FEATI UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Department

7/22/2019 FEATI UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Department

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JOM[@ _N@ZOUX@[P

H@Z@B OND@NOOU@ND ON[U@OX JGU XH@ONHO MNK [OHANGBGDP JM@U

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OX[@CM[O GJ E_KDO[ UO]_@UOK

Uueeor t`ro =


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CO[AGKGBGDP

=. Mpprgpr`mto mnk roprosontmt`vo Bmamr smnk sambb eo smcpbok jgr taomnmbysos tg eo hgnkuhtok.

5. \otrgdrmpa`h mnmbys`s gj tao smcpbos sambb taon eo hgnkuhtok `n

mhhgrkmnho tg MX[C 50?, Xtmnkmrk Du`ko jgr \otrgdrmpa`h Oxmc`nmt`gn gjMddrodmtos jgr Hgnhroto.

8. [ao smcpbos sambb b`iow`so eo haoc`hmbby mnmbyzok `n mhhgrkmnho tg

MX[C 510, Xtmnkmrk [ost Cotagk jgr \gtont`mb Uomht`v`ty gj Mddrodmtos(Haoc`hmb Cotagk).

;. M hgnhroto c`xturo gj ingwn prgpgrt`gns us`nd tao Bmamr smnk sambb eo

propmrok. Cgrtmr emrs jrgc tao hgnhroto c`xturo sambb eo cgbkok mnk `n`t`mbcomsurocont gj tao`r bondtas sambb eo rohgrkok. Xuesoquont bondta comsurocont

gj tao cgrtmr emrs sambb eo cmko mdm`n mjtor =; kmys, mnk mt mdos =, 5, 8, ;, :, 0,

mnk =5 cgntas mnk, `j nohossmry, mt bomst ovory : cgntas taoromjtor. [a`s ta`rk tostsambb eo `n mhhgrkmnho tg MX[C 554, Xtmnkmrk [ost Cotagk jgr \gtont`mb Mbimb`

Uomht`v`ty gj hocont-Mddrodmto Hgce`nmt`gns (Cgrtmr-Emr Cotagk).

\rgfoht [`cotmebo6

Mht`v`tyTooi

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Xmcpb`nd\otrgdrmpa`h Mnmbys`s

Xtorogc`hrgshgpo[a`n-soht`gn \ropmrmt`gn\otrgdrmpa`h Mnmbys`s

Haoc`hmb Mnmbys`sXmcpbo \ropmrmt`gnHaoc`hmb Uomht`gn

Cgrtmr-Emr [ostXmcpbo \ropmrmt`gnCgbk`ndBondta Comsurocont

Uopgrt \ropmrmt`gn

X@DN@J@HMNHO GJ [AO X[_KP

- [g kotorc`no ey potrgdrmpa`h mnmbys`s tao c`normbgd`hmb hgcpgs`t`gn gj Bmamr smnkmnk tao prosonho, `j taoro mro mny, gj pgtont`mbby romht`vo hgcpgnonts `n tao smnk.

- [g tost ey haoc`hmb cotagk (MX[C 510) tao pgtont`mb romht`v`ty gj Bmamr smnk, `jwmrrmntok ey tao rosubts gj tao potrgdrmpa`h mnmbys`s.

- [g mssoss jurtaor tao MXU pgtont`mb gj Bmamr smnk targuda tao Cgrtmr Emr tost (MX[C554).

OX[@CM[O GJ E_KDO[ UO]_@UOK \8, ?


4/25

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\UGFOH[ [OMC COCEOUX6OX 8=? (OND@NOOU@ND DOGBGDP) HBMXX

JMH_B[P MKZ@XOUX6 CU NOBXGN BBMEMN

ONDU U@HAMUK X _MFO

ON[UP NG. 8

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HGHGN_[ XAOBB MX M X_EX[@[_[O JGU

MDDUODM[OX @N C@QOX \UG\GU[@GN@ND

GJ HOCON[MEX[UMH[6

Hghgnut troo ams mbwmys eoon `n hgnstruht`gn ms hghg-buceor `s mn oxpons`vo

jgrcwgri cmtor`mb. [ao stuky gj hghgnut saobb ms m suest`tuto jgr mddrodmtos `s mngtaor

wmy gj us`nd tao d`jts m hghgnut troo prgv`kos.[ao saobb gj tao hghgnut `s cgstby usok ms mn grnmcont mnk ms m sgurho gj

mht`vmtok hmregn jrgc `ts hamrhgmb tao pgwkorok saobb `s mbsg usok `n tao `nkustròs gj

pbmst`hs, dbuos, mnk merms`vo cmtor`mbs.

[ao m`c gj ta`s rosomrha `s tg tost tao hghgnut saobb waotaor `t hmn eo usok ms m

suest`tuto jgr tao mddrodmtos `n c`xos prgpgrt`gn`nd gj tao hocont. Cgrogvor, qumrry`ndgj mddrodmtos `n tao r`vors mnk cguntm`ns hmusos sovormb onv`rgncontmb `ssuos. [a`s hmn

eo m now suest`tuto jgr mddrodmtos bìo tao hghgnut saobb mnk hmn prosorvo tao nmturo.[ao hghgnut saobb jrgc `ts pays`hmb mspohts yòbks strondta tamn gj tao wggk. [ao

cg`sturo mesgrpt`gn gj tao saobb `s mbsg ngtok eohmuso `t wobb stmnks mesgrpt`gn gj wmtor.

[aorojgro, tao mesgrpt`gn gj wmtor `n tao hgnhroto w`bb ngt mjjoht `ts strondta s`nho bossor

vg`ks hmn eo jgrcok.


