................................................................................................ 7 ‘What do you want me to do?’ I asked her. I asked her ................................................................................................ 8 ‘How long have you been waiting?’ she asked me. She asked me ................................................................................................

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9 ‘Please don’t smoke in the house,’ she said to us. She asked us ................................................................................................ 10 ‘Are you going to celebrate your birthday?’ I asked her. I asked her ................................................................................................ 11 ‘Would you lend me some money, please?’ she asked me. She asked me ................................................................................................ 12 ‘What were you doing that afternoon?’ the police asked him. The police asked him ................................................................................................ 13 ‘Could I have the bill, please?’ I asked the waiter. I asked ................................................................................................ 14 ‘Please don’t be late,’ she said to him. She asked him ................................................................................................ 15 ‘Can you hear me properly?’ she asked me. She asked me .................................................................................

5.3 Verb patterns say (that) + reported speech He said (that) he was feeling tired. say to someone (that) + reported speech She said to the interviewer (that) she wouldn’t answer the question. Note: Do not use say someone without to. NOT He said me that he was happy. tell someone (that) + reported speech They told us (that) the hotel was full. tell someone + infinitive with to The boss told me not to be late again. Note: The verb tell must be followed by an object. NOT They told (that) the hotel was full. Or The boss told not to arrive late again. explain (that) + reported speech I explained (that) I was going to be late because I was delayed. explain to someone (that) + reported speech She explained to me (that) she couldn’t finish the work on time. Note: Do not use explain followed by a person. NOT I explained him that I wanted my money back. promise + infinitive with to You promised to cook the meal tonight. promise (that) + reported speech You promised (that) you would cook the meal. promise someone (that) + reported speech You promised me (that) you would cook the meal. Note: Do not use promised somebody to do something. NOT I promised him to arrive on time. suggest (to someone) (that) + reported speech He suggested to me that we went to the cinema.= say something as an idea; propose complain (to someone) (that) + reported speech = say you are not satisfied with or happy about something We complained (to the neighbours) (that) the music was too loud. complain (to someone) about + noun We complained (to the neighbours) about the noise. argue (with someone) (about + noun) = say that you don’t agree, especially angrily He often argues with her about money. criticize someone for + -ing = say you don’t like something that somebody does She’s always criticizing him for being lazy. protest (to someone) (about + noun) = say very strongly that you do not like or agree They protested to the government. with something or that something is unfair We protested about the low pay rise. apologize (to someone) (for + -ing) I apologized for embarrassing her. = say ‘I’m sorry’ He apologized to us for keeping us waiting. Note: Do not use apologize someone without to. NOT I apologized him. thank someone (for + noun / -ing) = say ‘thank you’ They thanked me for my help / for helping them.

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blame someone (for + noun / -ing) = tell somebody that you think they are responsible for something bad that has happened You can’t blame me for the terrible weather.She blamed me for making us late. discuss + noun (with someone) = talk about a subject, especially an important one He discussed his future with his teachers. Note: Do not use discuss about + noun. NOT He discussed about his future. agree + infinitive with to = say ‘yes’ when asked to do something She agreed to lend me some money. agree (that) + reported speech = say ‘yes, it’s true’ She agreed (that) she had made a mistake. admit (to) + -ing agree that something is true, especially when it is unpleasant or something that you are not happy about. He admitted to lying to her before admit (that) + reported speech = admit to + -ing He admitted (that) he had lied to her before. deny + -ing = say that something is not true They denied breaking the law. deny (that) + reported speech = deny + -ing They denied (that) they had broken the law. refuse + infinitive with to say ‘no’ when asked or told to do something, or offered something: I tried to explain but he refused to listen to me. insist on + -ing = say that you will do something because you really want to do it, even though somebody else says it is unnecessary or unwanted: We told him we would pay for ourselves but he insisted on paying all the costs himself. insist (that) + unnecessary or unwanted reported speech • = say firmly that something is the case, especially when someone else doesn’t believe you or agree with you She insisted (that) she had not taken my pen. • = say firmly that somebody must do something especially when they are refusing to do it, I insisted (that) the assistant served me next. demand + infinitive with to = ask to do something very firmly, in a way that suggests you will not accept the answer ‘no’ She demanded to speak to the person in charge. demand (that) + reported speech = ask somebody to do something very firmly, in a way that suggests you will not accept the answer ‘no’: I demanded that she gave me an answer immediately. accuse someone of + -ing = tell somebody that you believe they have done Are you accusing me of stealing? something wrong or bad threaten + infinitive with to ( + unless / if) = tell somebody that you will hurt or punish them if they don’t do what you want them to do She threatened to sack him unless his work improved / if his work didn’t improve. Note: Do not use threaten + object + infinitive. NOT She threatened him to sack. encourage someone + infinitive with to = tell somebody that they are able to do something and that it is a good idea for them to do it; support and give confidence to somebody She encouraged me to keep trying. urge someone + infinitive with to = tell somebody that it is very important for them to do something; try hard to persuade somebody to do something; recommend something strongly

