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Feb 2009 1
CMS experiment at LHC
Geoff Hall
Imperial College London
Geoff Hall
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall2
Large Hadron Collider
Latest CERN accelerator started 2008 very high intensity
1015 collisions per year very high rate
beams cross @ 40MHz few “interesting” events
~100 Higgs decays per year Beams
7 TeV protons => 14 TeV energy
also ions (eg Pb)
(but a small problem occurred - with a big impact)
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall 3
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall4
Experiment by collisions
Colliding beams maximises the energy available to create new particles (compared to shooting at a target)
uu
d
uu
d
Hadron collisions are actually between their constituent parts…
~ 1/p ≈ 1/E gluons quarks: both valence and sea (≈ real and virtual) and the particles they exchange (Z, W,…)
What do we actually do?
We design, build and operate the experiments LHC was & is enormously challenging so it’s taken a long time… some illustrations of how the experiments are built
We analyse the data in the LHC energy range, theory eventually fails so something new must be found for the first time in many years, only experiment can tell us what
Now the construction has finished most effort will go into looking at data PhD students and young researchers will be doing most of the work
Snapshot of some typical work in progress
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall5
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall6
CMS Compact Muon Solenoid
ECAL
Tracker
HCAL
4T solenoid
Muon chambers
Total weight: 12,500 tOverall diameter: 15 mOverall length 21.6 mMagnetic field 4 T
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall7
Design philosophy
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall8
Muon System
195k DT channels210k CSC channels162k RPC channels
Gaseous planar ionisation detectors embedded in iron magnet return yoke to measure particle trajectories
YE+3 Nov 2006
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall9
YB0 Feb 2007
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall10
December 2007
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall11
YE-1 Jan 2008
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall12
Geoff Hall13
CMS August 2008
Feb 2009
T. Virdee CMS Week Dec0814
First data
First LHC Beam (10 Sept)
10 September 2008: beams were steered into collimators and secondary particles detected in CMSbefore and after September ~ 300 M cosmic ray events recorded
Machine incident
A superconducting cable connecting magnets and carrying ~9kA “quenched” – became resistive - and began to heat up
in < 1s the cable failed and an arc punctured the helium enclosure, releasing gas at high pressure
all the protection systems worked, but the pressure rose higher than expected
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall15
improve monitoringrepair magnetsrestart summer 2009
Since September, impressive diagnosis of what happened…so:
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall16
Discoveries…
Look at interactions for unexpected behaviour
like large energy at large angle to beam
(how Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus) evidence of short-lived particles
visible evidence Indirect, by peaks in mass spectra
Old picture of a charmed particle production and decay in a bubble chamber
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall17
Physics requirements (I)
Mass peak one means of discovery
=> small (pT)
eg H => ZZ or ZZ* => 4l±
typical pT(µ) ~ 5-50GeV/c
Background suppression measure lepton charges good geometrical acceptance - 4 leptons background channel t => b => l
require m(l+l-) = mZ Z ~ 2.5GeV precise vertex measurement identify b decays, or reduce fraction in data
m2 = Ei2
i∑ −pi
2
tt
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall18
Physics requirements (II)
ΔpT
pT
≈0.15pT (TeV)⊕ 0.5%
p resolution
large B and L
high precision space points detector with small intrinsic meas
well separated particles good time resolution low occupancy => many channels good pattern recognition
minimise multiple scattering minimal bremsstrahlung, photon conversions
material in tracker most precise points close to beam
σ(pT )pT
~pT
σmeas
B.L2 Npts
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall19
What we hope to find at LHC
Higgs discovery and measurementeg. simplest SM variant several detectable decay channels but, ultimately, modest numbers of
events are expected at LHCp pH
µ+
µ-
µ+
µ-
Z
Z
plus much possible new physics eg SUSY, extra dimensions,…
H-> 4µ
30fb-1
2000
1500
1000
500
Expected number of events
600500400300200mH [GeV/c
2]
Signal Background
H -> 4l
300fb-1
Slide 20
The Higgs Model The Higgs is different ! Higgs is the only scalar particle in the SM
All the matter particles are s=½ fermions All the force carriers are s=1 bosons
Postulated to give rise to mass throughspontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking
Also to neutrinos if Dirac particles It would be the first fundamental scalar ever
discovered
Frankly, almost nothing is known about the Higgs Nothing is known for the Yukawa-coupling Nothing is known for the Higgs self-coupling Single Higgs? Two Higgs field doublets? Additional singlet? SUSY? MSSM? NMSSM? Extra-dimensions? If the Higgs is discovered, mapping the potential is crucial
€
V()=µ2++(+)2
= (v+H)/√2
mH2=2v2=-2µ2
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall21
NLO
Production of the Higgs
The production cross-section is calculable.
It depends on the Higgs mass, and the production mechanisms.
The Higgs mass is not known and there are few theoretical constraints on it.