[ao stuky gj hghgnut saobb w`bb ngt gnby prgv`ko now cmtor`mb jgr hgnstruht`gn eut

mbsg w`bb aobp tao prosorvmt`gn gj tao onv`rgncont mnk hmn mbsg aobp tao ohgngcy ey

prgv`k`nd now uso jgr tao hghgnut saobb.\rgv`k`nd now uso jgr tao hghgnut saobb cmy mbsg aobp ohgngc`hmbby eohmuso wo

mro rohyhb`nd tao cmyeo hmbbok wmsto ey hgprms mnk prgv`k`nd now wgris jgr tagso `n taohghgnut `nkustròs.


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CO[AGKGBGDP

Cotagk gj Uosomrha[ao rosomrha `s mn oxpor`contmb typo gj stuky. Dmtaor`nd tao v`tmb kmtm taru

oxpor`contmt`gn `s m cmfgr cotagk tao rosomrha w`bb uso. Cmny mspohts gj rosomrha

`nvgbvo tost`nd tao mddrodmtos jgr k`jjoront i`nk gj sot-ups. \ays`hmb prgportòs hmn eotostok us`nd gesorvmt`gn gj tao rosomrha ms `t eoamvos mnk haoc`hmb prgportòs mro kgnotaru tao pmrmcotors sot ey bmegrmtgry mnmbys`s.

Mnmbyz`nd mnk ovmbumt`nd tao pmttorns gj tao kmtm gj tao oxpor`contmt`gn rosubts

hmn eo usok tg kotorc`no waotaor tao spoh`con `s mhaòv`nd `ts sot dgmb gj amv`nd taosmco hmpme`b`ty gj `ts ngrcmb hguntorpmrt. \mttorn prgv`kok ey tao kmtm gr tao `njgrcmt`gn

getm`nok taru oxpor`contmt`gn bìo tons`bo mnk hgcpross`vo strondta gj hgnhroto hmn eo

drmpaok mdm`nst tao t`co `t tmios tg mhaòvo tao a`daost strondta.

Mngtaor wmy `s pbgtt`nd tao strondta mdm`nst tao s`zo mnk sampo gj tao hghgnut saobb.Gesorv`nd tao pmttorns sagwn ey tao drmpas mnk tao kmtm `s m dromt wmy gj `ntorprot`nd

kmtm mnk mhaòv`nd tao m`c gj tao rosomrhaor.

Hgcpmr`sgn gj tao kmtm getm`nok mnk tao gtaor kmtm jrgc gtaor wgris `s mbsg mwmy gj dott`nd jmhts megut tao rosomrhaor. Gesorv`nd agw gtaors mhaòvo gr agw taoy

getm`nok suha kmtm `s `cpgrtmnt tg eo mebo tg amvo now mnk eottor wmy gj tost`nd tao

rosomrha. Cmny cmtor`mb amvo eoon tostok ms suest`tuto tg rghi mddrodmtos, oxmcpbo mro

rueeor t`ros. [aoso stukòs w`bb prgv`ko gtaor `njgrcmt`gn gn tao rosomrha.[ao rosomrha w`bb mbsg uso pmrmcotors sot ey k`jjoront hgkos bghmb mnk jgro`dn.

Xgurhos gj KmtmOxpor`contmt`gn `s tao cm`n sgurhos gj kmtm. Kmtm mhqu`rok jrgc oxpor`contmt`gn

`s tao `ntorprotok taru k`shuss`gn mnk gesorv`nd tao pmttorns. Hghgnut saobb ams k`jjoront

prgportòs mnk kotorc`n`nd `j tao pays`hmb mnk haoc`hmb prgportòs gj tao mddrodmto mro

su`tok jgr hgnstruht`gn `s ingwn taru oxpor`contmt`gn.[ost`nd tao smcpbos us`nd _n`vorsmb tost`nd cmha`no w`bb yòbk tao hgcpross`vo

strondta gj tao hgnhroto. [aoso tosts w`bb eo kgno us`nd k`jjoront mdo gj hurok hgnhroto,

k`jjoront s`zos gj mddrodmtos. [aoso oxpor`conts prgv`ko `koms gn agw tao rosomrha hmn eopropmrok. K`jjoront c`xos gj mddrodmtos mnk agw tg getm`n `ts ubt`cmto strondta.

Uomk`nd cmtor`mbs suha ms pueb`saok mnk unpueb`saok cmtor`mbs mro mbsg

`cpgrtmnt. [aoso hmn prgv`ko stops mnk pmrmcotors tg eo jgbbgwok sg tamt tao rosomrha hmnmttm`n `ts purpgso.

Xmcpb`nd gj \rghokuro

Xmcpb`nd prghokuro `nhbukos mn mcgunt gj tao saobb mddrodmto mnk tost`nd `t. _s`nd gtaor

c`xos gj tao smcpbo hmn prgv`ko k`jjoront `njgrcmt`gn bìo k`jjoront hamrmhtor`st`hs gj tao

hghgnut saobb. [ao hghgnut pmsto hmn hgmt m scmbbor s`zo gj mddrodmto eottor tamn tamt gj

bmrdor s`zo mddrodmto. C`x`nd k`jjoront s`zos mt m rmnkgc s`zo mnk pbgtt`nd tao rosubts `smngtaor wmy gj getm`n`nd kmtm.


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\rghokuro

=. \ropmrmt`gn gj tao hghgnut saobb

=.=Hbomn`nd tao saobb jrgc `ts ausi mnk gtaor cmtor`mbs tamt mro ngt nookok

mnk tamt w`bb gnby hmuso cg`sturo mesgrpt`gn taus hromt`nd vg`ks waonhgnhroto c`xturo amrkons=.5Xun kry`nd tao saobb `s nookok tg cmio suro e`gkodrmkmebo cmtor`mbs kohmy

eojgro `t `s c`xok w`ta hgnhroto.

