Upload
others
View
10
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Fecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh: Institutional and Regulatory Framework
i. Background of IRF Development
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Professor of BUET
&
Coordinator
South Asia Urban Knowledge Hub
Bangladesh, ITN-BUET
Rajendrapur BRAC Center18 December 2016
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Global Context
Of 7.0 billion global population, 2.4 billion people have access to sewers and 1.9 billion lack any services *
2.7 billion people worldwide depends on on-site sanitation (OSS); about 1.0 billion in urban areas; expected to grow to 5.0 billion by 2030 *
Estimated volume of faecal sludge about 245 billion litres/year with a market potential of $2.3 billion/year *
593 million in southern Asia depends on OSS
About 156 of 160 million in Bangladesh uses OSS
(* Ref: The Boston Consulting Group, December 2012)
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Shift in Global Thinking Re Sustainable Sanitation
OSS no more temporary solution; with effective FSM in place OSS could be effective, long term, sustainable solution
5.0 m3 untreated FS into environment is equivalent to about 5000 people practicing OD;
Cost of FSM technologies could be 5 times less expensive than conventional sewer based solutions
FSM based OSS can result in immediate environmental improvement as it does not have to wait for huge Capex to be arranged , which is required for sewer based solutions
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Sanitation Situation in Bangladesh
Improved sanitation 61%
Shared latrines 28%
Unimproved latrines 10%
Total 99%
Use some form of
latrines!1990 2000 2015
1%
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
National-Scale Sanitation Status: JMP 2015(Unicef-WHO)
Country Improved Sanitation
(% of population)
Open Defecation(% of population)
Sri Lanka 95 0
Bangladesh 61 1
Pakistan 64 13
Nepal 46 32
India 40 44
• Improvement in Sanitation Coverage in Bangladesh over the past decade is “remarkable”.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Sanitation technologies behind this rapid sanitation coverage
• Rapid increase in sanitation coverage was achieved through use of on-site sanitation facilities:
– Pour-flush latrines, and
– Septic tank system
7
Septic Tank System Major Option in All Urban Areas (including some Slums)
Sludge
Scum
Sludge
Fecal Sludge
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman 8
Pour Flush Sanitation(Rural areas; Urban slum/low-income communities)
Liquid
Infiltration
Pit
Fecal Sludge
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Fecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Fecal sludge is a growing concern in the developing world including Bangladesh.
In absence of appropriate management system discharge of fecal sludge into storm drains, adjacent water bodies or low-lying areas is common.
Such practice leading to serious environmental degradation giving rise to significant public health concerns and economic loss.
FSM therefore is a critical need throughout the developing world including Bangladesh
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM System Elements
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Disposal or reuse
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM Versus Network Sewerage
Household/ community OSS facility
Collection Transport Treatment Enduse/ Disposal
Household/ community
Private Company and/ or NGOs
DWASA DNCC/ DSCC
MoLGRDC Development partners
Private Company and/ or NGOs
FSM deals with the management of sludge from OSS facilities while wastewater management deals with sewered sanitation
FS may be treated separately or may be co-treated in a sewage treatment plant or may be treated with household solid waste
FSM must be seen as complete system
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM: Challenges related to Containment
Most human faeces are not contained
safely
Pit latrines and ‘septic tanks’ do not
function effectively
Faecal sludge finds its way directly
into the environment
Need to ensure safe containment of
onsite sanitation by setting and
enforcing building and emptying
regulations
Who will ensure that?
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM: Challenges related to Emptying and Transportation
Access to OSS facility
Appropriate collection system
(vehicle, safety issues)
Travel distance/ Transfer station
Often sludge does not reach official
dumping site due to indiscriminate
dumping of sludge
Existing services: informal and
outside public sector control
Small operators: difficult to run a
profitable business
Which institutions are
responsible?
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM: Challenges related to Treatment and Disposal
Only a small % is being treated due
to lack of dedicated facilities
Land for treatment
Standard treatment facilities require
massive investments
Quality assurance of treated FS for
enduse
Appropriate sludge treatment
plants are needed to ensure a
complete and effective sanitation
value chain
Institutional roles and responsibilities
need to be clearly defined.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Why Institutional/ Regulatory Framework?
To clearly assign responsibility of FSM to specific institutions based on based on existing laws, policies and strategies.
To avoid overlapping and unclear allocation of responsibilities of concerned institutions.
To identify specific roles/activities to be carried out by concerned institutions.
To ensure stakeholders coordination.
To facilitate attaining environmental, financial and social sustainability.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Background of Developing IRF for FSM in Bangladesh
Recognizing that
No specific institutional and regulatory framework exists for FSM, and
Lack of specific regulatory/institutional framework for FSM and absence of proven technology for treatment/disposal of fecal sludge are major barriers to successful FSM.
