AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTREwww.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in

*Corresponding author’s e-mail: nutritionthirumalai@gmail.com

Indian J. Anim. Res., 52 (4) 2018 : 551-558Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555

1ICAR – National Dairy and Research Institute, Karnal – 132001, India. 2Department of Veterinary Physiology, 3Animal Feed Analytical and QualityAssurance Laboratory.

INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, the cost of conventional protein

source for broilers viz. soyabean meal has increased by 60%.This increase has resulted in increased cost of broiler meatproduction. Hence, alternative cheap protein source needs tobe evaluated and incorporated in broiler rations to reducethe cost of broiler meat production. The poultry feed industryand nutritional researchers are in search of alternative proteinsources which not only supports highest performance andefficiency but also safeguard the health of the bird and safetyof the product.

India is the second largest producer ofcottonseed next to China. The production of cottonseed inIndia was 12.29 MMT in 2013 (FAO, 2014). For every 1 kgof cotton (Gossypium sp.) lint produced, there is anavail­ability of 1.65 kg of cotton seed (Sunilkumar et al.,2006). The unit (g) price of soybean and cottonseed mealprotein is 9.3 (Rs 42/kg for 450g of protein) and 6.7 (Rs 26/kg for 390g of protein) paise respectively. Even a 1%replacement of soyabean protein with cottonseed meal proteinwill result in savings of Rs 260/tonne of broiler feed.

Modern cottonseed processing industries areequipped to decorticate cotton seed and hence the mealsobtained are higher in protein and lesser in fibre than theundecorticated cottonseed meal. Similarly the advancementmade in the solvent extraction technology has resulted in lowoil content (Gamboa et al., 2001). The above two processesin modern cottonseed industry has provided an opportunityto incorporate the decorticated deoiled cottonseed meal inthe poultry feed.

Cottonseed contains gossypol in the endosperm andthis is present in free and bound forms. The free form is moretoxic to monogastric animals. The free gossypol is higher indirect solvent extracted than mechanical extruded cottonseedmeal (Calhoun et al., 1989). The cottonseed oil extractionindustry employ initially mechanical and subsequently solventextracted. Hence, the cottonseed meal available locallycontains low free gossypol due to the destruction of gossypolby heat and pressure (Jones, 1981).

Gossypol readily binds with free epsilon aminogroup of lysine during processing, thereby reducingproteolytic action (Phelps, 1966). In addition, gossypol has

Feeding of decorticated cottonseed meal on performance of growth rate,carcass characters and cost effectiveness in broiler birdsG. Thirumalaisamy*1, M. R. Purushothaman, P. Vasantha Kumar, P. Selvaraj2, P. Visha,A. Natarajan3 and S. Senthilkumar

Department of Animal Nutrition,Veterinary College and Research Institute, (TANUVAS), Namakkal– 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.Received: 17-05-2016 Accepted: 27-09-2016 DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7814ABSTRACTA six weeks trial was carried out to study the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (CSM) with 432, day - old Cobb 400 broilerchicks distributed to nine experimental diets with six replicates, each containing eight chicks. The experimental diets wereformulated based on total amino acids (TAA) or based on digestible amino acids (DAA) with or without iron supplementationwith two levels of CSM (2 and 4%) and control diet based on maize – soyabean. Birds fed with CSM at 4% DAA withoutiron supplementation had higher body weight gain than the control (1918 vs 1804g). Feed intake and feed efficiency werecomparable in birds fed with different experimental diets. Inclusion of CSM up to 4% TAA or DAA with or without ironsupplementation had comparable dressing percentage, gizzard, giblet (% of live body weight) and spleen (g). The liverweight (% of live weight) was lower in birds fed 4% CSM - TAA and 2 or 4% CSM - DAA with or without iron supplementation(1.45 – 1.53 vs 1.65%). Heart weight was higher (0.91 vs 0.80% of live weight) and abdominal fat (15.42 vs 24.0g) waslowered in 4% CSM - DAA with iron supplementation. The cost of feed/kg live weight gain in the diet of 4% CSM - DAAwas lowest (52.77), followed by 4% CSM - TAA (55.43) and the difference with control was Rs 5.43 and Rs 2.77 respectively.The overall performance based on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency was better in the diet formulated with4% level of CSM - DAA.