=.8Eromi`nd tao hghgnut saobb `ntg tao mddrodmto s`zo nookok, megut gj mn`nha, jgr stmnkmrk`zmt`gn gj tao oxpor`cont. X`ov`nd tao p`ohos tg dot mn

mhhurmto s`zo jgr tao oxpor`cont

5. C`x`nd tao saobb w`ta tao hocont mnk smnk c`xturo

5.=_s`nd stmnkmrk c`x`nd mppmrmtus, m hbmss hgnhroto `s c`xok jgrstmnkmrk`zmt`gn gjtao oxpor`cont5.5 M hgntrgbbok vgbuco gj hghgnut saobb `s tostok w`ta `ntorvmbs =


7/25

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ON[UP NG ;

[@[BO

\GU[MEBO TMX[OTM[OU J@B[OU T@[AEMHITMXA@ND COHAMN@XC

\UGFOH[ MEX[UMH[6

[ao k`spgsmb gj agusoagbk wmstowmtor k`rohtby tg tao krm`nmdo systocmkks up tg tao drgw`nd prgeboc gn wmstowmtor k`spgsmb systoc cm`ntonmnho.[ao mhhucubmtok susponkok sgb`ks suroby mkk up tg tao vgbuco gj wmstocmtor`mbs tamt dgos taru w`ta tao wmstowmtor. @n tao prghoss gj wmstowmtork`spgsmb m pr`cmry tromtcont prghoss hmn eo mkgptok `n tao `nk`v`kumb aguso

agbks `n grkor tg bosson tao susponkok sgb`ks ey comns gj j`btrmt`gn. @t `s tao`ntont`gn gj ta`s rosomrha tg eo mebo tg kos`dn mnk mkgpt m pgrtmebo agusoagbkwmstowmtor j`btor`nd kov`ho tg hgnkuht tao pr`cmry shroon`nd mnk j`btor`nd gjagusoagbk wmstowmtor. [ao pgrtmebo wmstowmtor j`btor w`bb uso grk`nmry smnk mnkdrmvob ms tao j`btor`nd cokùc mnk w`bb amvo emhi m wmsa`nd cohamn`sc jgromsòr cm`ntonmnho.

\UGFOH[ X@DN@J@HMNHO6

[ao kovobgpok prgtgtypo wmstowmtor j`btor w`bb eo mkgptok `n grk`nmryaguso agbk wmsto wmtor k`spgsmb systoc tg bosson tao susponkok sgb`ks mnk aobp

bosson tao pgssè`b`ty gj hbgdd`nd w`ta`n tao systoc.

CO[AGKGBGDP6

Kos`dn gj prgtgtypo wmstowmtor j`btor w`ta emhiwmsa`nd cohamn`sc.

Jmer`hmt`gn- \ZH \mnobs- Mkaos`vos- Haohi mnk Dmto Zmbvos- Xtm`nboss Xtoob Xhroon- Xmnk mnk Drmvob ms j`btor`nd cok`m

- \ZH \`pos- Oth.

[r`mb mnk [ost run

Mnmbys`s gj wmstowmtor eojgro mnk mjtor j`btor`nd

Uov`s`gns mnk `cprgvocont gn tao gr`d`nmb kos`dn pmrmcotors

J`nmb`zmt`gn gj kos`dn \rgtgtypo


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OX[@CM[OK E_KDO[6

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9/25

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[a`s strondta, hgupbok w`ta `ts wo`dat, cmios mbuc`nuc pmrt`hubmrby

mkvmntmdogus jgr struhturmb mppb`hmt`gns waoro komk bgmk `s m hgnhorn.@ts a`da strondta-tg-wo`dat rmt`g ams jmvgrok tao uso gj mbuc`nuc `n suha k`vorso

mppb`hmt`gn ms bmrdo hbomr spmn kgco rggjs, trmhtgr trm`bor jrmcos, mnk hrmno eggcs.

CO[AGKGBGDP

[ao `cpbocontmt`gn gj ta`s rosomrha w`bb eo prghoss gn k`jjoront stmdos b`io =.)

\bmnn`nd 5.) Xoboht`gn gj tost mrom 8.) Hgnkuht`nd Jmstonor gn MHC Tmbb \mnob [ost gnhgnhroto hgbucns ;.) Kovobgpcont gj `nstmbbmt`gn cotagkgbgdy. [ao j`rst twg cotagks `j

ngt `nhbukok `n tao prghoss jgr taoy mro stmnkmrks tamt sagubk eo jgbbgwok ey omha

rosomrhaor, taus mbb tao nohossmry prohmut`gn sagubk eo mppb`ok wa`bo porjgrc`nd tao sm`k

oxpor`contmt`gn.@t `s mbsg unkorstggk tamt prghoss tamt w`bb eo uso `n tao struhturmb rosomrha w`bb unkor dg

vmr`gus tost mnk cotagk hgnj`durmt`gn.

Hgbucn Xoboht`gn mnk Xtruhturmb Kos`dn- [ao j`rst stop `n prgv`nd tamt MHC pmnob w`bb eo m dggk suest`tuto tgwmrks tao uso

gj HAE wmbb `s ey kos`dn`nd tao r`dat hgbucn prgpgrt`gn mnk spoh`j`h k`cons`gn

ey `kont`jy`nd tao vmr`gus usos gj hgbucn.

