Feed Check Valve

7/16/2019 Feed Check Valve

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/feed-check-valve-5633857720966 1/56

CONTENTS



CONTENTS

Introduction

Check valve definition

Industrial application

Types of valve and its application

Selection of check valve

Feed check valve

Application

Design and analysis explanation

Introduction about pro-E and analysis Finite element analysis

Photography

Conclusion

Reference



INTRODUCTION



INTRODUCTION

In fast moving world the time is very important criteria. But in the manual

program time takes more and more for every work in the world

In the production department drawing is very important for design the

various parts. In the manual work, its takes more time and is also very difficult to

draw various components compare to CAD. So, to avoid these difficulties, CAD

implements for quick & accurate design. Computer aided design have various

packages are Auto CAD, Pro-E, etc.

Auto CAD is using for 2D drawing and Pro-E is the latest implement in

CAD, Which is especially using for 3D modeling. Most of the industry Pro-E is

using for creating a new Design and modification of existing Design.

Before to start the production we can visualize entire parts and assembly

view of the model by using Pro-E. We were design the entire part of FEED

CHECK VALVE and assembled it.

Ansys software is used for analyzing the 3d modeling objects. The ANSYS

program has much finite element analysis, capabilities, ranging from a simple,

linear, static analysis to a complex non – linear, transient dynamic analysis.



CHECK VALVE



CHECK VALVE

Check valves are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in

only one direction, preventing process flow from reversing. They are classified as

one-way directional valves. Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve,

while backflow forces the valve closed. The mechanics of check valve operation

are not complicated.

Check (non-return) valves are installed in pipelines to allow flow in one

direction only; helping to protect equipment and processes. The operation, benefits,

applications and selection of different designs, including lift, disc, swing and wafer check valves are explained in this tutorial.

The printable version of this page has now been replaced by

The Steam and Condensate Loop Book

View the complete collection of Steam Engineering Tutorials

Check valves, or non-return valves, are installed in pipeline systems to allow

flow in one direction only. They are operated entirely by reaction to the line fluid

and therefore do not require any external actuation. In this text, the expected, or

desired direction of flow is termed 'forward flow', flow in the opposite direction is

'reverse flow'.



INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION



INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Pump

The check valves on this steam locomotive are located under the small dome

between the chimney and the main dome. check valves are often used with some

types of pumps. Piston-driven and diaphragm pumps such as metering pumps and

pumps for chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet ball check valves. These

valves often look like small cylinders attached to the pump head on the inlet and

outlet lines. Many similar pump-like mechanisms for moving volumes of fluids

around use check valves such as ball check valves. The feed pumps or injectors

which supply water to steam boilers are fitted with check valves to prevent back-

flow.

Industrial processes

Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical and

power plants, and in many other industrial processes. Check valves are also often

used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream. A check valve is installed

on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mixing of the gases in the original

source. For example, if a fuel and an oxidizer are to be mixed, then check valves

will normally be used on both the fuel and oxidizer sources to ensure that the

original gas cylinders remain pure and therefore nonflammable.

Domestic use

Some types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small

check valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pump



shut off. Also used with most home made snowmakers. Check valves used in

domestic heating systems to prevent vertical convection, especially in combination

with solar thermal installations, also are called gravity brake.

Rainwater harvesting systems that are plumbed into the main water supply of a

utility provider may be required to have one or more check values fitted to prevent

contamination of the primary supply by rainwater.

The application of mathematics to the operation of check valves is of

relatively recent origin. Pool, Porwit, and Carlton40 describe a calculation methodfor check valves with a hinged disc that involves setting up the equation of motion

for the disc and applying to that the deceleration characteristic of the flowing fluid

within the system. Before the equation of motion for the disc can be written,

certain physical constants of the valve must be known. The calculation determines

the reverse flow velocity at the instant of sudden shut-off.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmaker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_brake&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_brake&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmaker



TYPES OF VALVE AND APPLICATION



TYPES OF VALVE AND APPLICATION:

Ball Check Valves

Double Check Valves

Global Style Silent Check Valves

Hydraulic Check Valves

Submersible Check Valves

Ductile Iron Check Valves

Swing Check Valves

Wafer Check Valves

Stainless Steel Check Valves

Plastic Check Valves

Auto Drain Check Valves

There are a number of reasons for using check valves, which include:

Protection of any item of equipment that can be affected by reverse flow,

such as flow meters, strainers and control valves.