Key words: Broiler, Cottonseed meal, Carcass parameters , Cost effectiveness, Feed conversion ratio and Iron supplementation.

552 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

direct inhibiting action on intestinal enzymes and it combineswith iron in the body thereby reduces hemoglobin synthesisand activity of respiratory enzymes. Hence, the use of thiscottonseed meal is limited. Supplementation of lysine andiron are likely to ameliorate the negative effect of the toxicprinciple (Watkins et al., 1993 and Boling et al., 1998).

In the present study, to evaluate the growthperformance, carcass characters and cost effectiveness of thebirds fed cottonseed meal formulated based on total ordigestible amino acids with and without iron supplementation.MATERIALS AND METHODSEthical approval: The study was conducted followingapproved guidelines with the Institutional Animal EthicsCommittee and conformed to the “Guidelines for the Careand Use of Animals in Research”.

Location of study and period: All procedures in theexperiment were in carried out in the Department of AnimalNutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute,Namakkal, TANUVAS and during the month of November2014 to January 2015. The feeding standard followed as perICAR, (2013). The experiment broiler pre starter and finisherdiets were formulated by inclusion of cottonseed meal atvarying levels (0, 2 and 4% of feed). The variousexperimental diets are as follow:T1 - Standard broiler diet based on total amino acids (Control)T2 - 2% cottonseed meal (CSM) inclusion based on total amino acidsT3 - 4% CSM inclusion based on total amino acidsT4 - 2% CSM inclusion based on digestible amino acidsT5 - 4% CSM inclusion based on digestible amino acidsT6 - T2 with supplementation of ferrous sulphate 1:1 ratio (FeSO4: free gossypol) ie. 0.4g of Fe/kg of the dietT7 - T3 with supplementation of ferrous sulphate 1:1 ratio (FeSO4: free gossypol) ie. 0.8g of Fe/kg of the dietT8 - T4 with supplementation of ferrous sulphate 1:1 ratio (FeSO4: free gossypol) ie. 0.4g of Fe/kg of the dietT9 - T5 with supplementation of ferrous sulphate 1:1 ratio (FeSO4: free gossypol) ie. 0.8g of Fe/kg of the diet

The treatment 1, 2 and 3 were formulated with thetotal (reported analytical) amino acids content of theingredients and the total (reported analytical, Fernandez etal., 1995) amino acid requirement of the birds ie total aminoacid indicates both the digested and undigested amino acidcomponent. The treatment 4 and 5 were formulated with thedigestible (reported available) amino acids content of theingredients and the digestible (reported available, Fernandezet al., 1995) amino acid requirement of the birds ie digestibleamino acid indicates the available amino acid component.

The ingredients and nutrient composition of broilerpre starter, starter and finisher diets are presented in Table 1.The pre-starter, starter and finisher diets were fed to birdsfrom 1 to 14, 15 to 28 and 29 to 42 days of age, respectively.

