გიორგი შატბერაშვილი და ქართული ფოლკლორი · `vefxistyaosani~, `rostomiani~, `beJaniani~ da sxva. folkloruli masalebi

1

ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი

განათლებისა და მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტი

ჰუმანიტარული მიმართულება

ლელა კუკულაძე

გიორგი შატბერაშვილი და ქართული ფოლკლორი

სპეციალობა: ლიტერატურათმცოდნეობა

ფილოლოგიის დოქტორის აკადემიური ხარისხის

მოსაპოვებლად წარმოდგენილი დისერტაცია

სამეცნიერო ხელმძღვანელი : ფილოლოგიის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი,

რსუ სრული პროფესორი თინა შიოშვილი

ბათუმი-2013

2

Sesavali

yoveli civiluri eris istoriaSi damwerlobis Camoyalibebamde

gonebrivi da sulieri saunjis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgenda

zepirsityviereba, romelic asaxvis mravalferovnebiTa da filosofiuri

xedvis siRrmiT xasiaTdeba. samyaros gagebis, gaazrebis, movlenaTa arsSi

wvdomis survili ganapirobebda miTosuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas. bunebis

movlenebis miTologizebuli warmodgenebi farTodaa asaxuli

zepirsityvierebaSi, romelic ganviTarebis maRal safexurs aRwevs da

poeturi azrovnebis Sedevrebs qmnis. miTosur epoqaSi iqmneba xalxuri

eposis brwyinvale nimuSi _ Tqmuleba amiranis Sesaxeb da mravali sxva

epikuri nawarmoebi. qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi es xana didi xniT uswrebs

win qristianobas da rkinis damuSavebis epoqebs emTxveva. iSviaTia mwerali,

romelic met-naklebad ar iyos dakavSirebuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis

fesvebTan, ar sargeblobdes misi saxeebiTa Tu motivebiT. zogjer mwerlis

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Rirsebac imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad

originalurad da safuZvlianad aris gamoyenebuli masSi folklori.

qarTuli literaturaც didadaa davalebuli xalxuri sityvierebisagan.

folklorTan SemoqmedebiTi siaxlove amdidrebs, aRrmavebs da

amravalferovnebs samwerlobo literaturas rogorc mxatvruli, ise

ideuri TvalsazrisiT. yoveli didi mwerali miTologiuri anTeosisamebr

iyo dakavSirebuli mSobel miwasTan, garemosTan, xalxTan; maTgan qmnida im

saZirkvels, romelzedac unda daSenebuliyo romelime konkretuli

nawarmoebi an mTeli Semoqmedeba. folklorTan amgvari siaxlovis gareSe

mwerali SeiZleba iseve damarcxdes, rogorc mSobeli miwidan mowyvetili

anTeosi.

zepirsityvierebis nimuSTa Sinaarsobrivma mravalferovnebam da

maRalmxatvrulobam safuZveli Seuqmna saero mwerlobis Casaxvas da mis

Semdgom ganviTarebazec moaxdina mZlavri gavlena. qarTuli mwerlobis

Sinaarsis gamdidrebis, misi formis srulyofis mniSvnelovan faqtorad

xalxuri Semoqmedeba gvevlineba; didia xalxuri poeziis, saxalxo

3

mTqmelTa roli qarTuli leqsis poetur daxvewaSi. sasuliero leqsSi

folkloridan riTma da xalxuri sazomebi Sevida, xolo qarTul

sasuliero galobaSi saero kiloebi SeiWra. qristianobam warmarTuli

simRerebisagan isesxa TavisTvis saWiro xmebi da Sinaarsobrivad

gansxvavebuli sagaloblebi Seqmna.

folkloruli tradiciebis seriozul gavlenas ganicdis hagiografiuli

mwerlobac, romelSic warmarTuli zepirsityvierebis siuJetebis, motivebis,

gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT mdidari masala

iZebneba. ìakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebidan~ dawyebuli adaptirebuli

xasiaTis legendebi da saswaulebrivi epizodebi Tavs iCens TiTqmis yvela

ZeglSi, romelic ki martvilTa cxovrebas aRwers~ (axvlediani 1999:26).

legendebisa da saswaulebrivi epizodebis uxv gamoyenebas hagiografiul

TxzulebebSi, rasakvirvelia, aqvs rogorc axsna, ise _ gamarTleba. axsna

religiuri dogmebis propagandis saWiroebaSi mdgomareobs, romlis drosac

momgebiania fantastikuri motivebis gamoyeneba; xolo gamarTleba religiur

TaviseburebaSi unda veZioT, romlis mixedviTac yovelgvari saswauli

realur faqtad moiazreba.

erovnulma folklorma mxatvruli stilis TvalsazrisiTac moaxdina

hagiografiul Zeglebze gavlena, rac ZiriTadad metyvelebis xalxuri

sityvierebismier ubraloebaSi, mTqmelsa da msmenels Soris mWidro

urTierTobaSi, dialogebis bunebriobaSi, xalxur kiloTa metyvelebasTan

miaxloebaSi gamoixata.

xalxurma poeturma Semoqmedebam, eposma da sasimRero lirikam SoTa

rusTavelis `vefxistyaosansac” daaCina kvali. unda aRiniSnos, rom misi

zemoqmedeba gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba aRorZinebis xanis poetTa

SemoqmedebaSi. sulxan-sabas, m. baraTaSvilis, vaxtang VI-is, daviT

guramiSvilisa da besikis novatorul moRvaweobas qarTuli leqsis

ganaxlebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda xalxuri poezia. maT

folkloridan isesxes nairferovani sazomebi da qarTuli leqsTwyobis

sruliad axali saxeebi Seqmnes.

4

paralelurad Tavad sityvakazmuli mwerlobac iwyebs zemoqmedebas

folklorze, ris Sedegadac xalxurdeba da variantebs iZens araerTi

nimuSi Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa. amis magaliTia xalxuri

`vefxistyaosani~, `rostomiani~, `beJaniani~ da sxva.

folkloruli masalebi sando wyaros warmoadgens eris warsulis

Sesaswavlad, isini droisa da mTqmelTa klasobrivi warmodgenebis

mixedviT, marTalia, ganicdian cvlilebas, magram ise, rom misi ZiriTadi

qarga daurRvevelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari mixeil kekelia

aRniSnavs: `xalxurma sityvierebam bevri iseTi cnoba Semogvinaxa, rac

dadasturebas poulobs istoriuli da naratiuli xasiaTis wyaroebSi.

meore mxriv, maTSi vpoulobT iseT masalebsac, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT

aRniSnuli wyaroebi duman. amdenad, ganuzomlad didia am mimarTulebiT

folkloris mniSvneloba~ (kekelia 1976:85).

mkvlevari mixeil Ciqovanic miiCnevs, rom `xalxuri Semoqmedeba

sinamdvilis yovelgvar niuanss asaxavs. mxatvruli ukufena metad swrafia

da uSualo, miukibav-moukibavi. zepirad Tqmuli nakleb grZnobda im

SezRudulobas, rasac mwerlis kalami ganicdida... saxalxo momRerali,

mTqmeli, Tavis miswrafebas, azrsa da gancdas nakleb uqvemdebarebda

sacenzuro kanonebs~ (Ciqovani 1975:13). es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis me-19-20

saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. swored am saukuneebSia

gansakuTrebiT Zlieri samwerlobo literaturaze xalxuri sityvierebis

gavlena. metic, xSirad ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli ama Tu im mwerlis

Semoqmedebisa folklorTan siaxloviT ganisazRvreba. TviT XIX saukunis

realisturma qarTulma mwerlobam SesaniSnavad SeZlo miTosuri saxe-

simboloebis saTanadod gamoyeneba. amiranis miTi, medeas miTi,

zepirsityvierebis calkeuli motivebi Tu pasaJebi Zlier plastad

Camoyalibda da gadmoica; xolo XX saukunis evropuli literaturuli

mimdinareobebis Semotanam moiTxova miTosuri plastis sxvagvari

interpretaciebi; dRis wesrigSi dadga filosofiis, fsiqologiis,

eTnografia-eTnologiis monapovarTa asaxva da axleburi gadmocema. unda

iTqvas isic, rom me-20 saukunes aqvs Tavisi maxasiaTeblebic radikalurad

5

gansxvavebuli me-19 saukunis literaturuli memkvidreobisgan. swored am

saukunis mwerlobaSi axleburad dadga miTologiisadmi damokidebuleba.

qarTul prozaSi Tavi iCena rogorc berZnulma, ise Suamdinarulma

miTologemebma, magram Tavis klasikur nimuSSi igi ubrundeba qarTul

miTologiur panTeons (`mTvaris motaceba~). miTologemebi qarTuli

prozisaTvis aris mudmivi simboloebi, romelTa meSveobiTac ufro mkafiod

vlindeba movlenis istoriuli xasiaTi, rameTu miTologiuri paralelebi

xazs usvamen istoriuli tendenciis garduvalobas.

XX saukunis literaturaSi `miTologizmi~ mxatvrul xerxadac

gvevlineba da msoflgagebadac, vinaidan, mis dadgomasTan erTad, gaCnda

uamravi axali saliteraturo tendencia. èvropul xelovnebaSi gaCenilma

siaxleebma Tavisi kvali daatyo msoflio, da Sesabamisad, qarTuli

xelovnebis ganviTarebis process. vagneris, nicSesa da froidiseulma

`neomiTologizmma~ didi gavlena moaxdina iseT did mweralTa

Semoqmedebaze, rogorebic arian konstantine gamsaxurdia, grigol robaqiZe,

leo qiaCeli, mixeil javaxiSvili, niko lorTqifaniZe, demna Sengelaia da

sxvebi. mZlavri miTologiuri nakadi SeiWra, agreTve, saukunis dasawyisis

qarTul poeziaSic.

nicSeseulma `zekacisa~ da `maradiuli dabrunebis~ ideam, adamianis

cxovrebaSi ori sawyisis _ apolonurisa da dionisuris _ aRmoCenam

miTosuri paradigmebis azrobrivi safuZveli Seqmna, xolo zigmund

froidisa da karl iungis `siRrmiseuli fsiqologiis~ koncefciam

mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina mwerlobis nimuSebs. cnobierebis sferodan

gaZevebulma fiziologiurad ganpirobebulma saxeebma, pirovnebis ,,me~-s

brZolam qvecnobier instinqtebTan (froidi) da adamianis aracnobieris Rrma

SreebSi TavCenilma arqetipebma, sizmarSi gamovlenilma ,,yvelganmyofobis~

motivma (iungi) inteleqtualur-mwignobruli ieri Semata mxatvrul

teqstebs. racionalur azrovnebaSi pasuxgaucemelma kiTxvebma miTosur

azrovnebaSi daZebna pasuxebi. miTosisadmi gazrdilma interesma ganapiroba

miTologiur TeoriaTa saocari simravle.

6

XX saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoCnda miTosuri

paradigmebis mTeli wyeba, romlebic swored nicSeanuri ,,maradiuli

dabrunebis ideiT~ iyo daRdasmuli. gr. robaqiZem, k. gamsaxurdiam da

,,cisferyanwelebma~ daamuSaves antikuri da qarTuli, Suamdinaruli da

egvipturi miTosuri gadmocemebi, Seqmnes maTi mxatvruli interpretaciebi

da dRemde saintereso miTosuri plastebi.

qarTuli miTologiis ganviTarebis gzebi, sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis cvlis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva formiTa da saxiT vlindeba.

mkvlevari apolon canavaá miuTiTebs, rom `masSi stadialurad asaxulia

yvela is miTosuri warmodgenebi, rac dakavSirebulia totemistur,

animistur-magiur, zoomorful, teriomorful Tu anTropomorful

warmodgenebTan. amasTan erTad, qarTuli miTologia izolirebulad ar

viTardeboda, mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda aRmosavluri da dasavluri

miTologiis saukeTeso monapovrebTan~ (canava 1986:11). am TvalsazrisiT

metad sagulisxmoa aRmosavluri miTrasa da dasavluri dionisuri kultis

gavrceleba saqarTveloSi. dionisuri kultis miTosuri CarCosadmi

interesi mZafrad igrZnoba konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da demna Sengelaias

nawarmoebebSi (`dionises Rimili~, `vazis yvaviloba~, `baTa qeqia~); Tumca,

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi, ZiriTadad

mainc, miTologizebis erovnuli formebia gamoyenebuli. mignebulad

SeniSnavs mkvlevari Sorena maxaWaZe: ,,Tuki evropul modernistul

mwerlobas STaagonebda moduri filosofiuri Tu fsiqologiuri Teoriebi,

qarTvel mwerlebs miTebi ainteresebdaT, upirvelesad, rogorc qarTveli

eris sulis pirvelsawyisebis wvdomis saSualeba, misi warsulis, awmyosa da

momavlis organul, ganuyofel mTlianobaSi gaazrebis, Tanamedroveobis

aTaswleulebis masStabiT danaxvis, dRevandeli dRis, rogorc istoriis

garkveuli monakveTis, aRqmis survili. miTi xom iZleva droisa da sivrciTi

sazRvrebis moSlis unikalur saSualebas~ (maxaWaZe 1996:33).

amasTan isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikuri

ideologiis pirobebSi miTi qarTvel mweralTa xelSi simarTlis Tqmis

SemniRbav saSualebad iqca. rogorc mkvlevari eka cxadaZe aRniSnavs, ,,miTiT

7

SeiniRba mwvave saTqmeli, samagierod srulyofilad aisaxa sinamdvile.

imdroindeli mxatvruli teqstis gaSifvra gvaZlevs metateqstis imgvarad

aRdgenis saSualebas, rom dResac SegviZlia aRfrTovanebulni viyoT Cveni

mwerlobis saRi azrovnebiT, erovnuli idealebisadmi ukompromisobiT~

(cxadaZe 2005:10).

miTosis gareSe SeuZlebelia qarTuli `msoflxatis~ gagebac; swored

igia warmmarTveli qarTuli yofis, qarTuli kulturis, qarTuli

sityvierebis.

qarTuli mwerlobis calkeuli nimuSis miTologiurma saburvelma,

xalxur sityvierebasTan SemoqmedebiTma urTierTobam saocrad gaamdidra

da gaamravalferovna mxatvruli literatura, meti ideuri siRrme SesZina

mas. am tradiciebis erTgul damcvelad gvevlineba mwerali giorgi

SatberaSvili, romelic Tavisufali sityvisTvis represirebuli da

eqsoriaqmnilic iyo. mTeli misi Semoqmedeba sisxlხorceulad aris

dakavSirebuli Cveni xalxis umdidres zepirsityvierebasTan. magram,

samwuxarod, es urTierTmimarTeba dRemde monografiulad ar yofila

Seswavlili, ris moridebul cdasac warmoadgens winamdebare sadoqtoro

naSromi.

giorgi SatberaSvili TbilisSi daibada da gaizarda, magram arasdros

moswyvetia mSobliur sofels _ Tvalads, romelsac, rogorc Tavad

aRniSnavs ubis wignakSi, xSirad stumrobda zafxulisa da zamTris

ardadegebis dros. qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sitkboebasa da udides

STamagonebel Zalas pirvelad swored aq eziara mwerali da am pirveli

ziarebis erTguli darCa sicocxlis bolomde. ai, ras werda igi Tavis

,,ubis wignakSi~: `...mudam Tovliani mesaxeba Cemi Tvaladi. marxiliT tyeSi

wasvla SeSaze, cigaoba, sarkesaviT kriala yinulze sriali kavTuris

xeobaSi. saRamoobiT Tbil boselSi buxarTan jdoma, Sairoba, zRaprebi.

mezoblis biWebTan ZmebiviT vizrdebodiT. adre im buxarTan gagonili

zRaprebi da xalxuri leqsebi axlac cocxloben gulSi. sxva _ Semdeg

wignSi wakiTxuli _ drom waiRo~ (SatberaSvili 1982:543). swored mSobliuri

8

garemos, mSobeli miwis madls miawers poeti mis amRerebas, qarTuli

sityvis samsaxurSi Cadgomas; leqsSi ,,dedis ezoSi~ igi ambobs: àm miwis

wvenma me amamRera, rogorc WalebSi askilis mtveri~ (g.SatberaSvili,

TxzulebaTa oTxtomeuli, I, Tb. 1970:102; SemdgomSi citatebs leqsebidan

moviyvanT am gamocemidan, mivuTiTebT mxolod gverdebs).

giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziis pirveli Semfasebeli, rogorc Tavad

igonebs, mixeil javaxiSvili gaxldaT; swored man dauloca momaval poets

SemoqmedebiTi gza. amis Semdeg giorgim TiTqmis yvela JanrSi scada bedi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari v. baiaZe SeniSnavs: ìSviaTia mwerali,

romelic literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janris Wapans Tanabari ZaliT

eweodes; TanamedroveTagan aseTTa ricxvi TiTebze CamoiTvleba; maT Soris

erT-erTi pirveli giorgi SatberaSvilia. man leqsiT wamoiwyo fexis

momagreba mwerlobaSi, Semdeg prozisa da dramaturgiisken ufro gauwia

gulma, Tumca poezias arc am droisaTvis Semoswyromia sruliad. tyuilad

ar ambos poeti Tavis erT poetur SedevrSi: ,,guls leqsebi momiSivda~-o

(baiaZe 1963:129).

mignebulad SeniSnavs literatori giorgi natroSvili: `giorgis erT

leqsSi naTqvami aqvs, rom `leqsebis fesvebs yovel gazafxulze axali miwis

Semoyra undaTo~ da, marTlac, mas es sityvebi yvavilebis miwasaviT

Camohqonda Tvaladidan, oqroyanidan, saerTod _ soflidan, radgan

òqroyanis da samadlos miwam yvaviliani leqsebi icis, javariani leqsebi

icis~. aq aris gasaRebi giorgi SatberaSvilis Semoqmedebisa da naTelia,

rom mTeli am daucxromeli Sromis Sedegi iyo TviTon giorgis ena _

WeSmaritad xalxuri da Tanamedrove~ (natroSvili 1985:10).