To check the pressure surges associated with hydraulic forces, for example,

water hammer. These hydraulic forces can cause a wave of pressure to run

up and down pipe work until the energy is dissipated.

Prevention of flooding.

Prevention of reverse flow on system shutdown.

Prevention of flow under gravity.

Relief of vacuum conditions.

Although check valves can effectively shut off reverse flow, they should never

be used in place of an isolation valve to contain live steam, in a section of pipe.

http://www.flomatic.com/index.asp?lg=1&w=pages&r=101&pid=261










http://www.flomatic.com/index.asp?lg=1&r=275&pid=136

http://www.flomatic.com/index.asp?lg=1&r=275&pid=136













As with isolation valves, there are a number of different check valve designs, each

suited to specific applications. The different types of check valve and their

applications are discussed in this tutorial, along with the correct sizing method.

Ball Check Valves

Ball check valves contain a ball that sits freely above the seat, which has

only one through hole. The ball has a slightly larger diameter than that of the

through hole. When the pressure behind the seat exceeds that above the ball, liquid

is allowed to flow through the valve. But once the pressure above the ball exceeds

the pressure below the seat, the ball returns to rest in the seat, forming a seal that

prevents backflow.

Double check valve

A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow

prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It is also

a valve used in air brake systems on heavy trucks.

Usage in Water Supply: In the case of usage in water supply, it consists of two

check valves assembled in series. This employs two operating principles: firstly

one check valve will still act, even if the other is jammed wide open. Secondly the

closure of one valve reduces the pressure differential across the other, allowing a

more reliable seal and avoiding even minor leakage.

Small valves may be so compact as to be barely noticeable, particularly when they

are integrated into the bodies of existing taps (faucets). Larger check valves may

be installed with ball valves at the ends, for isolation and testing. Often, test cocks

(very small ball valves) are in place to attach test equipment for evaluating whether

the double check assembly is still functional.



The double check valve assembly is suitable for prevention of back pressure and

back siphon age, but is not suitable for high hazard applications. It is commonly

used on lawn irrigation, fire sprinkler and combi boiler systems. If the hazard is

higher, even a relatively low hazard such as using antifreeze in the fire sprinkler

system, then a more reliable check valve such as a reduced pressure zone device

may be mandated.

Hydraulic Check Valve

The function of a check valve is to prevent flow in one direction and allow

flow in the other direction. Check valves commonly use a poppet and light spring

to control flow as shown in the figure below. If P1A1> P2A2 + spring force +

friction, then flow occurs in the direction of the arrows. If P1A1< P2A2 + spring

force + friction, then the poppet would be pushed to the left, against the stop,

prohibiting flow in the reverse direction.

He most common method for designing a check valve is illustrated in the Figure 1.

Different manufacturers may utilize other design approaches. For example, another

type of check valve is a ball that pushes against a spring. Operation is similar to the

check valve shown in Figure 1 except a ball replaces the piston.

Check valves are used in hydraulic systems anytime flow in a selected direction is

not desirable or may create a problem.

Parallel Pump Installations – to prevent outlet flow from one pump at a slightly

higher pressure from flowing to the other pump (see Figure 3). In this type of

pump installation, one of the two check valves is designed to open at a slightly

higher pressure than the other. For example, say the left pump is powered by

the aircraft’s engine and the right pump is power by an electric motor. In this



type of application the engine driven pump generally has a larger flow capacity

over that of the electrical driven pump. The electrical driven pump is intended

as a backup for the engine driven pump. In this case the check valve on the

electrical driven pump could be set to open (crack) about 50 psi more than the

engine driven pump. This will ensure the engine driven pump supplies the

system leakage flow during periods of no hydraulic flow demands and will also

help reduce electrical motor noise variability.

When considering the use of a check valve, the following factors should be

evaluated:

Pressure Rating – make sure the valve is rated appropriately for the system

pressure

Regulation Range –

go into and out of the checked flow position

Pressure Drop Across the Valve – this will affect design pressure available to

downstream components and thus, the sizing of those components

Temperature Rating – valve should be rated for fluid temperatures and applicable

environmental temperatures

Valve Materials – valve should be sufficient to pass proof and burst testing, not be

susceptible to corrosion and other environmental considerations, operate properly

under temperature extremes

Seals/Clearances – affects overall reliability of the valve. Some valves may not use

seals and will maintain tight clearances between piston and housing to minimize



leakage through the valve. The design characteristics can be affected by

environmental conditions and aging/wear over time.