The experiment was conducted with 432, day-old Cobb 400 broiler chicks. The chicks were wingbanded, weighed individually and assigned randomly to nineexperimental diets with six replicates for each diet and eachhad eight chicks. Completely randomized design wasfollowed.Production parameters:The birds were housed in deep litterpens and reared under uniform standard managementalpractices. The birds were offered with weighed quantity ofexperimental diets and had free access to feed and water.Individual body weight and replicate feed intake wererecorded at weekly intervals and weight gain and feedconversion ratio were worked out. At the end of 42 days ofage, twelve birds per treatment were randomly selected andstarved for 12 hours and slaughtered. The pre-slaughter bodyweight and carcass characters were recorded. The economicsof raising broilers up to 42 days with different levels ofcottonseed meal was calculated based on the actual cost offeed per kg weight gain.Proximate principles: The experimental diets were analyzedfor proximate principles, sand and silica and calcium as perAOAC (1995).Statistical analyses: The data collected on various parameterswere statistically analysed as per the method of Snedecorand Cochran (1989) and the means of different experimentalgroups were tested for statistical significance by Duncan‘smultiple range test (Duncan, 1955).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONProduction performance: The observations of body weightgain, feed intake and feed efficiency of the broiler trial atdifferent age and overall study period are presented in theTable 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Incorporation of CSM up to 4%level based on total amino acids (TAA) was comparable to thecontrol diet in terms of body weight gain during the pre starter,starter, finisher and entire period (0 – 42days). Similarly,inclusion of CSM up to 4% level based on digestible aminoacids (DAA) had comparable body weight gain to the controland CSM-TAA during the all three phases, but the weight gainat the end of sixth week was higher (P<0.05) in 4% CSM-DAAwhen compared to control (1918 vs 1804g). Diets containingCSM formulated on the basis of DAA had higher (P< 0.05)body weight gain than the corresponding levels of CSMformulated on TAA.

The present observation of comparable growthagreed with the earlier reports of CSM inclusion based onTAA at 34.48 (Sterling et al., 2002), 10 (Elangovan et al.,2003; Mandal et al., 2004), 20 (Ajman and Yilmaz, 2005)and 29 (Ojewola, 2006) and 30 % (Abdulrashid et al., 2013).Similar comparable growth when CSM incorporation on thebasis of DAA at 24 (Boushy and Raterink, 1989), 20(Fernandez et al., 1994; 1995) and 15% (Karakas et al., 2006)in broiler rations.

Volume 52 Issue 4 (April 2018) 553

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554 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

Treatment 0 – 14 days 15 – 28 days 29 – 42 days 0 – 42 days

T1 1.128a± 0.017 1.843 ± 0.030 2.410 ± 0.041 1.927b ± 0.017T2 1.047a ± 0.011 1.715 ± 0.047 2.485 ± 0.177 1.923b ± 0.046T3 1.058a ± 0.018 1.778 ± 0.045 2.317 ± 0.120 1.860ab ± 0.049T4 1.117a ± 0.032 1.778 ± 0.046 2.278 ± 0.081 1.865ab ± 0.039T5 1.088a ± 0.012 1.728 ± 0.030 2.093 ± 0.071 1.767a ± 0.018T6 1.350b ± 0.044 1.655 ± 0.044 2.200 ± 0.087 1.843ab ± 0.027T7 1.292b ± 0.034 1.795 ± 0.037 2.263 ± 0.067 1.892b ± 0.027T8 1.303b ± 0.041 1.730 ± 0.030 2.320 ± 0.062 1.880b ± 0.032T9 1.128a ± 0.032 1.792 ± 0.025 2.407 ± 0.067 1.930b ± 0.040

Table 4: Effect of feeding cottonseed meal on feed efficiency (Kg feed intake/kg weight gain) in broilers at different age.

Each value is the mean of six observations. Mean with at least one common superscript in a column do not differ significantly (P >0.05)

Treatment 0–14 days 15–28 days 29–42 days 0 – 42 days

T1 327b± 6.0 697 ± 16.5 759 ± 14.8 1804a ± 21.0T2 318b ± 5.9 716 ± 16.3 768 ± 34.6 1789a ± 28.7T3 331b ± 7.0 733 ± 17.2 774 ± 19.6 1844ab ± 36.5T4 329b ± 6.1 736 ± 11.8 787 ± 19.6 1856ab ± 28.9T5 325b ± 6.1 737 ± 18.8 845 ± 15.8 1918b ± 28.6T6 294a ± 6.5 716 ± 12.2 772 ± 14.8 1778a ± 23.0T7 315b ± 5.7 718 ± 18.1 773 ± 16.8 1822a ± 26.2T8 318b ± 7.0 768 ± 16.4 756 ± 16.3 1862ab ± 31.0T9 317b ± 5.9 708 ± 15.4 770 ± 15.8 1805a ± 24.1

Table 2: Effect of feeding CSM on body weight gain (g) in broilers at different age.