`WeSmariti mwerali is ver iqneba, visac sityvis marilis gulisTvis

aRzevani ar mouvlia. giorgi SatberaSvilisaTvis aseTi aRzevani qarTlis

erTi patara sofeli, misi mSobliuri Tvaladi iyo~, _ SeniSnavs prof.

zurab WumburiZe (WumburiZe 1975:31).

giorgi SatberaSvili didi siTboTi da siyvaruliT gvixatavs qarTuli

soflis tipur garemos, ucxod daxlarTul orRobeebs, `kaklis xeebis

mwvane, moSriale gumbaTebiT daCrdilul~ baR-venaxebs; zena qaris

9

gauTavebeli ostatobiT Zerwavs gulRia, Sromismoyvare,

mravalWirgadanaxadi qarTveli glexis portretsa da faqiz

damokidebulebas bunebisadmi, yoveli adamianisadmi. amitomac uwoda giorgi

SatberaSvils mkვlevarma Salva afxaiZem ,,adamianTa keTilSobilebis

mxatvari” da aRniSna mwerlis ostatoba personaJTa maRalzneobrivi

Tvisebebis xatvis TvalsazrisiT: ,,giorgi SatberaSvils kargad exerxeba

dadebiTi gmirebis xatva. kiTxulobT mis moTxrobebs da Rrma siyvaruliT

imsWvalebiT im personaJebis mimarT, romlebsac mwerali WeSmaritad

sicocxles aniWebs da moqmedebis sarbielze gamoyavs; gxiblavT am

personaJebis maRalzneobrivi Tvisebebi, spetaki miswrafebani. mwerlis es

mxatvruli saxeebi imdenad bunebrivni arin, rom ggoniaT, maT axlo icnobT,

xSirad SexvedrixarT~ (afxaiZe 1959:246). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul

interess iwvevs `mamalxines~ saxe, romlis bunebaSic mweralma qarTveli

glexis yvela dadebiTi Tviseba gaaerTiana, anu ,,mamalxine~ qarTveli

glexis zogadi tipia; amitomac miuZRvna mweralma mTeli cikli

moTxrobebisa am personaJis saxis srulyofil gamoZerwvas, xasiaTis

gamokveTas: ,,mamalxine~, ,,mamalxines biWi~, ,,mamalxines sikvdili~; Tumca, Tu

kargad davakvirdebiT, sxva moTxrobebSic wavawydebiT nasxletebs

mamalxines xasiaTisas. papa mixa, Tedo, rostomi, papa sulxani sxavadasxva

moTxrobis is personaJebi arian, romelTa bunebaSi aucileblad amovicnobT

mamalxines zogad tips. moTxrobebis mTeli cikli mamalxineze iumoriT

aRsavse da rwmenis momgvrelia.

g. SatberaSvilis megobrebi ixseneben, rom igi dinji, iumoriT

damSvenebuli qarTuliT saubrobda: `qarTulia, xalxuria, Cveneburia e. i.

naRdi da erovnulia~, _ ase uSualod gamoxatavda igi Tavis msjavrs, roca

mxatvruli qmnileba Tavisufali iyo manerulobisagan da TavisTavadobis

niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. xolo siaxleebisa da gamoxatvis axal formebs rom

ar ufrTxoda, gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis bolo wlebSi, es man

uwinares sakuTari mxatvruli ZiebiT cxadyo araerTxel~ (caiSvili 1990:442).

10

giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi originalurad aris gamoyenebuli

mSobeli xalxis mravalsaukunovani folkloruli Semoqmedeba. mwerlis

mxatvruli naazrevi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tavisi kuTxis leqsikasTan,

enasTan, Tqmisa da gaazrebis xalxur manerasTan. TiTqmis yvela moTxrobaSi

igrZnoba, Tu rogor uyvars da icnobs mwerali mSobliuri soflis bunebas.

swored am garemoebaze mianiSnebs mkvlevari T. doliZe g.

SatberaSvilisadmi miZRvnil werilSi `sityviT moklulTa mze~: `g.

SatberaSvilis moyolil ambebs Tbili Rvinis gemo da dnobaSeparuli,

monacrisfro Tovlis feri dahkravs, magram, amavdroulad, es yvelaferi

gazafxulis surneliT aris gaJRenTili~ (doliZe 2011:64).

msgavsia Sefaseba nikoloz tixonovisa, romelsac ekuTvnis saintereso

ese g. SatberaSvilze, romelSic avtori mignebulad SeniSnavs: `mis

moTxrobebSi nedli miwisa da gareuli futkris magari da damaTrobeli

surneli dgas, aq saqarTvelos mindvrebis naTeli myudroeba sufevs da

adamianebic ise mTlianni da gautexelni arian, rogorc aswlovani xeebi

qarTul tyeSi~ (tixonovi 1985:11).

giorgi SatberaSvilis pirovnebisadmi, misi Semoqmedebisadmi udidesi

siyvarulisa da pativiscemis gamomxatvelia SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi

`mesizmreba giorgi SatberaSvili~:

Seni sityva da saqmeni gvaxsovs,

sadme Wiria an Tu lxinia.

Cveno uTqmelo, keTilo kaco,

gadaCexilo Cveno Rvinia.

Sen axlac wlebi ar gemateba,

es me mtvirTaven wlebi _ zodebi,

dro gadis, magram ki ar gSordebi _

ufro da ufro giaxlovdebi...

mkvdris mze horizonts muWaSi imwyvdevs,

ukve neldeba qalaqis sicxe...

da es sizmari, rogorc survili,

dRemde rom veRar momiTokia,

11

gamifrindeba molaRuriviT

da atirdeba: ~biWo-gogia~...

~biWo-gogia...~

(niSnianiZe 1984:35).

friad sagulisxmoa mweral revaz jafariZis mosazreba g.

SatberaSvilis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb: `Znelad Tu ipoviT

saSualo an ufrosi Taobis mwerals, visac g. SatberaSvilis sityvis madli

raime kuTxiT ar moscxebodes. mis mwerlur da moqalaqeobriv bunebaSi

xeluxleblad cxovrobda qarTuli mwignobrobis didi mamebis wminda

tradicia eris samsaxurisa da sxvagvarad cxovreba mas ver warmoedgina~

(jafariZe 1985:11).

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis saocrad zust Sefasebas

gvaZlevs misi uaxloesi megobari n. agiaSvili: `g. SatberaSvili Tavis

sicocxleSi bevrjer SeeWida sajildao sityvis mZime lods, da arc

SemrkTala, vaiTu ver moverio da ver avwioo. im lodqveS eZebda igi

jadosnur sityvebs da im gmirTa gacocxlebas lamobda, romelTa

saxelovani saqmeebi gvafrTovanebs dResac, marad gzas gvikvlevs axal-axal

simaRleTa dasapyrobad da gvxdis rCeulad!...~(agiaSvili, 1986:323)

qarTuli literaturuli kritikis gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani

gaxda g. SatberaSvilis leqsi `werili axalgazrdebs~ da piesa `duSmani~,

romlebic misi dapatimrebis, Semdeg ki gadasaxlebis mizezi gaxda.

sagangebod unda SevCerdeT g. SatberaSvilis leqsze `werili

axalgazrdebs~, ramdenadac mas, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamoexmaura partiuli

kritika. mas akaki baqraZem morgebulad uwoda `kritika _ Jandarmi~. leqsi

imTaviTve moinaTla antisabWourad, axalgazrdebisaTvis mavne

Sexedulebebis mqadageblad, imeddakargulis skepticizmad, qveynisadmi

mtrul gamovlinebad da a. S. braldeba mravaferovani iyo, magram, rogorc

mcdarma, maleve dakarga Rirebuleba. `drom gaamarTla xalxuri sibrZne _

`wyalni wavlen da wamovlen, qviSani darCebiano~. g. SatberaSvilis

Semoqmedebam daiWira Tavisi adgili qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi~

(baqraZe 1990:145).

12

gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul giorgis TbilisSi literaturuli

moRvaweoba aekrZala, amitom igi garkveuli periodiT TvaladSi dabrunda.

sofelSi cxovrebam ufro gaamyara masSi bunebisadmi siyvaruli, daaaxlova

mSobliuri kuTxis Tavankara qarTulTan.

rogorc mkvlevari sargis caiSvili miuTiTebs, Tedo saxokia xSirad

aRniSnavda, rom àxal mweralTa Soris poxieri qarTuliT g. SatberaSvili

gamoirCeva da Cems xatovan TqmaTa leqsikonSic araerTi nimuSi swored misi

moTxrobebidan maqvs aRebuli da piradad misgan gamigoniao~ (caiSvili

1990:442). swored qarTuli sityvis siyvaruls dauaxlovebia erTmaneTTan

axalgazrda giorgi SatberaSvili da mxcovani Tedo saxokia. sargis

caiSvilis varaudiT, did leqsikografTan megobroba SeiZleba yofiliyo

safuZveli ,,Tvaladuri leqsikonis~ Seqmnis ideisa.

giorgi SatberaSvils kargad hqonda gaTavisebuli, rom ,,mwerlis erT-

erTi mTavari mizani mSobliuri enis WeSmarit bunebasTan miaxloveba unda

iyos~ (SatberaSvili 1982:546). igi gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT epyroboda

sityvas, swamda ra, rom masSi pirvelqmnili siwminde da gauxrwneli

simSveniere anaTebda. amitomac Cauweria ubis wignakSi: `mxolod sityvaa

uxrwneli! yvelaferi ixrwneba, ifSvneba, mtverdeba.. mxolod sityvaa

uxrwneli da umtverebeli. is uZlebs diqtatoris Serisxvas, jalaTis

maxvils, mZime uros cemas, ar gaiWreba, ar gaiRuneba, ar gacvdeba, mxolod

sityvaa uxrwneli!~ (SatberaSvili 1982:547).

sworedac uxrwneli sityvis ostatia g. SatberaSvili, romelic ara

mxolod sityvaSi, aramed adamianis bunebaSi eZebda pirvelqmnil ubiwoebas.

mTeli misi Semoqmedeba adamianSi sikeTis aRmoCenis niSniTaa aRbeWdili,

rasac raRac axlis, ucnobisa da mSvenieris povnis survili ganapirobebs...

`Tu ginda kargi mwerali gaxde, bavSvs unda daemsgavso. farTod unda

gaaxilo Tvalebi da qveyanas pirvelSobili cnobismoyvareobiT miaSterde~,

– Cauweria ubis wignakSic. marTlac, axalSobilis samyaroSi xom yvelaferi

axali, ucnauri da mravalmxriv Sesacnobia, idumali da SiSis momgvrelia,

mainc saintereso, rogorc zRapari. mere Cndeba cnobismoyvareoba da

mcdeloba yovel movlenaSi garkvevisa, da wlebis qartexilebis Semdeg,

13

aRmafrenisa da sigiJis Semdeg, adamianis sicocxlis dasasruls, Cndeba

legenda, legenda mokvdav adamianze, masSi Cateuli simarTliTa da

gamonagoniT. zogjer adamiani Tavad qmnis legendas sakuTar Tavze. sworad

SeniSnavs giorgi SatberaSvili did galaktionze: `poetma cisken scada

gafrena, galegendeba da gazRapreba~(277).

marTalia, giorgi SatberaSvils galegendeba da gaRmerTeba ar xdomia

wilad, magram mis SemoqmedebaSi blomadaa legendisa da zRapris siuJetur-

romantikuli qarga, niuansur-pasaJuri momentebi da xalxuri mistika, Tumca,

yovelive amas ar aqvs mimbaZvelobiTi xasiaTi da SeiZleba, Tamamad iTqvas,

mwerlis Semoqmedebis didi nawili xalxuri sibrZnisa da sakuTari poeturi

fantaziis sinTezur variants warmoadgens.

saerTodac, zepirsityvierebis yoveli nimuSisadmi jansaRi midgoma

gamomyeneblobiTi TvalsazrisiT imTaviTve gamoricxavs mimbaZvelobas. amis

Taobaze vaJa-fSavela sruliad marTebulad aRniSnavs: ,,xalxis Tqmuleba,

rac unda igi mdidari Sinaarsisa iyos, azriani da xelovnuri, Tu poetma

igi ar gardaqmna, sakuTar sulier quraSi ar gadaadno, ar gadaaduRa,

masalidan axali ram ar Seqmna da dawera ise, rogorc xalxi ambobs,

araferi gamova, eris gulSi amisTana nawarmoebi binas ver ipovis, iq ver

daisadgurebs...~ (vaJa-fSavela 1985:732).

vaJas rCevisamebr, g. SatberaSvilis mier SemoqmedebiTadaa gamoyenebuli

xalxuri legendac, zRapruli pasaJebic, miTologiuri saxeebic da

zepirsityvieri poeziis calkeuli Temebi da motivebi. amgvari midgoma

folklorisadmi mxolod im Semoqmeds SeuZlia, romelic zedmiwevniT

kargad icnobs Tavisi xalxis zepirsityvierebas.

giorgi SatberaSvilis siRrmiseuli codna erovnuli zepirsityvierebisa

qarTul literaturul kritikaSic xSirad aRniSnula. mkvlevari sargis

caiSvili SeniSnavs: ,,qarTuli folkloris Cinebuli mcodne iyo giorgi

SatberaSvili da gaiTavisa kidec mama-papaTa mier saukuneTa siRrmidan

momdinare intonaciebi~ (caiSvili 1990:417). folkloristi fiqria

zandukelic miiCnevs, rom `g.SatberaSvili erT-erTi im mweralTagania,

romelic didad da mravalmxriv aris dainteresebuli xalxuri

14

SemoqmedebiT. igi ara marto mxatvrul literaturaSi iyenebs

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs, aramed saguldagulod uRrmavdeba xalxis

poeturi naazrevis calkeul nawarmoebs da maT Sesaxeb metad saintereso

dakvirvebebs gvTavazobs~ (zandukeli 1974:113). mkvlevari vaso baiaZe,

ganixilavs ra g. SatberaSvilis poezias, askvnis, rom `mis leqsebSi

metismetad Zalumad gamosWvivis xalxuri sibrZnisa da mariliani sityvis

madli, romelic migvaniSnebs Semoqmedis xalxur poetur geniasTan

sisxlxorceul naTesaobaze~ (baiaZe 1963: 142-143).

samwuxarod, folklorTan mimarTebaSi giorgi SatberaSvilis

Semoqmedebis ganxilva mxolod ramdenime mkvlevris zogadi SefasebiT

Semoifargleba, ZiriTadi aqcenti mwerlis ama Tu im nawarmoebTa ideur-

mxatvruli donis analizsa da mis leqsikologiur moRvaweobazea

gakeTebuli.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi zepirsityviereba sxvadasxva kuTxiTa

da aspeqtiT airekleba, Tumc, roca mis nawarmoebebSi folkloruli

saxeebis gamoyenebaze vsaubrobT, TavisTavad cxadia, mxolod uSualo

paralelebiTa da sityvasityviTi damTxvevebiT ver SemovifarglebiT, radgan

zogjer calkeul xatTa kalkireba Zalze mcires ambobs mwerlis

urTierTobaze Tavisi xalxis sityvierebasTan. ufro sagulisxmo da

angariSgasawevia: 1) Tematikuri siaxlove, 2) movlenebisadmi midgomis

Tanxvdoma, 3) problemis gadawyvetis identuroba.

g. SatberaSvilma dagvitova uaRresad Rirebuli kritikul-publicisturi

memkvidreoba, romlis didi nawili qarTuli folkloristikis aqtualur

problemebs eZRvneba; mwerali aqtiurad eweoda folklorul-SemkreblobiT

muSaobasac; mas Cauweria araerTi sagulisxmo nimuSi xalxuri

zepirsityvierebisa; amdenad, am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa mwerlis,

rogorc folkloristis, mecnieruli Sexedulebebis, mis mier Sekrebili

folkloruli nimuSebis Seswavla da maTTvis saTanado adgilis miCneva

qarTul folkloristikaSi, rasac emsaxureba winamdebare sadisertacio

naSromi.

15

Temis aqtualoba. naSromi eZRvneba folklorul-literaturul

urTierTobas, rac literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erTi aqtualuri

problemaa, radganac, rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna, folklorizmi

literaturis erT-erTi umTavresi funqciaa; mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

literaturuli da folkloruli sferoebi literaturis warmoqmnis

dasawyisidanve mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, radgan

folklori xSir SemTxvevaSi sityvakazmulobis pirvel wyaros da

safuZvels warmoadgens.

Temis mizania giorgi SatberaSvilis, rogorc folkloristis,

mecnieruli Sexedulebebis Seswavla da mis SemoqmedebaSi gamoyenebul

folklorul saxeTa da motivTa daZebna-analizi.

samecniero siaxle da Sedegebi. qarTul mwerlobas folklorTan

SemoqmedebiTi urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT metad mdidari tradiciebi

gaaCnia. am kuTxiT Cvens literaturaTmcodneobasa da folkloristikaSi

sakmaod bevri ram gakeTda, magram meoce saukunis TvalsaCino mwerlisa da

sazogado moRvawis, ZirZveli qarTuli tradiciebis uerTgulesi da

sruliad originaluri Semoqmedis _ giorgi SatberaSvilis folklorTan

kavSiri monografiulad aravis Seuswavlia; miT ufro, Zalze saintereso da

angariSgasawevi misi folkloristuli werilebi dRemde elis Tavis adgils

qarTul folkloristikaSi; giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Cawerili

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebis samecniero- folklorul brunvaSi Semosvla ki

TavisTavad saSuri saqmea.

kvlevis Sedegad naTeli gaxda dRemde qarTuli samecniero azrovnebis

miRma darCenili uaRresad saintereso Semoqmedis _ giorgi SatberaSvilis

Semoqmedebis kavSiri erovnul zepirsityvierebasTan, misi folkloristuli

naazrevi da mis mier Cawerili folkloruli masalis Rirebuleba da

adgili qarTul folkloristikaSi.

disertaciis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromi aris

pirveli cda giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristuli moRvaweobis

monografiuli Seswavlisa. igi garkveuli saxis daxmarebas gauwevs

16

studentebs, Sesabamisi dargis specialistebs da, saerTod, am sakiTxiT

dainteresebul pirebs.

naSromis struqura da moculoba. warmodgenili naSromi _ ,,giorgi

SatberaSvili da qarTuli folklori~ _ Sedgeba xuTi Tavisa da

daskvnisagan, Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.

kvlevis materialur-teqnikuri baza. saqarTvelos parlamentis

erovnuli biblioTeka, baTumis rsu-s biblioTeka, baTumis sajaro

biblioTeka, internetresursebi.

kvlevis meTodebi. sadisertacio naSromze muSaobis dros gamoviyene

istoriul-SedarebiTi da tipologiuri meTodebi. maTi gamoyeneba

ganpirobebuli iyo ama Tu im etapze kvlevis mizniTa da daniSnulebiT.

sadisertacio naSromis garSemo gamoqveynebuli maqvs:

1. xe-mcenareTa da yvavilTa simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi,

_ Jurnali `Woroxi~, #6, baTumi, 2005;

2. sajildao qvis simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, _

Jurnali `Woroxi~, #5, baTumi, 2006;

3. folklori giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi, _ samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba, t. XII, baTumi, 2007;

4. vazis simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, _ Jurnali

`Woroxi~, #3, baTumi, 2007;

5. xaris simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, _ samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba, t. XIII, baTumi, 2008;

6. mzis simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, saerTaSoriso

konferenciis masalebi, II, gamomcemloba `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universiteti~, baTumi, 2010;

7. giorgi saakaZis ciklis saistorio zepirsityviereba (g. SatberaSvilis

narkvevis - `giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~ - mixedviT), _ saerTaSoriso

perioduli samecniero Jurnali ,,inteleqti~, #1(39), Tbilisi, 2011

17

Tavi pirveli

giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristuli

moRvaweoba

giorgi SatberaSvili xalxuri sibrZnis dauRalavi maZiebeli da

Semgrovebelia, Semswavleli da SemoqmedebiTad gamomyenebelia. igi

zepirsityvier masalas ganyenebulad rodi udgeba, mxolod da mxolod

esTetikuri tkbobis saSualebad rodi miiCnevs. mkvlevris utyuari alRoTi

dajildoebuli mwerali Rrmad Caswvda xalxis saunjes da Tavisi

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ideur wyarod aqcia. g. SatberaSvili xSirad

sargeblobs folkloruli personaJebiT, radgan kargad esmis, rom

zRapridan, Tqmulebidan, legendidan Semosuli gmiri nawarmoebs

xalxurobas, uSualobasa da bunebriobas matebs. amasTan erTad, kargad

esmis maTi `dakvirvebulad Seswavlis~ aucileblobac; gaazrebuli aqvs, rom

amiT `Suqi efineba ama Tu im eris istoriis, eTnografiis, religiis im

sakiTxebs, romelTac daviwyebis mtveri mihyriaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi

gaugebarni da auxsnelni darCenilan~ (SatberaSvili 1982:464). amgvar `droTa

ganmavlobaSi auxsnelad da gaugebrad darCenil~ mTel rig sakiTxebs ki

mkvlevari sxvadasxva folkloristul narkvevSi ganixilavs da araerT

sagulisxmo dakvirvebasa da daskvnas gvTavazobs.