Leakage – what is the leakage through the valve in the checked position under all

environmental conditions?

Failure Modes – the dominant failure modes consist of the piston jamming in

either the open or the closed position. Clogging is also a possibility.

Lift check valves

Lift check valves are similar in configuration to globe valves, except that thedisc or plug is automatically operated. The inlet and outlet ports are separated by a

cone shaped plug that rests on a seat typically metal; in some valves, the plug may

be held on its seat using a spring. When the flow into the valve is in the forward

direction, the pressure of the fluid lifts the cone off its seat, opening the valve.

With reverse flow, the cone returns to its seat and is held in place by the reverse

flow pressure.

If a metal seat is used, the lift check valve is only suitable for applications

where a small amount of leakage, under reverse flow conditions, is acceptable.

Furthermore, the design of a lift check valve generally limits its use to water

applications, subsequently they are commonly used to prevent reverse flow of

condensate in steam traps and on the outlets of cyclic condensate pumps.

The main advantage of the lift check valve lies in its simplicity, and as the

cone is the only moving part, the valve is robust and requires little maintenance. In

addition, the use of a metal seat limits the amount of seat wear. The lift check

valve has two major limitations; firstly, it is designed only for installation in

horizontal pipelines, and secondly, its size is typically limited to DN80.



The piston-type lift check valve is a modification of the standard lift check

valve. It incorporates a piston shaped plug instead of the cone, and a dashpot is

applied to this mechanism. The dashpot produces a damping effect during

operation, thereby eliminating the damage caused by the frequent operation of the

valve, for example, in pipeline systems, which are subject to surges in pressure, or

frequent changes in flow direction (one example would be a boiler outlet).

Swing check valves

A swing check valve consists of a flap or disc of the same diameter as the

pipe bore, which hangs down in the flow path. With flow in the forwards direction,

the pressure of the fluid forces the disc to hinge upwards, allowing flow through

the valve. Reverse flow will cause the disc to shut against the seat and stop the

fluid going back down the pipe. In the absence of flow, the weight of the flap is

responsible for the closure of the valve; however, in some cases, closure may be

assisted by the use of a weighted lever. As can be seen from Figure 12.3.2, the

whole mechanism is enclosed within a body, which allows the flap to retract out of

the flow path.

Swing check valves produce relatively high resistance to flow in the open

position, due to the weight of the disc. In addition, they create turbulence, because

the flap 'floats' on the fluid stream. With abrupt changes in flow, the disc can slam

against the valve seat, which can cause significant wear of the seat, and generate

water hammer along the pipe system. This can be overcome by fitting a damping

mechanism to the disc and by using metal seats to limit the amount of seat wear.



Wafer check valves

Both lift and swing check valves tend to be bulky which limits their size and

makes them costly. To overcome this, wafer check valves have been developed. By

definition wafer check valves are those that are designed to fit between a set of

flanges. This broad definition covers a variety of different designs, including disc

check valves and wafer versions of swing or split disc check valves.

Disc check valves

The disc check valve consists of four main components: the body, a disc, a

spring and a spring retainer. The disc moves in a plane at right angles to the flow

of the fluid, resisted by the spring that is held in place by the retainer. The body is

designed to act as an integral centering collar that facilitates installation. Where a

'zero leakage' seal is required, a soft seat can be included.

When the force exerted on the disc by the upstream pressure is greater than

the force exerted by the spring, the weight of the disc and any downstream

pressure, the disc is forced to lift off its seat, allowing flow through the valve.

When the differential pressure across the valve is reduced, the spring forces the

disc back onto its seat, closing the valve just before reverse flow occurs. This is

shown in Figure. The presence of the spring enables the disc check vale to be

installed in any direction.

Swing type wafer check valves

These are similar to the standard swing check valves, but do not have the

full-bodied arrangement, instead, when the valve opens, the flap is forced into the

top of the pipeline. Subsequently, the flap must have a smaller diameter than that



of the pipeline, and because of this, the pressure drop across the valve.

Swing type check valves are used mainly on larger pipeline sizes, typically above

DN125, because on smaller pipelines the pressure drop, caused by the disc

'floating' on the fluid stream, becomes significant. Furthermore, there are

significant cost savings to be made by using these valves on larger sizes, due to the

small amount of material required for the construction of the valve.