The 16th Meeting of National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation (held on September 4, 2014) took a decision to develop the Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Fecal sludge Management.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework on 18 November 2016
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Background…
04 September 2014: National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation in its 16th meeting decided to develop an institutional and regulatory framework for FSM.
18 November 2014: A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework, to ensure all stakeholders’ participation.
03 December 2014: First meeting of the WC held; modalitiesof developing FSM framework decided.
23 December 2014: First National Consultation on FSM held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Chief Guest.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Background…
16 February 2015: A Focus Group Discussion was held with the top management of DNCC and DSCC on FSM in Dhaka city, in the presence of the Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C.
21 March 2015: Second meeting of WC held; more members co-opted; field consultation plan finalized.
13 May 2015: Workshop on “field consultation” in urban and rural areas.
01 June 2015: A consultation meeting was held with Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB) on FSM in Paurashavas.
24 August 2015: Third meeting of the WC held; content of FSM frameworks finalized and drafting sub-committees formed.
May – August 2015: 22 field consultations held; 11 in rural areas and 11 in urban areas.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Field Consultation: UrbanSerial
NoLocation Responsible
OrganizationStatus
District Upazila/PourashavaCity Corporation
1 Chittagong Chittagong CC WaterAid, Chittagong CC
Completed
2 Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava WaterAid Completed
3 Khulna Khulna CC SNV Completed
4 Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava SNV Completed
5 Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava SNV Completed
6 Barisal Barisal CC PAB, DSK and Wash Alliance
Completed
7 Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava Practical Action Completed
8 Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava Practical Action Completed
9 Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava Practical Action Completed
10 Rangpur Rangpur CC Practical Action Completed
11 Rajshahi Rajshahi CC VERC Completed
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Field Consultation: Rural and Non-Paurashava Towns
SerialNo
Location Responsible Organization
Status
District Upazila/PaurashavaCity Corporation
1 Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila NGO-Forum Completed
2 Tangail Bhuapur Upazila NGO-Forum Completed
3 Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila VERC Completed
4 Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila VERC Completed
5 Borguna Borguna Sadar Plan Bangladesh Completed
6 Dinajpur Khansama Upazila Plan Bangladesh Completed
7 Kishoreganj Nikli Plan Bangladesh Completed
8 Sylhet Sadar Dakshin BRAC Completed
9 Jessore Sarsha BRAC Completed
10 Sylhet Golapganj BRAC Completed
11 Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla(Non-Pouroshova Town)
LGED Completed
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Rural and Non-Pouroshava Towns
Urban (Except Dhaka)
District Upazila/PourashavaCity Corporation
Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila
Tangail Bhuapur Upazila
Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila
Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila
Borguna Borguna Sadar
Dinajpur Khansama Upazila
Kishoreganj Nikli
Sylhet Sadar Dakshin
Jessore Sarsha
Sylhet Golapganj
Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla(Non-Pouroshova Town)
Chittagong Chittagong CC
Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava
Khulna Khulna CC
Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava
Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava
Narayanganj Narayanganj CC
Barisal Barisal CC
Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava
Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava
Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava
Rangpur Rangpur CC
Rajshahi Rajshahi CC
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Background… 22 October 2015: Drafting sub-committee finalized draft
FSM frameworks.
04 November 2015: WC meeting reviewed and finalized draft FSM frameworks for presentation before the National Consultation.
18 November 2015: Final National Workshop held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Special Guest. Based on feedback received, the FSM frameworks were finalized.
The National Forum for WSS finally recommended the IRF for
FSM in Bangladesh which is currently being translated in
Bangla.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
FSM Framework for Bangladesh
National FSM Framework
Rural FSM Urban FSM
Mega City Dhaka City Corporations Paurashava Towns
The frameworks have
been developed based
on provisions of the
Local Government Acts
(2009)
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Planning
Technology
Management
FSM requires an integrated systems approach,
incorporating technology, management and planning
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Fecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh: Institutional and Regulatory Framework
ii. Content of IRF for FSM in Bangladesh
Rajendrapur BRAC Center18 December 2016
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali
Professor of BUET
&
Director, ITN-BUET
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Outline of Each Framework
Chapter 1: Context
Chapter 2: Objectives and Scope of FSM Framework
Chapter 3: Participating Institutions
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
Chapter 5: Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 1: Context
• Describes the existing situation of sanitation and fecal sludge management (FSM) in the respective areas.
• Identifies the major challenges for implementing scientific and effective FSM.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 2: Objectives and Scope of FSM Framework
The Frameworks:
(a) Identify ways and means of implementing FSM services; and
(b) Define specific roles and responsibilities of various institutions and stakeholders (e.g., DNCC and DSCC for Dhaka, Khulna City Corporation, FaridpurPaurashava, DWASA, City Development Authorities, MoEF, etc.)