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She urged me to act quickly. I urged her not to give up trying persuade someone + infinitive with to = succeed in making somebody agree to do something by giving them good reasons for doing it I persuaded him to lend me his car persuade (that) + reported speech = succeed in making somebody believe that something is true He persuaded me (that) it was a good idea to buy it. convince someone + infinitive with to = persuade somebody to do something I convinced him to reduce the price. convince someone (that) + reported speech = make somebody believe something She convinced me (that) I was making a mistake.

A Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.

The Team Meeting

At half-time the manager called the team together. ‘You’re playing very badly,’ he said. ‘I’m not

feeling very well,’ said Rick, the star player. ‘I feel ill too,’ said another player. ‘Stop making

excuses,’ said the manager. ‘We aren’t making excuses,’ they said, ‘we’re telling the truth.’ The

manager looked at them angrily and said, ‘Why don’t you take an aspirin?’ ‘We’ll try harder in the

second half,’ they said, ‘we won’t give up. We’ll win the match.’

1 The manager told ...................................................... very badly.

2 Rick explained ...................................................... very well.

3 Another player said ...................................................... ill too.

4 The manager told ...................................................... making excuses.

5 They said ...................................................... excuses.

6 They explained ...................................................... the truth.

7 The manager suggested ...................................................... an aspirin.

8 They promised ...................................................... harder in the second half.

9 They promised ...................................................... up.

10 They promised ...................................................... the match.

B Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.

The Staff Meeting

The manager started the meeting by saying, ‘I’m sorry I’ve arrived late. Thank you for attending

this meeting. Now, does anyone have any problems?’ Janice said, ‘I have a complaint. The coffee

machine isn’t working properly.’ Frank said, ‘And there isn’t enough fresh air in the office.’ Anne

said, ‘Keith causes that problem. He keeps closing the windows.’ ‘That’s not true, 'said Keith. ‘Yes,

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it is,’ said Anne. The manager interrupted them. ‘Don’t act like children,’ he said. ‘That’s an unfair

comment,’ they said, ‘we’re not acting like children.’ Eventually, they talked calmly

1 The manager apologized ...................................................... late.

2 He thanked ...................................................... the meeting.

3 Janice complained ...................................................... properly.

4 Frank complained ...................................................... the lack of fresh air in the office.

5 Anne blamed ...................................................... that problem.

6 Keith argued ...................................................... the problem of fresh air.

7 The manager criticized ...................................................... like children.

8 They protested ...................................................... his comment.

9 Eventually they discussed ......................................................calmly.

C Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.

The Court Case

When questioned by the prosecution lawyer in court today, he said, ‘I was at the scene of the

crime but I was not involved in anything illegal. I know the accused but we were not acting

together. I will answer all questions about this case but nothing else. It is true that I have

committed crimes in the past but I will not discuss them here.’

1 He agreed ...................................................... at the scene of the crime.

2 He denied ...................................................... in anything illegal.

3 He admitted ...................................................... the accused.

4 He denied ...................................................... together.

5 He agreed ...................................................... all questions about the case.

6 He admitted ...................................................... crimes in the past.

7 He refused ...................................................... them.

D Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.

THE COMPLAINT

‘We want to see the manager!’ we said. In his office, we said, ‘Give us our money back!’ He wasn’t

very pleasant. He said, ‘You’ve invented these problems. I want to see some proof of them.’ ‘We

have every right to complain,’ we said, ‘and we’ll complain to your Head Office. We’ll take the

company to court if we have to.’

