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FEED FORMULATION AND PREPARATION OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS USING PEARSON SQUARE
METHOD FOR ORNAMENTAL FISHES
DR LUKRAM INGOCHOUBA MEETEI
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF DELHI,
DELHI 110007
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Why ornamental fishes need food and feed formulation ? Like other fishes ornamental fishes require food containing protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals etc Protein: Protein provides necessary material to build up muscle cells and tissue. Most of the Ornamental fish require crude protein level in a range between 30-45%. Carbohydrates: carbohydrate provide instant energy. Carbohydrates is required between 30-50%. Lipids: lipid provides main energy sources . Lipid level between 4-8% Vitamins and minerals : help build up fish health and strengthen bones. Probiotics: Supplementation with probiotics gives resistance for diseases, provides nutritional advantages and facilitates improvement of aquarium environment.
Nutrient Fishes of all groups
Young Brood
Protein 30-45% 40-45% 30-35%
Carbohydrates 30-50% 40-45% 40-45%
Lipids 4-9% 4-6% 6-8%
Table 1. Nutritional requirement for different growth stages of fishes
Reference: Ornamental fish farming, Saroj K Swain & Co 2010 (ICAR) @LUKRAM2020
• Fishes in wild feed on a large variety of foods and their diets is dependent upon the availability of foods in that particular environment.
• Food types also change with season change.
• In aquarium fishes are maintain in a closed environment , in addition to live foods; pelleted balanced diet are given for breeding and maintenance .
• For breeding and culture live food is the best, but you have to have extra 1-2 nursery earthen tanks to produced zooplanktons uninterrupted.
• Besides live food supplementary feed is require to satisfy nutritional levels.
• On the top of nutritional requirements feeding behavior and their habitats must be well acquainted.
What are the main food sources of ornamental fish ?
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#Most of the feeds are imported from courtiers like Singapore, China, Korea, Thailand and many countries to reduced this imports we can formulate required feed for larvae and growth-out stages with locally available ingredients. # Preparing of good quality fish feed with optimum levels of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins-minerals from available sources and diets is the best way. # Ornamental fish feed and feed ingredients are generally selected on the basis of the availability, nutrient composition and physical properties. # Ingredients should be of very good quality and free from pathogens
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LIVE FOOD: ZOOPLANKTONS AND PHYTOPLANKTONS
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Wheat bran Wheat flour Rice bran Rice polish
Maize bran Soybean meal
Spirulina Carotenoids
PLANT SOURCES
Azolla
Ground nuts cake
Maize bran
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Table No. 2. Composition of plant sources
Plant sources Crude Protein
Crude lipid
Crude fiber NFE* Ash Remarks
Wheat-bran 9-15 2-8 4-12 30-50 2-5 C-sources
Wheat flour 13-14 3-4 2-3 50-60 2-3 C-sources
Maize bran 9-12 4-6 2-3 70-80 2-3 C-sources
Rice bran 8-11 12-16 10-15 40-45 5-8 C-sources
Rice polish 11-14 10-15 7-9 40-45 5-7 C-sources
Soybean meal 45-55 1-2 4-6 30-35 5-8 P-sources
Ground nuts cake
40-45 4-8 6-7 30-35 7-8 P-sources
Spirulina 50.5 1 2.1 26.7 11 P& C sources
P- Protein, P&C- Protein & β –carotene, C- carbohydrate, NFE= Nitrogenous Fecal Excretion
Reference: Ornamental fish farming Saroj K Swain and co 2010 (ICAR) @LUKRAM2020
ANIMAL SOURCES
Fish meal
Prawn head meal
Silk worm pupae meal
Earthworm meal
Liver meal
Fish meal
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Table. No. 3. Composition of Animal sources
Animal sources
Crude Protein
Crude lipid
Crude fiber
NFE*
Ash Remarks
Fish meal 40-50 6-10 2-3 5-8 25-35 P-sources
Prawn meal 28-30 8-10 1-5 3-4 45-50 P-sources
Silkworm pupae meal