sakiTxis kvlevisas g. SatberaSvili zepirsityvierebis nimuSTa yovel

niuansSi CaRrmavebas cdilobs, radganac Rrmad aqvs gaTavisebuli utyuari

WeSmariteba _ `Zveli xalxuri leqsis mcire fragmentic ki, Tu mas saWiro

cnoba Semounaxavs, dakvirvebuli mkvlevris xelSi im CuqurTmad iqceva

xolme, romelic aw dangreuli da Seryvnili Zeglis saxis aRdgenas

emsaxureba~ (SatberaSvili 1982:464).

sakvlevi masalisadmi mecnieruli midgomis TvalsazrisiT giorgi

SatberaSvilisaTvis samagaliTo da fasdaudebelia Rvawli ivane

javaxiSvilisa, `romelmac Zveli xalxuri Tqmulebebis, leqsebisa Tu sxva

zepiri gadmocemebis safuZvelze gonebamaxvilurad aRadgina qarTvelTa

18

uZvelesi msoflmxedveloba, warmarTuli panTeoni~(SatberaSvili 1982:464).

swored am didi mecnieris dakvirvebebs eyrdnoba g. SatberaSvili Tavis

narkvevSi `kviria~.

giorgi SatberaSvili frTxili mkvlevaria. icnobs ra xalxuri

sityvierebis specifikas, Rrmada aqvs gaTaviseburi akaki SaniZis sityvebi:

`Sekrebili leqsebi mxolod Savi masalaa, romelsac Semowmeba, Sedareba da

mecnieruli damuSaveba eWireba, rom SesaZlo gaxdes maTi saTanadod

moxmareba da gamoyeneba~ (SaniZe 1931:11). amitomac mkvlevari cdilobs,

`dagrovili auarebeli folkloruli masala gonivrulad Seiswavlos~,

radgan, marTalia, `xalxis mexsiereba zRvasaviT Rrmaa, magram TviT zRvac

xom ar aris yvelgan Tanabari siRrmisa... xalxsac ama Tu im mxareSi, droSi

Tu viTarebaSi zogjer Ralatobs es adamianuri madli (xsovna) da sxva

mimarTulebas aZlevs pirvelTqmuls. xalxis mexsierebac unda Semowmdes.

saWiroa variantebis Sedareba, uvargisi naleqis moSoreba, SerCeva,

Tavankaris miReba~ (SatberaSvili 1982:436-437). amitom giorgi SatberaSvili

yovelTvis gaurboda dausabuTebel varaudebs. erT-erT narkvevSi igi wers:

`yvelafers eWviani TvalebiT vkiTxulobdi, veZebdi... vekiTxebodi enis

mcodneebs, enaTmecnierebs, istorikosebs, mwerlebs~ (SatberaSvili 1982:470).

moWarbebuli pasuxismgeblobisa da Sromismoyvareobis Sedegia g.

SatberaSvilis araerTi metad sagulisxmo literaturul-folkloristuli

narkvevi. maTSi igrZnoba mkvlevris faqizi damokidebuleba qarTuli

sityvisadmi, uzomo siyvaruli qarTuli zepirsityvieri masalisadmi. es

erTgvari niSaa giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristul-publicisturi

moRvaweobisa.

`saocaria sityvis biografia, sityvis bedi, - aRniSnavs igi, _ dro Tavisi

saWiroebis mixedviT eqceva sityvas: zogs daiviwyebs, zogs daviwyebuls

gaixsenebs, mzis sinaTleze gamoitans da yvelasTvis misawvdoms gaxdis. amis

magaliTi Zalian bevri icis mxatvrulma literaturam, enaTmecnierebam~

(SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html.).

erovnuli filoklorisa da qarTuli sityvisadmi moWarbebuli

siyvaruli Taviseburad g. SatberaSvilis cxovrebis wesSic gamoixateboda.

19

Cveulebad dasCemda, sadac ar unda wasuliyo, Tan mudam ubis wignaki da

fanqari hqonda `gagonilisa da nanaxis~ furcelze droulad gadasatanad.

amgvarad Caiwera xalxuri baladis _ `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ _ ramdenime

varianti, giorgi saakaZis ciklis qarTuli zepirsityvierebis araerTi

nimuSi, `mesxuri sufrulis~ xuTi xalxuri leqsi, `Tvaladuri qarTulis

WaSnikis~ TiToeuli sityva Tu fraza da mravali sxva. marTebulad

SeniSnavs mkvlevari giorgi natroSvili: `giorgi SatberaSvilma icoda

yvelaze didi saidumlo mwerlobisa _ saxeldobr is, Tu saidan modis

madli da siTbo sityvisa, icoda, rom es saTave xalxis wiaRSia. giorgis

xelSi ena, sityva cocxali materia iyo, metyveli da mgrZnobiare, iseTive

mTrTolvare da faqizi, rogorc adamianis guli. qarTuli ena misTvis

cocxali adamianiviT iyo, romelmac aTasi saidumloeba icis da Tavis

SvilTa Soris yvelaze guliTadsa da kargs gaendoba xolme, Tavis yvela

cxraklituls gauxsnis da uCvenebs. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom giorgim

Tavs idva saZnelo saqme: Seadgina leqsikoni _ `Tvaladuri qarTulis

WaSniki~, romelsac amieridan qarTuli enis verc erTi mkvlevari gverds

veRar auvlis~ (natroSvili 1985:10).

qarTuli enisadmi giorgi SatberaSvilis siyvarulsa da mzrunvelobas

Semfasebeli da damfasebeli ar moklebia. mwerlis megobari silovan

narimaniZe werilSi ,,kaikacobis samaxsovrod~ aRniSnavs: ,,qarTuli sityva

mxneobda da zeimobda giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsebsa da moTxrobebSi,

werilebsa da gamokvlevebSi. bevr miviwyebul qarTul sityvas daubruna

Tavisi JReradoba, qarTuli enis samsaxurSi Caayena~ (narimaniZe 1985:11).

swored amitom giorgi SatberaSvilma samarTlianad daimsaxura qarTvel

mklevarTa Tu SemoqmedTa maRali Sefaseba. z. WumburiZem mas ,,mariliani

sityvis ostati~ uwoda (WumburiZe 1979: 12), g. natroSvilma ,,sitvis didi

ostati~ (natroSvili 1970:11), e. gorgaZem ,,qarTuli sityvis qandaqari~

(gorgaZe 2005:15), m. maWavarianma ki ,,qarTuli sityvis didi mouravi~

(maWavarian 1970:12).

giorgi SatberaSvili arasodes udgeba problemas zereled, zedapirulad.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi igi ar erideba ama Tu im sakiTxze msjelobis

20

procesSi wamoWrili problemis detalur ganxilva-gaanalizebas.

magaliTad, sityva `xarebis~ mniSvnelobis garkvevisas azris

sailustraciod moyvanili xalxuri leqsis `gurovelebi samekoprod~ erT-

erT striqonSi (`dedasa vin axarebda? beber xyav, iqams lxinsao~) moxuci

dedis misamarTiT naxmarma frazam _ ìqams lxinsao~ _ mkvlevris

yuradReba miipyro da misi mniSvnelobis garkvevis survili aRuZra. amisTvis

man rusTavelis cnobili strofi moiSvelia, romelSic acremlebuli yrmis

xatvisas Semdeg striqons vawydebiT: `miacorvebs da miubnobs, mosTqvams

missave lxinasa...~ Teimuraz bagrationi Tavis `ganmartebaSi~ `lxinas~

amgvarad xsnis: `...mosTqvams _ godebs. missave lxinasa _ misi lxini maT

JamTa Sina mwuxareba da tirili iyo~. giorgi SatberaSvils miaCnia, rom

swored amitom uwodebs avtori mas `lxinas~ da ara lxins, rom es ori

sityva Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. mkvlevari

gamoTqvams varauds, rom zemoT ganxilul xalxur leqsSi xsenebuli ìqams

lxinsao~ `vefxistyaosnis~ `lxinas~ msgavsad unda aixsnas (SatberaSvili

1982:493).

giorgi SatberaSvili Tavis narkvevebSi exeba qarTuli warmarTuli

panTeonis sakiTxebsac. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa werili `kviria~,

romelic xalxur leqsebze dayrdnobiT am arqauli kolorituli RvTaebis

adgilisa da rolis garkvevis mcdelobas warmoadgens. aseve yuradRebas

iqcevs sityva `gerTan~ dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli varaudebi. mkvlevris

azriT, `geri~-s cneba dakavSirebuli unda iyos nayofierebasTan,

gamravlebasTan~, rasac g. SatberaSvils avaraudebinebs is, rom, alaza

xaiauris cnobiT, xevsureTSi `mozvers `geri~ manamdis hqvia, sanam

dakodaven~, xolo qarTlSi, Zroxis dagrilebis dros buRas `gr, gr, gr!~-s

dasZaxian, rac, SesaZloa, am SemTxvevaSi `ger~ SekumSuli `ger~-i iyos

(SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html). giorgi SatberaSvils am

mosazrebas isic umyarebs, rom qarTlSi, sofel arboSi, dRemde moRweulia

religiuri dReoba _ gerisTaoba, romelic, d. CubinaSvilis leqsikonis

Tanaxmad, wminda giorgis dResaswauls emTxveva, 22 mariamobis Tvesa. ivane

javaxiSvilis cnobiT, am dResaswauls TavigerisTaoba hqvia, xolo RvTaebis

21

salocav adgilebs _ `geri~ da `Tavgeri~. g. SatberaSvilis Tamami varaudiT,

geri, Tavgeri warmarTuli RvTaeba unda iyos, romlis adgilas Semdeg

qristianuli giorgoba dafuZnebula. gerisTaoba or sworze scodniaT da

sof. arbosa da mis axlomaxlo salocav-adgilebSi TiTqmis mTeli qarTli

ikribeboda. qarTlSi gavrcelebulia erTi aseTi xalxuri leqsi:

qali rom avad gaxdeba, iq waiyvanen arbosa,

erTs mainc gaiTamaSebs, sul ro arafers argosa.

(SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html .)

mkvlevris azriT, am leqsSi saubari unda iyos qalis uSvilobaze,

amitomac mihyavT igi salocavSi. es xalxuri leqsi naTeli dasturia imisa,

rom `geri~ nayofierebis RvTaebaa.

g. SatberaSvilis gamorCeulad dadebiT Tvisebad unda CaiTvalos is,

rom igi sakiTxze muSaobas narkvevis dawerisa da gamoqveynebis Semdegac ar

wyvets, metic _ cdilobs, sxva TvaliT Sexedos mis mier ukve gaSuqebul

problemas, an axali argumentebiT gaamyaros igi. amis naTel magaliTad

gamogvadgeba narkvevi `xareba~, romelSic vrclad, naTlad da

sainteresodaa ganxiluli sityva `xarebis~ samgvari mniSvneloba. miuxedavad

amisa, am sakiTxze muSaoba SemdegSic ar Seuwyvetia. aRniSnavs kidec:

`xarebaze~ gamoqveynebis Semdegac vfiqrobdi da axal faqtebs vagrovebdi...

rac ufro meti sabuTi da masala moiyris Tavs, sakiTxi miT ufro

gamoirkveva~ (SatberaSvili 1982:493-494). am nafiqris Sedegia narkvevi _ ìsev

xareba~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi SatberaSvili ara marto Semgrovebeli

gaxldaT folkoruli masalisa, aramed misi publikator-gamomcemelic. man

dRis sinaTleze gamoitana xalxuri baladis `Semomeyara yivCaRi~ manamde

gamouqveynebeli variantebi (mwerlis xelT arsebuli yvela varianti

gamoqveynda wignSi `nafiqri~). mkvlevari dainteresda giorgi saakaZis

irgvliv arsebuli xalxuri gadmocemebiTa da leqsebiT, moiZia manamde

ucnobi folkoruli masala, romelSic didi mouravis saxe mTeli

sicxoveliTa da STambeWdaobiT aris warmodgenili da sakuTar saintereso

22

narkveviT (`giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~) qarTuli zepirsityvieri

saunjis damfasebel mkiTxvelTa farTo wresac gaacno.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia g. SatberaSvilis mier varZiasa da mis

axlomaxlo mdebare soflebSi _ zedaTmogvsa da gogaSenSi _ mogzaurobis

dros SemTxveviT mikvleuli da Cawerili xuTi leqsi, romlebic mkvlevarma

pirobiTad `mesxuri sufruliT~ daasaTaura. isini zedaTmogveli

mTqmelebisagan _ giorgi grigolis Ze maisuraZisa da serapion ivanes Ze

naTenaZisagan Cauweria. g. SatberaSvilis gadmocemiT, am leqsebs isini

`sufruls~ uwodebdnen. mkvlevris varaudiT, albaT imitom, rom mxolod

sufrasRa SerCenian. leqsebi religiuri xasiaTisaa da saRvTo werilis

gavleniT aris Seqmnili (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html.).

misi madliT zari zecas aiwia,

dasamanis kvdari adga,

yveli yuri moiwia...

qriste dajda gamkiTxvelad,

Svili mamas ver ewia,

jano, darbaiselno!

* * *

mtredma Tavisi haliTa

erusalims koSki dadga,

zed saydari aaSena,

qveS mironis gube dadga,

iq rom wirva-locva idga,

misi madli SegewioT!

* * *

dRes amisTvis vwuxvar, vglovob,

raTa Jamni moiwios,

jvarni adges am soflisa,

zarni zecas aiwios,

qriste dajdes gamkiTxvelad,

Svili mamas ver ewios,

23

gevedrebi, RvTismSobelo,

madli Seni Segvewios!

* * *

soflad viyav, bevri vcode,

tvirTi mZime movikide,

sameulis gundma gTxvios,

Seneburad moekide.

sasufevels rom moxvide,

xeli magrad Cven mogvkide,



* * *

gardamoxda sityva xvTisa,

samebas rom Seexo,

gabrielis xarebiTa

mze qalwulma muclad iRo,

gamoecxada ivane,

naTlisRebas xeli mihyo,



(SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html)

g. SatberaSvils es leqsebi, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, imave saxiT

gamouqveynebia, rogorc Caiwera. miseuli komentari am leqsze

gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogi striqoni Tu sityva Tavad Camwersac aeWvebda,

Tumc, samwuxarod, maT Sesaxeb arc am narkvevSi da arc sxva

folkloristul werilSi arafers gveubneba. miuxedavad amisa, am leqsebis

gamoqveynebiT qarTul sasuliero poezias metad saintereso nimuSebi

Seemata. am faqts analogiuri Sefaseba misca mkvlevarma s. giqoSvilma

werilSi `giorgi SatberaSvili folkloristi~, sadac man, `mesxuri

sufrulis~ variantebis garda, yuradReba gaamaxvila SatberaSvilis mier

24

mesxeTSi Caweril xerTvisis cixesTan dakavSirebul legendaze. legenda

mesxuri variantia mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris amSenebeli ostatis dasjis

ambisa, Tumca, mravalmxriv gansxvavdeba misgan. mesxur variantSi Suriani

ostatis niWieri Segirdi mklavis moWriT ar isjeba. igi iRupeba mis mier

aSenebuli xerTvisis cixis maRali qonguridan gadmofrenis dros (g.

SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

g. SatberaSvils giorgi maisuraZisgan Cauweria meore legendac, romelic

Tmogvis cixes ukavSirdeba da qarTvelTa mefis _ leonisa da misi lamazi

meuRlis ambavs exeba. legenda sparsTa mefis mier Rirseuli qmris

moRalate dedoflis cxenis Zuaze gamobmiT mTavrdeba. g. maisuraZis

monaTxrobiT, amave legendas ukavSirdeba varZiis axlomdebare soflebis

danaklisa da afnias saxelwodebani. im adgilas, sadac dedofalma cremli

apnia, axla afnia hqvia, xolo sadac cxenis Zuaze gamoabes da TreviT

mokles, danakali hqvia, radgan gamwarebuli dedofali gahkioda: damkaliT,

damkaliTo! (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html)

rogorc vxedavT, g. SatberaSvilis mier Cawerili masala Janrobrivad da

Tematurad mravalferovania.

calke unda ganixilos g. SatberaSvilis is werilebi, romlebic

saxelwodeba `kavTas~ warmoSobis sakiTxis gamorkvevas ukavSirdeba: `kavTa~,

`kavTisxevi da qvaTaxevi~, `didi poetis xumroba da... kavTisxevi~.

vaxuSti bagrationi amgvarad aRwers kavTas: `...didgoris kalTas, ars

cixe kavTisa, maRals kldesa zeda Seni~. `kavTa~ mdinare kavTuris xeobaSi

gabatonebuli saxelwodebaa (kavTa, TavkavTa, kavTis-xevi, kavTura, kavTis

cixe, kavTis eklesia, gvari kavTiaSvili), Tumc gaurkvevelia am sityvis

mniSvneloba. misi Sinaarsis axsna scada sergi makalaTiam, romelmac

dawvrilebiT aRwera kavTuris xeoba. igi ganixilavs xalxSi gavrcelebul

legendas kaviani joxis Sesaxeb: uZveles droSi erT mecxvares kaviani

joxiT kavTuris saTavis nangrevebidan xati gamoutania. es xati iqve

dausvenebiaT da kavTis wminda giorgis patara eklesia augiaT. am

istoriuli kavis gamo adgilsa da mdinaresac kavTa darqmevia. mecxvaris

gvaric (lomiZe) kavTiaSvilad SeucvliaT. s. makalaTia uaryofs

25

saxelwodeba `kavTas~ warmoSobis am xalxur versias da fiqrobs, rom igi

dakavSirebuli unda iyos `kvarTTan~ (qristes perangi), `kvarTobasTan~. am

versiis WeSmaritebis naTelsayofad mkvlevars mohyavs saeklesio legenda,

romelic mogviTxrobs, rom qristes kvarTi daflulia mcxeTaSi, xolo

sofel xovleSi aris `kvarTis koSki~ da `kvarTis~ eklesia, sadac ician

xatoba `kvarToba~. g. SatberaSvili ar iziarebs am versias, radgan Tvlis,

rom am mosazrebis wamoyenebisas s. makalaTias angariSi ar gauwevia im

garemoebisaTvis, rom kavTis eklesia dRemde wminda giorgis saxels

atarebs, da, rogorc TviTonve aRniSnavs: `TavkavTaSi didi xatoba icodnen

23 aprilsa da 10 noembers (Zv. st.) giorgobas, sadac salocavad modiodnen

qarTl-kaxeTis sxvadasxva mxridan...~ giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT,

warmoudgenelia eklesiisTvis gadaerqvaT qristianuli samyarosTvis

upirvelesi siwmindis _ kvarTis _ saxeli da sxva wmindanis, Tundac wminda

giorgis, saxelisTvis mieniWebinaT upiratesoba. saeWvoa isic, rom mcxeTis

saepiskoposos, romelsac es eklesia eqvemdebareboda, daeSva xeobaSi

`kvarTis~ magivrad `kavTis~ saxelwodebis gabatoneba. miT ufro, rom mis

mezoblad, TeZmis xeobaSi, dRemde wmindad Seinaxa eklesiamac da koSkmac

`kvarTis~ saxeli (g.SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda kavTa, `kav~-i

xevsurul `qav~-s davukavSiroT. xevsuruli qavi galavania, Semokavebuli

adgilia mtrisagan Tavis dasacavad. qavis galavnebiTa da lodebiT

SemozRudvac xom, mkvlearis dakvirvebiT, Semokavebas niSnavs. mas mohyavs

sergi makalaTias wignidan kavTis aRweriloba: `...maRal qedze agebulia

TavkavTas wminda giorgis eklesia da didi cixe-galavani... taZris Crdilo-

dasavleTiT aris Zveli cixe-galavani... igi agebulia kldovan niadagze

qviTkiriT, misi kedlis simaRle rva metria. kavTis cixe-galavani nagebia

kldis didi lodebiT... uWiravs erTi heqtari farTobi. kavTis eklesia

Tavisi galavniT SeerTebulia am did cixe-galavanTan. Tu mteri eklesiis

galavanSi SeiWreboda, maSin xalxi cixe-galavanSi ixizneboda da iqedan

ebrZoda mters~(g.SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

26

rogorc vxedavT, kavTis cixe-galavani didi TavdacviTi simagre yofila.

amgvar cixe-galavans ki, g. SatberaSvilis SeniSvniT, qavi, qavis-kari, qav-

cixe hqvia. meti damajereblobisTvis mkvlevars aleqsandre WinWaraulis

wignidan `xevsurulis Taviseburebani~ qavis aRwera mohyavs: `qavi mcire

monakveTze gakeTebuli maRali kedelia. Tavdacvis mizniT aSenebdnen. qavi

galavans hgavs, oRond galavani mTels sofels aqvs Semovlebuli, xolo

qaviT SemozRudulia ramdenime cixe an qviTkiri~. g. SatberaSvils

magaliTisaTvis is xalxuri leqsebic moyavs, romlebSic qavi, qavis-kari,

qavcixea naxsenebi: ìq ro qavis-kars vetyviTa~.