Hgbucn \ropmrmt`gn

- @n tao \a`b`pp`no wo mbromky amvo stmnkmrk hgbucn tamt w`bb eo uso ms tao ems`shgbucn rmt`gn w`bb taon eo emso gn tao \a`b`pp`no stmnkmrk.

Jmer`hmt`gn gj Mbuc`nuc Hgcpgs`to Tmbb \mnob- @n tao soboht`gn prgpor soboht`gn gj MHC k`cons`gn mnk prgpgrt`gn mnk ems`nd tao

kos`dn gn mbb torrm`n hgnk`t`gn mnk mro emso gn oxtroco hmsos.

Kovobgpcont gj MHC Tmbb \mnob @nstmbbmt`gn taru tao uso gj Xtm`nboss Xtoob

Jmstonors.- @n tao Hyhbo gj Jmstonors tamt `s hurrontby mvm`bmebo `n tao cmriot wo amvo sovormb

stmnkmrk typos mnk `n tao oxpor`cont wo tonk tg oceok tao Jmstonor 5 `nha tgwmrkstao hgbucn mnk `ns`ko tao mrom wo w`bb taon uso m hgcpgunk tg prgtoht tao jmstonor

mnk mn mkaos`vo jgr hocont jgr m cgro strgnd mnk kurmebo mttmhacont tgwmrks tao

hgbucn.

Mhtumb X`to [ost gj tao MHC TMBB \MNOB- [ao prgtgtypo pmnob w`bb taon eo pbmho gn mn gpon mtcgspaoro tg sagw tao

kurme`b`ty gj tao cmtor`mb.

-X@DN@J@HMNHO GJ [AO X[_KP / EONOJ@H@MU@OX

To `nhbuko mbuc`nuc w`ta stoob mnk ro`njgrhok hgnhroto ms m cotmb emsok cmtor`mb

gj hgnstruht`gn. @n tao prghoss gj cmtor`mb suest`tut`gn omha gj tao hgnhroto cmtor`mb tamt

`s uso `n tao wmbb hgnstruht`gn cmy eo ropbmho w`ta tao uso gj mbuc`nuc wmbb, taus, w`tatao vmr`gus tohangbgd`hmb onamnhocont tao mbuc`nuc pmnob cmy eo uso ms m struhturmb

pmrt gj m eu`bk`nd gr ovon m bgw-hgst aguso taoso w`bb koj`n`toby omso tao hgnstruht`gn

cotagkgbgdy mnk w`bb oxpok`to tao hgnstruht`gn systoc. Xtruhturmb cotmbs mro gjtonrojorrok tg `n tao s`ndubmr sonso, suha ms m stoob, stm`nboss stoob, gr mbuc`nuc, eut `n jmht


10/25

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omha gj taoso bmeobs mppbòs tg m jmc`by gj cotmbs.

[ao bmeob `nk`hmtos tao pr`cmry mbbgy`nd obocont, mnk `nk`v`kumb mbbgys mro taon koj`nok

ey tao mcgunts gj gtaor oboconts hgntm`nok, suha ms hmregn, n`hiob, hargcùc, mnkcmndmnoso. [ao prgportòs gj mn mbbgy mro kotorc`nok ey tao prgpgrt`gns gj taoso

mbbgy`nd oboconts, fust ms tao hamrmhtor`st`hs gj m kossort mro koponkont gn tao robmt`vo

mcgunts gj omha `ndrokònt `n roh`po.Mbuc`nuc `s `naorontby hgrrgs`gn-ros`stmnt. Hmregn stoob, gn tao gtaor amnk ams mtonkonhy tg sobj kostruht gvor t`co ey v`rtuo gj tao hgnt`numb hgnvors`gn gj tao emso cotmb

tg `rgn gx`ko, hgccgnby ingwn ms rust. Mbtaguda gx`kmt`gn m emk nmco, ngt mbb cotmb

gx`kos bomk tg prgdross vo kotor`grmt`gn. Xtm`nboss stoob, ms ngtok prov`gusby, mhqu`ros `tsjomturo gj eo`nd rust ros`stmnt ey tao mkk`t`gn gj hargcùc tg tao mbbgy c`xturo. [ao

hargcùc gx`k`zos gn tao surjmho gj tao cotmb, jgrc`nd m ta`n trmnspmront j`bc. [a`s

hargcùc gx`ko j`bc pmss`vo mnk stmebo mnk `t sombs tao emso cotmb jrgc oxpgsuro tg tao

mtcgspaoro, taoroey prohbuk`nd jurtaor gx`kmt`gn.

OX[@CM[O E_KDO[Mbuc`nuc Hgcpgs`to Cmtor`mb \bmtos

Xtm`nboss Xtoob Jmstonors

Hocont, Drmvob, Xtoob, Xmnk

\bywggk =x5x1\gwor Kr`bb

Kr`bb E`t = `nha tg 5 `nha

Hgnhroto Mkaos`voUueeor Xombmnt (uso `n ond`no)

[gtmb. =


11/25

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ON[UP NG :

[@[BO

XG@B EBGHI MX TMBB \MNOB JGU BGTHGX[ AG_X@ND

MEX[UMH[

[ao stuky pmvos tao wmy jgr tao rohgdn`t`gn mnk `ntrgkuht`gn gj us`nd `nk`donguscmtor`mb ms mn mbtornmt`vo sgbut`gn `n tao prgkuht`gn gj bgw hgst agus`nd tg bgwor

hgnstruht`gn hgst mnk agus`nd emhibgds.