There is however one problem with using larger size valves; due to their

size, the discs are particularly heavy, and therefore possess a large amount of

kinetic energy when they close. This energy is transferred to the seat and processfluid when the valve slams shut, which could cause damage to the seat of the valve

and generate water hammer.

Cast Iron Check Valves

Flomaton Corporation manufactures Cast Iron Check Valves with high

strength epoxy coated ductile iron body (1”-2” have cast steel body), disc and

follower with threaded female x female connection.

Flomaton’s ductile iron series 80DI are one of the most popular valves in the water

well industry today. They are specifically designed for use with submersible

pumps or other applications where it is necessary for the check valve to be

installed in the well casing. The 80DI series valves will provide excellent service

in any application where a conventional check valve is recommended and isvertically mounted. For general installations, request bulletin #810.

Click on a link below to view cast iron check valve applications and specifications

and to enter a RFQ.



Wafer check valve applications

Wafer check valves are becoming the preferred type of check valve for most

applications, due to their compact design and relatively low cost. The following is

a list of some of their most common applications:

Boiler feed lines - The check valve is used to prevent boiler water being

forced back along the feed line into the storage tank when the feed pump

stops running. Furthermore, a disc check valve with a heavy-duty spring and

a soft seat can be fitted in the boiler feed line to prevent flow under gravity

into the boiler when the feed pump is shut off.

Steam traps - Other than with steam traps discharging to atmosphere, check

valves should always be inserted after a steam trap to prevent back flow of

condensate flooding the steam space. The check valve will also prevent the

steam trap from becoming damaged by any hydraulic shock in the

condensate line. It should be noted that when using blast discharge type

steam traps, the check valve should be fitted at least 1 m downstream of thetrap.



SELECTION OF CHECK VALVES



SELECTION OF CHECK VALVES

Most check valves are selected qualitatively by comparing the required

closing speed with the closing characteristic of the valve. This selection method

leads to good results in the majority of applications. However, sizing is also a

critical component of valve selection, as discussed in the following. If the

application is critical, a reputable manufacturer should be consulted.

Check Valves for incompressible Fluids

These are selected primarily for their ability to close without introducing an

unacceptably high surge pressure due to the sudden shut-off of reverse flow.

Selecting these for a low pressure drop across the valve is normally only a

secondary consideration. The first step is qualitative assessment of the required

closing speed for the check valve. Examples of how to assess the required closing

speed in pumping installations are given in this page. The second step is the

selection of the type of check valve likely to meet the required closing speed, as

deduced from page.

Check Valves for Compressible Fluids

Check valves for compressible fluids may be selected on a basis similar to

that described for incompressible fluids. However, valve flutter can be a problem

for high lift check valves in gas service.



FEED CHECK VALVE



FEED CHECK VALVE:

A feed check valve is one of the important boiler mountings. It helps to

regulate the supply of feed water to the boiler and thus enables to maintain

constant water level. It is usually fitted in the feed pipe line close to the boiler shell

so as to lie just below the normal water level. The feed water is pumped into the

boiler through the feed check valve which prevents its flowing back due to

pressure in the boiler.

The following figure shows one of the simple types of the feed check valves

used in the boiler feed systems. It is assembled to the feed water pipe line with its

horizontal flange bolted to the flange of the inlet pipe and vertical flange bolted to

the flange bolted to the flange of the delivery pipe. A gun metal valve seat in the

part takes its seating on the valve seat such that its webs project sufficiently long

into the valves seat so as to be well guided during its lift and fall. The amount of

the feed water flowing through the check valve depends on the lift of the valve

which in turn depends on the gap between the lower end of the spindle which is

screwed through the cover and the top of the valve. This gap can be varied by

turning the handle fitted at the top of the spindle and secured to it using a

hexagonal nut and washer. The cover is fitted to the body by six studs and

hexagonal nuts. To prevent the leakage of the steam between the spindle and the

cover a gland is mounted on the cover, so as to retain the packing in the stuffing

box provided in the cover, and connected to it by the studs and the hexagonal nuts.