* * *

`Walaze qavi gamarTes,

qoric ver gadaxtebisa...~

* * *

`Tofn uyvardian xirimni,

qavi da qavis-karia~.

* * *

`me ki raisa meSinis,

patrons uTurgaT qavTasa,

sakvmisas ver Samimivlen,

Tao mauli karTasa~.

g. SatberaSvilma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia bolo leqsis

striqonSi gaJRerebuli `qavTa~_s, romelic JReradobiT Zalian waagavs

`kavTas~. igi varaudobs, rom odesRac `qavTa~ iyo im simagris saxeli,

romelic Soreul warsulSi saqarTvelos gulisken mimaval mters gzas

uRobavda da romelsac dRes `kavTas~ eZaxian (SatberaSvili,

http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

werilSi `didi poetis xumroba da... kavTisxevi~ mwerali aRniSnavs: `Cemi

sofeli lamaz soflad mimaCnda. gagonili mqonda xalxuri simRera:

kavTisxeo, Semkobilo win, mindoro, ukan tyeo.

biWebisa saTamaSo, qalebisa samoTxeo!


27

amave werilSi SatberaSvils sakuTari soflis mSvenierebis warmosaCenad

siamayiT mohyavs vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da artur laistis sityvebi: àrs

adgili igi Semkuli, zafxul grili, wyaroiani; zamTar Tbili; garemo mTa

tyiani... ars venaxiani, xiliani...~(vaxuSti batoniSvili) `visac unda

mowmendil amindSi kavkasionis mTebis sidiadiT datkbes, kavTisxevis

mxridan unda gadaxedos mis mSvenierebas~ (artur laisti).

giorgi SatberaSvili gaanawyena akaki wereTlis erT-erTi leqsidan

(`panorama~) kavTisxevis gamkilavi strofis amokiTxvam:

vinRa gaarCevs pedagogs, ugvarosa da gvarians,

rodesac erTi fasia aqvs kavTisxevsa da varians!


mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom mas sofeli variani ar enaxa, magram im

xalxur leqsebSi, sadac qarTlis soflebia daxasiaTebuli, wakiTxuli

hqonda: `variani _ valiani, utyeo da qariani ...~ petre umikaSvili `xalxuri

sityvierebis~ SeniSvnebSi ambobs, rom es leqsi sxva soflebis mkvidrT

ekuTvnis, xolo TviTon varianelebs ase uTqvamT: `variani _ gvariani,

umtvero da qariani...~ amave SeniSvnebidan vigebT, rom pirveli variantis

mTqmelTan gapaeqreba ìakob gogebaSvilis _ varianelis TqmiT Cawerili~

yofila. xalxur leqsebze dayrdnobiT am or sofels Soris upiratesobis

garkvevis cdam SatberaSvili daarwmuna, rom leqsSi akaki misTvis

damaxasiaTebel SeniRbul satiras mimarTavs. `panoramaSi~ igi maxvili

kalmiT kilavs qarTvel pedagogTa Soris gamefebul mankierebas da

gulistkiviliT ambobs, rom, Tu ki gamoCnda Rirseuli pedagogi _ `rogorc

yvavebSi bulbuli da an CxikvebSi torola~ _ maSinve devnas dauwyeben... vis

unda gulisxmobdes akaki imdroindel pedagog yvavebsa da CxikvebSi gareul

tkbilxmovan bulbulad da torolad?... cxadia, iakob gogebaSvils,

romelsac Tavs esxmodnen carizmis aSkara damcvelebi, xolo `kavTisxevSi~

akaki unda gulisxmobdes cnobil sazogado moRvawes niko cxvedaZes,

romelic warmoSobiT kavTisxeveli iyo... maSindeli sazogadoebis erT

nawilSi ki, rogorc irkveva, igrZnoboda am ori moRvawis damsaxurebis

28

gaTanabrebis tendencia. swored amis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo mimarTuli

akakis xumroba~ (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

g. SatberaSvili xSirad ama Tu im miviwyebuli sityvis mniSvnelobis

dasadgenad xalxur poezias mimarTavs. magaliTad, sityva `narbili~ rom

`damuSavebuli sityvis aRmniSvneli terminia da xalxuri Zirebidan modis~,

mkvlevris azriT, adasturebs xalxuri leqsi òrxela da guTani~. am

leqsSi orxela da guTani erTmaneTs ekamaTebian. guTani dascinis orxelas

imis gamo, rom mas ar SeuZlia yamiris gatexa da mudam narbil-damuSavebul

miwaSi daZvreba:

_ saWreTliT daxvretili xar, ar girevia satexi,

mudam narbilSi daZvrebi, erTxel yamiri gatexe!

_ maSin sad iyav, orxelav, me rom yamiri gavtexe!

(SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

mkvlevris azriT, àm leqsSi daumuSavebuli miwis aRmniSvnel termins _

yamirs ise aSkarad upirispirdeba damuSavebuli miwis aRmniSvneli termini

_ narbili, rom komentari zedmetia~. miT ufro, rom sulxan-saba

orbelianis leqsikonis ganmartebiTac, `yamiri~ Zveli kordia, xolo

`narbili~ _ kordi naxnavi (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

rogorc vxedavT, miviwyebuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas mkvlevari

xalxuri poeziis meSveobiT cdilobs, zogjer ki piriqiTac xdeba,

SemTxveviT gagonili xalxuri leqsidan gamotyorcnili sityvebi qarTuli

enis ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi amogzaurebs da `sityvis papas~ (ase eZaxda

igi sulxan-saba orbelians) astumrebs. magaliTad, mSobliur sofelSi,

dedis ezoSi, mezoblis patara gogosgan gagonilma ucnauri simReris

teqstma mkvlevari Caafiqra, radgan igi gaugebari sityvebiTa da SinaarsiT

iqcevda yuradRebas:

xaWmaWiWa WiWdeboda, qalsa guli ukvdeboda,

qalo, guli nu gikvdeba, SabaTs qmari mogikvdeba,

kviras wirva dagWirdeba!

g. SatberaSvilma gaarkvia, rom saqme martiv, salaRobo-saxumaro

leqsTan qonda, sadac xaWmaWiWa balaxi yofila, WiWdeboda _ ileoda, rac

29

SimSilis SiSiT Sepyrobil qals aSinebda da guls uklavda, qals SabaTs

qmris sikvdiliT àmSvideben~, viTomdac kviras tabla (mwerlis dedis

TqmiT, mezoblis gogos SeSlia da am xalxur leqsSi SecdomiT Seucvlia

sityva `tabla~ `wirviT~) dagWirdeba da gaZRebio. rogorc ityvian, `saxli

gewvodes, xeli moiTbeo!~ (SatberaSvili http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

giorgi SatberaSvilis yvela narkvevi xasiaTdeba lirikuli gadaxvevebiT,

romlebic, marTalia, avtoris SeniSvniT, `mecnierebas ar uyvars~, magram

isini namdvilad aniWeben SatberaSvilis folkloristul werilebs

ganumeorebel xibls. es erTgvari niSaa misi mecnieruli namoRvawevisa.

sakvlevi sakiTxisadmi amgvar SemoqmedebiT midgomas sxva mecnierebsac

ufasebda. aRniSnavs kidec erTgan: `me wamikiTxavs erTi-ori mecnieruli

mivlinebis angariSi, sadac mSvenieri gadaxvevebia da guli Cemi

gaxalvaTebula, TiTqos Takara mzeSi dasicxulisTvis civi wyaros wyliT

savse WurWeli mouwodebiaT. Semisvenia da gza gamigrZelebia sicxeSic da

wignSic~ (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

1959 wels daibeWda g. SatberaSvilis werilebisa da narkvevebis krebuli,

romelsac mkvlevarma `nafiqri~ uwoda. maTi gacnobis Semdeg naTeli suraTi

ixateba istoriul qronikebs, xalxur leqsebsa Tu TqmulebebSi

WeSmaritebis maZiebeli Semoqmedi mkvlevrisa, visTvisac es saqme sulier

moTxovnilebad qceula. es naSromebi, avtoris sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT,

`simarTlis Ziebaa, sinamdvilis dadgenis cdaa, amitom miyvars es `Zieba~.

patara, sxvisTvis umniSvnelo simarTlesTan Tu mimiyvans, mixaria. didi

simarTlis povna Znelia~ (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html).

mkvlevars gaTavisebuli aqvs, rom am gzaze siaruli sirTuleebTanaa

dakavSirebuli, magram Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom `qarTuli sityvis

siyvaruliT Secdomac epatieba~ (SatberaSvili, http://www.buki.ge/author-

2187.html). sadoqtoro naSromSi msgavsi ganwyobiT ganvixilav giorgi

SatberaSvilis folkloristul narkvevebs; mimaCnia, rom maT garkveuli

wvlili SeaqvT qarTul folkloristikaSi.

30

`balada qarTveli moymisa da yivCaRisa~

qarTuli folkloris didi motrfialis _ poet giorgi SatberaSvilis

kalams ekuTvnis araerTi mniSvnelovani werili zepirsityvierebis calkeul

nimuSTa Sesaxeb. maT Soris gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs narkvevi

`balada qarTveli moymisa da yivCaRisa~. balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi~ giorgi

SatberaSvils pirvelad bavSvobaSi sofel TvaladSi simReris saxiT

mousmenia mezobeli glexebisgan da moxiblula leqsis SinaarsiT, misi

sevdiani daboloebiT. `TvalnaTliv vxedavdi muxranis sazRvarTan mjdom

col-qmars da moZalade yivCaRs, romelic pursa sTxovda da aWmevdnen,

urCevdnen TavTuxisas; Rvinosa sTxovda, asmevdnen, urCevdnen Tavkverisasa

(an badagisasa); xorcsa sTxovda da aWmevdnen, urCevdnen xoxobisasa...

SezarxoSebuli, vnebaaSlili moZalade sargeblobda qarTveli moymis

TavSekavebiT, gadaswvdeboda da ,,cxranawnav giSris” TmaSi hkocnida qals.

qali tiriliT amosTqvamda: ,,_ vahme, uRono qmrisasa!..~ es daZaxili

vaJkacur suls daubrunebda wuTiT SemkrTal moymes, misi guli zRvis

morevs daemsgavseboda, xmals iSiSvlebda. brZola samkvdro-sasicocxlo

iyo, dauzogavi. orive vaJkaci sasikvdilod daWrili ecemoda. erTi aqeT

kvdeboda, meore – iqiT... simRera sevdiani moTqmiT Tavdeboda; ,,imdeni kidev

damcalda, qali gavgzavne Zmisasa, aqaT me movkvdi, iqiT _ is sazRvarsa

muxranisasa~, _ wers giorgi SatberaSvili werilSi ,,balada qarTveli

moymisa da yivCaRisa~ (SatberaSvili 1982:436-463). poeti aRufrTovanebia

qarTveli qalis patiosnebas, mandilis umwiklod tarebis survils.

rodesac mogvianebiT am baladis daboloebis sxva or variants gascnobia,

giorgi SatberaSvili gaocebuli darCenila. gansaxilveli werilis miznad

mkvlevarma swored qarTuli xalxuli baladis _ “Semomeyara yivCaRis”_ im

variantis araxalxurobis dasabuTeba aqcia, romelic amgvarad mTavrdeba:

,,aqeT me vkvdebi, iqiT is, qali wavida sxvisasa”, radgan miiCnia, rom amgvar

daboloebaSi vawydebiT ,,baladis ZiriTadi ideisagan diametrul gadaxvevas,

misi azris damaxinjebas~.

31

variantTa gacnobam da im literaturis Seswavlam, romelic baladis

irgvliv giorgi SatberaSvilamde Seqmnila, mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom

mravali sakiTxi, romelsac zepirsityvierebis es nimuSi aRZravs,

Seuswavlelia, zogic mcdaradaa gaSuqebuli, amitom baladis pirvelTqmuli

teqstis dadgenisa da daboloebis sakiTxze msjelobisas mkvlevars

aucileblobad miuCnevia yuradRebis gamaxvileba Semdeg sakiTxebzec: 1.

baladis warmoSobis adgili da misi qarTveli personaJebis sadauroba; 2.

baladis mTisa da baris variantebis urTierTmimarTeba; 3. baladis

warmoSobis dro; 4. baladis sasxoruli variantis siyalbe. marTlac, am

sakiTxTa gverdis avliT, mxolod enobrivi analizis Sedegad baladis

warmoSobis sakiTxis xelaRebiT gadaWra SeuZlebelia, radgan, rogorc

giorgi SatberaSvili aRniSnavs, `variantebi Caweris adgilis mixedviT

inarCuneben mTqmelis kilosa da gamoTqmas. enobrivi struqturis mixedviT

arsebobs mTis kiloTi naTqvamic da qarTluri an kaxuri. xSiria iseTi

variantebic, sadac erTsa da imave CanawerSi kilo aRreulia, fSauri

gamoTqmis gverdiT gvxvdeba qarTluri~.

Bbaladis warmoSobis sadaurobaze msjelobisas giorgi SatberaSvili

sagangebod ganixilavs baladaSi aRwerili ambis geografiul garemos,

Tumca, dasZens, rom `moqmedebis adgilis mixedviT sakiTxis gadaWra saeWvoa.

marTalia, qarTvel mTqmelTa repertuaris ZiriTad geografiul garemos is

adgili warmoadgens, sadac maT (mTqmelebs) uxdebodaT cxovreba, magram

araiSviaTia SemTxvevac, roca baris mTqmels Tavisi saTqmeli mTaSi

gadaaqvs, anda mTieli meleqse Tavisi fanduriT sxva kuTxis Svilebs

umReris.” Tumca, es is SemTxvevaa, roca nawarmoebSi aRwerili ambis

geografiuli garemos garkveva baladis daTariRebis (Tundac miaxloebiTi)

TvalsazrisiT aucilebelia.Ggiorgi SatberaSvilis mcdeloba am kuTxiT

sruliad gamarTlebulia. igi sagangebod aRwers muxranis sazRvars _

adgils, sadac qarTveli mgzavrebi yivCaRs Seeyarnen. mkvlevars ar

daviwyebia, rom yivCaRebma qarTvel mefeTagan samosaxlod aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos baris sxva raionebis garda, miiRes qsnis xeoba. misi azriT,

CamorCenili da TaviT fexebamde SeiaraRebuli ucxo tomis es didi masa

32

RvTis risxvad moevlineboda axlomaxlo mosaxle qrTvelobas.

niSandoblivia, rom qsnis xeoba swored muxranis vels akravs da baladaSi

aRwerili ambavi iSviaT SemTxvevad ar CaiTvleba.

centraluri da Sua aziis velebidan mosul am momTabare tomebTan

msoflios araerTi xalxisa da saxelmwifos (bizantia, Zveli ruseTi,

bulgareTi, ungreTi, poloneTi da sxva) warsulia dakavSirebuli. am

saxelmwifoTagan zogs keTilmezobluri, zogs ki mtruli urTierToba

hqonda yivCaRebTan.

