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Federalism
AP Government
Mrs. Esko
Definition of Federalism
• Federalism- a system of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the land and the people
• US Model - Dividing power between the Federal government and the state governments
Comparative look at Federalism
US Model of Federalism• Decentralizes our politics
– More opportunities to participate – Try calling John Kerry -- see how long it takes you to
get in touch with him, now call Ben Downing and see how long it takes to get in touch with him
• Decentralizes our policies– Which government should take care of which problem?– States can solve problems with the best interest of
their citizens in mind
Who has more power, a US Senator or the Governor of New York?
Are ALL politics really local?
Federalism Power Structure
• Delegated Powers (Enumerated Powers) - reserved to the Federal gov’t – Coin money, declare war, make treaties, regulate
interstate and foreign trade, conduct foreign affairs
• Reserved Powers- reserved to state gov’t– Issue licenses, regulate commerce within states
• Concurrent Powers- Powers granted to both the federal and state governments– Collect taxes, borrow $$, hold courts, build roads
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Necessary and Proper Clause
aka =The Elastic Clause
•Argument for- the delegates of the Constitutional Convention could never list all powers of the national government
•Argument against- the Constitution is intended to set up a limited government, this clause allows for too much interpretation
•10th Amendment?
•Nullification
Federalism Power Structure
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Intergovernmental Relations
• Dual Federalism - a system of government in which both Federal and state governments remain supreme within their own sphere
• Layer Cake Model
• Ended in the 1930s
Modern Intergovernmental Relations
• Cooperative Federalism - a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.– Shared costs– Shared administration – States follow federal guidelines
Public opinion who should be responsible for….
• Food and medical safety• Managing economy• Healthcare • Conservation of natural resources • Elderly care • College funding • Reducing poverty • Public Schools • Reducing Juvenile
*Source 1997 Pew Research Center survey
Public opinion who should be responsible for….
• Food and medical safety F-73% S&L-14%• Managing economy F-68% S&L-13%• Healthcare F-58% S&L-22%• Conservation of natural resources
F-52% S&L-21%• Elderly care F-46% S&L-30%• College funding F-35% S&L-19%• Reducing poverty F-34% S&L-27%• Public Schools F-22% S&L-50%• Reducing Juvenile F-7% S&L-34%
*Source 1997 Pew Research Center survey
Intergovernmental Relations Today
– Fiscal federalism - The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments.
Forms Of Fiscal Federalism -Grants in Aid
• Categorical Grants -– Money appropriated by
congress for a specific purpose
• Building highways
• School lunches
• Welfare
– Typically require states to match funds
– Seen as too rigid and difficult to apply to local needs
• Block Grants – Consolidated categorical
grants for broad activities • Highway dept.• Schools • Social services
– Give Congress less control over how the money is spent and no recognition for Congress for special projects
– Give the states more control over local gov’t because the determine funding and rules
Mandates • Mandate - a rule that tells states what they must do
in order to comply with federal guidelines• Often tied to federal grants - but can also have NO
federal funding • Most mandates apply to civil rights protections
– 1983 Social Security Amendments, 1984 Hazardous and solid Waste Amendments, Highway Safety Amendments, 1986 - Asbestos Emergency Response Act,Handicapped Children's Protection Act,Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, 1988 - Drug-Free Workplace Acts, Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1990 - Clean Air Act Amendments, Americans with Disabilities Act
Fiscal Federalism is the power of the national government to influence state
policies through grants. In 1984, when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed, it essentially created a national
drinking age of 21. States could still make it legal for those under 21 to drink alcohol,
but it would forfeit federal highway funding.
In America at Odds By Edward Sidlow, Beth Henschen, the author's outline the "Bridging of the Tenth Amendment" by
fiscal federalism. The education reform (ie: testing requirements) in the No Child Left Behind Act rely on fiscal federalism.
States receive block grants and in return must meet federally imposed standards
relating to testing and accountability. Many state officials express concern that the fiscal federalism used to put NCLB
into practice is the beginning of a fundamental shift toward the national
government's assumption of control over public schools. This might also be known
as marble cake federalism.
Devolution Revolution • Republican movement started shortly after the
1994 election to devolve more responsibility back to the states
• Goal was to scale back the size and activities of the national government
• Welfare was the first focus within this movement - Welfare to Work – Reduces the amount of time an individual can spend on
welfare– National government still gives block grants to states to
support the welfare programs, but has greatly scaled back