Feed water RegulatorFeed water is the water to be supplied into steam boiler. Requirement of feed

water is regulated by ABMA (American Boiler Manufacturing Association). Water

treatment is one of step in this requirement. Temperature of feed water influence

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/02/water-treatment-before-supplied-to.html


http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/feedwater-temperature.html

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/feedwater-temperature.html





efficiency of steam boiler, higher temperature will increase the efficiency, so feed

water heater is required in the feed water system.

Amount of feed water is maintained to keep steam boiler on the range of

NOWL (Normal Operation Water Level). Maintain water level is totally important

to keep steam boiler safe from both short term overheating or long term

overheating and also damage turbine generator.

There are three types of feed water regulators commonly used in the power

plant system. The type of feed water regulator is generally used based on function,

size, and the principal working. The following below are the feed water regulator

type

1. Thermostatic Expansion Regulator

This type is feed water regulator which uses inclined tube and connects it

between feed water control valve and boiler. If the water level in the boiler

indicates low level, the tube will get expansion, so the feed water control valve will

supply the feed water.

2. Hydraulic Regulator

This type is feed water regulator which consist tube, fin, and jacket. This

regulator use tube which be connected between water column in the steam drum

and feed water control valve. When water level show low level which means that

amount of steam steam is higher than water, the steam will enter the tube, at the

certain temperature and pressure, the valve will open to supply feed water into

steam boiler .

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-feedwater-heaters-in-steam.html


http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/water-level-indication-in-steam-boiler.html

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/short-term-overheating-in-steam-boiler.html

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/04/long-term-overheating-in-steam-boiler.html




http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/short-term-overheating-in-steam-boiler.html

http://steamofboiler.blogspot.com/2011/05/water-level-indication-in-steam-boiler.html





3. Float Regulator

This type is feed water regulator which uses floating equipment like a ball and

connects it to the boiler. The floating ball will move up and down parallel with

water level in the boiler. A connecting system must be set up between thisequipment and the feed water control to maintain the steam boiler water level in

the range NOWL.

1. The boiler feed water regulator valve used in many power plants is required

to transition from feed pump recirculation to operation of the unit. Not only

is the valve used to initially fill the steam drum, it is also used to control

flow during normal operation when the steam drum is under pressure. This

valve, therefore, must address cavitations during initial operation and

provide adequate range ability to address the entire feed water requirements.

Turndowns of at least 75:1 are common.



APPLICATION



APPLICATION

Building Maintenance

Compressor DischargeCondensate Lines

Chemical Processing

Boiler Feed & Discharge

Compressor Discharge

Food Beverage & Drug

AutoclavesBoiler Feed & Discharge

MiningBoiler Feed & DischargeMine Dewatering

Petroleum Production & Refining

Boiler Feed & DischargeCompressor Discharge

Petroleum Production & Refining

Pump Discharge

Steam Lines

Power Generation

Boiler Feed & DischargeCompressor Discharge

Primary Metals

Chemical LinesCompressor Discharge



DESIGN AND ANALYSIS



DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

The main objective of this project is to design and analysis the feed check

valve. Here we take to analysis the feed check valves temp distribution on our

design. The design model is done in the Pro.e software and the design part is saved

in IGES format. It is imported to ansys software. The details of element attributes

such as element type and material properties. Then the volume is meshed using

meshing option load values (temp) are added to the required surfaces. The

solution is carried out using ansys solver. Finally the results are obtained

by using general post processer.

Material and its properties:

Material: cast steel

Properties:

Density: 7850 kg/mm^3

Specific heat: 419 J/kg k

Youngs modulus: 2.07*10^11 Gpa

Poisson ratio: 0.29

Thermal conductivity: 46.7 w/m’c



INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM



INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM

CAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computer-

aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital

computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology

is moving in the direction of greater integration of design and manufacturing, two

activities which have traditionally been treated as district and separate functions in

a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the

computer-integrated factory of the future.

Computer – aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer

systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a

design. The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the

specialized design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD

hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals,

keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the

computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application

programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of

these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamic

response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part

programming.



THE DESIGN PROCESS



THE DESIGN PROCESS:

The process of designing is characterized by six identifiable steps or phase

1. Recognition of need

2. Definition of problem

3. Synthesis

4. Analysis and optimization

5. Evaluation

6. Presentation

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS FOR DESIGN:

The various design-related tasks which are performed by a modern

computer-aided design system can be grouped into four functional areas:

1. Geometric modeling

2. Engineering analysis

3. Design review and evaluation

4. Automated drafting

Geometric modeling

In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with

the computer- compatible mathematical description of the geometry of

an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object

Components in an assembly, or highlight dimensions, or a host of

other purposes



Engineering analysis

CAD/CAM systems often include or can be interfaced to engineering

analysis software which can be called to operate on the current design model.