[ao stuky mttocpts tg k`shgvor tao ut`b`zmt`gn mnk onk-usors mhhoptme`b`ty gj

XG@B EBGHIX (XE). @t m`cs tg `ntrgkuho mnk ovmbumto tao porjgrcmnho gj XE ms wmbbpmnob `n tao hgnstruht`gn gj bgw hgst agus`nd spoh`j`hmbby `n mroms gj prgkuht`gn,

ut`b`zmt`gn, hgnstruht`gn mnk onk-usors porhopt`gn gn tao mhhoptme`b`ty gj tao prgkuht.

[ao XE tohangbgdy `n tao \a`b`pp`nos `n `ts prosont pgs`t`gn `n tao wgrbk `s st`bbwmy eoa`nk `n torcs gj si`bbjub uso gj sh`ont`j`h mnk tohangbgd`hmb tohan`quos, oqu`pcont

mnk prghossos. XEs b`c`tok oxpgsuro hmn eo trmhok tg jmhtgr suha ms tao vory b`c`tok

prgkuhors gj XE9 tao bmhi gj prgcgt`gn mnk cmriot`nd strmtody mcgnd prgkuhors9 tao bmhigj mwmronoss gj tao tohangbgdy mcgnd cmss agus`nd kovobgpors9 tao ngn-mvm`bme`b`ty gj

oqu`pcont9 mnk tao qumb`ty gj tao sg`b `tsobj.

@n torcs gj `ts pgtont`mb mppb`hmt`gn, tao ut`b`zmt`gn gj XE gvor HAE rokuhos tao

hgst gj agus`nd hgnstruht`gn ey =< tg 5


12/25

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@n vòw gj tao r`s`nd hgsts gj hgnstruht`gn mnk tao nook tg hgntrèuto tg tao

sgbut`gn gj tao ovor drgw`nd agus`nd emhibgd prgeboc, tao stuky pmvos tao wmy jgr tao

rohgdn`t`gn mnk mhhoptmnho gj us`nd `nk`dongus eu`bk`nd cmtor`mbs jgr bgw hgst agus`ndhgnstruht`gn. @t prgpgsos mbtornmt`vo sgbut`gns `n tao prgkuht`gn gj bgw hgmst agus`nd tgsgbvo tao hurront emhibgds. @t `ts ont`roty, tao rosomrha stuky mkkrossos tao hgnhorn gj tao

pgro mnk cmrd`nmb`zok sohtgr gj sghòty tg amvo mhhoss tg mjjgrkmebo saobtor.

[ao rosubts gj ta`s stuky mro oxpohtok tg eonoj`t mbsg tao jgbbgw`nd6

Agus`nd mnk _remn Kovobgpcont Hggrk`nmt`nd Hgunh`b (A_KHH). Ms tao

dgvorncont hggrk`nmt`nd mdonhy `n agus`nd, `t sagubk prgv`ko `ns`dats `n aobp`nd tg ro-

ovmbumto ox`st`nd pgb`hòs mnk prgdrmcs gn tao prgcgt`gn mnk mhhrok`tmt`gns gj`nk`dongus eu`bk`nd cmtor`mbs jgr bgw hgst agus`nd.

Dgvorncont J`nmnh`mb @nst`tut`gns. [g prgv`ko `ns`dats gn tao pgtont`mb gj junk`nd

kovobgpcontmb bgmns jgr prgfohts `n cmss agus`nd prgkuht`gns ut`b`z`nd egta HOE mnk XE.Xpoh`j`h mroms gj hgnhorn ey ta`s `nst`tut`gn mro tao hgbbmtormb vmbuo mnk ohgngc`h b`jo

spmn gj tao agus`nd un`ts.

Agus`nd @nsurmnho Dumrmntoo Hgrpgrmt`gn. [ao mhtumb porjgrcmnho gj XE w`bb

prgv`ko tao hgrpgrmt`gn tao hmpme`b`ty tg kotorc`no tao oxtont gj dumrmnty gn agus`ndun`ts us`nd XE mnk tmion-gut ey mny j`nmnh`mb `nst`tut`gn.

HOE/XE \rgkuhors. [g kotorc`no jookemhi pmrt`hubmrby gn tao womi pg`nt gj XE

waon uso jgr oxtornmb wmbb pmnob `n grkor tg `cprgvo tao systoc gj prgkuht`gn.Aguso Eu`bkors. [ao stuky w`bb prgv`ko tao `njgrcmt`gn jgr kov`s`nd tao comsuros

tg `cprgvo tao cotagk gj hgnstruht`gn ut`b`z`nd XE ms wobb ms cm`ntm`n`nd kurme`b`ty gj

tao agus`nd un`ts.

Uosomrhaors. [ao rosubts gj ta`s stuky hgubk prgv`ko now ingwbokdo mnk mt taosmco t`co onhgurmdo gtaor rosomrhaors tg hgnkuht s`c`bmr stukòs gn tao ut`b`zmt`gn gj

`nk`dongus cmtor`mbs tg rokuho tao hgst gj agus`nd.

CO[AGKGBGDPXEs mro jgrcok ey hgcpross`nd sb`datby cg`stonok omrta `n m cmnumbby gr

cohamn`hmbby gpormtok stoob pross. XEs mro sgb`k rohtmndubmr sampo w`ta mn mvormdowo`dat gj :c i`bgdrmc mnk mn mvormdo hgcpross`vo strondta gj =,=


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Tot C`x`nd

Hgcpross`gn

Uocgv`nd jrgc cgbkTot Hur`nd

Kry`nd

Xtghi`nd

OX[@CM[O GJ E_KDO[ UO]_@UOK6 \ ;,?


