BIOLOGY STAAR REVIEW

Feb 22, 2012

(4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:

(B) INVESTIGATE AND EXPLAIN CELLULAR PROCESSES, INCLUDING HOMEOSTASIS, ENERGY CONVERSIONS, TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES, AND SYNTHESIS OF NEW MOLECULES;

Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Maintains homeostasis for the cell.

OSMOSIS Cells will shrivel when put into a

solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic)

If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic)

Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic)

PASSIVE Does NOT require energy Goes with the concentration

gradient (high to low) Simple Diffusion, Facilitated

DiffusionACTIVE Requires energy from ATP Goes against the concentration

gradient (low to high) Active Transport, Endocytosis,

Exocytosis

(C) COMPARE THE STRUCTURES OF VIRUSES TO CELLS, DESCRIBE VIRAL REPRODUCTION, AND DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF VIRUSES IN CAUSING DISEASES SUCH AS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND INFLUENZA.

Living prokaryote

Non –living – not made of cells must reproduce in

host cell

LYTIC PATHWAY - RAPID REPLICATION OF THE VIRUS, ENDING IN CELL LYSIS (OR DEATH). MORE VIRUSES ARE RELEASED TO INFECT OTHER CELLS

▪Lysogenic pathway▪ The virus stays within the cell until certain environmental triggers cause it to enter the lytic cycle.

WHAT IS A VACCINE A vaccine is a biological preparation

that improves immunity to a particular disease.

A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.

(5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.

CELL CYCLEDuring the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells , each which begins the cycle again.

CELL CYCLE COMPONENTS

Interphase Cell division

New DNA is formed during 3 phases:

G1 – 1st period of growth 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and

organelles.

S1 – DNA is synthesized or replicated 1. Chromosomes are replicated. 2. New DNA molecules are synthesized.

G2 – final cell growth1. Shortest phase

2. Prepares cell for mitosis

4 phases:

(PMAT)

Mitosis1) Prophase

2) Metaphase3) Anaphase4) Telephase

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS THAT RESULT FROM MITOSIS & MEIOSIS MITOSIS produces 2 identical diploid

(2N) cells

MEIOSIS produces 4 different haploid (N) cells

(GAMETES)

INTERRUPTIONS IN THE CELL CYCLE CAN LEAD TO….. CANCER

Causes of cancer

smoking tobaccoRadiation exposureViral infection

ROLES OF DNA DNA determines an organism’s

traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins.

The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information.

(6) Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics.

COMPONENTS OF DNA

* PHOSPHATE group* SUGAR - deoxyribose

* nitrogen bases (1of4) Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Cytosine (C)

Thymine (T)

purines

pyrimidines

GENE EXPRESSION DETERMINES TRAITS EXAMPLE: Gene 1 - body covering GUA-AGC-UUA

(Use chart to find amino acids)

val - ser – leu The amino acids sequence will

determine the trait. hairless

RNA RNA contains

the base uracil (U)DNA has thymine (T)

RNA molecule is single-stranded

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GENETIC CODE A codon

designates an amino acid

An amino acid may have more than one codon

There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons

Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating

RNA Transcription-

mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes

Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain

MUTATIONS CAN BE INHERITED.MUTATIONS CAN BE ACQUIRED.

• DELETION– loss of a chromosomal segment

• DUPLICATION– repeat a segment

• INVERSION– reverses a segment

• TRANSLOCATION

– move segment from one chromosome to another

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WHAT RESULTS FROM MEIOSIS??4 haploid (N) cells

Genetically different from each other & the original cell

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GENETIC MODIFICATIONS Is the direct human manipulation of an

organism's genome using modern DNA technology.

Exampleso Cloning o Gene therapyo Genetically engineered plants

(7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life.

FOSSILS SHOW EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

Fossil record Homologies

Similar characteristics due to relatedness are known as homologies.

ANATOMICAL HOMOLOGY Another example of homology is the

forelimb of tetrapods (vertebrates with legs).

DEVELOPMENTAL HOMOLOGIES Snakes have legged ancestors.

Some species of living snakes have hind limb-buds as early embryos but rapidly lose the buds and develop into legless adults. The study of developmental stages of snakes, combined with fossil evidence of snakes with hind limbs, supports the hypothesis that snakes evolved from a limbed ancestor.

MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY Different species share genetic

homologies as well as anatomical ones. Roundworms, for example, share 25% of their genes with humans.

These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.

Divergent Evolution is also known as Adaptive Radiation

Evolutionary Stasis occurs when one or many species remain the same genetically with little change over long geological periods of time

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Darwin’s finches

WHAT OTHER INDUSTRIES WOULD BE WORRIED ABOUT RESISTANCE?

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

ALL IMAGES: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

(8) Science concepts. The student knows that taxonomy is a branching classification based on the shared characteristics of organisms and can change as new discoveries are made. The student is expected to:

ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION CHART BELOW, WHICH TWO ORGANISMS ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED?

(9) Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.

CARBOHYDRATESCOMPOSITION/STRUCTURE

C, H, O

FUNCTIONMAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY

TYPE/EXAMPLESGLUCOSE, GLYCOGN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, POLYSACCHARIDES,MONOSACCHARIDS, STARCH

LIPIDS

COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE

C,H,O ONE GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS

FUNCTION•STORES ENERGY•MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE•WATERPROOF COVERING

TYPE/EXAMPLESFATS, OILS, POLYUNSATURATED

PROTEINCOMPOSITION/STRUCTUREC, H, O, NLONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS

FUNCTIONBUILD MUSCLES, CELL MEMBRANES

TYPE/EXAMPLESENZYMES

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NUCLEIC ACID

COMPOSITION/STRUCTUREC, H, O, N, & P

FUNCTIONSTORE & TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO

TYPE/EXAMPLESDNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES

Click icon to add picture

MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP POLYMERS

Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many

PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

ROLE OF ENZYMES FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYMES

Lower activation energy

Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Make materials cells need

Releasing energy

Temperature

PH Salt

(11) Science concepts. The student knows that biological systems work to achieve and maintain balance. The student is expected to:

ANALYZE HOW ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS, & COMMUNITIES RESPOND TO EXTERNAL FACTORS

• Abiotic factors include any physical, or nonliving, part of the environment.

• Biotic factors include any living part of the environment.

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

Autotrophs/ Producers (Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic)

Heterotrophs/Consumers (Herb-/Carn-/Omn-ivores and Decomposers)

(12) Science concepts. The student knows that interdependence and interactions occur within an environmental system. The student is expected to:

THE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE...

PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM

Food Chains = a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Trophic Levels = each step in a food chain or food web

“Heterotrophs”“Consumers”

MainSource Energy flow through an Ecosystem

“Autotrophs”“Producers”

The Carbon CycleNutrient Cycles

The Nitrogen CycleProteins

Nitrogen Fixation

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