Each value is the mean of forty eight observations. Mean with at least one common superscript in a column do not differ significantly(P > 0.05)

Treatment 0 – 14 days 15 – 28 days 29 – 42 days 0 – 42 days

T1 369b ± 5.32 1277bc ± 21.95 1828b ± 20.79 3474b ± 13.28T2 333a ± 4.19 1226ab ± 17.06 1868b ± 37.49 3426b ± 27.02T3 351b ± 6.75 1303bc ± 23.29 1781ab ± 43.86 3435b ± 53.96T4 366b ± 6.97 1309bc ± 44.80 1781ab ± 26.21 3456b ± 53.06T5 353b ± 6.69 1271bc ± 19.60 1769ab ± 30.33 3392b ± 39.55T6 395c ± 8.20 1185a ± 32.44 1690a ± 45.75 3270a ± 36.85T7 406c ± 6.05 1283bc ± 25.98 1760ab ± 31.57 3450b ± 31.84T8 412c ± 5.13 1326c ± 17.12 1758ab ± 23.74 3496b ± 24.00T9 357b ± 4.90 1264abc ± 26.50 1842b ± 33.46 3463b ± 30.97

Table 3: Effect of feeding cottonseed meal on feed intake (g) in broilers at different age.

Each value is the mean of six observations. Mean with at least one common superscript in a column do not differ significantly (P >0.05)

In pre starter period, supplementation of iron in diets(T-7 and T-9) resulted in comparable body weight gain up to4% level. Conversely in 2% iron supplementation (T-6) wassignificantly lower than control and T-2 group (294 vs 318g).Similarly during starter, finisher and overall feeding periods,addition of iron had no significant difference in body weightgain compared to control diet and it2 s respective levels ofCSM iron unsupplemented diets, except at the end of sixthweek in 4% CSM-DAA supplemented with iron was lowerthan its respective level of iron unsupplemented diet (T-5),the values being 1805 vs 1918g, respectively.

The current study suggested that no significantbeneficial effect on iron supplementation up to 4% inclusion

of CSM-TAA or CSM-DAA diet in broilers. Similarly, in theearlier works on CSM diets formulated on TAA or on DAAwith iron supplementation at 2:1 ratio (FeSo4: free gossypol)comparable weight gain at 16 (Boushy and Raterink, 1989)and 15% (Fernandez et al., 1995; Karakas et al., 2006) wasobserved. But at higher levels of CSM inclusion even withiron supplementation, poor weight gain was observed at 24(Boushy and Raterink, 1989) and 20% (Fernandez et al., 1995;Hassanabadi et al., 2009; Heidarinia and Malakian, 2011).

The broiler diets with 2 or 4% CSM during prestarter, starter, finisher and overall growth period, the feedintake was comparable to the control, except in T-2 (333 vs369g). Lower feed intake was observed in the pre starter

Volume 52 Issue 4 (April 2018) 555

phase. Similarly comparable feed intake was observed whenCSM was used in broiler diet at 20 (Watkins and Waldroup.,1995), 26.35 (Sterling et al., 2002), 20 (Azman and Yilmaz, 2005)and 30% (Abdulrashid et al., 2013).

Iron supplementation in CSM-TAA diets resultedin higher feed intake compared to the control diet (395 – 406vs 369g) and its corresponding respective levels of ironunsupplemented diet (395 – 412 vs 351 – 366g) in the prestarter phase. But when iron was supplemented in CSM-DAAthe feed intake was significantly higher in 2% CSM andcomparable in 4% CSM fed birds. Similarly Boushy andRaterink (1989) had observed higher feed intake when 24%CSM with 600 ppm of iron was included in broiler diet.