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Ovorykmy, truhis, eusos mnk hmrs run m c`n`cuc spook gj =


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ON[UP NG 1

[@[BO

HGHGN_[ A_XIX6 M X_EX[@[_[O JGU

[AOUCMB JGMC MX AOM[ @NX_BM[GU @N

E_@BK@ND HGNX[U_H[@GN

MEX[UMH[[a`s stuky jghusos gn tao stuky gj tao rob`me`b`ty mnk ojj`hònhy gj hghgnut ausis

ms aomt `nsubmtgr usok `n struhturmb kos`dns suha ms taomtors, dycnmsùcs, stmkùcs,

gjj`hos, ros`kont`mb, eu`bk`nds, wmroagusos, mnk amndmrs.Eo`nd s`tumtok `n tao trgp`hmb rod`gn, tao \a`b`pp`nos amvo twg hb`cmtos `n tao

wagbo yomr wot mnk kry somsgns. Kur`nd tao kry somsgns wa`ha ngrcmbby bmst jgr s`x

cgntas, jrgc Kohoceor tg Cmy, oxtroco aomt (51-8;) kodroo Hobsùs) hgvors tao wagbohguntry spoh`mbby tao hgndostok uremn mroms.

\ogpbo tmio tao`r rost, amvo jun wgri `n eu`bk`nds. Eut jgr ta`s eu`bk`nd tg eo

hgnkuh`vo tg suha mht`v`tòs, gno roqu`rocont `s tao ame`tme`b`ty wa`ha comns mvm`bme`b`tygj hggb`nd systocs, bìo m`r-hgnk`t`gn`nd un`ts mnk/gr obohtr`h jmns. Eut ngt mbb amvo tao

buxury gj dott`nd ta`s oxtrmvmdmnt oqu`pcont. @n grkor ngt tg fogpmrk`zo rovonuo gutputs

jgr hgccorh`mb eus`nossos, pogpbo cmy rosgrt tg sgco haompor gpt`gns tg sustm`n tao`r

gpormt`gns.@n tao mkvont gj cgkorn tohangbgdòs taoso kmys, jow pogpbo ingw megut tao

usojubnoss gj hghgnut ausi. . Eut ms`ko jrgc tao ngt`gn gj `t ms s`cpby usok hghgnut

ebmniot jgr orgs`gn, taoro mro cmny cgro k`cons`gns tg `t. Jrgc jboxèbo pmhimd`nd tgeu`bk`nd cmtor`mbs tg obohtr`hmb hmpmh`tgrs, tao prgportòs gj hghgnut ausi jgrc prgv`kos m

bgt gj eonoj`ts tg cmni`nk. @t hmn eo usok ms aomt mesgreor. @t hmn agbk aomt tg sgco oxtont

mnk `s usok ey sgco eu`bk`nd jgr ta`s purpgso.

[arguda pgsa hgnkgc`nùc mnk hgccorh`mb eu`bk`nds uso m`r- hgnk`t`gn`ndsystoc ms tao`r comns gj hggb`nd tao`r surrgunk`nds, tao mvm`bme`b`ty mnk ocpbgycont gj

hghgnut ausi ms m cmtor`mb jgr aomt `nsubmt`gn `n tao eu`bk`nd hgnstruht`gns hgns`kor`nd `ts

haompor hgst hmnngt eo k`srodmrk.


[ao `cpgrtmnt ta`nd tamt hgcos `n tg gur c`nk `s gn agw tg rokuho tao aomt tamt

tao rggj gj m hortm`n eu`bk`nd eo`nd gesorvok. Taon gur rosomrha w`bb dgos gn cmy eo wo

hmn jgunk `t gut tamt us`nd tao hghgnut ausa mnk mbuc`nuc jg`b hgubk aobp gur hguntrymnk pogpbo ey d`v`nd taoc tao `njgrcmt`gn megut ta`s i`nk gj cmtor`mbs hmn eo uso ms tao`r

`nsubmtgr mnk `n mjjgrkmebo pr`ho.

=. \ogpbo `n hgnstruht`gn eus`noss hmn amvo m w`ko vmròty gj gpt`gns w`tarodmrk tg tao cmtor`mbs mnk oqu`pcont tamt hmn eo usok tg cmx`c`zo tao

mesgrpt`gn gj aomt `n eu`bk`nd kos`dns.


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5. Mssos tao rob`me`b`ty, ojjoht`vonoss mnk ojj`hònhy gj ocpbgy`nd hghgnutausi ms aomt mesgreor tg tao eu`bk`nd mnk gtaor struhturos roqu`r`nd hggb`nd

systoc.8. Amvo m cgkob stuky gn tao stmnkmrks gj us`nd tao mbuc`nuc jg`b `n

struhturmb kos`dns.

CO[AGKGBGDP[ao jgrcubmt`gn gj tao stuky eo`nd hgnkuhtok usos tao oxpor`contmb cotagk gj

rosomrha. [ao rosomrhaors usok tg propmro ta`s cotagk gj rosomrha tg kotorc`no tao me`b`ty

gj tao cmtor`mb tg eo usok ms tg tocpormturo tost `s hgnhornok.[ao oxpor`cont usos hghgnut ausi `n tao jgrc gj ebmniot mnk mbuc`nuc jg`b (jbox`

jg`b).

Jgr `nsubmt`gn, woro tao kmtm sagubk eo dmtaorok jrgc tao twg cgkob gj rggj`nd (`n

eu`bk`nds rggj)6 gno `s eo`nd mppbòk ey tao oxpor`contmb `nsubmt`gn mnk tao gtaor amsngno tg prgv`ko m rojoronho jgr hgcpmr`sgn.

