APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of animal’s development with title “Fertilization” who is made

by:

Name : Nur Rezki Octavia

Reg. No : 081404174

Group : V (fifth)

Class : Biology ICP

Department : Biology

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, December 2009

Assistant Coordiantor Assistant

ASO KI’LEKSO AIDIL ADHANI Reg. No: 061404001 Reg. No : 071404164

Lecture

Ir. Halifah Pagarra, Msi NIP : 1955 0915 1983 032 001

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Reproduction is one way that is done by living things to can defense its

species from destroyed. With reproduction, living things can produce a new

individual. Generally reproduction at animal can be divided into two part, they

are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is

reproduction by fusion male sexual cell and female sexual cell. Asexual

reproduction is reproduction by bud formation at Hydra and there are still other

examples.

Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and sygamy), is the

fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In animals, the process involves a

sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an

embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body

of the female in internal fertilization, or outside in the case of external

fertilization. Usually mammals rely on internal fertilization through copulation.

After a male ejaculates, a large number of sperm cells move to the upper vagina

(via contractions from the vagina) through the cervix and across the length of the

uterus toward the ovum. The capacitated spermatozoon and the oocyte meet and

interact in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

At this animal development observation, the subject matter that would be

observation is fertilization. Fertilization is fusion between male gamete

(spermatozoa) and female gamete (egg cells). Fertilization is the first step from

animal development after gametogenesis. Process that meeting both of that

gamete and defense amount child chromosome to diploid like mother. Coitus

process ay mammalian involve specific sexual attitude that is controlled by

female.

Based on the above statement, to find out more about fertilization. In this

observation we will use Mus musculus to observed. So that we can prove or

compare directly between theory we that we got with directly observations that

we observe at the time of fertilization observation. In addition, in this observation

we learned a lesson about how to breed and maintain of Mus musculus.

B. Purpose

In this fertilization experiment, there are some purpose:

1. To learn how to breed Mus musculus and take care them.

2. To have a good understanding about fertilization process at mammalian.

C. Benefit

The benefit of fertilization experiment are the students can:

1. Know and learn how to breed Mus musculus and take care them.

2. Have a good understanding about fertilization process at mammalian.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

In animals, fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell. The

penetration of the egg cell by the chromosome-containing part of the sperm cell

causes a reaction, which prevents additional sperm cells from entering the egg. The

egg and sperm each contribute half of the new organism's genetic material. A

fertilized egg cell is known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes continuous cell

division, which eventually produces a new multicellular organism (Anonyma, 2009).

Fertilization is step that start animal development process after gametogenesis.

This process meeting both of kind gamete and defense amount of child chromosome

so there is diploid like mother. At mammalian fertilization occurs as internal.

Meeting both of gamete happened in female reproduction duct. In this relation male

gamete (spermatozoa) is moved into female reproduction duct through cotus for meet

with egg cells. Married process at mammalian involve specific sexual attitude that is

controlled by sex hormone. Beside that, sex hormone undergo reproduction cycle at

female (Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah, 2009: 23).

Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring

in the ampulla of the uterine tube. It is also the initiation of prenatal development.

Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.

Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy), is the fusion of

gametes to produce a new organism. The process involves a sperm fusing with an

ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo (Anonymb, 2009).

In the process of fertilization, organization of spermatids should be adjusted in

order to reach the ovum. Sperm are generally composed of the head, middle piece and

tail. Anterior end of the differentiation head that serves as achrosome penetrating the

egg membranes to the sperm cytoplasm may be associated with the ovum. The bulk

of the head of a core role in the paternal genes transmition. The posterior part of the

head contains important centrioles in the zygote cleavage. Keeping the flagellum and

the surrounding contain there contents of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes and other

enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, to provide energy. The tail is the

longest part of the sperm and by the movement, the sperm can move with the head in

front (Sugiyanto, 1996: 59-60).

Kind of reproduction that happened in the vertebrate is sexual reproduction.

Generally reproduction system consists of sex glands, reproduction duct, and

accessory gland. Animal that do internal fertilization is completed with copulatoris

organ at male. The main organ that is composed reproduction system is gonad. At

male that is called testis and in the female is ovary. At male is completed by

accessory gland that produce liquid as sperm medium, while in the female there is

uterus (Syahrum, 1994: 34).