Examples of this type are

1. Analysis of mass properties

2. Finite element analysis

The analysis may involve stress – strain calculations, heat-transfer

computations, or the use of differential equations to describe the dynamic behavior

of the system being designed.

A steady state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material

properties; or non linear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The

thermal properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis

usually is non linear, including radiation effects also makes the analysis non linear.



INTRODUCTION ABOUT PRO-E AND

ANALYSIS



INTRODUCTION ABOUT PRO-E AND ANALYSIS

PRO-E:

Pro-Engineer is a powerful application. It is ideal for capturing the designintent of your models because at its foundation is a practical philosophy. Founder

of this Pro-Engineer is Parametric Technology Corporation. After this version they

are released Pro-E 2000i2, Pro-E 2001, Pro-e Wildfire, Pro-e Wildfire2.0… pro-e

5.0.,In 2011, PTC rebranded Pro/Engineer as Creo Parametric. The current version

of the software is 1.0. Pro/ENGINEER (Pro/E for short) is a commercial

CAD/CAM package that is widely used in industry for CAD/CAM applications. It

is one of the new generation of systems that not only over a full 3-D solid

modeller, in contrast to purely 2-D and surface modellers, but also parametric

functionality and full associativity. This

means that explicit relationships can be established between design variables and

changes can be Pro/ENGINEER is a feature based, parametric solid modeling

program. As such, it's use is significantly different from conventional drafting

programs. In conventional drafting (either manual or computer assisted), various

views of a part are created in an attempt to describe the geometry.

ANSYS:

The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a

simple, linear, static analysis to a complex non – linear, transient dynamic analysis.

A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps:

Building the model

Applying loads and obtain the solution

Review the results.



BUILDING THE MODEL:

Building a finite element model requires a more of an ANSYS user’s time

than any other part of the analysis. First you specify the job name and analysis

title. Then, define the element types, real constants, and material properties, and

the model geometry.

DEFINING ELEMENT TYPES:

The analysis element library contains more than 100 different element types.

Each element type has a unique number and a prefix that identifies the element

category. Example: beam, pipe, plant, shell, solid.

DEFINING ELEMENT REAL CONSTANTS:

Element real constant are the properties that depend on the element type,

such as cross sectional properties of a beam element. For example real constants

for BEAM3 , the 2-d beam element, or area, moment of inertia(IZZ), height , shear

deflection constant (SHEAR Z), initial strain (ISTRN) different elements of same

type may have different real constant values.

DEFINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

Most elements types require material properties. Depending on the

application, material properties may be:

Linear or non linear

Isotropic, Arthotropic, or an isotropic

Constant temperature or temperature – dependant

As with element type and real constant, each set of material properties has a

material reference number. The table of material reference number verses material



property set ids called material property table. Within, one analysis you may have

multiple material properties set.

MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST:

Although you can define material properties separately for each element

analysis, the ANSY program enables you to store a material property set in an

archival material library file, then retrieve the set and reuse it in multiple analysis.

The material library files also enable several ANSYS user to share common used

material property data.

OVERVIEW OF MODEL GENERATION:The ultimate purpose of finite element analysis which to recreate

mathematical the behavior of an actual engineering system. In other words, the

analysis must be an accurate mathematical model of a physical prototype. In the

broadest sense, this model comprises all the nodes, elements, material properties,

real constant, boundary conditions, and other features that are used to represent the

physical system.

In ANSYS terminology, the term model generation usually takes on the

narrower meaning of generating the nodes and elements that represent the spatial

volume and connectivity of actual system. Thus, model generation in this

discussion will mean the process of define the geometric configuration model’s

nodes and elements.

The ANSYS program offers you the following approaches to model generation:

Creating a solid model within ANSYS.

Using direct generation Reporting a model created in CAD system.



MESHING YOUR SOLID MODEL:

The procedure for generating a mesh of nodes & elements consists of three

main steps:

Set the element attributes

Set mesh controls

Generate the mesh controls,

The second step, setting mesh controls, is not always necessary

because the default mesh controls are appropriate for many models. If no controls

are specified, the program will use the default setting on the de size command to

produce a free mesh. As an alternative, you can use the small size feature to

produce a better quality free mesh.