Xgurho gj Kmtm[ao hghgnut ausis `n tao jgrc gj ebmniot mnk mbuc`nuc jg`b (jbox` jg`b) woro usok

ms `nsubmt`nd cmtor`mbs `n rggj`nd. [aoso cmtor`mbs woro k`rohtby mppbòk `n tao rggjs, `n

wa`ha tao hghgnut ausi `s j`rst tg mttmha eoygnk tao dmbvmn`zok `rgn saoots (D.@.) rggj`nd,

jgbbgwok ey tao mbuc`nuc jg`b tamt w`bb sorvok ms aomt stgrmdo tamt pmssos targuda taojgmc.

[ao oxpor`contmb cgkob nook tao aomtor, tg eo mebo tg cmio tao rggc aomtok sg ms

tao prosonho gj aomt tao rosomrhaor hmn dmtaor tocpormturo kmtm `n egta aguso cgkob,wa`ha tao gno hgntm`n tao `nsubmt`gn cmtor`mbs mnk tao otaor ams ngno.

Cmtor`mbs mnk Oqu`pconts6

D.@. XaootHghgnut ausis

Mbuc`nuc Jg`b

AomtorBmegrmtgry taorcgcotor

C`n`mturo gj Eu`bk`nd (jgr kocgnstrmt`gn purpgsos)

\rghokuro6[ao oxpor`cont wms mppbòk `n tao rggj`nd gj tao eu`bk`nd gr struhturo. [wg (5)

rggjs woro usok9 gno (=) rggj ams ng `nsubmt`gn mppbòk, tg hgntm`n tao aomt mesgre ey tao

rggc w`tagut mny `nsubmt`gn mppbòk. Mnk tao gtaor gno (=) rggj sagubk hgntm`n taooxpor`contmb `nsubmt`nd cmtor`mbs, tao rosomrhaor usok wa`ha mro tao hghgnut ausi mnk

mbuc`nuc jg`b (tao jbox` gno)

Ovory rggjs tao rosomrhaor usos9 m b`dat aomtor tg eo `nstmbbok tg tao tgp guts`ko tao

cgkob aguso ms m sgurho gj aomt. [g eo mebo tao rosomrhaor kotorc`nos tao aomt prosont `ntao rggc, ey tao uso gj bmegrmtgry taorcgcotor `n wa`ha sagubk eo pbmhok `ns`ko tao

rggc tg tao egta cgkob aguso tg d`vo tao rosomrhaor tao k`jjoront mcgunt gj tocpormturo.

=. \ropmro tao cgkob aguso tgdotaor w`ta tao gtaor cmtor`mbs mnk oqu`pconttg eo usok `n tao oxpor`cont


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5. Comsuro tao k`cons`gns gj tao rggj mnk wmbb tg eo usok `n hutt`nd tao`nsubmt`nd cmtor`mbs (hghgnut ausi mnk mbuc`nuc jg`b).

8. Mppby tao `nsubmt`nd cmtor`mbs tg tao rggj `n gno cgkob aguso9 mnk tg taorggj mnk wmbb tg tao gtaor cgkob aguso.

;. Ms tao cgkob aguso ams eoon mppb`ok ey tao `nsubmt`nd cmtor`mbs hgnnoht

tao aomtor jrgc sgco sgurho gj aomt, k`rohtby hgnnoht tao D.@. Xaoots.?. Bot tao cgkob aguso mhqu`ro tao aomt jgr mt bomst =?-8< c`nutos, tg d`votao rosomrhaors mn mcgunt gj tocpormturo.

:. Ey tao uso gj bmegrmtgry taorcgcotor, comsuro tao aomt prosont `n taocgkob aguso mnk rohgrk. Kg `t `n twg (5) cgkob aguso.

4. Kg tao tocpormturo romk`nd taroo (8) t`cos `n taroo k`jjoront spoh`j`hpor`gk gj t`co. (16


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Hgmt`nds eo`nd spoh`jòk jgr uso guts`ko tao donormb purpgsos roprosontok gn tao prgkuht

b`tormturo. [ao cotmbb`h p`dcontok hmtodgry hgcpr`sos prgkuhts hgntm`n`nd obocontmb

cotmbb`h p`dconts jgr o`taor mostaot`h romsgn. Tmtor prggj`nd mnk sombors hgnst`tutoprgkuhts `ntonkok tg provont wmtor `nj`btrmt`gn ey jgrc`nd m j`bc gvor hgnhroto gr

cmsgnry.

CO[AGKGBGDP[ao `cpbocontmt`gn gj ta`s rosomrha w`bb unkordg k`jjoront stmdos bìo =.)\bmnn`nd

5.) Hgbboht`gn gj Grdmn`h Xpoh`con mnk soboht`gn gj mpprgpr`mto hgnhroto wmbb tost mrom

8.) Hgnkuht`nd Grdmn`h [ost gn hgnhroto wmbbs ;.) Kovobgpcont gj `nstmbbmt`gncotagkgbgdy. [ao j`rst twg cotagks `j ngt `nhbukok `n tao prghoss jgr taoy mro stmnkmrks

tamt sagubk eo jgbbgwok ey omha rosomrhaor, taus mbb tao nohossmry prohmut`gn sagubk eo

mppbòk wa`bo porjgrc`nd tao sm`k oxpor`contmt`gn. @t `s mbsg unkorstggk tamt prghoss tamt

w`bb eo uso `n tao grdmn`h rosomrha w`bb unkor dg vmr`gus tost mnk cotagk hgnj`durmt`gn.

Ovmbumt`gn tao vmr`gus pm`nt jm`buros.

[ao mppb`hmt`gn gj tao grdmn`h cmtor`mb cust mkgpt tao mbb typos gj womtaorhgnk`t`gn. [aorojgro prgpor ovmbumt`gn gj tao mrom mnk pm`nt jm`buros sagubk eo

prgporby `kont`jòk `n grkor tg bghmto tao v`tmb pg`nt waoro tao grdmn`h hgcpgunk

w`bb ovontumbby eo pbmho.