In starter, finisher and overall feeding periods thefeed intake was not influenced by the level of CSM whetherformulated on TAA or on DAA basis or due to ironsupplementation, except for the diet at 2 % CSM-TAA withiron supplementation which was less than the control and therespective level of iron unsupplemented group in starter (1185vs 1277 and 1226g), finisher (1690 vs 1828 and 1868g) andover all feeding period (3270 vs 3473 and 3426g)respectively.

Similarly no effect on feed intake was reported whenbroiler diets containing 20% CSM with iron supplemented(Watkins and Waldroup, 1995). But reduced feed intake wasobserved when 15 (Karakas et al., 2006) and 20% CSMbroiler diets were enriched with iron (Hassanabadi et al.,2009; Heidarinia and Malakian, 2011).

Feed efficiency was not influenced by theincorporation of CSM-TAA or CSM-DAA when compare tothe control diet in all the three phases and overall period.Similar observation was recorded by previous workers whenCSM was incorporated at 10 (Elangovan et al., 2003 and2006; Mandal et al., 2004), 29 (Ojewola et al., 2006) and30% (Abdulrashid et al., 2013).

Addition of iron at 2 and 4% CSM-TAA and 2%BDAA had significantly poor feed efficiency (1.350, 1.292and 1.303 vs 1.128) when compared to the control andrespective iron unsupplemented groups but 4% CSM-DAAcontaining iron had feed efficiency equal to the control andthe corresponding iron unsupplemented group in the prestarter phase. Likewise previous authors documented poorfeed efficiency when CSM diets were enriched with iron at24 (Boushy and Raterink., 1989), 15 (Karakas et al., 2006)and 20% (Hassanabadi et al., 2009; Heidarinia andMalakian., 2011).

At the end of 42 days, the feed efficiency wassignificantly (P<0.05) better in 4% CSM-DAA whencompared to other groups (1.767 vs 1.843 – 1.930), due to

the higher body weight gain and reduced feed intake thandiet formulated with 4% CSM-TAA. Iron supplementationin CSM-TAA or CSM-DAA did not improve the growthperformance, nor reduced feed intake or improved feedefficiency.

The overall performance based on body weight gain,feed intake and feed efficiency was better in the diet formulatedwith 4% level of CSM-DAA. The better performance might be dueto the incorporation of higher (67 – 82g/100kg) levels of syntheticamino acid viz. lysine in CSM diet formulated based on DAAthan the corresponding levels of CSM-TAA and the controlwhich would have resulted in better utilisation of amino acids.

Slaughter parameters:The slaughter parameters of CSMfed broilers are presented in Table 5. Inclusion of CSM upto 4% based on TAA or DAA with or without ironsupplementation did not influence the dressing percentage,gizzard (percentage of live body weight) and spleen (grams).The giblet weight (grams) was comparable whether CSMformulated on TAA or DAA with or without ironsupplementation, except for the diet at 2% CSM-TAA (94.08vs 83.83g) and 4% CSM-DAA (94.83 vs 83.83g) withoutiron supplementation had higher giblet weight than thecontrol. These results showed consonance with the earlierreports, on dressing percentage and organ weight up to thelevel of 10% of Bt or non Bt cotton (Elangovan et al., 2003;Mandal et al., 2004) and at 19.5% (Adeyemo and Longe, 2007).

In diets formulated with CSM-TAA at 2% level withor without iron supplementation had liver weight (% of liveweight) comparable to the control, whereas the rest of thetreatment groups had significantly low liver weight than thecontrol (2.03 – 2.21 vs 2.51%). But, the previous authorsdocumented the no change in liver weight of the birds due tothe incorporation of CSM up to the level of 20 (Henry et al.,2001), 35.24 (Sterling et al., 2002), 10 (Elangovan et al., 2003;Mandal et al., 2004) and 26.05% (Adeyemo and Longe, 2007)in broiler diet.