1118 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Crdilo kavkasiidan 40 000 yivCayis ojaxi

gadmoasaxla saqarTveloSi; maT misces miwis nakveTebi, miuCines sazafxulo

da sazamTro saZovrebi, uzrunvelyves ekonomikurad, ris samagierod yovel

ojaxs erTi SeiaraRebuli molaSqris gamoyvana daevala. yivCaRebs

saqarTveloSi icnobdnen rogorc karg meomrebs (saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi 1979:226). daviTis istorikosi gvamcnobs: daviTma ,,uwyoda keTilad

yivCayTa naTesavisa simravle, dawyobaTa Sina simxne, sisubuqe da mimosvla

sificxe mimarTebisa~ (daviTis istorikosi: 336). daviTis istorikosi aseve

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs yivCayTa meSveobiT miRweul warmatebebs da askvnis,

rom maTi CamoyvaniT mefe ,,ara cudad daSures; arc cud iqmna gamoyvana

maTi~, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobaSi

miRweuli warmatebebi mxolod saqarTveloSi myofi ucxoelebis

damsaxureba araa. aRmaSenebels yivCayTa mudmivi laSqari arasdros gauxdia

Tavis ZiriTad dasayrden Zalad. amis utyuari dadasturebaa didgoris

brZola, romelSic daviTma 40000-dan mxolod 15000 aTasi yivCaRi gamoiyvana,

radgan is ZiriTad sayrden Zalad mainc ,,samefos spas~, anu qarTvelTa

laSqars, Tvlida (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1979:229).

yivCaRTa Camosaxlebas, bevr dadebiTTan erTad, uaryofiTi mxareebic

hqonda. momTabarul cxovrebas miCveul yivCaRebze dayrdnoba Zneli iyo;

amave dros, isini miCveulni iyvnen sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa mxareze qiriT

brZolas da erTi mxridan meoreze gadasvlac maTTvis ucxo ar iyo

(saqarvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1979:228). marTalia, daviT aRmaSenebelma

miwebi misca da mkvidr binadrebad aqcia, riTac faqtiurad sakuTari miwa-

33

wylis dacva daakisra, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc Znelad

mosavlelni iyvnen. yivCaRni daviT mefis Ralatsac ar Takilobdnen.

istorikosis sityviT, ,,raodengzis yivCayTa TvisTa ganizraxes Ralati da

ganaCines kacni mxneni romelnime xrmliTa, romelnime SubiTa, sxvani isriTa;

da ese ara erTi da or, gina sam, aramed mravalgzis~ (daviTis istorikosi:

362).

amrigad, istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia, nawilobriv

SeviqmnaT warmodgena mxne, saomar xelovnebaSi didad gawaful, Znelad

dasamorCilebel da xSirad moRalaturi bunebis mqone yivCaRze.

giorgi SatberaSvili sagangebod exeba baladis warmoSobis daTariRebis

sakiTxs. mkvlevari iziarebs vaxtang kotetiSvilis mier gamoTqmul azrs

imis Sesaxeb, rom ,,xsenebuli leqsi XIII_XIV saukuneebze gviani warmoSobisa

ar unda iyves.” vaxtang kotetiSvils mniSvnelovnad miaCnia garkveva imisa,

Tu rodis aiSves Tavi daviT aRmaSeneblis mier saqarTveloSi

Camosaxlebulma yivCaRebma, rodis daiwyes Saragzebze daxvedra da qalebis

taciaoba. XIII saukunis dasasrulisa da XIV saukunis dasawyisis Semdeg

“yivCaRi” istoriul wyaroebSi aRar gvxvdeba. mkvlevari aqve imasac dasZens,

rom, xalxis gadmocemiT, es leqsi Tamar mefemde arsebula (kotetiSvili

1961:335-336).

g. SatberaSvili kategoriul mtkicebad miiCnevs muxranuli baladis

warmoSobis daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT mixeil Ciqovanis mier gamoTqmul

mosazrebas, rac, emyareba ra ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebs daviT

aRmaSeneblis mier saqarTveloSi yivCaRTa Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb, ambobs:

,,qarTuli balada Seqmnilia yivCaRebis Camosaxlebis pirvel periodSi,

daviTis sicocxleSi, roca axalmosulebma kargad ar icodnen qarTvelTa

zne-Cveulebebi da adgilobriv mkvidrT almacerad uyurebdnen (Ciqovani

1956:337). mkvlevari Teimuraz qurdovaniZec miiCnevs, rom balada ,,Semomeyara

yivCaRi~ daviT aRmaSeneblis periodSi unda Seqniliyo da mTxrobeli

baladisa aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrovea, TviTmxilveli yivCaRTa TavaSvebuli

TareSis, Zalmomreobisa da Ralatisa (qurdovaniZe 2004:248).

34

gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs giorgi SatberaSvils. misi azriT, yivCaRTa

moTvinierebisa da asimilaciis procesi arc ise swrafad moxdeboda. is

faqti, rom me-13 saukunidan `qarTlis cxovreba” yivCaRebs aRar axsenebs, am

uflebamosili da mravalricxovani tomis swraf asimilacias ar unda

gvidasturebdes. daviTisa da Tamaris Zlieri samefos daSlis Semdeg,

cxadia, `qarTlis cxovreba~, rogorc oficialuri istoria, gverds auvlida

yivCaRTa xsenebas, radganac maT samxedro_saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia aRar

hqondaT. yivCaRTa `gaqarTvelebis” procesis xangZlivobis

argumentirebisaTvis mkvlevars mohyavs ana dedofliseul ,,qarTlis

cxovrebaSi~ mocemuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom ,,Tamaris dros mTiulman da

ovsman, yivCayman da suanman vera ikadrian parva.~ mematianis am

mokrZalebuli cnobidan gamomdinare, giorgi SatberaSvili askvnis, rom

,,Tamaris mefobamde es movlena (parva, taceba,) imdenad saWirboroto da

masobrivi movlena yofila, rom misi mospoba saqarTvelos Zlevamosil

mefes damsaxurebad eTvleba oficialuri istoriis mier. cxadia, Tamaris

gamefebamde arsebuli socialuri movlena ,,parva~ (raSic yivCaRTa

SeiaraRebuli gaTavxedebuli laSqari, cxadia, pirveli iqneboda!), Tamaris

mier samefo taxtze fexis SedgomisTanave saswaulebrivad ar gaqreboda; es

procesi uTuod Tamaris mefobis pirvel xanebSic gagrZeldeboda; ise,

cxadia, ,,qarTlis cxovreba~ mas damsaxurebad ver CauTvlida ,,parvis~

mospobas.

rogorc vxedavT, ,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mocemuli es mwiri cnoba giorgi

SatberaSvils safuZvels aZlevs, ifiqros, rom muxranuli baladis

warmoSobis drois monakveTi ufro farTod iqnas moazrebuli; Tumca, mis

mier gamoTqmuli ramdenime mosazreba, vfiqrob, sadavoa. mimaCnia, rom

aradamajerebelia mxolod ana dedofliseul `qarTlis cxovrebaSi”

motanili mwiri informaciis safuZvelze yivCaRTa asimilaciis procesis

gansazRvra. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ufro sarwmunod unda miviCnioT

daviTis istorikosis mier mowodebuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom `yivCaRnica

umravlesni qristiane iqmnebodes dRiTi-dRe; da simravle uricxvi

SeeZineboda qristesa~. yivCaRebs qarTuli enac swrafad SeuTvisebiaT

35

(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1979:227). cxadia, religiuri da enobrivi

faqtori didad ganapirobebda yivCaRTa swraf asimilacias. giorgi

SatberaSvils verc imaSi daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos ana dedofliseul

,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mocemuli cnoba myar safuZvels warmoadgendes imis

samtkiceblad, TiTqos `parvis~, rogorc socialuri movlenis, masobriv

gavrcelebaSi yivCaRTa SeiaraRebul `gaTavxedebul laSqars~ wamyvani roli

miuZRvodes, maSin, rodesac zemoxsenebul istoriul dokumentSi

xazgasmiTaa CamoTvlili parvis procesSi monawile mosaxleobis arayivCaRi

nawili. asec rom ar iyos, “parva”, rogorc uzneo socialuri movlena,

sazogadod romelime erovnul_nacionaluri niSniT ar unda iyos

ganpirobebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, is mwiri istoriuli cnobebi, romlebic

giorgi SatberaSvils mohyavs yivCaRTa asimilaciis xangZlivi procesis

argumentad, ver gamogvadgeba baladis warmoSobis drois monakveTis

gansazRvrisaTvis. ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom balada `Semomeyara

yivCaRSi~ swored axalCamosaxlebuli, qarTuli tradiciis umecari, jer

kidev mtacebluri instinqtebiT moqmedi yivCaRis saxea daxatuli. ra Tqma

unda, es mosazreba ar warmoadgens xelaRebiT mtkicebas imisas, TiTqos es

balada maincdamainc daviTis sicocxleSi unda iyos Seqmnili;

gasaTvaliswinebelia ra adamianis zneobriv-fsiqologiuri faqtori,

sruliad SesaZlebelia, ukve asimilirebuli yivCaRebis romelime uzneo

wevri Sexvedroda gzad mimaval qarTvel col-qmars.Aaqedan gamomdinare,

mimaCnia, rom mcdaria giorgi SatberaSvilis mcdeloba yivCaRTa

asimilaciis procesis safuZvelze baladis TariRis gansazRvrisa. erTi

cxadia: balada XIV-XV saukuneebze gviani warmoSobisa ar unda iyos,

radgan, rogorc mkvlevari vaxtang kotetiSvili aRniSnavs, amis Semdeg

`yivCaRTa saxsenebeli qreba.”

aseve nakleb damajereblad mimaCnia giorgi SatberaSvilis mcdeloba,

gzadmimavali col-qmris sadaurobis garkvevas maTive sanovagis safuZvelze

rom cdilobs. sakuTari mosazrebis argumentirebisas mkvlevari aRniSnavs:

`yvelaferi, rac ki am sabediswero sufras amSvenebs, baris kuTvnilebaa:

puri _ TavTuxisaa, xorci _ xoxobisa, Rvino _ badagisa... Tu moyvrebSi

36

mimavali siZe fSaveli an xevsuri iqneboda, cxadia, igi xels mTis

kuTvnilebis mosakiTxiT daimSvenebda... muxranis velze gaSlil sufras

maSin xoxbis ki ara, jixvis, irmis an arCvis xorci daamSvenebda... aseve

saeWvoa, rom TavTuxis gamtkiculi puri an badagiT savse tikWora

aRmoCeniliyo xevsureTidan an fSavidan wamoRebul xurjinSi”. mkvlevari

sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom `baladis yvela variantSi qarTveli col-qmari

baris kuTvnilebis xoragiT umaspinZldeba yivCaRs.” Mmisi azriT,

gamonakliss mxolod mis mier 1954 wels qarTlis sofel TvaladSi

gabinaSvilisagan Cawerili varianti warmoadgens, sadac yivCaRs xoxbis

nacvlad batknis xorciT umaspinZldebian; Tumca, es varianti ar aris

erTaderTi, sadac xoxbis magivrad batknis xorci gvxvdeba. am

TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs raWaSi, sofel RebSi, nona RambaSiZis

mier 1870 wels Cawerili varianti (mTqmeli malaqia aleqsis Ze

gobejiSvili), romelSic qarTveli col-qmris sagzals “batkan-mSvlis”

xorci amSvenebs (qarTuli... 1975:381).

saerTodac, `Semomeyara yivCaRis” sxvadasxva variantSi puris, Rvinisa da

xorcis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia gvxvdeba. puri xan qababisaa, xan _

fafukis, xanac _ simindis; Rvino xSirad `Safanckisa” gvxvdeba, zogjer _

`kabiStvisa”, iSviaTad – `kaxeTisa”; aseve xSirad xorci ara `xoxobisa”,

aramed `kakabisaa”. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa g.

yabanaSvilis mier sofel wiforaSi (kaspis raioni) Cawerili varianti,

romelSic qarTveli col-qmari gudis cxvris yveliTac umaspinZldeba

yivCaRs: `yveli mTxova da mivarTvi, urCevdi gudis cxvrisasa”. (mTqmeli

aleqsandre ivanes Ze gogolauri, 19. VII – 1961w. f. arq., q-60, gv.144. saTaurad

aqvs “yaCaRis msxverpli~.) (qarTuli... 1975:372).

rogorc vxedavT, baladis sxvadasxva variantSi qarTveli col-qmris

`sabediswero sufras” xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebuli sanovage

amSvenebs; amitomac SeuZlebelia mgzavrTa sadaurobis dadgena sagzlis

mTisa Tu baris kuTvnilebaTa garkveviT.Aaqve unda aRiniSnos, rom balada

`Semomeyara yivCaRis” uamravi varianti mogvepoveba (daaxloebiT 40-mde).

amaTgan uZvelesia nino baraTaSvilis marabduli (XIX s. 70-iani wlebi) da

37

petre umikaSvilis gremisxeuli (1879w.) Canawarebi. Ddidia am baladis

gavrcelebis sfero: qarTli, kaxeTi, xevsureTi, fSavi, imereTi, samxreTi

saqarTvelo (xizabavra, marabda).

Mmkvlevar giorgi kalandaZis TqmiT, `yivCaRis leqsis” variantebi

TavianTi ZiriTadi SinaarsiT erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeba, garda

baladis daboloebisa... zogi variantis mixedviT, morkinalni erTurTs

daxocaven; zogSi ki qarTveli gmiri imarjvebs da es sruliad bunebrivia,

radgan samarTliania misi brZola moZaladis winaaRmdeg~ (kalandaZe 1957:43).

mkvlevari aqve sagangebod aRniSnavs baladis variantTa umTavres

gansxvavebulobas _ gmirTa saxelebisa da maTi moqmedebis adgilis

nairferobas. naTqvamis naTelsayofad ramdenime variantidan mas mohyavs

dasawyisi striqonebi:

`Semomeyara yivCaRi sazRvars muxranis gzisasa~, _ vkiTxulobT

sasxorul variantSi; `Tu mkiTxavT, ambavs giambobT, Cemsa da xirClaisasa:

samzRvarsa SeviyareniT, sazRvarsa muxranisasa~.

moxevuri variantis dasawyisi aseTia:

`Savnabadelsa miqebdnen cudsa da avi znisasa,

orni iq SaviyareniT, samzRvarsa muxranisasa~.

* * *

àvsa gzas SeviyareniT samzRvarsa muxranisasa,

mkiTxav da mec mogaxseneb Cemsa da qincraZisasa~.

* * *

`WirT SamogCivlebT, batono, Cemsa da Crdilo ymisasa,

Crdilo yma Samameyara samZRvarsa kalkeTisasa~

. (umikaSvili 1964:51-556).

baladis variantTa `xirCla~, yinCa~, `yibragi~, `Savnabadeli~, `qincraZe~,

`jijibi~ da misTanani _ `yivCaRis~ saxelcvalebania.

mkvlevari Salva radiani werilSi “tradiciisa da novatorobis sakiTxi~

(`lit. gazeTi~, #30, 1953), exeba ra giorgi leoniZis leqss `yivCaRis paemani~,

wers: àrsebobs am xalxuri simReris (`Semomeyara yivCaRi~) ramdenime

varianti (mcired gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisagan)~.Ggiorgi SatberaSvili

38

kategoriulad ar iziarebs amgvar Sexedulebas da miiCnevs, rom am baladis

variantTa `mcired gansxvavebulobaze~ laparakic ki ar SeiZleba.Ggana is

mcire gansxvavebaa, roca variantuli sxvaoba (Tundac erTi gamoTqma)

nawarmoebis ideur xerxemals cvlis?!. amgvar gansxvavebad mkvlevars miaCnia

baladis sami sxvadasxvagvari daboloeba:

1. me aqeT movkvdi, iqiT _ is,

qali wavida Zmisasa;

2. qali sidedrsa mivgvare,

is ki iqa sWams qviSasa;

3. me aqeT movkvdi, iqiT _ is,

qali wavida sxvisasa...

rogorc vxedavT, pirveli variantis mixedviT qmris sikvdilis Semdeg

qali midis Zmisas, sadac yivCaRTan Sexvedramde midioda, anu daniSnulebis

adgilze; Mmeore varianti qarTveli moymis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba; xolo

mesame variantiT, axladdaqvrivebuli qali midis `sxvisas~, romelic,

giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, aris `qarTul xalxur poeziaSi cnobili

`sxva~ _ satrfo, sayvareli, sxva kaci~. amitomac cdilobs mkvlevari, qalis

amgvari saqcielis axsnas da uSvebs varauds, ìqneb es xvedri qarTvelma

moymem imiT daimsaxura, rom maSinve ar iSiSvla xmali, colis sayvedurs

daeloda (`vahme, uRono qmrisasa~)... asec rom iyos, `qali, romelmac

sabediswero wuTebSi sindisiT nakarnaxevi mtkice nebisyofa gamoiCina da

Tavisi amoZaxiliT qmari moZaladis winaaRmdeg aamxedra, leqsis ideisa da

struqturis mixedviT, aseT ganaCens ar gamoutanda moklul qmars~.

Bbunebrivia, Tu logikis amgvar dinebas mivyvebiT da `sxvaSi~ sxva kacs

moviazrebT, baladis ideis saxecvlilebas miviRebT;Mmagram, Tu davuSvebT,

rom `sxvisas~ am konkretul SemTxvevaSi `misas~ formis analogiuri

mniSvneloba aqvs, yvelaferi cxadi xdeba _ qmarmokluli qali ara

satrfosa Tu sayvarelTan, aramed sakuTar mSoblebTan an ZmasTan midis,

sxva mravali variantis msgavsad.Aprof. mixeil Ciqovans swored amgvari

dasasruli (`qali wavida Zmisasa~) miaCnia baladisTvis bunebrivad.Pprof.

giorgi kalandaZe ar iziarebs amgvar Sexedulebas da Tvlis, rom

39

àdrindel teqstSi igi ar unda gvqonoda. amas ori garemoeba

gvafiqrebinebs: jer erTi, is, rom baladaSi Txroba pirvel pirSi

mimdinareobs, imis maCvenebelia, rom yivCaRTan meomari gmiri cocxali

gadarCa; meorec is, rom qarTveli gmiris brZola yivCaRis winaaRmdeg

samarTliania da, safiqrebelia, xalxis fantazia ar daRupavda

simarTlisaTvis mebrZol gmirs~ (kalandaZe 1957:46). rac Seexeba baladis

personaJTa mier urTierTdaxocvas, `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ amgvari finali

balada `moymisa da vefxis~ gavleniT Seqmnilad miaCnia mkvlevars. ver

daveTanxmebi pativcemul mkvlevars. vTvli, rom gamomdinare baladis Janris

specifikidan, romlisTvisac bunebrivi swored tragikuli dasasrulia,

`Semomeyara yivCaRis~ dasasrulic imTaviTve qarTveli vaJkacis daRupviT

unda dasrulebuliyo.

`qali wavida sxvisasa~... baladis amgvarad daboloebuli varianti

dabeWdilia `sabWoTa mweralis~ mier 1950 wels gamocemul krebulSi:

`xalxuri poezia~ (aleqsandre gomiaSvilisa da raJden gvetaZis

redaqtorobiT).Ggiorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom muxranuli baladis

`sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ teqsti, Tavisi moulodneli dasasrulis gamo,

xalxuri sawyisebidan momdinare variants ar warmoadgens. igi akritikebs

krebulsac, romelSic `baladis manamde ucnobi, daubeWdavi da sadavo

teqstis miwodeba mkiTxvelisaTvis warmoadgenda tradiciuli variantebis

dausabuTebel uaryofas da gverdis avlas~. mkvlevari samarTlianobad

miiCnevs, rom ùkeTesi iqneboda, baladis es varianti krebulSi Setanamde

calke gamoqveynebuliyo saTanado komentariT da imis aRniSvniT, Tu sad da

rodis, visgan da vis mier aris Cawerili, arsebobis ra ufleba da

upiratesoba aqvs mas manamde gamoqveynebul variantTa Soris~.Aamgvar

saWiroebas krebulis specifika ganapirobebs, radgan es wigni farTo

masebisTvis sakiTxavad gankuTvnil rCeul nawarmoebTa krebuls

warmoadgens, amitom `mas darTuli ara aqvs saTanado aparatura~.

`sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ baladis teqstisadmi giorgi SatberaSvilis eWvi

imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom is erTaderTi variantia baladisa,

40

romelSic qmris sikvdilis Semdeg qali `sxvisas~ midis. Aamgvari

daboloeba, misi azriT, `qmarmokluli qarTveli qalis avad moxseniebaa~.

