Feeding Full Fat Soybeans to Cattle

Sergio CalsamigliaDepartamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos

Universidad Autónoma de Barcelonasergio.calsamiglia@uab.es

Soybeans

High fat contentPositive effects on energy supply Effect of processing

High protein contentPositive effects in protein supplyEffect of processing

Ruminal Metabolism of Fat

FatGlycerol

Fatty AcidSaturated

Unsaturated FibrolyticBacteria

coo-

(Ikwuegbu and Sutton, 1982)

Effect of Feeding Oil on ADF Digestion in the Rumen

Linseed oil (mL/d)

0 13 26 40

ADF-dig (%)

Rumen 44 28 18 14

Total 55 52 46 41

Carbohydrate Degradation

Fibre Starch

Glucose

Acetate

Propionate

Lactate

Butyrate

Pyruvate

MILK FAT

Factors Affecting Toxicity

FatGlycerol

Fatty AcidSaturated

Unsaturated FibrolyticBacteria

coo-

X

Effect of FFSB Processing on Free FA (mg/g substrate DM)

40

60

80

100

120

Oil FFSB Extr FFSB Rost FFSB

Fre

e F

A

Reddy et al., 1994

Effect of Type of Processing of FFSB on NDF Degradation in the Rumen

40

45

50

55

60

Oil FFSB Extr-FFSB Rost-FFSB

dND

F, %

Reddy et al., 1994

Characteristics of the Ideal Fat

Ruminal levelIn form of tryglicerides (less ruminal

effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)Saturated

Intestinal Digestion

Triglycerides

FA

Monoglycerides

FA

Bile salts

Emulsion

FA

Absorption

Emulsion - Digestion

Fat emulsion is necessary for absorption

Micel foramation is best with short and medium FA

Micel formation is best with unsaturated FA

Degree of Saturation/Unsaturation

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

%

Rapeseed Soybean Sunflower Cotton Animal Palm Lard

Unsaturated Saturated

Ingestinal Digestibility of Fats

30

45

60

75

90

%

Vegetal Ca-soaps Hydrog.Veget

Lard Hydrol-Anim

Hydrogen-Anim

NRC, 2001

Energy Value of Fats

2

3

4

5

6

Nel

, Mca

l

Veget Ca-Soap Hydo-Veg Animal Hydrol-Animal

Hidrog-Anim

NRC, 2001

Characteristics of the Ideal Fat

Ruminal levelIn form of tryglicerides (less ruminal

effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap)Saturated

Intestinal levelMedium lengthUnsaturated

Partial Summary

Oilseeds have a good FA profile and when supplied as seeds are close to an “ideal fat”

Saturated fats or calcium soaps of FA are viable alternatives, but its intestinal digestibility is low

Due to changes in intestinal digestion, energy values have been recently reevaluated

The energy value of vegetable fats has increased, and that of animal and hydrogenated vegetable fats has dicreased.

Productive Responses

Measures: DM Intake Milk Production Milk Composition

Source of Data: French: (Chilliard & Ollier, 1994) USA: (Shaver, 1993) NRC, 2001 (Allen, 2000)

Effects on DM Intake

-1.8

-1.5

-1.2

-0.9

-0.6

-0.3

0

kg/d

Animal Encap.Lard

Sat Fats Ca-Soaps

An-Veg Veget Oilseeds Cotton

French USA

Effects on DM Intake

-1,8

-1,5

-1,2

-0,9

-0,6

-0,3

0

0,3

kg/d

Veg-An Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot

Oilseed Cotton FFSB

French USA

Effects on Production

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

kg/d

Animal Encap Animal Sat-Fat Ca-Soap An-Veg

French USA

+1,1 kg/d

Effects on Production

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

kg/d

Veget Oilseeds Protect-Veg-Oil Cotton FFSB

French USA

+0,19 kg/d

Effects on Milk Fat

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

%

Animal Encap-Anim Saturated Ca-Soap Veg-Anim

French USA

- 0,04%

Effects on Milk Fat

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

%

Veg. Oil Oilseeds Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot

Cotton FFSB

French USA

- 0,01%

Effects on Milk Protein

-0,16

-0,06

0,04

%

Animal Encap-Anim Saturat Ca-Soap Veg-An

French USA

- 0,05%

Effects on Milk Protein

-0,16

-0,06

0,04

%

Veget Oilseeds Ac.Veg-Oleo.Prot

Cotton FFSB

French USA

- 0,07%

Preliminary Conclusions: Fat

Fats reduce intake with lower effects in full fats oilseeds, with the exception of FFSB, where intake is not affected

Fats increase milk productionFats reduce milk fat between 0,04 (animal

and protected fats) and 0,01 % (vegetable fats), except FFSB and cottonseed.

All fats result in a slight reduction in milk protein between

Soybeans

High fat contentPositive effects on energy supply

High protein contentPositive effects in protein supply

Oilseeds

High protein content, generally degradable, and with some essential AA (Lys).

The inclusion rate is limitted by the level and quality of the fat fractions.