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall22
H -> ZZH -> ZZ(*) (*) ->4->4ll - golden mode - golden mode
H->ZZ->ee
Background: tt, ZZ, Background: tt, ZZ, llllbb (“Zbb”)bb (“Zbb”)
Selections :Selections :- lepton isolation in tracker and calolepton isolation in tracker and calo- lepton impact parameter, lepton impact parameter, , ee vertex , ee vertex - mass windows Mmass windows MZ(*)Z(*), M, MHH
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall23
The luminosity challenge
10331033
10351035
1032 cm-2 s-1 1032 cm-2 s-1
10341034
Full LHC luminosity~20 interactions/bx
Proposed SLHC luminosity~300-400 interactions/bx
HZZ ee, MH= 300 GeV for different luminosities in CMS
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall24
TOBTOB
TIDTIDTIBTIB
TECTEC
PDPD
Tracker system
Radiation environment ~10Mrad ionising~1014 hadrons.cm-2
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall25
Microstrip Tracker automated module assemblyOuter barrel
3.1M channels
Inner barrel 2.4M channels
Endcaps3.9M channels
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall26
Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Scine
Preshowerbased on Si sensors
ECAL Barrel17 xtal shapes
ECAL Endcap1 crystal shape
Preshowerbased on Si sensors
ECAL Barrel17 xtal shapes
ECAL Endcap1 crystal shape
Parameter Barrel Endcaps
Depth in X0 25.8 24.7
# of crystals 61200 14648
Volume 8.14m3 2.7m3
Xtal mass (t) 67.4 22.0
Scintillating crystals of heavy material – PbWO4
Light produced by electromagnetic showers
Light signal proportional to electron or photon energy
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall27
Trigger and DAQ systems
Trigger selects particle interactions that are potentially of interest for physics analysis
DAQ collects the data from the detector system, formats and records to permanent storage
First-level trigger: very fast selection using custom digital electronics Higher level trigger: commercial computer farm makes more sophisticated
decision, using more complete data, in < 40-50 ms
Trigger requirements High efficiency for selecting processes of interest for physics analysis Large reduction of rate from unwanted high-rate processes Decision must be fast Operation should be deadtime free Flexible to adapt to experimental conditions Affordable
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall28
p pH
jet jet
e+
e-
Z
Z
Triggering
Primary physics signatures in the detector are combinations of: Candidates for energetic electron(s) (ECAL) Candidates for µ(s) (muon system) Hadronic jets (ECAL/HCAL)
Vital not to reject interesting events Fast Level-1 decision (≈3.2 µs) in custom hardware
up to 100kHz with no dead-time Higher level selection in software
Tracker not part of L1 trigger Data volume enormous Technically not possible for LHC
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall29
LHC Trigger Levels
Snapshot of work in progress
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall 30
Supersymmetry
A new symmetry of nature? each fermion has a boson partner (& vice versa) not yet observed! - therefore likely to be heavy SUSY solves some problems with Higgs mass (in GUTs)
there is a lightest SUSY state into which others decay it does not interact with ordinary matter
could therefore be the explanation for dark matter it would not be directly observed in CMS
the signature would be large missing energy – this relies on good hadron calorimetry but it would wise not to depend on a single technique
If SUSY exists, it may show up very early at LHC
Feb 2009 Geoff Hall31
Tom Whyntie
On behalf of the CMS IC SUSY Group (+ friends)
Early SUSY searches with the all-hadronic n-jet channel.
Tom Whyntie IC CMS Meeting, 22nd October 2008 33
Overview
• Introduction• How can we discover SUSY with CMS?
• The dijet search channel• A calo-MET independent SUSY search?
• The n-jet search channel• How do we go from n to 2 jets?
• A suggested strategy for n-jets• S/B ~7 for LM1 SUSY?
• Conclusions and plans
Tom Whyntie IC CMS Meeting, 22nd October 2008 34
Introduction: SUSY at CMS
Goal: discover SUSY at CMS
• Early data, L < 1 fb-1;• Minimal understanding of the detector.
SUSY parameter space considered:
• CMS benchmarks: LM1-9 (TDR)• Low mass MSuGra SUSY• e.g. LM1:m0 = 60GeV, m1/2 = 250, A0, tan = 10, sign() = +
Tom Whyntie IC CMS Meeting, 22nd October 2008 35
The Dijet Search Channel
Analysis note recently approved: CMS AN-2008/071
(Flaecher, Jones, Rommerskirchen, Stoye)
• Two high pt jets• Large missing energy
Missing energy relies on calorimeter – is there a way of just using the jets?
Is it possible to formulate a discriminating observable based on jet kinematics?
Backgrounds• QCD dijet events• Z + jets• tt + jet(s), W + jet(s), etc.
q
q
q
LSP
LSP
q
q
q
+ similar
Tom Whyntie IC CMS Meeting, 22nd October 2008 36
Results for the Dijet System