60-65 18-20 3-5 3-5 4-8 P-sources
Liver meal 60-65 3-4 1-2 20-21 2-3 P-sources
Earth worm 50-52 3-4 12-13 14-15 12-13 P-sources
P- Protein, P&C- Protein & β –carotene, C- carbohydrate, NFE= Nitrogenous feacal excretion
Reference: Ornamental fish farming Saroj K. Swain and co 2010 (ICAR)
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Minerals Units Vitamins Units
Calcium 5g A 5000-10000 IU
Phosphorus 7g D3 100-200 IU
Magnesium 500mg E 5-20
Potassium 1-3g K 5-20IU
Sodium 1-3g C 200-400mg
Sulphur 3-5g B1 50-100mg
Chlorine 1-5g B2 30-50mg
Iron 50-100g B6 30-50mg
Copper 1-4 g B12 0.02-1.0MG
Manganese 20-50g Biotin 0.5-1.0mg
Cobalt 5-10 mg Choline 200-400mg
Zinc 30-100mg Folic acid 10-500mg
Iodine 100-300mg Inositol 200-300mg
Molybdenum Trace Niacin 100-150mg
Chromium Trace Pantothenic acid 50-100mg
Table 4. Minerals and vitamins required for ornamental fishes.
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Selection of food sources and preparation of pelleted fish feed:
# After procurement of raw materials, formulation of feed is essential. # As per the nutritive requirement of the specific species, ingredients are mixed for preparing feed. # To formulate a good feed, one must select commonly available good quality ingredients so as to make it palatable. # The initial stage in feed formulation is balancing crude protein
and energy levels by using PEARSON SQUARE METHOD (PSM) # Besides protein and carbohydrates if fish requires additional vitamin-mineral mixture or any feed additive, then it can be included in the diet by reducing carbohydrate rich ingredients.
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What is Pearson Square Method?
• It was first formulated by a British scientist Karl Pearson
• It is an useful tool for simplifying and balancing of rations.
• It shows the proportion or percentage or parts of two feeds to be mixed together to give a percentage of the needed nutrient or source of Protein , Carbohydrates etc.
• The amount or quantity of the crude protein or carbohydrates sources should be known first before mixing or formulation.
• Finally we have to set the target percentage of protein for the food to be formulated.
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Carl Pearson Born: 27 March 1857 Islington, London, England
Died: 27 April 1936 ( 79) Coldharbour, Surrey, England
Nationality: British Alma mater: King's College, Cambridge University of Heidelberg
How much amount of protein sources you need to mix together for making
25%, 30% 35%, 45% etc for 1kg or 200kg of feed for your fish?
# Depending of the feeding nature of fish whether carnivore or omnivore or herbivore we should know the target protein concentration of the feed to be prepared according to the need of fish. # Ornamental fish feed normally are prepared between 25-35% Protein concentration.
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Let us do feed formulation by using Pearson Square Method by using two food sources of protein wheat
flour (WF) and Fish Meal (FM
Wheat flour (WF)= 13-14 % protein concentration (13%) Fish meal (FM) = 40-50% protein concentration (50%) Let us put 25% protein concentration as the target protein for the feed to be prepared. Let us say we are going to make 1kg of fish feed containing 30% of protein from the wheat flour and fish meal as main food sources of protein
Step 1.
• Draw a 1 to 2 inches square place diagonal line across the square.
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Step 2
• Write the percentage of crude protein needed by the fish in the center of the square where the Diagonal lines cross.
25%
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Step 3: • Write the feeds to be used at each corner, and
place the percentage of crude protein in the feeds after the name of feed.
25%
Wheat flour (WF)
Fish Meal (FM)
13%
50%
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Step 4:
• Subtract the smaller of the numbers from the larger numbers (this involves crude protein needed by the fish and that provided by the feed source) write the difference in the opposite corners.