Nitrogen Metabolism

CP

Deg-N

NoDeg-N

Bac-N

NH3

AA

InDig-N

Urea

UsedProtein

Rumen

Liver

E

Rec

Pep - AA

Protein Requirements

Ammonia and degradable protein requirements have been defined

True protein is used more efficiently than non-protein N

Requirements are expressed as digestible protein

Some aminoacids have requirements (Lys, Met)

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

Bac

teri

al N

Protein Peptides AA Urea

Microbial Protein and Source of Nitrogen

Griswold et al., 1996

Aminoacid Supply: CNCPS (Lactation – 17% CP/DM)

50%

100%

150%

200%

20 30 40 50

Production, L

Supp

ly, %

Req

uire

men

ts

MetLysArgThrLeuIleValHisPheTry

CNCPS, 2001

Dairy Cattle

As the level of production increases, the deficit of AA also increases

In these conditions, the supply of essemtial AA is important

Therefore, the supply of protein supplements high in rumen undegradable protein, with high intestinal digestibility and good AA profile is important.

Protein Degradation

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time, h

Deg

rada

tion,

%

FFSB Sunflower Linseed Rapeseed

Intestinal Digestion

40

50

60

70

80

90

Inte

stin

al D

iges

tion

, %

FFSB Sunflower Linseed Rapeseed

Supply of Digestible Protein(g/kg)

FFSB: 39% CP x 20% RUP x 85% ID = 6,63Sunflower: 19% CP x 11% RUP x 80% ID = 1,67Linseed: 22% CP x 14% RUP x 85% ID = 2,61Rapessed: 21% CP x 21% RUP x 50% ID = 2,15

Supply of Digestible Protein (g/d)

FFSB: 6,63% x 2,5 kg = 170 g (EE=20%)Sunflower: 1,67% x 0,8 kg = 13 g (EE=44%)Linseed: 2,61% x 1,0 kg = 26 g (EE=36%)Rapeseed: 2,15% x 0,9 kg = 19 g (EE=40%)

Dietary Protein=

Intake Protein (kg/d)x

% Ruminal Degradabilityx

% Intestinal DigestibilityX

% AA

Lysine in Bacteria and Feeds

0

2

4

6

8

10B

act

CG

M

Bre

w

DD

GS

SO

Y

SU

N

RA

P

FF

SB

RA

PS

LIN

S

SU

NS

g/10

0 gA

A

Methionine in Bacteria and Feeds

0

1

2

3

Bac

teri

as

CG

M

BR

E

DD

GS

SB

M

SU

N

RA

P

FF

SB

RA

PS

LIN

S

SU

NS

g/10

0 gA

A

Dietary Protein=

Intake Protein (kg/d)x

% Ruminal Degradabilityx

% Intestinal DigestibilityX

% AA

Available Methionine

0

3

6

9

12

Ap

ort

es (

g/k

g)

.

SB

SU

N

LIN

RA

P

TS

B

TS

UN

TL

IN

TR

AP

TS

BM

DD

GS

BR

E

CG

M .

RA

P

SU

N

CG

F

SB

M

Seeds

Avalialable Lysine

0

5

10

15

20

Su

pp

ly, g

/g

SB

SU

N

LIN

.

RA

P

TS

B

TS

UN

TL

IN

TR

AP

TS

BM

DD

G

BR

E

CG

M .

RA

P

SU

N

CG

F

SB

M

Seeds

Observations

Non-processed oilseeds have a limitted contribution to the supply of dietary AA to the small intestine, buy soybeans are the best option

Processing provides the best added value, but those rich in lysine (as soybeans) have better protection

Becuase the higher inclusion rate, higher protein and high lysine content, FFSB are the best election for processing

Processing and Undegradable Protein

0

10

20

30

40

50

Und

egra

dabl

e pr

otei

n, %

Rapeseed Soybean

CTR T1 T2

Productive Response

25

28

31

34

37

40

Pro

du

cció

n (

L/d

)

Bernard, 1990 Faldet & Satter, 1991

SBMSBT-SB

ab

c

How Much RFFSB in my Diet?

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

0 12 18 24

(según Knapp et al., 1991)

Typical Diet (% DM, 40 L milk)

Alfalfa Hay 10 NEl, Mcal/kg 1.72Corn Silage 45 CP, % 17CGF 8 NDF, % 32Corn 10 f-NDF, % 22Soybean Hulls 3 NFC, % 38SBM 5 EE, % 5.5R-FFSB 9 Rumen pH 6.3DDGS 6 Lys, %Req 117MinVit 4 Met, % Req 112

Conclusions

Full Fat Soybeans are an excellent source of energy (fat), rumen degradable protein,

If processed, they are also good sources of undegradable protein and lysine

The recommended level of inclusion depends on total PUFA in the diet: general suggestion: FFSB at maximum of 2,5 kg/animal/day. Extruded (assuming 10% fat), maximum 2-3 kg/animal/day

Soybeans is the best option for processing among other oilseeds