FREE ARE MAPPED MESH:

Before meshing the model, and even before building the model, it is

important to think about whether a free mesh or a mapped mesh is appropriate for

the analysis. A free mesh has no restrictions in terms of element shapes, and has

no specified pattern applied to it.

Compared to a free mesh, a mapped mesh is restricted in terms of the element

shape it contains and the pattern of the mesh. A mapped area mesh contains either

only quadrilateral or only triangular elements, while a mapped volume mesh

contains only hexahedron elements. In addition, a mapped mesh typically has a

regular pattern, with obvious rows of elements. If you want this type of mesh, you

must build the geometry as series of fairly regular volumes and or areas that can

accept a mapped mesh.



SETTING ELEMENT ATTRIBUTES:

Before you generate a mesh of nodes and elements, you must first define the

appropriate element attributes. That is, you must specify the following

Element type

Real constant set

Material properties set

Element co-ordinate system:

LOADING:

The main goal of finite element analysis is to examine how a structure or

component response to certain loading condition. Specifying the proper loading

conditions, therefore, a key stepping analysis. You can apply loads on the model

in variety of ways in ANSYS program.

LOADS:

The word loads in ANSYS terminology includes boundary.

Coupled field loads are simple case of one of the above loads, where results

from analysis are used as loads in another analysis. For examples you may apply

magnetic forces calculated in magnetic field analysis are force loads in structural

analysis.

HOW TO APPLY LOADS:

You can apply loads most loads either on the solid model (on key points,

line, areas) or on the finite element model ( on nodes and elements). For example,

you can specify forces at a key point or a node. Similarly, you can specify



convections (and other surface loads) on lines and areas or nodes and element

faces.

No matter how you specify loads, the solver expects all loads to be in term

of finite element model. Therefore if your specify loads on the solid model, the

program automatically transfers them to the nodes and element at the beginning of

the solution.

SOLUTION:

In the solution phase of the analysis, the computer takes over and solves the

simultaneous equations that the finite element method generates. The result of the

solution is a nodal degree of freedom values, which form the primary solution, and

b) derived values, which form the element solution. The element solution is

usually calculated at the elements integration points. The ANSYS program writes

the results to the database as well as to the result file.

Several methods of solving the simultaneous equations are available in the

ANSYS program: frontal solution, sparse direct solution, Jacobi Conjugategradient (JCG solution, incomplete cholesky conjugate (ICCG) solution,

preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) solution, automatic iterative solver

option (ITER). The frontal solver is the default, but you can select a different

solver.

POST PROCESSING:

After building the model and obtaining the solution, you will want answers

to some critical question: will the design really work when put to use? How high

are the stresses in this region? How does the temperature of this part vary with

time? What is the heat loss across my model? How does the magnetic flow



through this device? How does the placement of this object affect fluid flow? The

post processors in the ANSYS program can help you find answer these questions

and others.

Post processing means reviewing the results of an analysis. it is probably the most

important step in the analysis, because you are trying to understand how the

applied loads affect your design, how good you finite element mesh is, and so on.

DISPLAYING RESULTS GRAPHICALLY:

Graphics display is perhaps the most effective way to review results. You

can display the following types of graphics in post1.

Contour displays

Deformed shape displays

Vector displays

Path plots

Reaction force displays

Particle flow traces.

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite

element method. The term structural (or structure) implies not only civil

engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical

and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies and machine housings,

as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts and tools.

Types of structural analysis:

The seven types of structural analysis provided by ANSYS are given below.



1. Static analysis: used to determine displacement, stresses etc. under static

loading conditions. Both linear and non-linear static analyses. Non – Linearity’s

can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper

elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.

2. Modal analysis: used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a

structure. Different mode extraction methods are available.

3. Harmonic analysis: used to determine the response of a structure to

harmonically time varying loads.

4. Transient dynamic analysis: used to determine the response of a structure to

arbitrarily time varying loads. All non-linearity’s mentioned under static analysis

above are allowed.

5. Spectrum analysis: an extension of the model analysis, used to calculate stress

and strain due to response spectrum or a PSD input (random vibrations).

6. Buckling analysis: used to calculate the buckling load and determine the

buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and non – linear buckling

analyses are possible.