Ggiorgi SatberaSvili gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom ìmdroindeli

literaturuli sazogadoebis erT nawilSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba

imis Taobaze, TiTqos amgvari daboloeba (`qali wavida sxvisasa~) ufro

`romantikuli~ da `zogadkacobriulic~ ki iyo.Mmas ki miaCnda, rom es

moaruli Sexeduleba damyarebuli ar iyo am leqsis mxatvruli

struqturisa da ideis safuZvlian gaTvaliswinebaze (iqve). aqedan

gamomdinare, mkvlevari sagangebod svams kiTxvas, `gana muxranuli baladis

mTqmelis idea iqamde unda daviyvanoT, rom ojaxis namusis dacvisTvis

Saragzaze gulgangmiruli moyme miatovos colma da umalve `sxvisas~

wavides?~ werilis avtoris azriT, àq ar aris saubari cxovrebis

cxovelmyofel Zalaze, romlis mixedviTac gulmokluli patiosani qalic

ki sakmao drois gasvlis Semdeg iSviaTad Tu gauwevs winaaRmdegobas

adamianur vnebas, axal siyvaruls~.

Ggiorgi SatberaSvili sagangebod mimoixilavs qarTul xalxur poeziaSi

daxatuli qalis mraval saintereso saxes; pativiscemiT ixseniebs

`vaJkacuri sulis~ maia wyneTels, Tina wavkisels, Tamro vaSlovanels;

aRtacebulia baladaSi `vefxvi da moyme~ daxatuli qarTveli dedis ukvdavi

saxiT; amasTan, sagangebod ixsenebs erT patara xalxur leqss, raTa

aRfrTovaneba gamoxatos mtrisgan mokluli vaJkaciT moxibluli da

sibraluliT Sewuxebuli qarTveli qalis mimarT, romelic `qmris xaTriT~

misTvis ucnobi ymawvilis datirebasac ki ver axerxebs:

lomo,Se lomis moklulo, busniWalais pirsao,

vin SegiReba wiTlada beWebi perangisao!

vin gagimeta saTofrad patroni bevris cxvrisao!

javrisgan dagiRrejiakbilebi brolebisao...

lamazad dagitirebdi, xaTri ar mqondes qmrisao.

giorgi SatberaSvili qrTveli qalis Tavganwiruli siyvarulis unarisa

da erTguli bunebis naTelsayofad iSveliebs xalxur leqss `sikvdili

miTxovs~. momakvdav moymes sikvdili iTxovs, da-Zma da deda erTmaneTze

41

uTiTeben moymes da gulcivad eubnebian: ` _ dai gyavs da, inacvale~..., ` _

deda gyavs da, inacvale~..., ` _ sayorel gyavs, inacvale~... moymisTvis

yvelaze Tavdadebuli sayvareli qali aRmoCndeba. igi gulmxurvaled

eubneba momakvdavs: ` _ genacvlebi, saiT aris sikvdilis gza, maswavleo!~

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mkvlevars ar aviwydeba qalTa is kategoria,

romlebic maleve iviwyeben gardacvlil satrfosa Tu qmars da axal

siyvaruls uxsnian guls. magaliTisTvis mas mohyavs SesaniSnavi xalxuri

leqsi `leqso, amogTqom, oxero~, romelSic sikvdilis garduvalobiT

gulgatexili moyme gulistkiviliT ambobs: `dedis mets Cemi sikvdili

aravis aatirebsa~, xolo colis Sesaxeb askvnis:

colic Zalian mitirebs, qveyanas gaakvirvebsa,

cota xnis Semdeg isica sxvisa Wirs gaalxinebsa.

giorgi SatberaSvils ar aviwydeba `msubuqi Wkuisa da znis gautaneli

veragi qalebic~, romlebic amgvar locvebs warmoTqvamen:

yovlad wminda RvTismSobelo, qmari avad gamixade,

nurc moklav da nurc daarCen, damiwvi da damidage!

an:

ijda, ukravda fandursa qirva xoSaZeT qalio,

RmerTs imas exveweboda: male momikal qmario!

zogi natvrasac ar sjerdeba da survilis Sesrulebasac zeimobs:

qalma Tqva: CemTan moxvidi, saxlSi ara myavs qmaria,

cixis sageblad gavgzavne, Tavs dascemia qvania,

samaxaroblo gaviRe samoci suli cxvaria...

rogorc vxedavT, giorgi SatberaSvilma qarTul xalxur poeziaSi

TavCenili qalis mravali saintereso da sxvadasxvagvari saxe dagvixata.

TiToeul am nimuSSi warmoCenili mxatvruli saxeebi poetur qmnilebaTa

ideur gansaxierebas warmoadgenen, rac, mkvlevris azriT, ar SeiZleba

iTqvas `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ `sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ variantis Sesaxeb.

masSi qarTveli qalis saxe `sruliad moulodnelad, mTqmelis Tu

gadamTqmelis surviliT ewireba `zogadfilosofiur kiTxvas: Tu ras izamda

es qali qmris sikvdilis Semdeg, darCeboda Tu ara misi erTguli, wmindad

42

daicavda Tu ara daRupuli qmris xsovnas?~ `Semomeyara YyivCaRis~

sxvadasxva variantis Seswavlam mwerali miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom ar

arsebobs arc erTi varianti am leqsisa, sadac qmarmokluli qarTveli qali

avad iyos naxsenebi, garda p. umikaSvilis `xalxur sityvierebaSi~

dabeWdili variantisa (mTqmeli al. goZiaSvili), romelic sainteresoa

imiT, rom Seicavs orgvar finals:

erTi imanac gadmomkra, laxvarsa gvanda RvTisasa,

orniv iq davixoceniT, qali wavida Zmisasa.

ro vkvdebodi, vinanodi: risTvis davdeqi Sarzeda,

orive qalma gvinacvla, xeli gadado sxvazeda,

is kaci cudi iqneba, vinc dadges qalis Wkvazeda.

giorgi SatberaSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `baladis bunebriv da

tradiciul finalze (`qali wavida Zmisasa~) gamobmuli es sami striqoni

arc ideiT, arc leqsis mxatvruli RirsebiT ar gamomdinareobs amave

variantis zemo striqonebidan, sadac moyme vaJkacurad ambobs:

iseTi guli gamixda, morevsa gvanda zRvisasa,

xeli gavikar frangul xmals, naCuqeb colis Zmisasa,

davkar, Suaze gavwyvite, xmalma gauso qviSasa~.

rogorc mkvlevari dasZens, àm xorcmetis Semoqmeds, etyoba, baladis

teqstis azric ki ver gaugia. ubralod, isic ki ar icis, rom ,,Sarze~

qarTveli moyme ki ar damdgara, aramed _ vnebaaSlili moZalade, romelic

puris Txovnidan qalis Txovnamde mivida!~

giorgi SatberaSvils miaCnia, rom ,,sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ varianti

momdinareobs baladis ,,sasxoruli~ variantidan. amgvari daskvnis uflebas

mkvlevars Semdegi msgavsebebi aZlevs:

1. arc erT varinatSi, garda sasxorulisa, ar aris naxmari: ,,Svilsa

gazrdilsa sxvisasa~. buquraulis mier TuSeTSi Caweril variantSi aris

,,gazarduls sxvisa Svilsao~, ris poeturad galamazebul variantsac

warmoadgens sasxorulSi gadatanili: ,,Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~; am

gamarTul frazas sityvasityviT imeorebs ,,sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ varianti;

43

2. saxorulis garda, arc erTi varinti ar icnobs gamoTqmas: ,,mozidna

nawnavs Tmisasa~... amas ,,sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ teqsti ase imeorebs: ,,mozida

nawnavs Tmisasa~;

3. baladis sasxoruli variantis garda, arsad ar gvxvdeba ,,movzidne

vadas xmlisasa~... asevea ,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSic;

4. saxsoruli variantis garda, arc erT varintSi ar aris: àr iyo Rirsi,

moSorda cqeras naTeli mzisasa~.

,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSi am sityvebis gameoreba kvlav

zemoTqmuli magaliTiviT ulogikobas warmoadgens.

am sityvebis qveteqsti, daboloebis CaukiTxavadac, afiqrebinebs

mkiTxvels, rom amis mTqmeli moyme cocxali unda darCes da ,,mzis cqeras~

mxolod uRirsi yivCaRi unda ,,moSordes~, rac am varintSi ar xdeba.

5. baladis ,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ varintSi sityvasityviT gameorebulia:

,,vendve madls laSris jvrisasa~.

sasxorul variantSi, SatberaSvilis azriT, laSarisadmi mindoba

azrobrivad logikuria, radgan am mindobam qarTvel moymes gaamarjvebina.

,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSi ki laSaris jvrisadmi mindobis Semdeg

moymes imedi ucruvdeba, igi iRupeba, colic ,,sxvisas~ midis; amdenad,

laSaris xseneba aq ulogikoa.

rac Seexeba sasxorul variantSi naxseneb laSaris jvars, mkvlevris

azriT, igi unda warmoadgendes Camweris Tu redaqtor – gamomcemlis

Canamats, poeturi qmnilebis Selamazebis mizniT uneblie damaxinjebas

leqsis bunebrivi saxisa. am eWvs isic uRrmavebs, rom mTaSi mecxramete

saukunis dasasruls Caweril verc erT variantSi ver waswydomia naxseneb

`laSaris jvars~, maSin, roca 1934 wels Caweril qarTlur_sasxorul

variants Semounaxavs da daucavs igi. mkvlevari imTaviTve gamoricxavs

droTa viTarebaSi mTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamoTqmis gaqrobas da mTieli

kacis mexsierebis ueWvelobisa da Seumcdarobis naTelsayofad aRniSnavs

Semdegs: `sainteresoa, rom qarTlis mTian soflebSi (kaspis raionSi) didi

xnis winaT gadmosaxlebuli fSavlebi am baladas dResac `jimSeris leqss~

uwodeben, iseve, rogorc es fSaur, T. razikaSviliseul, variantSia (`Tu

44

mkiTxav, kidev giambob Cemsa da jimSerisasa~). miuxedavad sul sxva

garemocvisa, xalxis mexsiereba ar cvlis, ukeT rom vTqvaT, ar Tmobs

gmiris saxelwodebas. mosalodneli iyo, rom `laSaris jvris~ xsenebasac

ar daTmobdnen qarTlSi mcxovrebi, magram mainc izolirebuli, Tavis

dedakuTxes moSorebuli fSavlebi, magram es ase ar aris~. SatberaSvilis

azriT, es muxli rom yalbia, amas amtkicebs forma ,,laSaris~ arabunebriv

mdgomareobaSi dayenebac. naTqvamia ara ,,laSaris~, aramed ,,laSris~.

,,laSari~ Tavisi gramatikuli formiT ekuTvnis iseT saxelTa kategorias,

romelnic naTesaobiT brunvaSi ar ikumSebian. rogorc Cans, am variantSi

laSaris Camwers ar gauTvaliswinebia fSav-xevsurTa RvTaebis sakuTari

saxelis Tavisebureba ama Tu im formaSi dayenebis dros. mTieli mTqmeli

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ityvis `laSris~, aseve ar ityoda ,,Tamris~,

,,yamris~, ,,nugzris~ da sxva. qarTuli enis buneba mkacria: man TviT

RmerTsac ki gaubeda ,,SekumSva~ da naTesaobiT brunvaSi mis zogad saxels

fuZiseuli ,,e~ waarTva. (RmerTis – RmrTis, RvTis), radgan ,,RmerTi~

umaRlesi RvTaebis sakuTari saxeli ar aris. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi ena

Tavis bunebas mkacrad icavs da, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, naTesaobiT

brunvaSi sakuTar saxelebs fuZiseul xmovans unarCunebs~. mkvlevars

gadauTvalierebia TiTqmis yvela xalxuri leqsi, sadac laSaria naxsenebi

da ,,laSris~ formas versad waswydomia. sailustraciod mohyavs ramodenime

monakveTi zepirsityvieri masalid: `Reles atirda laSari, laSars _

laSaris jvaria~; `laSaris jvaris lurjasa fafar asxavis giSrisa~.

SatberaSvili saeWvod Tvlis laSaris jvris konteqstSi naxseneb

gamoTqmasac: `vendve madls~, radgan miaCnia, rom àm leqsis gadamkeTeblis

mier gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris is garemoeba, rom morwmune mTieli Tavisi

sayvareli RvTaebis madlisa da sikeTisadmi ndobis sakiTxis dasmas ver

gabedavda. sxva ambavia, Tu aq igulisxmeba `mindoba~. maSin unda yofiliyo

`mivende~ da ara vende (ndoba gamovucxade). SatberaSvilis azriT, `vendes~

leqsSi xseneba diametrulad cvlis am frazis Sinaarss da eWvs am

striqonis xelovnurobis Sesaxeb ufro aZlierebs. mkvlevari ar

iTvaliswinebs leqsis `Tavisufal~ bunebas da arc uflebas, riTmis

45

daurRvevlobis mizniT imsxverplos marcvalTa raodenoba, Tund, mocemuli

SemTxvevis msgavsad, sammarcvliani sityvebis ormarcvlianad gadakeTeba

gaxdes aucilebeli. miT ufro, rom, `vende~ konteqstidan gamomdinare,

sworedac rom `mindobas~ unda gulisxmobdes. asec rom ar iyos, ara

mgonia, werilis avtoriseuli gaSinaarseba am sityvisa _ `ndobis

gamocxadeba~ sayvareli RvTaebisadmi Seuracxyofad mieCnia mTiel kacs,

radgan Tavad ndoba ukve Seicavs rwmenas misandobisadmi. amitom ver

gaviziareb mosazrebas am striqonis araxalxurobis Sesaxeb.

`laSaris jvris~ araxalxurobis dasamtkiceblad mkvlevari sxva

argumentebsac iSveliebs. kerZod, `garda am erTaderTi variantisa,

`laSaris jvars~ ar axsenebs arc erTi barSi gagonili da Cawerili

varianti! magram es kidev araferi, `laSaris jvari~ naxsenebi ar aris mTaSi

Caweril arc erT variantSi, arc fSaurSi, arc xevsurulSi, arc TuSurSi;

miT umetes, rom am kuTxeebSi es variantebi Cawerilia cnobili

folkloristebis _ d. xizaniSvilis, T. razikaSvilis, iv. buquraulis da

mix. Samanauris _ mier qarTuli folkloristikis gariJraJze, e.w.

sasxoruli varianti ki gamoqveynebulia 1934 wels!~

amasTan dakavSirebiT metad saintereso da sagulisxmo cnobas gvawvdis

mkvlevari lali berZeniSvili wignSi `xalxuri sityviereba akakis

krebulSi~. mkvlevari qalbatoni yovelgvar eWvs `laSaris jvrisa~ da mis

konteqstSi moazrebuli gamoTqmis (`vende madls~) araxalxurobis irgvliv

aqarwylebs, upirispirebs ra 1899 wels s. merkvilaZis mier Cawerili

baladis variants. rac Seexeba teqstis sadaurobas, samwuxarod, sosiko

merkvilaZes ara aqvs aRniSnuli Caweris adgili. lali berZeniSvilis

azriT, aSkara mxolod is aris, rom baladis es varianti udavod

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia mopovebuli. kategoriuli mtkicebisgan, teqsti

barSia Cawerili Tu mTaSi, mkvlevari Tavs ikavebs. baladis es varianti

erTi wakiTxviT xsnis braldebas sasxoruli variantis Camwersa da

gamomqveynebels. raki es teqsti mniSvnelovania baladis istoriisaTvis,

mogvyavs mTlianad:

SeviyareniT Zmobilni samzRvars muxranis gzisasa,

46

puri mTxova da vaWmie, vurCevdi TavTuxisasa,

xorci mTxova da vaWmie, vurCevdi xoxobisasa,

Rvino mTxova da vasmie, vurCevdi badagisasa.

coli mTxova da ver mivec, mimyvanda sidedrisasa.

an ki cols rogor mivcemdi, Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa.

xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa,

Sestira sabralo qalma: `vai cols cudi yrmisasa~.

mec gulma veRar gamiZlo, movzidne vadas xmlisasa,

umalve iman damaswro, elvasa hgvanda cisasa,

magram daucda muxanaTs, venacvle madlsa RvTisasa,

exla me Semovuqnive, vendve madls laSris jvrisasa,

gavWeri cxeni da kaci, wveris momixvda qviSasa.

ar iyo Rirsi, moSorda cqeras naTeli mzisasa,

coli sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa!

. (berZeniSvili 1986:26-27)

l. berZeniSvils miaCnia, rom ès teqsti, samwuxarod, ar

gauTvaliswinebiaT am baladis mkvlevrebs. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im

striqonebma, romelic qarTlSi, sof. sasxorSi, Caweril variantSic aris da

romelic am teqstis Camweris Semoqmedebad miiCnies. es striqonebia: `Svilsa

gazrdilsa sxvisasa~; `mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~; `movzidne vadas xmlisasa~;

`vendve madls laSris jvrisasa~. rac Seexeba baladis dasasruls, l.

berZeniSvilis azriT, marTalia, igi ar gamoxatavs qarTveli xalxis

ideals, magram es mainc ar unda iqces eWvis safuZvlad, radgan

`zepirsityvierebaSi araiSviaTia ambis sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocemis

magaliTebi~ (berZeniSvili 1986: 26-27).

ukanaskneli striqonis (`me aqeT movkvdi, iqiT _ is, qali wavida

sxvisasa...~) Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. rac Seexeba danarCenebs,

romelTac g. SatberaSvili eWvis TvaliT uyurebs da xalxuri

sityvierebidan momdinared ar miiCnevs, SeZlebisdagvari dawvrilebiT

mimovixilavT.

47

giorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom striqoni `mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~

baladis arc erT variantSi ar gvxvdeba da Sesatyvisi adgili amgvarad

ikiTxeba:

`gadaexvia, akoca nawnavs giSrisa Tmisasa~.

* * *

àr daiSala, akoca nawnavs giSrisa Tmisasa~.

* * *

`xeli gadavyav, vakoce nawnavsa giSris Tmisasa~.

* * *

àr daiSales, akoces cxranawnav giSris Tmisasa~.