Fertilization may or may not involve sexual intercourse. In vitro fertilization

(IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in

vitro. Sperm is propelled through the female reproductive tract by flagellation and

may get through the jelly coat through a process called sperm activation. The oocyte

and sperm fuse once the sperm is through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida;

two layers covering and protecting the oocyte from fertilization by more than one

sperm (Anonymb, 2009).

Place of fertilization at various of animal is different, but sure in each animal.

At kind of animal, fertilization occurs in the posterior tuba fallopian, example

urodela. gymnophona, and some of kinds anura, in the anterior tuba fallopian, like

reptilian, aves, elasmobranchii, and mammalian, in the peritoneum cavity between

ovary and infundibulum, like at kinds of urodela and aves, in the ovary follicle, like

cork fish, and in the water, like frog (Adnan, 2008: 117).

Fertilization in humans occurs in oviducts (fallopian tubes) of the female

reproductive tract and takes place within hours following sexual intercourse. Only

one of the approximately 300 million sperm released into a female's vagina during

intercourse can fertilize the single female egg cell. The successful sperm cell must

enter the uterus and swim up the fallopian tube to meet the egg cell, where it passes

through the thick coating surrounding the egg. This coating, consisting of sugars and

proteins, is known as the zona pellucid (Anonyma, 2009).

According to Adnan (2008), function of fertilization are:

1. Stimulate egg cells to develop continuely

2. Produce that happened sygami that is fusion genetic paternal and maternal

characteristic.

3. Defense diploiditas condition a species

4. Determine kind os sex genetically.

At animal that do internal fertilization, sperm moving in outer of body isn’t

happened because sperm is brought directly into female sex duct through specific

organ. At pisces, anal fin or pelvis fin change its form as tool that go into sperm in the

female body. At cloaca female there are diverticulum that is called spermatheca that

has role as sperm storage. At mammalian, sperm is brought into female reproduction

duct through specific sex that is specialized that is called penis (Adnan, 2008: 115).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Saturday/December 5th, 2009

Time : At 03.00 pm until 05.00 pm

Place of experiment : The 3rd floor of Biology laboratory, the east part

Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State

University.

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools:

a. Mus musculus cage

b. Scale

c. Surgery tools

d. Pipette

e. Magnifying glass

2. Materials:

a. Female and male Mus musculus

b. Mus musculus food

c. Freshwater

d. Chaff

C. Work Procedure

1. Made vaginal smear of female Mus musculus to know reproductive cycle

condition of the female animal.

2. Looked after the female and male Mus musculus in one cage so the coitus

could occur.

3. Watched over the female Mus musculus condition everyday. Especially

whether the female Mus musculus had pregnant or not.

4. Weighed the female Mus musculus weight everyday to made certain that the

animal had pregnant.

5. Gave food and water just enough, and changed the chaff to keep the sanitation

of the house mouse that was pregnant.

6. Killed a female of Mus musculus that is pregnant by neck dislocation, then

surgeried the abdomen until look uterus.

7. Count amount of fetus at uterus and wrote down each others of uterus horn.

Look that fetus what is life or died by touching.

8. Opened uterus and looked for implantation that is resorosied. Count of each

uterus horn.

9. Took both of ovary and count of corpus luteum from each ovary (right ovary

and left ovary). Corpus luteum has yellow reddish color and has shaped that is

bigger than tertier follicle.

CHAPTER IVRESULT OF OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Observation

Ovary of Mus musculus (Group VII)

Notes :

1. Ovary

2. Uterus

3. Corpus adiposum

B. Discussion

At this observation we observed about fertilization of Mus musculus.

Before that we breed between male of Mus musculus and female of Mus musculus

and we learn about how to take care Mus musculus. After that we could do surgery

at Mus musculus that has been pregnant to observed directly its fertilization.

Every day we measured the weight of Mus musculus to know adding of

weight from female of Mus musculus by using Ohaus scale. This measured also is

done to help us ascertain happened pregnant at Mus musculus. Taking of data is

done at 17th days. Day to day there are adding of weight of Mus musculus, but

sometimes there are decreasing of weight or it has same weight.

