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FDI
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What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)? A source of capital and
investment involving foreign control of production
A source of exploitation?
A channel of technology transfer and industrial development?
What is FDI…? Foreign direct investment (FDI) is
defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based.
The FDI relationship, consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a transnational corporation (TNC).
In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate.
The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm.
Types of FDI Greenfield investment: direct
investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities.
Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nation’s promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace.
downside of Greenfield investment is that profits from production do not feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinational's home economy. This is in contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote growth.
Types of FDI Continued………. Mergers and Acquisition
transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place; the primary type of FDI.
Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity.
Types of FDI Continued………. Horizontal Foreign Direct
Investment: investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home.
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment: Takes two forms: 1) backward vertical FDI: where an
industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic production process
2) forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic production
Types of FDI based on the motives of the investing firm Resource Seeking: Investments which
seek to acquire factors of production that are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm.
In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources).
This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.
Market Seeking: Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones.
Efficiency Seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership.
It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm.
Typically, this type of FDI is mostly widely practiced between developed economies; especially those within closely integrated markets (e.g. the EU).
Global Trends……..
Concentrated in the USA, Japan and Western Europe
FDI of developed countries in 1998: Inflows: USD 460 billion Outflows: USD 595 billion
Top five host countries: China Brazil Mexico Singapore Indonesia
had 55% of FDI inflows to developing countries in 1998
Attractiveness as FDI Destination Strong and stable government Pro-active government policies Investor-friendly and transparent decision
making process Sound diversified industrial infrastructure Comfortable power situation Abundant skilled manpower Harmonious industrial relations Quality work culture Peaceful life Incentive packages Cosmopolitan composition Fluent English Chennai ranked second-best by BT Gallup Survey
of Best Cities to do Business (Dec. 2001)
Dollar Flows to Asia
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Asia
20012002200320042005
Dollar Flows to Asia
05000
10000150002000025000300003500040000
China HongKong
India S Korea Taiwan
20012002200320042005
Dollar Flows Growth Rate
-100
102030405060708090
China HongKong
India S Korea Taiwan
Growth %
FDI Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
India
April-September
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
2005-06 2006-07
India
Advantages of FDI in India… Domestic Investment Advantages FDI encourages domestic investment by
providing: New markets Demand for inputs New technology
Labor is mobile and often moves from multinational firms to domestic firms
Increased competition makes markets more efficient
Investments in new sectors simulates the growth of new industry and new products
Employment Generation and Labor Skills
Foreign firms generate hundreds or thousands of jobs
They generate employment in suppliers
Technology Advantages Foreign firms bring new technology
Increased productivity of labor and capital Improved product standardization Reduced error rates
Foreign firms invest in new technology Upgrades overall stock of capital More efficient in raising and using financial
resources Unrestricted access to parent company's technology Access to tacit knowledge
Export Competitiveness Advantages Dominant technologies brought in
by foreign companies makes products suitable for export
Foreign technology increases production, reduces error rates and improves quality
Foreign firms have strong distribution and marketing facilities
Foreign firms have brand names that help exports
Disadvantages of FDI in India…
Domestic Investment Disadvantages FDI crowds out domestic investment by:
Being a monopolistic competitor Raises demand for money Raises interest rates
Foreign firms have more: Advertising power Ability to dominate the market Predatory pricing to prevent entry
Financial inflows raise the exchange rates, making exports unattractive
Technology Disadvantages Technology brought may be inappropriate The technology may be too capital-
intensive Pollution-intensive technologies may be
exported from countries where they are banned
Sometimes, external transactions allow foreign technology to be acquired more cheaply, especially if the technology is mature
Environment Disadvantages Foreign firms operating in regions
where rules are non-existent or not enforced have greatly exceeded emissions and effluent levels allowed in their home countries
Foreign firms have exercised significant political influence to prevent the imposition of rules regarding the environment
Some of the major pitfalls…. FDI flows have simply enabled trans-
national giants like Coke and Pepsi to set up monopolies in highly profitable sectors where Indian business concerns were already meeting the requirements of the market. Coke and Pepsi, with their monopolistic stranglehold on the bottling and distribution chain have wiped out niche producers; consumers have less choice than they did before, and must pay more. Neither have these companies brought in any valuable new technology.
Contd ….. Highly controversial Enron
Power project
The Emerging Telecom Scandal
FDI has come in the form of speculative investments in India's stock market
Conclusion……….
Foreign firms do generate technological development in the host country
Crowding out is not a major problem Host countries should enforce
environmental regulations This will not make foreign firms leave the
country, as the cost of conforming to regulations is much lower than the difference in cost of labor
Benefits in increased: Competition Efficiency Innovation