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1 We insisted ...................................................... the manager.

2 We demanded ...................................................... us our money back.

3 He accused ...................................................... the problems.

4 He demanded ...................................................... some proof of them.

5 We insisted ...................................................... every right to complain.

6 We threatened ...................................................... his Head Office.

7 We threatened ...................................................... to court.

E Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.

The Job Offer

I wasn’t sure whether to accept the job or not, so I asked a few friends. ‘I think you should

definitely take it,’ said Tom. ‘I think you should think very carefully before you decide,’ said Alison.

‘Ask them for more money,’ said Eric. Finally, Ruth said, ‘I think it’s a good idea to take the job,’

and because of what she said I took it.

1 Tom encouraged ...................................................... the job.

2 Alison urged ...................................................... very carefully.

3 Eric tried to persuade ...................................................... them for more money.

4 Ruth convinced ...................................................... the job.

G Fill the gaps in this article with one of the words below.

complained- admitted – threatened- insisted –accused- denied- encouraged- refused- criticized-

demanded – blamed - convinced

The Press Conference

Best-selling author Brian Slime yesterday 1 ................................. the press of treating him

unfavourably and 2 ................................. not to give any more interviews if this continued. He

3 ................................. to having signed ‘a very good contract’ for three new books but he

4 ................................. being a multi-millionaire. He 5 ................................. to the journalists

present that they seemed to be more interested in his income than his books and he

6................................ them for ignoring the quality of his writing. However, some journalists

7 ................................. on discussing the financial aspect of his new contract and

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8 ................................ to know how much he would be receiving. He 9 ................................. to

discuss the matter further and left the room. His agent 10 ................................. him to return and

after a while he 11 ................................. him to do so. Later, he 12 ................................. the press

for ruining the interview.

A Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in

the

same line.

The Minister’s statement

The Transport Minister today issued a 1 ................................. of the rumour that he DENY

was being forced to resign. He said that 2 ................................. for his resignation DEMAND

were only from certain people and he was 3 ................................. that he would not INSIST

be influenced by 4 ................................. of that kind. He accepted politicians have CRITICIZE

to expect 5 ................................. from people sometimes, but this incident had been COMPLAIN

very unpleasant. He thanked his family for their 6 ................................. at this ENCOURAGE

difficult time. He said that after a long 7 ................................. with them, he had DISCUSS

decided not to give up because they had been very 8 ................................. . PERSUADE

Because of their 9 ................................., and as a result of a number of very long PERSUADE

10 ................................. with colleagues, he had decided to stay. He said that he CONVERSE

had also found the public’s attitude to the matter very 11 ................................. . He ENCOURAGE

finished his statement by saying that his 12 ................................. to resign and his REFUSE

13 ................................. on remaining in office indicated how determined he was. INSIST

‘I won’t be resigning in the near future, either,’ he 14 .................................’. PROMISE

Experts described his performance as 15 ................................. . CONVINCE

B Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence, using the word

given.

1 John and I discussed the subject last night. DISCUSSION

I ................................................................................................ John about the subject last night.

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2 She promised not to tell anyone my secret. PROMISE

She ................................................................................................ not to tell anyone my secret.

3 Her parents encouraged her when she was at school. ENCOURAGEMENT

Her parents ................................................................................................ when she was at school.

4 I’m not criticizing your work. CRITICISM

I’m not ................................................................................................ your work.

5 We have talked about this problem before. CONVERSATION

We have ................................................................................................ this problem before.

6 We told the waiter that we thought the food was unsatisfactory.COMPLAINT

We ................................................................................................ the waiter about the food.

C Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in

the same line.

Incident at work

The manager came up to me and asked me for an 1 ................................. . He said EXPLAIN

documents must not be removed from his office without his 2 ................................. . AGREE

I said I didn’t know what he meant but he ignored my 3 ................................. . He PROTEST

said, ‘I’m not going to have an 4 .................................. about this. You took a ARGUE

document. Give it back or you’ll be in serious trouble.’ This 5 ................................. ACCUSE

upset me and I was very worried about him 6 ................................. me. He had never THREATEN

been 7 ................................. of me before. I could hardly speak but I told him that CRITICIZE

he shouldn’t have 8 ................................. me and he stormed away angrily. BLAME

Ten minutes later he returned and he was very 9 ................................. . ‘I’m sorry,’ APOLOGIZE

he said. ‘It was my mistake. I owe you an 10 ................................. .’ APOLOGIZE

D Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence, using the word

given.