Heart weight (percentage of live weight) andabdominal fat weight (g) were not significantly influencedby inclusion of CSM BTAA or BDAA with or without ironsupplementation in comparison to the control diet fed birds.However in 4% CSM BDAA with iron supplementation hadsignificantly higher heart weight and lower abdominal fat (15.42vs 24.0g) than its respective level of iron unsupplemented group.It conquers with previous workers reports wherein inclusion ofCSM at 10 (Elangovan et al., 2003), 26.05 (Adeyemo andLonge. 2007) and 15% (Hassanabadi et al., 2009) were did notaffect the heart weight of birds but Mandal et al. (2004)documented, inclusion of commercial CSM at 10% level hadhigher heart weight and Watkins et al. (2002) reported lowerabdominal fat yield when diet contained 30% CSM.

556 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

Treatment Dressing Giblet Percent live body weight (g %) Weight (g)percentage weight (g) Gizzard Liver Heart Abdominal fat Spleen

T1 68.66 ± 0.94 83.83ab ± 2.04 1.73 ± 0.06 2.51b ± 0.10 0.80abc ± 0.06 20.33ab ± 1.36 2.58 ± 0.19T2 66.27 ± 0.79 94.08c ± 2.25 1.92 ± 0.08 2.57b ± 0.07 0.85bc ± 0.03 16.17a ± 1.64 2.67 ± 0.22T3 69.27 ± 0.60 88.92abc ± 3.09 1.85 ± 0.09 2.15a ± 0.05 0.70a ± 0.04 20.42ab ± 1.27 2.58 ± 0.23T4 66.14 ± 0.99 90.08bc ± 5.28 1.74 ± 0.17 2.18a ± 0.10 0.80abc ± 0.04 22.33b ± 1.99 2.42 ± 0.29T5 70.21 ± 2.49 94.83c ± 3.97 1.94 ± 0.15 2.21a ± 0.09 0.71a ± 0.04 24.00b ± 1.88 2.58 ± 0.15T6 66.57 ± 0.84 90.33bc± 1.81 1.96 ± 0.07 2.49b ± 0.10 0.82abc ± 0.03 20.25ab ± 2.26 2.42 ± 0.26T7 68.44 ± 1.37 86.67abc ± 2.70 1.97 ± 0.08 2.18a ± 0.10 0.77ab ± 0.03 21.83b ± 1.12 2.75 ± .018T8 67.59 ± 0.67 92.25bc ± 3.06 2.02 ± 0.10 2.11a ± 0.08 0.80abc ± 0.03 20.50ab ± 1.55 2.58 ± 0.23T9 66.24 ± 1.47 80.25a ± 2.35 1.79 ± 0.08 2.03a ± 0.08 0.91c ± 0.06 15.42a ± 1.40 2.33 ± 0.22

Table 5: Effect of feeding cottonseed meal on slaughter parameters in broilers.

Each value is the mean of twelve observationsMean with at least one common superscript in a column do not differ significantly (P > 0.05)

Cost effectiveness: The cost of the formulated broiler diets(pre starter, starter and finisher) and the cost of feed per unitlive weight gain of broilers fed different levels of CSM BTAAor BDAA with or without iron supplementation are presentedin Table 6.

In spite of adding synthetic amino acids tocompensate for the reduced digestibility of amino acids inCSM when compared to SBM, the price of CSM incorporateddiet was lower than the control diet.

Incorporation of 2 and 4% CSM-TAA resulted inreduction in the cost (Rs 0.21 to 0.25 and 0.41 to 0.49/kg).Similarly 2 and 4% CSM - DAA resulted in reduction in thecost (Rs 0.17 to 0.18 and 0.37 to 0.45/kg). Use of CSM atboth the levels (TAA or DAA) with inclusion of iron

Table 6: Economics of feeding cottonseed meal in broilers. Cost of feed/kg (Rs) Cost of feed/bird* (Rs)

Pre Starter Finisher Pre Starter Finisher Total Cost of feed Difference Differencestarter starter per kg live over the over the

weight*(Rs) Control(Rs) Control (%)