* * *

àr daijera, akoca nawnavsa giSris Tmisasa~.

is faqti, rom zemoT moyvanil arc erT variantSi ar gvxvdeba forma

`mozidna~, mkvlevars afiqrebinebs, rom es sityva qalis Tmis epiTetis

(`giSris~) adgilas `leqsis gamSalaSineblis~ mieraa Cawerili iseve,

rogorc `movzidne vadas xmlisasa~. es ukanaskneli mkvlevars T.

razikaSvilis mier Cawerili fSauri variantis gavleniT Seqmnilad miaCnia.

analogiuri gamoTqma ara ZiriTad teqstSi, aramed winaTqmaSia mocemuli,

romelsac SatberaSvilma pirobiTad `TavsarTi~ uwoda:

`colsa nu gaexumrebi Tavs ukeTesis ymisasa,

. gagigebs, gagigiJdeba, vadas mahzidnavs xmlisasa~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi TavsarTi am baladis zogierT sxva

variantsac aqvs.

g. SatberaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom

`paraleluri gamoTqmebis (`venacvle madlsa RvTisasa~ da `vende madls

laSris jvrisasa~) Semdeg meordeba `mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~-s msgavsi

gamoTqma: `movzidne vadas xmlisasa~; gamoTqmaTa aseT paralelizms agre

advilad ar dauSvebdnen namdvili xalxuri mTqmelebi~. bunebrivia, Znelia,

daeTanxmo am mosazrebas. paralelizmebi da kontrastuli saxeebi (xSirad

moulodnelni) qmnian poeturi qmnilebis mTel xibls. gamonakliss arc es

balada warmoadgens. swored moxdenili paralelizmebisa da kontrastuli

48

saxeebis meSveobiT axdens saxalxo mTqmeli msmenelze waruSlel

STabeWdilebas:

`puri mTxova da vaWmie, vurCevdi TavTuxisasa;

xorci mTxova da vaWmie, vurCevdi xoxobisasa;

Rvino mTxova da vasmie, vurCevdi badagisasa~.

da uceb _ mkveTri konrasti:

`coli mTxova da ver mivec, mimyvanda sidedrisasa~.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso SeniSvnas akeTebs prof. g.

kalandaZe: `sityvebi _ `ver mivec~ _ iseTsave mZafr kontrastSia

sityvebTan: `vaWmie~, `vasmie~, `vurCevdi TavTuxisasa~, `vurCevdi xoxobisasa~

`vurCevdi badagisasa~, rogorSiac qarTveli vaJkacis puradoba, guluxvoba

da stumarTmoyvareoba _ moZalade gadamTielis mtaceblur bunebasTan~

(kalandaZe 1957:44-45).

giorgi SatberaSvili saeWvod miiCnevs gamoTqmasac: `samzRvars muxranis

gzisasa~, radgan Tvlis, rom `Znelia kacma warmoidgino gzis sazRvari, miT

umetes gzisa, romelic ar Tavdeba an sofelSi SesvliT, an CixiT... aseT

SemTxvevaSi ki iTqmis gzis bolo, dasasruli da ara sazRvari.. am

SemTxvevaSi ki gzis bolo nagulisxmevi araa: baladis mixedviT, mgzavrebs

gza unda gaegrZelebinaT~. am gamoTqmis saeWvoobas mkvlevars isic

ganumtkicebs, rom, misi azriT, arc erT sxva variantSi ar gvxvdeba

analogiuri gamoTqma. yvelgan garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom yivCaRi mgzavrebs

Semoeyara muxranis sazRvarze (`samzRvarsa muxranisasa~ an `bolosa

muxranisasa~). cxadia, es mosazreba imTaviTve miuRebelia, radgan, enobrivi

TvalsazrisiT sasxoruli varianti saocar msgavsebas amJRavnebs s.

merkvilaZiseul variantTan. umniSvnelo sxvaobiT sasxorul variants

imeorebs, agreTve, S. axvledianis mier sof. lailaSSi Cawerili (lit. muz.

20046-x,y. 336, gv. 33. 1935 w. gansxvaveba striq. 315. vaWami.) da al. gomiaSvilis

da r. gvetaZis mier Sedgenil krebulSi gamoqveynebuli teqstebi (xalxuri

poezia, rCeuli, 1950:63-64).

aseve Znelia, gaviziaroT g. SatberaSvilis eWvi sasxorul-qarTlur

variantSi arsebuli mTis kiloze gawyobili gamoTqmebisadmi _ `vaWmie,

49

vasmie~, romlebic, misi azriT, baladis pirvelwyaroSi ar unda yofiliyo,

radgan qarTlSi Caweril yvela variantSi ikiTxeba: `vaWmevdi, vasmevdi~. am

mxriv mkvlevris interesi `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ im xevsuruli da TuSuri

variantebis dasawyisebs aRuZravs, romlebsac baris gamoTqma SemounaxavT.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamouwvevia TuSur variants:

`puri mTxov, puri vaWame, irCevda simindisao,

xorci mTxov, xorci vaWame, irCevda xoxobisao...

Rvino mTxov, Rvino vasvi me, arCia badagisao~.

werilis avtori arc xevsurul variants iviwyebs da sagangebod moixmobs

mosazrebis sailustraciod:

`Semomeyara yifCagi bolosa muxranisasa,

puri mTxova da vaWame, vurCevdi TavTuxisasa,

Rvino mTxova da vasmie, vurCevdi badagisasa...~

g. SatberaSvilis rwmeniT, `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ sasxoruli variantis

araxalxuroba imiTac dasturdeba, rom igi `yvela Canawerze vrcelia,

Txrobis ganviTarebisa da leqsalobis mxrivac sxva variantebze metad

`daxvewili~ da damTavrebulia... igrZnoba redaqtoris, arcTu ugemovno

redaqtoris, xeli~. mosazrebis utyuarobis gadasamowmeblad mwerals

sofel sasxorSi wasvla, sasxoruli variantis mTqmelis v. kavTiaSvilias

naxva da sadao variantis namdvilobis Semowmeba gadauwyvetia (sofeli

sasxori mdebareobs Suagul qarTlSi, mcxeTis raionSi). samwuxarod, v.

kavTiaSvili sami wlis gardacvlili daxvedria, amitom sofel sasxorSi

mcxovreb mis biZaSvilTan da TbilisSi myof ojaxis wervebTan gadauwyvetia

gasaubreba. am saubars misi eWvebi aramcTu gauqarwylebia, piriqiT,

gauRrmavebia kidec. v. kavTiaSvilis biZaSvilebis _ lado da kola

kavTiaSvilebis _ cnobiT, maT arasodes gaugoniaT, rom vano kavTiaSvils

odesme xalxuri leqsi eTqvas an emReros. 80 wlis mewisqvile kola

kavTiaSvils mwerlisTvis uTqvams: `man rodis icoda mRera, arc leqsi

icoda. saldaTSi iyo, movida, mere rkinigzaSi muSaobda. Cven ki `muxranis

leqsi~ guTanzec gvimReriao~. giorgi SatberaSvils `guTanze namReri~

`muxranis leqsis~ teqstic Cauweria. igi Semdegnairad ikiTxeba:

50

Cven samni SaviyareniT,

muxransa batonisasa,

Rvinosa vsvamdiT, gvasmevdnen,

gvirCevdnen badagisasa.

qalsa vTxovdiT da gvaZlevdnen,

gvirCevdnen lamazisasa.~

roca mwerals moxuci mewisqvilisTvis sasxoruli varianti waukiTxia,

kola kavTiaSvils uTqvams: àq aseTi araferi gagvigonia, vano qalaqis kaci

iyo, iqneb iq iswavlao!~ arc TviT vano kavTiaSvilis ojaxis wevrebis

gamokiTxvas daudasturebia misi mTqmeloba, rac mkvlevars uRrmavebs eWvs

`Semomeyara yivCaRis~ sasxoruli variantis siyalbis Sesaxeb da

ganumtkicebs mosazrebas, rom masze dayrdnoba am leqsis mecnieruli

Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba.

bunebrivia, giorgi SatberaSvilis amgvari radikalizmi, mTqmelis

axloblebis monaTxrobis Seumcdarobisadmi gadaWarbebuli rwmena,

emociuri da subieqturia, Tumca, namdvilad sanimuSoa is midgoma, rasac

mkvlevari amJRavnebs xalxuri sityvierebis nimuSTa Seswavlisas.

udavod saintereso werilis bolos avtori gvTavazobs balada

`Semomeyara yivCaRis~ teqsts, romelic, misi azriT, pirvelTqmulTan

miaxloebuli iqneba, Tumc ar gamoricxavs marcxs, romelic SeiZleba

`pirvandeli Zeglis nangrevebidan namdvilis aRdgenis~ mcdelobisas

mouvides, vinaidan mis xelT arsebul dabeWdil da daubeWdav variantebze

guldasmiTma dakvirvebam mkvlevari daarwmuna imaSi, rom `mTqmelTa

sacxovrisis, gemovnebis, mexsierebis da zogjer moralis mixedviTac es

xalxuri leqsi cvlilebas ganicdida, xan gabrwyindeboda, xan

fermkrTaldeboda~.

radganac g. SatberaSvilis mier baladis pirvelTqmulTan miaxloebul

teqstad moazrebuli varianti aris erTgvari Sejameba mkvlevris mier

gamoTqmuli yvela im mosazrebisa, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari, gTavazobT

mas srulyofilad:

Semomeyare yivCaRi sazRvarsa muxranisasa,

51

pursa mTxovda da vaWmevdi, vurCevdi TavTuxisasa,

Rvinosa mTxovda, vasmevdi, vurCevdi badagisasa,

xorcsa mTxovda da vaWmevdi, vurCevdi xoxobisasa,

coli mTxova da ar mivec, mimyvanda Tavis Zmisasa,

anki cols rogor mivcemdi, colsa jvarnawerisasa?!

ar daiSala, akoca nawnavsa giSris Tmisasa,

qalma tiriliT amoTqva: ,,vahme, uRono qmrisasa!~

iseTi guli gamixda, morevsa hgvanda zRvisasa,

xeli gavikar frangulsa, naboZebs colisZmisasa,

erTi iseTi gadavkar, risxvasa hgavda RvTisasa,

erTi imanac gadmomkra, elvasa hgvanda cisasa,

imdeni kidev damcalda, coli gavgzavne Zmisasa,

aqeT me movkvdi, iqiT is sazRvarsa muxranisasa.

g. SatberaSvilis mier SemoTavazebuli baladis daboloebis bolo ori

striqonis magivrad mkvlevari uSvebs varauds, rom upiratesoba SeiZleba

mieniWos i. sonRulaSvilis mier diRomSi Cawerili variantis daboloebas:

aqeT me vkvdebi, iqiT is, qali wavida Zmisasa,

Sendobas mainc ityvian me da im yivCaRisasa...

moyvanili strofidan gamomdinare, SatberaSvili qarTuli xalxuri

poeziisaTvis niSandobliv erT saintereso movlenaze akeTebs aqcents _

xalxisTvis sayvareli gmiris sikvdilis aRwerisa da xotbis gverdiT,

saxalxo mTqmeli ar iviwyebs misi mZlevelis vaJkacobasac. magaliTisTvis

mkvlevars mohyavs balada `moyme da vefxvi~.

giorgi SatberaSvilis werili _ `balada qarTveli moymisa da

yivCaRisa~ _ imiTac aris sagulisxo, rom mas darTuli aqvs balada

`Semomeyara yivCaRis~ sxvadasxva varianti SeniSvnebiTurT. TiToeul

variants ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT miupyria mkvlevris yuradReba. ase

magaliTad, avtori gvTavazobs mixeil Samanauris mier xevsureTSi Caweril

variants (dabeWdilia eqvT. TayaiSvilis ,,xalxur sityvierebaSi~), romelic

52

gansakuTrebulia imiT, rom revoluciamde Caweril gamoqveynebul variantTa

Soris erTaderTia, sadac gvxvdeba `yivCaRis~ xseneba (`yifCagis~ saxiT).

g. SatberaSvils mniSvnelovnad miuCnevia iv. buquraulis mier TuSeTSi

Cawerili variantis moxmobac (dabeWdilia eqvT. TayaiSvilis ,,xalxur

sityvierebaSi~), romelic yuradRebas ipyrobs imiT, rom icavs baris kilos:

,,vaWame, vasvi~ da ara ,,vaWmie, vasmie~-s. aseve gvTavazobs ir. sonRulaSvilis

mier sofel diRomSi, Tedo razikaSvilis mier fSavSi Caweril variantebs

da bolos _ Tavad v. kavTiaSviliseul sasxorul variants.

amrigad, giorgi SatberaSvilis gamokvleva ,,balada qarTveli moymisa da

yivCaRisa~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani naSromia qarTuli folkloristikis

istoriografiisaTvis. igi mravalmxrivi TvalsazrisiT iqcevs baladiT

dainteresebul mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. avtori ganixilavs iseT saintereso

sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa baladis warmoSobis adgili, personaJTa sadauroba,

baladis mTisa da baris variantebis urTierTmimarTeba, baladis

warmoSobis dro, baladis sasxoruli variantis siyalbe. amavdroulad igi

gvTavazobs baladis sxvadasxva variants, romelTac Tan urTavs miseul,

xSirad sagulisxmo, SeniSvnebs.

53

`giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~

qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba iqmneboda da viTardeboda im

gamudmebuli brZolebis safuZvelze, romelTac qarTveli eri sakuTari

Rirsebisa da qveynis damoukideblobis dasacavad saukuneTa manZilze

Seupovrad awarmoebda momxdurTa Tu Sinaur mterTa winaaRmdeg. sxvadasxva

mkvlevarTa mxridan igi samarTlianadaa miCneuli Cveni qveynis Seufarav,

Tavisebur zepir istoriad. misi Sinaarsi mdidari da Rrmaa, forma _

nairgvari da mimzidveli. Cveni xalxis saistorio folkloruli

Semoqmedeba uSualod gangvacdevinebs sxvadasxva epoqis bednierebasa da

Znelbedobas, gamarjvebasa da marcxs, radgan, rogorc qarTuli xalxuri

saistorio sityvierebis Rvawlmosili mkvlevari qsenia sixaruliZe

SeniSnavs, `Tavisi socialuri SinaarsiTa da ideuri mimarTulebiT

saistorio zepirsityviereba erTian nakads ar warmoadgens. igi iqmneboda

sxvadasxva epoqaSi, sxvadasxva socialur fenaSi, sxvadasxvagvarad

ganwyobil pirTa mier~ (sixaruliZe 1970:222).

qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis sagmiro-saistorio ganyofilebis

ZiriTad fonds adgilobrivi warmoSobis nawarmoebni Seadgenen, romlebic

istoriuli piris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis an konkretuli faqtis

Tavisebur mxatvrul gamovlenas warmoadgenen. amiT aixsneba maTi

kolorituloba da xSir SemTxvevaSi _ viwro lokaluri xasiaTi.

xalxuri saistorio leqsebis ZiriTadi nawili sagmiro xasiaTisaa da

maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciac analogiuria. WeSmaritad xalxuri is

saistorio nawarmoebia, romelic gamoxatavs am Tu im epoqis progresul

ideebs. istoriul leqsebSi gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans, Tu rogor erwymis

erTmaneTs sinamdvile da mxatvruli gamonagoni. xalxisTvis sayvareli

istoriuli piris gmiruli bunebis naTelsayofad maTSi xSiria

hiperbolizirebuli mxatvruli saxeebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saistorio

sityvierebis meore Janrze _ gadmocemaze. iSviaTad maTSi ama Tu im

istoriuli pirisadmi damokidebuleba ukiduresad subieqturia, amitom

qarTuli istoriuli matianeebisaTvis orWofulad gansaxilveli, magram

54

xalxisTvis sayvareli esa Tu is gmiri leqsebsa da gadmocemebSi mxolod

dadebiTi kuTxiTaa warmodgenili. amis naTeli magaliTia XVII saukunis

cnobili sazogado moRvawe giorgi saakaZe. saqarTvelos istoriis

mkvlevarTa nawili mas did mamuliSvilad miiCnevs, nawili _ qveynis

moRalated. es dava dResac grZeldeba. amis naTeli magaliTia istoriul-

SemecnebiT Jurnal ìstorianis~ furclebze mimdinare diskusia istoriis

mecnierebaTa doqtor givi jamburiasa da mweralsa da publicist rostom

CxeiZes Soris. poziciebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia. Tu givi

jamburiasTvis giorgi saakaZe qveynis keTildReobisTvis Tavdadebuli

mebrZoli, misTvis TviTSewiruli gmiria, rostom CxeiZisTvis igi mxolod

èris gamyidveli~, `gulboroti~, `SurismaZiebeli~, `piradi gandidebis

wyurviliT Sepyrobili~ pirovnebaa. Znelia, daeTanxmo batoni rostom

CxeiZis mier warmoTqmul mosazrebas, romelic qarTul folklorSi giorgi

saakaZeze Seqmnili leqsebisa da Tqmulebebis misamarTiT aris gakeTebuli:

igi miiCnevs, rom `sabWouri ideologiisTvis niSandoblivi falsifikaciis

xerxis moSveliebiT SeiTxza xalxuri poeturi cikli giorgi saakaZeze~

(CxeiZe 2011:65). Cemi azriT ki ufro gasaocari am uaRresad saintereso

istoriuli piris Sesaxeb xalxuri leqsebisa Tu Tqmulebebis ararseboba an

aRmouCenloba iqneboda. aqve calsaxad unda aRiniSnos, rom saistorio

zepirsityvierebaSi `didi mouravisadmi~ damokidebuleba erTmniSvnelovnad

dadebiTia: xalxur leqsebsa Tu gadmocemebSi igi qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli

gmiria.

cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosma da mweralma platon ioselianma

pirvelma daiwyo giorgi saakaZeze xalxSi arsebuli xalxuri

zepirsityvieri nimuSebis gamovlineba da Cawera. man rva xalxuri gadmocema

Caiwera. misi saqmis gagrZeleba Tavad ido aseve cnobilma qarTvelma

mweralma da publicistma anton furcelaZem. mwerali am mizniT didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi dadioda xalxSi da agrovebda msgavsi xasiaTis masalebs.

giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb xalxSi gafantuli gadmocemebis Seswavlis

saqmeSi fasdaudebelia giorgi SatberaSvilis wvlili; swored isaa pirveli

gamomqveynebeli `did mouravze~ Seqmnili zepirsityvieri masalisa. Tu

55

giorgi saakaZis sicocxleSive xalxSi arsebobda misi qebani, XX saukunemde

Caweril da gamoqveynebul xalxur sityvierebaSi (kerZod, poeziaSi) arsad

Canda am didebuli gmiris saxeli. am faqtisTvis yuradReba qarTuli

xalxuri sityvierebis did motrfiales giorgi leoniZesac miuqcevia. ioseb

Tbilelis `didmouravianis~ Sesaval werilSi igi wers: ùnda aRiniSnos,

rom qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, dRemde gamoqveynebulsa da Segrovil

leqsebSi, arsad ar sCans giorgi saakaZis saxeli. didi mouravis gmirobis

Sesaxeb araviTar Zvel leqss Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. xangZlivi muSaobis

Semdeg me mxolod 1935 wels xelT Camivarda jer erTi fragmenti da Semdeg

ori leqsi...~ es leqsebi, mkvlevris gancxadebis Tanaxmad, wignuri

warmoSobisaa da a. furcelaZis monografiis gavlenaT unda Seqmniliyo

(SatberaSvili 1975:13-25). amis Semdeg giorgi leoniZem kidev miakvlia or

xalxur leqss giorgi saakaZeze. esenia: `givi gogbaZe~ da `xmalma Tqo~,

romlebic 1960 wels gamoqveynda qarTul presaSi.

unda AaRiniSnos, rom prof. qsenia sixaruliZec xazs usvams giorgi

leoniZisa da giorgi SatberaSvilis udides damsaxurebas did mouravze

Seqmnili xalxuri leqsebisa Tu Tqmulebebis moZieba-gamoqveynebis saqmeSi;

werilSi `mcire ram mogonebidan~, ixsenebs ra poet-akademikos giorgi

leoniZesTan TanamSromlobas, wers: `1939 wels duSeTis raionSi mivdiodi

eqspediciaSi. bazaleTSic unda memuSava. damavala, iq, gansakuTrebiT

bazaleTSi, momeZia leqsebi da Tqmulebani giorgi saakaZeze.