1 Kate and Philippa were arguing when I arrived. ARGUMENT

Kate ................................................................................................ Philippa when I arrived.

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2 Eventually, we agreed to pay half of the bill each. AGREEMENT

Eventually, we .......................................................................................... to pay half of the bill each.

3 Did she explain her strange behaviour last week? EXPLANATION

Did she ........................................................................................... her strange behaviour last week?

4 He protested about the referee’s decision. PROTEST

He ................................................................................................ about the referee’s decis ion.

5 The police accused him of several things when they interviewed him. ACCUSATIONS

The police .............................................................................................. when they interviewed him.

6 He threatened me and I got frightened. THREAT

He ................................................................................................ and I got frightened.

7 Did you apologize for letting them down? APOLOGY

Did you ................................................................................................ them down?

8 They said the mistake was my fault, but it wasn’t. BLAME

I ................................................................................................ the mistake, but it wasn’t my fault.

Word focus

Phrasal verbs: run & catch

A Complete these sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below. The

meanings for each phrasal verb are given in brackets at the end of each sentence.

run after - run into - run out of - run over- catch on- catch up with

1 I’ve ...................................................... coffee so I can’t offer you any. (= used all of and have

none left)

2 I ...................................................... him and stopped him before he could leave. (= ran and tried

to catch)

3 You’ll never guess who I ...................................................... yesterday! (= met by chance)

4 His invention ...................................................... and he became a very wealthy man. (= became

popular)

5 Be careful crossing the road or you might get ...................................................... . (= hit by a car

while walking)

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6 Having been off school for some time, I had to ...................................................... the rest of the

class when I got back. (= try hard to reach the same level as)

Collocations

B Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using one of the verbs

below and the word given.

do / have/ make/ pay / take

1 You would feel better if you did more exercise. (good)

It would ................................................................................................ to do more exercise.

2 Let’s use this opportunity to sit down and rest. (advantage)

Let’s ................................................................................................ to sit down and rest.

3 His decision was not affected by his personal opinions. (effect)

His personal opinions ................................................................................................ his decision.

4 ‘Don’t forget to bring your passport with you,’ I told her. (sure)

I told her to ................................................................................................ to bring her passport

with her.

5 She was finding it difficult to stay awake during the meeting. (difficulty)

She ................................................................................................ awake during the meeting.

6 He told me to focus on the small details in the contract. (attention)

He told me to ................................................................................................ the small details in the

contract.

7 Will this matter affect your chances of promotion? (effect)

Will this matter ................................................................................................ your chances of

promotion?

8 She used the opportunity to earn some money. (use)

She ................................................................................................ to earn some money.

9 I was finding it difficult to hear what she was saying. (trouble)

I ................................................................................................ what she was saying.

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10 I contacted someone who had been recommended by a friend. (contact)

I ................................................................................................ who had been recommended by a

friend.

Word formation: nouns (people & jobs)

C Complete this text by forming nouns using the words in capitals at the end of each line and the

suffixes below. You may need to make more than one change to the word given to form the

correct noun: -ian -er -ist -ant -or

What former pupils are doing now

As the 1 ................................. of this magazine, I am always pleased to be able to EDIT

give information on former pupils in this section. 2 ................................. will be READ

interested to see that they include a rising 3 ................................. , three highly POLITICS

successful 4 ................................. and one person who has become a well-known LAW

5 ................................. on a national newspaper. In the arts, we have someone JOURNAL

who has become the 6 ................................. of a popular cartoon series and a CREATE

number of professional 7 ................................. . In sport, one former pupil is now MUSIC

the 8 ................................. coach at a major football club and another has ASSIST

become a fitness 9 ................................. . And we must not forget that one of INSTRUCT

our former pupils was recently a 10 ................................. in the TV show Sing PARTICIPATE

Like The Stars!