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 3: Participating Institutions
(a) Ministries: to endorse FSM framework; secure funding; technical support through respective line agencies (DPHE, LGED, WASAs); ensure enforcement of laws/ regulations; initiate inclusive planning and implementation of FSM; and monitoring through NFWSS.
• Local Government Division, Ministry of
LGRD&C: Lead Ministry
• 12 Other Ministries
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 3: Participating Institutions ….
(b) Local Government Authorities:
• DNCC and DSCC: Primary responsibility for Dhaka
• City Corporations: Primary responsibility for CC areas
• Paurashavas: Primary responsibility for Paurashava towns.
• Union Parishad: Main responsibility for rural areas; Upazila Parishad will play supporting role
• DPHE, LGED, WASAs: Supporting/ technical role
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 3: Participating Institutions ….
(c) Institutions for Capacity Building: e.g., Ministries and line agencies; academic/research institutions, development partners, I/NGOs, private sector.
(d) Institutions for Awareness Building: e.g., Ministries and line agencies; development partners, I/NGOs, CBOs, print/electronic/social media; private sector.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Inst
itu
tio
nal
set
up
fo
r FS
M in
Dh
aka
Cit
y C
orp
ora
tio
ns
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Inst
itu
tio
nal
set
up
fo
r FS
M in
C
ity
Co
rpo
rati
on
s
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Inst
itu
tio
nal
set
up
fo
r FS
M in
Pa
ura
shav
as
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
Section 4.1: Overview of existing laws, rules and regulations
Section 4.2: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
4.2.1 Primary responsibility of FSM
Mega City Dhaka: DNCC and DSCC
Areas under City Corporations: City Corporations
Paurashava towns: Paurashava Authority
Rural Areas: Union Parishad supported by Upazila Parishad
The Lead institutions may outsource specific activities to private organizations or may go for partnership with appropriate institutions for achieving certain goals
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
4.2.2 Sanitation facilities and disposal of fecal sludge/sewage
• Emphasis on proper design, location, construction of sanitation facilities (e.g., septic tanks) for new constructions;
• Inspection of sanitation facilities of existing structures;
• Prevention of disposal of sewage/ wastewater/ garbage in water bodies/ open places in accordance with provisions of Local Government Acts;
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
4.2.3 Fecal sludge collection and transport
• Focus on hygienic collection/emptying of fecal sludge, without adverse impacts on environment and public health, especially heath and safety of emptiers.
• Ensuring mechanical desludging and use of safety/ protective gears; integrating traditional pit emptier community in FSM services.
• Ensuring proper transportation of collected fecal sludge to treatment/ disposal site.
• Involvement of private sector in FSM services.
• Fixing of fees for collection and transport of fecal sludge.
• Development of database of sanitation facilities and service recipients.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
4.2.4 Fecal sludge treatment, disposal and reuse
• Emphasis on development of FS treatment facilities in collaboration with DPHE, LGED, WASAs, Private Sector.
• Interim facility (e.g., pits/ trenches) for disposal of fecal sludge before treatment facilities are built.
• Collaboration/ coordination with DoE, IEDCR, DAE for environmental compliance, and quality assurance and marketing of end products.
• Involvement of private sector in FS treatment.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
Section 4.3: “Environmental Police” for Field Compliance
• Development of necessary standards and guidelines for enduse and disposal of treated sludge.
• Ensuring environmental compliance.
• Initiative for developing “environmental police”.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
Section 4.4: Capacity Building, Training and Research
• Setting up of Unit/ Division in relevant LGIs (CCs, Paurashavas, Union Parishads) for FSM for effective delivery of FSM services.
• Skill development of LGIs and relevant stakeholders.
• Research and development.
• Coordination by LGD in capacity building, research and training initiatives on FSM, and dissemination of knowledge/ information.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 4: Distribution of Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
Section 4.5: Awareness Building
• With support from Ministries, involvement of local, national, international NGOs, research organizations, media to work on awareness raising.
Section 4.6: Technical Assistance and Funding Support
• Increased funding of GoB for development of FSM infrastructure.
• Development partners may provide technical assistance and funding support for establishing FSM services.
• Development of relevant standards/ guidelines for emptying, transportation, treatment and disposal; quality control/standardization of end products.
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Chapter 5: Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain
Section 5.1: Cost of FSM services
Section 5.2: Proposition of Fund Flow for FSM Services
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Household/ Community/
Institution
Collection andTransportation
Farmer/ Private Company/ NGOs
Paurashava/ City Corporation/
DNCC, DSCCTreatment Facilities
MoLGRDC
Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ DisposalEmptying Household/ Community/
Institution OSS facility Fecal Sludge Flow
Flow of Funds
Financial Aspects of FSM Service Chain
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman
Thank You