PARTS
25%
Wheat flour (WF)
Fish Meal (FM)
13%
50%
25=50-25 (WF)
12=25-13 (FM)
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STEP 5
• The numbers at the two corners are parts of the feed ingredients that are needed , do the Maths
PARTS
25%
Wheat flour (WF)
Fish Meal (FM)
13%
50%
25=50-25 (WF)
12=25-13 (FM)
37 Total Parts
25 parts WF + 12 parts FM = 37 total parts
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STEP 6. • The percentage of each feed needed in the
diet can be calculated by dividing the number of parts by the total parts, then multiply by 100
• Do the Maths
• 25/37= 0.6756 x 100= 67.56 % of WF
• 12/37= 0.3243 x 100= 32.43% of FM
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STEP:6 PARTS
25%
Wheat flour (WF)
Fish Meal (FM)
13%
50%
25=50-25 (WF)
12=25-13 (FM)
= 37 Total Parts
25/37 X 100 % WF = 0.6756 x 100 % = 67.56%
12/37 X 100 = 0.3243 x 100 = 3 2.43 % FM
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Step 7:
• The amount of each feed ingredients for a large batch or feed is determined by multiplying the percentage of each by the total amount of the feed desired.
• For example let us say 10 kg of feed
• 10kg/ 0.6756= 6.756 kg of Wheat flour (WF)
• 10kg/0.3243 = 3.243 Kg of Fish Meal (FM)
Finally the food is formulated and now we can say that the formulated feed as 10kg of fish feed containing @ 30% Crude Protein
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Feed Preparation Process • After ensuring different nutritive values of the ingredients and the
composition of the feed mixture, each ingredient is finally powdered in a pulverizer of a mixer separately and kept in trays.
• Some additives like vitamin mineral mixture , proviotics supplements and enzymes at required levels are also added to this mixture. For essential fatty acids 1% each of vegetable oil and fish oil/ cod liver oil can be added.
• After mixing thoroughly different powdered ingredients including binder, water is added at 400ml for every 1kg of feed to make dough.
• Feed additives are added after sterilization or cooking to improve feed quality.
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• The dough is then cooked for 10-15 minutes in pressure cooker or autoclave for sterilization that improves digestibility.
• The moist substances are cooled to attain normal temperature. Then feed additives are added by spraying over them.
•
• The dough is passed through a hand pelletizer to make nodules for different size group of fishes different sizes of sieves can be used (1-3 mm diameter is used for large size fish).
• After making moist pellets they should be dried at 40-45°C to avoid fat oxidation and protein denaturation at high temperature.
• Pellets can be dried in fully ventilated place, may be under shade. Solar drier may also be used.
• After drying pellets can be broken into different granular forms for different smaller size groups of fishes through mesh/ sieves.
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For large scale production
Pellets
Pelletizer
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• Pellets can be stored in an air tight container to avoid moisture.
• It is advisable to keep feed in a cool dark place.
• Feed should not be keep after preparation so it will be good to prepare required fresh food for fish every two months
• For commercial production of feed, preservatives like sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa) at 0.1% can be added.
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SIZE OF PELLET OR GRANULE RECOMENDATED ACCORDING TO BODY SIZE
Body weight (g)
Specification Feeding at body wt (%)
Diameter (mm)
Length (mm)
0.4-0.1 Granules/ crumbles
10-15 0.8-1.5 -
1.0-3.0 Granules/ crumbles
10-15 1.5-2.0 -
3.0-5.0 Fine pellet 8-10 2.0 3.0-4.0
5.0-15.0 Pellet 5-8 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
15.0-25.0 Pellet 3-5 3 5.0-6.0
25.0 Pellet 3 3.0-40 6.0-7.0
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Underfeeding and overfeeding
#UNDER FEEDING:
• When fish does not accept prepared feed or any other live-food, means the fish is the in stress, the checking of water quality, inspect feed quality and also appearance of diseased conditions, may be due to improper feed formulation. Therefore fish should be check and also its environment from time to time. If underfeeding is continued for long duration they may become emaciated and finally dies. Therefore feeding properly on time is necessary for the health of fish.