7. Explicit dynamic analysis – ANSYS provides an interface to the LS-Dyna

explicit finite element programs is used to calculate fast solution for large

deformation dynamics and complex contact problems.



INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL ANALYSIS:

A steady state thermal analysis calculates the effects of steady thermal loads

on a system or component. Engineer/analysts often perform a steady state analysis

before doing a transient thermal analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A

steady – state analysis also can be the last step of a transient thermal analysis,

performed after all transient effects have diminished.

You use steady – state thermal analysis to determine temperatures, thermal

gradients, heat flow rates, and thermal loads that do not vary over time cause heat

fluxes in an object that. Such loads include the following.

Convections

Radiations

Heat Flow rates

Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)

Constant temperature boundaries.



FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS



FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become commonplace in recent years, and

is now the basis of a multibillion dollar per year industry. Numerical solutions to

even very complicated stress problems can now be obtained routinely using FEA,

and the method is so important that even introductory treatments of Mechanics of

Materials { such as these modules { should outline its principal features. In spite of

the great power of FEA, the disadvantages of computer solutions must be kept in

mind when using this and similar methods: they do not necessarily reveal how the

stresses are influenced by important problem variables such as materials properties

and geometrical features, and errors in input data can produce wildly incorrectresults that may be overlooked by the analyst. Perhaps the most important function

of theoretical modeling is that of sharpening the designer's intuition; users of finite

element codes should plan their strategy toward this end, supplementing the

computer simulation with as much closed-form and experimental analysis as

possible.

Finite element codes are less complicated than many of the word processing

and spreadsheet packages found on modern microcomputers. Nevertheless, they

are complex enough that most users do to program their own code. A number of

prewritten commercial codes are available, representing a broad price range and

compatible with machines from microcomputers to supercomputers1. However,

users with specialized needs should not necessarily shy away from code

development, and may the code sources available in such texts as that byZienkiewicz2 to be a useful starting point. Most finite element software is written

in Fortran,

but some newer codes such as felt are in C or other more modern programming

languages.



In practice, a finite element analysis usually consists of three principal steps:

1. Preprocessing:

The user constructs a model of the part to be analyzed in which the geometry

is divided into a number of discrete sub regions, or \elements," connected at

discrete points called nodes. Certain of these nodes will have displacements, and

others will have prescribed loads. These models can be extremely time consuming

to prepare, and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most user-

friendly graphical \preprocessor"

to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of these preprocessors can overlay a

mesh on a preexisting CAD .so that finite element analysis can be done

conveniently as part of the computerized drafting-and-design process.

2. Analysis:

The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is used as input to the finite

element code itself, which constructs and solves a system of linear or nonlinear

algebraic equations

K[i j] u[ j] = F[i]

Where u and f are the displacements and externally applied forces at the

nodal points. The formation of the K matrix is dependent on the type of problem

being attacked, and this module will outline the approach for truss and linear

elastic stress analyses. Commercial codes may have very large element libraries,

with elements appropriate to a wide range of problem types. One of FEA's



principal advantages is that many problem types can be addressed with the same

code, merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the library.

3. Post processing:

In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore through

reams of numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and stresses at

discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot

spots this way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing the

results. A typical postprocessor display overlay colored contours representing

stress levels on the model.



PHOTOGRAPHY



PHOTOGRAPHY

FEED CHECK VALVE



EXPLODED VIEW



ANALYSED VIEWS:





CONCLUSION



CONCLUSION

The design of the project was successfully completed using pro/E. The

problems, which emerged during the design of the machine where successfully

over come using pro/E. The design of the project involved making use of most of

the important features of pro/E is versatile and comprehensive software foe three-

dimensional solid modeling. Protrusion and cut are used as main feature to develop

the components. The components are drawn very using PRO/E. We can change the

size of the component easily by using parametric feature (i.e.) no need for redraw

the components. Analysis has been completed by using the ansys software

efficiently and quickly.

From this we conclude that every work has been completed

confidently with PRO/E and Ansys, and can draw and analyze any complicated

machine drawing efficiently and quickly.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. PTC Series Manual for Pro-E.

2. Machine Drawing by K.R.Gopalakrishna

3. CAD/CAM by Groover.

4. Www. PTC. COM

5. Www. Mech.nwu.edu/ Pro-E /toc.htm

6. www.Ansys.com

Documents

Feed Check Valve