=. Hgnkuht`gn gj [ost jgr tao grdmn`h cmtor`mb[ao sobohtok wmbb w`bb eo pbmho gn mn gesorvmtgry ems`s comn`nd mbb nohossmry

kmtm rodmrk`nd tao wmbb spoh`j`hmt`gn mnk bghmt`gn w`ta tao gtaor v`tmb `njgrcmt`gn

megut tao hgnhroto w`bb eo rohgrkok, mn mkaos`vo tamt `s cgst mpprgpr`mto jgr taowmbb w`bb eo mppbòk tg tao hagson mrom, taon tao grdmn`h cmtor`mb wa`ha `s

hurrontby `n m ebghi sampo w`bb eo dr`nk mnk w`bb eo mppbòk gn tao wmbb egta

oxtornmb mnk `ntornmb mrom gj tao wmbb. Taon grdmn`h cmtor`mb `s jubby mppbòk gn

tao wmbb tao pm`nt hgmt`nd w`bb taon eo bmstby mppbòk. [aon gesorvmt`gn t`co w`bbeo sot tg ingw tao ojjoht`voby gj tao cmtor`mb tgwmrks tao pm`n hgmt`nd.

5. Kovobgpcont gj Mppb`hmt`gn Cotagk_pgn tao vmr`gus tost mnmbys`s mnk tao mppb`hmt`gn jgr tao mhtumb tost s`to,

mhhgrk`nd tg tao vmr`gus struhturmb pm`ntors egta `nkustr`mb mnk bghmb tao hgccgn

onhguntorok prgeboc `s agw tg cmx`c`zo tao mkaos`gn gj pm`nt hgmt`nd mnkcubt`pbo hgmt`nd wgubk ovontumbby rosubt tg jbmtt`nd, `n ta`s rosomrha tao cotagk `s

mppby`nd gnby m s`ndbo hgmt mnk w`ta tao grdmn`h hgcpgunk `n uso, taoro `s mbsg

pmrt gj tao cotagk tamt w`bb eo hgccgn tg mbb tao usor gj tao hgmt`nd mppb`hmt`gn

waoro `n taoro sagubk eo m prgpor mppb`hmt`gn gj tao surjmho propmrmt`gn.


[ao `ssuo gj wmtor ponotrmt`gn hgntrgb `n eu`bk`nd hgnstruht`gn `s ms gbk ms tao

trmko `tsobj, ghhurr`nd waonovor taroo hgnk`t`gns ox`st6 =. Tmtor `s prosont gn tao gutorjmho gj tao wmbb. 5. [aoro `s mn gpon`nd targuda wa`ha wmtor hmn pmss. 8. M jgrho tg kr`vo

tao wmtor targuda tao gpon`nd. [aus tg provont cg`sturo ponotrmt`gn `ntg tao wmbb

mssoceby, mt bomst gno gj taoso jmhtgrs cust eo hgntrgbbok. _njgrtunmtoby, tao j`rsthgnk`t`gn `s unmvg`kmebo.


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Ta`bo taoro mro kos`dn jomturos suha ms tao uso gj gvoramnds gr oyoergws gvor

w`nkgws tamn hmn k`vort cgst wmtor mwmy jrgc hr`t`hmb mroms, tao oxtor`gr wmbbs w`bb

donormbby eo oxpgsok tg rm`n. [ao sohgnk hgnk`t`gn hmn ghhur n vmr`gus romsgns,`nhbuk`nd kmcmdo, pggr cm`ntonmnho, gr `cprgpor cmtor`mb kos`dn mnk/ gr `nstmbbmt`gn.

M b`ttbo cgro tamn m kohmko mdg, prossuro-oqumb`zmt`gn tohangbgdy wms

suhhossjubby `nhgrpgrmtok `ntg mn O@JX Kos`dn. Eut ngw w`ta tao hurront prgeboc gn agwtg k`spgso grdmn`h hgcpgunk, m now `nngvmt`gn gn grdmn`h hgcpgunk ovgbut`gn `s eo`nd`ntrgkuho ms m cg`sturo mesgre`nd hgcpgunk tg prgbgnd tao b`jo spmn gj tao hgnhroto

wmbbs ospoh`mbby gn trgp`hmb mroms.

Jrgc m kos`dn stmnkpg`nt, tao j`rst stop `s tg k`v`ko tao eu`bk`nd jmho `ntghgcpmrtconts ey ostmeb`sa`nd mroms gj mpprgx`cmto oqumb w`nk prossuros. Mcor`hmn

Xgh`oty gj H`v`b Ond`noors (MXHO) C`n`cuc Kos`dn Bgmks jgr Eu`bk`nds mnk gtaor

Xtruhturos prgv`kos prghokuros mnk du`kob`nos jgr kotorc`n`nd w`nk prossuro gn jmhmkos

gj vmr`gus eu`bk`nd typos. Jgr eu`bk`nds w`ta unusumb oxpgsuros gr un`quo kos`dnjomturos, w`nk tunnob tosts hmn mbsg eo porjgrcok.

OX[@CM[O E_KDO[ UO]_@UOK

; B`tors Hgnhroto Tmbb (Dbgssy) \m`nt \rojormebo Egyson

= emd Xmnk, = emd Drmvob, = emd Hocont, 5 ph HAE

= `nha ta`hi Amrk`jbox \by wggkGrdmn`h Cmtor`mb

G[AOUX

[G[MB OX[@CM[OK HGX[ ?


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ON[UP NG =

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FEATI UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Department