# OVER FEEDING:
• Unconsumed feed remain after the feeding in the water after a long time is a sign of overfeeding. The complete consumption of feed by fish means a good health of the fish. Over feeding causes pathogenic conditions and spoils water quality of the tank as well as increases ammonia and other products of decay, causing diseases. Feeding should be done by a concern person at particular place and time to avoid overfeeding.
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Colour Enhancers for Ornamental fish: • Enhancing of colour is very important for ornamental fish because bright and multiple
colour are the first attractive part of fish.
• Carotenoids a kind of pigments are the primary source of colour in the ornamental fish skin. Different colours in fish are due to carotenoids and carotenoid-protein complexes.
• Carotenoids are only synthesized by plants and modification take place in animal tissues, so the only source are plants so ornamental fish can get only through their diets. It should be ensure that the fish get a constant intake and adequate amount of carotenoids from the feed.
• Carotenoids are a group of naturally occurring lipid-soluble pigments that are produced primarily in plants (including phytoplanktons and algae).
• Zanthophylls are synthesized in green materials starting early in the summer and maturing to yellow/red pigments of autumn leaves, fruits, flowers, roots and fungi. Eg marigolds, tomatoes, peppers, maize, carrots, beetroot and mushrooms.
• Carotenoids also have roles in reproduction, respiration, membrane permeability, light absorption, reflection and efficiency of immune system.
• Some other colour enhancers animal origins are spirulina, invertebrate ingredients like brine-shrimp powder, dried tubifex, shrimp meal, shrimp head meal etc.
• Colour enhancement helps animals to communicating warnings, mating calls, feeding signals and also camouflage.
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Pigments and Respective Colours Pigment Colour Found in
Lutehin Greenish-yellow
Tunaxanthin Yellow
Beta-carotene Orange
Eichinenone Red
Astaxanthin Red Molluscs, crustaceans , fishes, shrimps, prawan, krill, trout and salmon
Canthaxanthin Orange-red
Zeaxanthin Yellow-orange
Doradexanthins Yellow
Taraxanthin Deep orange
Citranaxanthin Yellow-red @LUKRAM2020
Role of Antioxidant in maintaining carotenoid level:
An antioxidant should be included to improve stability of carotenoids and fats, thereby slowing down their oxidation process. Without an proper antioxidant, loss of carotenoids is very fast. So to provide proper antioxidants to fish antioxidant sources like blue-green algae meal (Spirulina) and algae from ponds would be more efficiently utilize as fish feed.
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Fish Group
Protein
FAT MIN
MAX
RAW FIBER MIN
MAX
Carnivore Over 45% 3% 6% 2% 4%
Herbivore 15-30% 1% 3% 5% 10%
Limnivore (mud consumers)
30-40 % 2% 5% 2% 6%
Omnivore 35-42% 2% 5% 3% 8%
The following percentage can be considered as comprising a good fish food.
1% of fat (Feed with minimum level of lipid is good) 1% of Vitamin and minerals
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Exercise
Q1. Prepare 50 kg of artificial feed for ornamental fish containing 25 % of crude protein from wheat flour (8% Protein) and fish meal (60% protein). Q2. Prepare 200 kg of artificial feed for ornamental fish containing 35 % of crude protein from wheat flour (12% Protein) and fish meal (50% protein). Q.3. Prepare 0.5 kg of artificial feed for ornamental fish containing 25 % of crude protein from wheat flour (8% Protein) and fish meal (55% protein).
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Feed Preparation: I. Take ____________ kg of fish meal II. _________________kg of Wheat flour III. 1% of Cod liver oil IV. 1% multivitamins V. Mixed properly VI. Fish meal ( ) + Wheat flour ( ) VII.Add water (200-400 for 1 kg) VIII.Boil or sterilized the mixed dough IX. Cold down add oil and vitamins X. By using pelletizer make pellet of (1-3mm) depending on
the mouth size of the fish XI. Dry at 45degree in cold dark room XII.Break the pellets into small pieces XIII.Sieve the food to separate out between layers and small
food size.
PORTOCOL FOR FEED PREPARATION
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