Word sets

D Complete each sentence with one of the words below.

cause / reason / grounds / influence

1 We were discussing the ................................. of climate on people’s personalities.

2 Nobody knows what the ................................. of the accident was.

3 He was sacked from his job on the ................................. that he was totally incompetent.

4 I can see no ................................. why this plan shouldn’t work.

required / called / demanded/ insisted

1 They ................................. on payment of the full amount in advance.

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2 In this situation, a big effort from everyone is ................................. for.

3 What exactly will I be ................................. to do on the course?

4 The job ................................. both skills and personal qualities.

maintain / stand / support /cope

1 I just can’t ................................. listening to this kind of music – it’s horrible.

2 I said in the meeting that I didn’t ................................. the plan.

3 She has a lot of problems to ................................. with at the moment.

4 He’s finding it difficult to ................................. a high standard of work.

Grammar Vocabulary

1 ‘Why is Lily angry?’ ‘Philippe promised her he _____ be on time for dinner.’

a would

b will

c may

d could

2 ‘Hello, darling – sorry I’m late.’ ‘I thought you said that you _____ leave work early today.’

a will

b are going to

c were going to

d going to

3 ‘What did Jenny tell you yesterday?’ ‘Well, she _____ me to look after her children.’

a talked

b made

c spoke

d asked

4 I asked him _____ he wanted a lift home.

a what

b where

c whether

d which

5 ‘Why are you angry with Kelly?’ ‘Because she insisted on me _____ Paul again.’

a seeing

b to seeing

c see

d to see

6 ‘Did he plead guilty?’ ‘Yes, he admitted _____ the crime.’

a to being

b committed

c to having committed

d to have committed

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7 They threatened to sack him if he _____ change his attitude.

a don’t

b doesn’t

c didn’t

d won’t

8 He _____ stealing the watch.

a threatened

b demanded

c refused

d denied

9 I had a long _____ with my neighbour yesterday. We talked for hours.

a explanation

b protest

c conversation

d accusation

10 ‘Were you involved in the accident?’ ‘Yes, but I wasn’t to _____ for it.’

a charge

b accuse

c blame

d apologize

11 I _____ an old friend yesterday. It was really nice to see her after all this time.

a ran after

b ran into

c ran over

d ran up

12 ‘They are expanding the business because the _____ for their product is so high.

a need

b demand

c claim

d request

13 I don’t mind walking long distances, because I know it does me _____ .

a advantage

b sure

c more

d good

14 In order to _____ our high standards we have to be very strict on quality control.

a hold

b maintain

c preserve

d carry on

15 Safety experts are trying to establish the _____ of yesterday’s train crash.

a cause

b reason

c grounds

d creation

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16 They are investigating the _____ global warming will have on us over the next 50 years.

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a change c result

b effect d outcome

For Questions 1–12, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap.

Use only one word in each gap.

THE VIOLIN MAKER

A physicist-turned-violin-maker believes that he has found a way to make new violins sound like old

ones. Alan Beavitt puts his violins through a repeated cycle of damp and dry conditions, re-creating

in (1) …………... few months the natural changes that he believes are responsible (2) …………...making

older violins sound better. Why older violins sound better (3) …………... long been a mystery. The

best ones of all, made (4) …………... Antonio Stradivari in Cremona, Italy, 300 years ago, have a tone

that other makers have tried but failed to match.

Mr Beavitt argues that the changes in the sound of a violin over time (5) …………... the result of slow

changes in the wood. The process leads (6) …………... a gradual stiffening of the wood, which

improves the playing quality and depends on regular changes in humidity. He reproduces the effect

in two ways. He (7) …………... puts his violins in a sealed container and controls the humidity with

saturated salt solutions or he pumps air of controlled humidity through rubber pipes into the

interior of the violin. The weight of the instrument increases in high humidity as (8) …………... takes

up water and falls again in low humidity as it loses it. Each complete cycle takes ten days and Mr

Beavitt says that no further improvement takes place after six cycles. ‘(9) …………... is nothing

unnatural about the process. The effect could be obtained by travelling repeatedly between

Arizona and Zaire, staying a few weeks at each location with the violin case open.’

He now uses the method with all the violins he makes and (10) …………... like other makers to try it.

He finds all the previous explanations of (11) …………... beauty of the Stradivari violins unconvincing.

‘People have said that it is caused by the varnish but (12) …………... fact some of the best-sounding

ones have no varnish,’ he says.

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