We can know pregnancy of Mus musculus by seeing vagina stopper that is

when there are lump liquid that is closed vagina hole. There are vagina stopper is

sign zero pregnancy day. Our group observed until 17 th day of pregnancy. But Mus

msuculus that we are took care didn’t pregnant. This is caused Mus musculus

undergo frustration and didn’t get food regularly. But from its environment there

isn’t problem because we took care their cage so there isn’t smell.

Because that problem, we take the data from group VII. When it is

operated, we don’t know day of Mus musculus pregnant. From the operated result

there are 7 implantation at group VII. But their fetus is different. At group VII has

life fetus is 2 and died fetus is 5. Their corpus luteum is 0. Percentage of

implantation is 0. Percentage of gestation losing is 100%. Percentage of died fetus

is 71,43% and percentage of life fetus is 28, 57%.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion

Based on observation that we is done, we can conclude that:

1. Coitus of Mus musculus can be happened if female and male of Mus musculus

in the same cage and female of Mus musculus is in the estrous phase. From

aspect maintenance we always pay attention their food and their cage so that

Mus musculus didn’t do frustration that will influence reproduction ability.

2. Fertilization is fusion between male sex gamete and female sex gamete that

occurs in the female reproduction duct. At Mus musculus fertilization is done

as internal.

B. Suggestion

1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do

observation well.

2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.

3. Practicants don’t play at observation take place rightly.

BIBLIOGRAPH

Adnan. 2008. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Anonyma. 2009. Fertilization. http://www.harunyahya.com. Accessed on December 11th 2009 in Makassar.

Anonymb. 2009. Human Fertilization. http://www.healthsquared.com. Accessed on December 11th 2009 in Makassar.

Sugiyanto. 1996. Perkembangan Hewan. Jogjakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada.

Syahrum, M.H. 1994. Reproduksi dan Embriologi. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.

Anonyma

Fertilization

In animals, fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell. The

penetration of the egg cell by the chromosome-containing part of the sperm cell

causes a reaction, which prevents additional sperm cells from entering the egg. The

egg and sperm each contribute half of the new organism's genetic material. A

fertilized egg cell is known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes continuous cell

division , which eventually produces a new multicellular organism .

Fertilization in humans occurs in oviducts ( fallopian tubes ) of the female

reproductive tract and takes place within hours following sexual intercourse. Only

one of the approximately 300 million sperm released into a female's vagina during

intercourse can fertilize the single female egg cell. The successful sperm cell must

enter the uterus and swim up the fallopian tube to meet the egg cell, where it passes

through the thick coating surrounding the egg. This coating, consisting of sugars and

proteins , is known as the zona pellucida . The tip of the head of the sperm cell

contains enzymes which break through the zona pellucida and aid the penetration

of the sperm into the egg. The sperm and the egg each contain only half the normal

number of chromosomes, a condition known as haploid. In humans, a number of

variables affect whether or not fertilization occurs following intercourse. One factor

is a woman's ovulatory cycle. Human eggs can only be fertilized a few days after

ovulation, which usually occurs only once every 28 days.

In other species, fertilization occurs either internally (as above) or externally,

depending on the species involved. Fertilization outside of the animal's body occurs

in aquatic animals such as sea urchins, fish, and frogs. In sea urchins, several billion

sperm are released into the water and swim towards eggs released in the same area.

Fertilization occurs within seconds of sperm release in the vicinity of the eggs. Sea

urchins have been used greatly in research on fertilization.

Anonymb

Human fertilization

Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the uterine tube . It is also the initiation of prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.

Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy), is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. The process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo.

It is when first of all the acrosome at the head tip produces enzymes, which cuts through the outer jelly coat of the egg. After that has happened, the sperm plasma fuses with the egg’s plasma membrane. Finally, the Head disconnects with the body, and the egg can now travel down the Fallopian tube to reach the womb, where the baby grows.

Fertilization may or may not involve sexual intercourse . In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro. Sperm is propelled through the female reproductive tract by flagellation and may get through the jelly coat through a process called sperm activation. The oocyte and sperm fuse once the sperm is through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida; two layers covering and protecting the oocyte from fertilization by more than one sperm.