T1 31.07 30.22 31.69 11.47 38.59 57.94 108.00 58.20 - -± 0.17 ± 0.66 ± 0.66 ± 0.41 ± 0.50

T2 30.86 30.01 31.44 10.27 36.79 58.72 105.78 57.68 0.52 0.90 ± 0.13 ± 0.51 ± 1.18 ± 0.86 ± 1.33

T3 30.66 29.81 31.20 10.74 38.85 55.58 105.17 55.43 2.77 4.77± 0.21 ± 0.69 ± 1.37 ± 1.67 ± 1.43

T4 30.89 30.05 31.47 11.31 39.34 56.05 106.71 56.03 2.18 3.74± 0.21 ± 1.35 ± 0.83 ± 1.62 ± 1.13

T5 30.70 29.85 31.24 10.83 37.93 55.27 104.03 52.77 5.43 9.33± 0.21 ± 0.59 ± 0.95 ± 1.22 ± 0.55

T6 31.05 30.20 31.63 12.28 35.79 53.44 101.51 55.68 2.52 4.34 ± 0.25 ± 0.98 ± 1.45 ± 1.15 ± 0.83

T7 31.04 30.18 31.58 12.61 38.74 55.59 106.93 57.08 1.13 1.93± 0.19 ± 0.78 ± 1.00 ± 0.99 ± 0.79

T8 31.08 30.24 31.66 12.80 40.10 55.67 108.57 56.82 1.38 2.37± 0.16 ± 0.52 ± 0.75 ± 0.75 ± 0.95

T9 31.08 30.23 31.62 11.10 38.21 58.25 107.56 58.30 -0.10 -0.17 ±0.15 ±0.80

*Each value is the mean of six observations±1.06 ±0.97 ±1.19

Treatment

supplementation resulted in very marginal reduction informulated feed over the control diet (minus Rs 0.01 to+0.11).

The cost of feed/kg live weight gain of the CSMincluded diets ranged from Rs 52.77 to 58.30 and thecorresponding value of the control diet were Rs 58.20. Dietwith 4% CSM-DAA had lowest feed cost/kg live weight gain(Rs 52.77), followed by 4% CSM-TAA (Rs 55.43), thedifference in feed cost/kg live weight gain was Rs 5.43(9.33%) and Rs 2.77 (4.77%) over the control respectively.All the experimental CSM based diets had positive returnsranged from Rs 0.52 to 5.43, except for the 4% CSM-DAAwith iron supplementation had negative return minus 0.10 (-0.17%) rupees over the control.

Volume 52 Issue 4 (April 2018) 557

The increased profit per kg live weight has beenattributed to the reduction in feed cost in CSM fed groupsdue to less addition of SBM compared to the control diet,inaddition to the benefits of increased weight gain and betterfeed efficiency. Similarly Ojewola and Ewa (2005) conductedexperiment using 30% SBM in control ration and 30% CSMin treatment group, they found ration containing 30% CSMmore economical than control group. In subsequentexperiment, Ojewola et al. (2006), replaced 25, 50, 75 and100% of SBM and observed significantly reduction in thecost of feed per bird when compared to SBM based diet.CONCLUSION

The overall performance based on body weight gain,feed intake and feed efficiency was better in the diet

formulated with 4% level of CSM-DAA. Ironsupplementation in CSM-TAA or DAA up to 4% level didnot influenced the production performance. CSM-TAA orCSM-DAA up to 4% level with or without ironsupplementation had comparable carcass characteristics interms of dressing percentage, giblet percent of live bodyweight and spleen weight. The cost of feed/kg live weightgain in the diet of 4% CSM-DAA was lowest (Rs 52.77),followed by 4 % CSM-TAA (Rs 55.43) and the differencewith control was Rs 5.43 (9.33%) and Rs 2.77 (4.77%) respectively.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank to Tamil Nadu Veterinary andAnimal Sciences University, for providing necessaryfacilities and financial assistance for conducting the research.

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