gulistkiviliT moigona poetma 1626 wels bazaleTis omSi giorgi saakaZis

damarcxeba. mas guls aklda, did erovnul gmirze rom ar iyo mopovebuli

xalxuri masala. es xarvezi poetma TviTon amoavso. axla rac gvaqvs

leqsebi da Tqmulebani giorgi saakaZeze, TiTqmis yvela giorgi leoniZisa

da giorgi SatberaSvilis mopovebulia~ (sixaruliZe 1970:268-269).

mkvlevari v. sidamoniZec aRniSnavs, rom `platon ioselianis, anton

furcelaZisa da giorgi leoniZis saSviliSvilo saqme (giorgi saakaZis

ciklis zepirsityvierebis moZieba) ZalisxmeviT gaagrZela mweralma giorgi

SatberaSvilma, romelmac jer kidev 40-ian wlebSi, mweral mixeil

kekeliZesTan erTad kavTuras xeobis soflebSi (kavTisxevsa, ezatsa,

56

nostesa, Tvaladsa da axalcixeSi) Caiwera SesaniSnavi xalxuri leqsebi da

Tqmulebani~ (sidamoniZe 1988:8).

giorgi SatberaSvili SeuSfoTebia im faqts, rom `kaci, romelic

TanamedroveTa centrSi idga Tavisi samxedro saqmianobiT da zogis

aRtacebas iwvevda, zogis _ Sursa da siZulvils, TiTqos araviTar

gamoxmaurebas ar poulobs qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi~. Ees, erTi SexedviT,

paradoqsuli movlena eWvs aRuZravs mkvlevars: `nuTu marTla aseTi dumili

sufevda mouravis garSemo?~ dumili kidev ufro daujerebelia maSin,

rodesac Rrmaa rwmena, `xalxi unda gamoxmaureboda giorgi saakaZis

politikur mrwamss Tu ara, mis samxedro warmatebas mainc... rogorc

sardali, saakaZe xom aRtacebas iwvevda TanamedroveTa Soris~. am

mosazrebis naTelsayofad istorikos mwerals (giorgi SatberaSvilma 1932

wels Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti istorikosis

diplomiT daamTavra) qarTveli mematianis sityvebi mohyavs: ìmdRindeli

mouravis naqmari omi da saqmeebi pirvelTa gmirTaganca ara Tqmul ars, rac

im dRes mouravma saxeli da omi qna~.

samarTlianad werda gamoCenili poeti da mkvlevari giorgi leoniZe:

èWvi araa, am didebuli gmiris xmalsa da saxels araerTi aRtacebuli

sityva unda gamoewvia Tavis droSive. amitom damajerebelia ioseb

Tbilelis cnoba, romlis mixedviTac g. saakaZis sicocxleSi xalxSi

arsebobda `qebani~ misi gmirobis Sesaxeb~ (sidamoniZe 1988:4).

ioseb Tbilelis `didmouravianSi~ marTlac vxvdebiT poemis mTavari

gmiris – giorgi saakaZis mier warmoTqmul Semdeg striqonebs:

srul mesxni tkbilad momepyrnes,

CemTana sadgurobdian,

ufrosni mialersebdnen,

umcrosni karga mZRnodian;

ra ambavs Tavsa axsnian,

xan Cems qebasac hxmobdian.

(Tbileli 1989:675)

57

Ggiorgi SatberaSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs erT garemoebas: `xalxi

Tavis leqsebSi ixseniebs `sisxlis wvimebis drois mrisxane feodalebs~ –

nugzar da zurab erisTavebsac ki... Tumca wyevla-krulviT, magram mainc

ixseniebs, giorgi saakaZeze ki dums, ras unda mivaweroT es? iqneb imas, rom

didma mouravma nefsiT Tu uneblieT mtkivneuli Wriloba miayena sakuTar

xalxs Tavisi tragikuli bedis gamo? Tu es asea, xalxi mas wyevla-krulviT

mainc moigonebda, rogorc mis gulqva Tanamedrove erisTavebs!~

bevri gadmocema giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb dakarguli unda iyos. am faqts

gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs anton furcelaZec: ,,erTi mraval TqmulebaTa

gadmomcemTagani iyo xidisTaveli moxuci glexi zaqaria tlaSaZe, romlisa

bevri Tqmulebani da andazani maqvs damarxuli. samwuxarod, bevri andazani

da Zveleburi ambavi Cahyvnen amas saflavSi Cveni uTaurobis gamo~

(sidamoniZe 1988:5).

g. SatberaSvilis azriT, saakaZisadmi miZRvnili xalxuri leqsebis

simwiris fonze cota ucnaurad JRers ,,enimkis moambis~ redaqciis Semdegi

SeniSvna: ,,cnobebi giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb mravalnairi moipoveba ucxoursa

da qarTul mwerlobaSi, zepirsityvierebaSi~. giorgi SatberaSvili

gamoTqvams varauds, rom amgvari cnobebi SesaZloa Aa. furcelaZis arqivSi

iqnas aRmoCenili. aseve fereidnisa da iranis sxva raionebSi mcxovreb

qarTvelTa xsovnaSic SeiZleba iyos Senaxuli Tqmuleba Tu leqsi saakaZis

Sesaxeb.

SatberaSvils didi mouravis pirovnebis Sesaxeb xalxSi gafantuli

gadmocemebis Seswavla saakaZis mSobliuri kuTxidan dauwyia. am mizniT mas

noste da soflebi – kavTisxevi, Tvaladi, ezati da axalcixe _ Seuswavlia;

isic, avtorisave TqmiT, nawilobriv da arasrulad; amdenad, SesaZlebelia,

bevri saintereso masala kidev aRmoCndes imave soflebSi da sxvaganac.

miuxedavad amisa, mklevars mouxerxebia Caewera Tqmulebebi da leqsebi,

romlebic metad sainteresod gviSuqeben didi mouravis pirovnebas da

naTel warmodgenas gvaZleven saakaZisadmi xalxis damokidebulebis

Taobaze. es masala imiTac aris niSandoblivi, rom warmoadgens giorgi

58

saakaZis pirovnebis Sesaxeb arsebul zepirgadmocemaTa pirvel

gamoqveynebul nimuSebs.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebili masala yvela uSualod did

mouravs exeba, garda erTisa (,,giorgis drozed naTqvami~), romelic asaxavs

me - 17 saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis politikur viTarebas da gajerebulia

samSoblosadmi siyvaruliT (mTqmeli k.onofriSvili, sof. Tvaladi, 1942 w).

es leqsi gamoqveynebis Semdeg, rogorc im Savbneli drois amsaxveli, poetma

irakli abaSiZem mTlianad Seitana Tavis poemaSi: ,,ras gadaurCa Tbilisi~:

Sen, tkbilo qarTlo, kaxeTo, ganaxlebuli gnaxeTo,

mTeli veli da mindori sul fexiT gadalaxeTo,

gaxsovdeT ena mSobluri, es kargad SeinaxeTo,

visac giwioT sikvdilma, qarTulad daimarxeTo.

Tqveni nacomi Coxebi saxsovrad SainaxeTo!

Sen tkbilo qarTlo, kaxeTo, gasaxlebuli gnaxeTo,

Sen tkbilo qarTlo, kaxeTo, dabrunebulimc gnaxeTo.

giorgi saakaZis pirovnebisadmi interesma bevr mklevarsa Tu mwerals

aaRebina xelSi kalami, mravali mosazreba gamoiTqva Tu daibeWda. zogi mas

saqarTvelosTvis Tavganwirul raindad miiCnevs da mis moRvaweobaSi

mxolod dadebiTs xedavs; zogis azriT, mas piraduli interesebi

amoZravebda. erTi cxadia: giorgi saakaZe tragikul _ istoriuli figuraa

da misi biografiis naTeli Tu Crdilovani mxareebi anareklia me - 17

saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri viTarebisa.

giorgi SatberaSvilis damokidebuleba giorgi saakaZis pirovnebisadmi

erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiTia. igi Tvlis, rom ,,giorgi saakaZis niWi, misi

mxedruli unari da gamocdileba, saerTaSoriso pirobebis gamo, saTanadod

ver gamoiyena maSindelma saqarTvelom. mdgomareobas kidev ufro

auaresebda Sida areulobani da feodalTa Soris arsebuli Seurigebeli

damokiebuleba, ris gamoc arCil mefe gulistkiviliT ambobda: ,,asre sWirT

saqarTvelosas didebulT, gina mcireTa, azvavdebian, ityvian: ,,uCemod vin

imRereTa?~, ùCemod vin imRereTobis~ senma imsxverpla giorgi saakaZec.

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelodan gandevnili didi mouravi jer sparseTs

59

gadaixvewa, Semdeg ki _ osmaleTs, saidanac samSobloSi dabruneba ar

Rirsebia da Tavisi mSfoTvare sicocxle tragikulad daasrula q. alepoSi

1629 wels.

g. SatberaSvili cdilobs, istoriul wyaroTa da mis mier mopovebul

zepirgadmocemaTa urTierTSejerebis Sedegad dagvixatos didi mouravis

rogorc garegnuli, ise Sinagani portreti. magaliTad, giorgi saakaZis

garegnobaze saubrisas iSveliebs Turqi istorikosis _ mustafa naimis

cnobas, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `mouravi WeSmaritad guladi, Ronieri,

taniT spilos msgavsi, iSviaTi vaJkaci da devisRone iyo~. cota qvemoT igi

gansxvavebul cnobas gvawvdis: `mouravi spetakwveriani, saSualo tanisa

iyoo~. interess iwvevs mouravis Sesaxeb ucnobi avtoris mier TurqeTSi

gamoTqmuli leqsi, romelic sparsul enaze yofila dawerili giorgi

saakaZis erT-erTi mxlebeli qarTvelis mier:

`var msmeli, mivirTmev Rvinos flaviT,

taniT var msxvili, rogorc xari.

ar var warmarTi, arc muslimi, arc iudeveli,

var yaramanis mir-mira mouravi~.

(sidamoniZe 1988:19)

giorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom leqsSi Suri da dacinva gamosWvivis

saakaZisadmi. misi ganxilvisas Mmustafa naimic swored am detalze

amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

am leqsisTvis sxvadasxva istorikossa Tu mkvlevars miuqcevia

yuradReba, mosazrebebic gansxvavebuli gamoTqmula. kerZod, avstriel

istorikoss i. hamers miuCnevia, rom `mouravs, misi araCveulebrivi

agebulebis gamo, eZaxdnen `xars~. qarTvel istorikoss s. jiqias, romelmac

qarTulad Targmna mustafa naimis ìstoriis~ is Tavi, romelic giorgi

saakaZes eZRvneba, miaCnia, rom ùkueTu hamers sxva wyaro ara aqvs da

mxolod am leqsze dayrdnobiT ambobs amas, maSin mis sisworeSi SeiZleba

eWvi SevitanoT; aq sityva `xari~ SeiZleba riTmisTvis dasWirda da ara

imitom, rom aesaxa xalxSi gavrcelebuli romelime daxasiaTeba mouravisa~.

60

mkvlevari v. sidamoniZe ki Tvlis, rom `saqme gvaqvs mxolod da mxolod

salaRobo-saxumaro xalxur leqsTan~, romelSic `mouravi aSkarad

aRiarebs, rom Tumca is TurqeTSi aris, sammarTvelod didi vilaieTi

uboZes, magram sinamdvileSi rjuli ar gamoucvlia. is arc musulmania, arc

iudeveli, arc cecxlTayvanismcemeli, rom is isev qristiani darCa~

(sidamoniZe 1988:11).

saakaZis Tanamedrove italieli misioneri kasteli, romelmac didi

mouravis portreti daxata, werda: ,,didi mouravi, sardali saqarTvelos

mxedrobisa, kaci warCinebuli, didad SemZle da yovelTa umamacesi; man

mravali saxelovani saqme moaxdina iberiis samefoSi sparseTTa mefis

winaaRmdeg brZolis dros~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1973:258).

samwuxaroa, rom am `didad SemZle da yovelTa umamacesi~ kacis garegnobis

Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami g. SatberaSvilis mier mopovebul masalaSi.

samagierod, friad saintereso cnobas vawydebiT giorgi saakaZis warmoSobis

Sesaxeb: ,,giorgis gvari namdvilad saakaZe ki ar iyo, aramed _ gigauri,

xevsureTidan iyo. saakaZeoba maSin dairqva, roca didi saxeli gaiTqva. is

glexi kaci iyo. saakaZes Tavadebi emterebodnen, radgan igi glexi iyo~.

analogiuria s. jiqias naSromSi daculi cnoba: ,,xalxis warmodgeniT,

giorgi warmoSobiT glexkaci iyo, gvarad _ gigauri, xevsureTidan. giorgis

da luarsab mefem SeirTo colad, Tavadebma iwyines - èg glexis qaliao,

Cveni batoni rad unda iyoso~. rogorc vxedavT, aqac igive niadagzea

axsnili brZola Tavadebsa da giorgi saakaZes Soris. erT mxares didi

feodalebi arian, meore mxares – dabali socialuri fena, romelsac

mfarvelobs mouravi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom anton furcelaZec Tavis monografiaSi giorgi

saakaZis winaaRmdeg feodalTa brZolis mizezad didi mouravis glexur

warmoSobas asaxelebs. am mosazrebas ar iziarebs ivane javaxiSvili da

saakaZis araglexuri warmoSobis mtkicebulebad 1523 wlis baraTianT

gayrilobis wigni moaqvs. am sabuTidan Cans, rom saakaZeni maSin

baraTaSvilebis aznaurebad iTvlebodnen: `miveciT gugunasa aznauris

61

Svilebisagan saufrosed saakaZe rostevan da giorgi maTiTa mamuliTa~

(javaxiSvili 1967:350).

sagulisxmoa, rom saakaZis naTesavi (`Zmiswuli~, `ZmisZe~) ioseb Tbileli

poema `didmouravianSi~ giorgis aTqmevinebs:

lxini mza, sityvis gagona mqonda mudamad puroba,

amxanagT karg megobroba, micema da uSuroba,

kargT kacTa wyoba-alersi, mdidarTa me uSuroba,

veWu, zogs Tavadsac moswaddes Cemebriv aznauroba.

(ioseb Tbileli 1989:665).

unda aRiniSnos, rom saakaZis gvari saqarTvelos istoriaSi,

arapirdapiri wyaroebis mixedviT, XII-XIII saukuneebidan aris cnobili.

gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen da dawinaurdnen saakaZeebi XVI saukunis meore

naxevarSi, simon I-is mefobis dros. giorgis mama siauS giorgis Ze saakaZe,

sabuTebis Tanaxmad, mefis salaros molarea, 1590 wlidan ki – Tbilisis

mouravi. biZa, zurab saakaZe, qarTlis samefo karis saxlTuxucesi iyo.

saakaZeTa ,,Zveli samkvidro~ atenis xeobis zemo welSi mdebareobda. Semdeg

ki TeZmis xeobaSic moikides fexi. Ggiorgi saakaZis feodaluri

samflobelo swored am xeobaSi Camoyalibda. Mmisi centri iyo sofeli

noste. aq hqonda mas sasaxle cixe-koSkiT da karis eklesia (saqarTvelos

istoriis narkvevebi 1973:257-158). sagulisxmoa, rom swored TeZmis xeobaSi

arsebul giorgi saakaZis cixe-koSkTan dakavSirebuli saintereso gadmocema

gvxvdeba giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebil masalaSi: `sayaraulo serze

(saakaZis koSkis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobs) idga yarauli, romelsac

dRisiT alami ekava xelSi, RamiT ki, Tu saWiroeba moiTxovda, aanTebda

CiraRdans an kidev Tivis zvins waukidebda cecxls. mas Tvals adevnebda

koSkis Tavze dayenebuli yarauli. rodesac mteri moaxlovdeboda,

sayaraulo serze mdgomi guSagi alams dauSvebda, RamiT kidev cecxls

miscemda Tivas. es niSani iyo. am alams koSkis Tavze mdgomi yarauli

adevnebda Tvalyurs. mindvris muSebic mudmiv ucqerdnen mas, radgan

SiSianoba iyo. roca daSvebul alams dainaxavdnen koSkis Tavze, maSin

xalxi safrebSi garboda, zogi imaleboda, zogic iaraRs isxamda. cixe-

62

koSkebi winaT ise iyo agebuli, rom erTimeores ucqeroda. saakaZis

koSkidan Cans Wyopiani cixe TeZmis xeobaSi, Wyopianis cixidan _ cxireTis

cixe. sayaraulo seridan Cans Zlevis qedi, Zlevis qedidan _ winarexi da

sxva. ase rom, mtris miaxlovebas kldekaridan yovelmxriv gaigebda xolme

axlomaxlo soflebi. es sayaraulo seri giorgim moawyo~. (mTqmeli:

v.gobaZe, sof. noste).

rogorc vxedavT, gadmocema naTlad gvixatavs giorgi saakaZis

windaxedulebas. samSoblos dasacavad didi mouravis mudmiv mzadyofnas,

misTvis Tavganwirvis unars kidev erTi gadmocema cxadyofs: ,,merme yeeni

Semoesia saqarTvelos, manglisis Tavze idga imis jari. giorgim daiZaxa:

`deda SeerTos colado, vinc uRalatos mamulso~ da Sekriba jari

metexidan, nostedan, kavTisxevidan da sxva soflebidan. yeenis jari

motyuilebiT erTma mRvdelma gostibisken wamoiyvana. iqidan _ TeZmis

xeobaSi da cxavers miiyvana, moatyula mRvdelma, gza gaugrZela da

amisTvis awames, aso-aso ahkuwes. giorgic iq daxva Tavisi asi kaciTa. maSin

omi isrebiTa da farebiT icodnen. aba, asi kaciT ras daamarcxebda uTvalav

jarsa, magram giorgim aseTi omi icoda: gulmkerdze xelebs moiWerda da

iseTi xmiT daikivlebda, rom yvelas aSinebda. maSinac egre moiqca da yeinis

jari sul gaaqcia... gamoudga giorgi Tavisi jariTa. dahxoces bevri. am omSi

mohkla giorgim yeeni. dabrunda giorgi nosteSi. didi saxeli gaiTqva...~

(mTqmeli q. iaSvili, 80 wlis, sof. ezati, 1943w.) am gadmocemis

mniSvnelobasa da Rirebulebas mamulisaTvis msxverplad Sewiruli

mRvdlis - Tevdores gmirobis gaxsenebac ganapirobebs.

g. SatberaSvilis mier Caweril gadmocemaTa did nawilSi saubaria

giorgi saakaZis disa da luarsab mefis qorwinebaze, feodalTa

moSurneobaze, maTi ZalisxmeviT `didi mouravisadmi~ mefis gadamterebaze.

ase magaliTad: `giorgi didi meomari iyo (aqauri iyo, nosteli). luarsab

mefem misi da gaicno da colad SeirTo. giorgis ewyina, fiqrobda, Tavadebi

gadamekidebiano; marTlac gadaekidnen, nostidam aiyara da yeinTan wavida~.

(mTqmeli a.qebaZe, 60 wlis, sof. kavTisxevi, 1943w.)

63

imaves mogviTxrobs Semdegi gadmocemac: `giorgi didi sardali iyo,

magram Tavadebi emterebodnen, radganac giorgis da luarsab mefem SeirTo

colad. Tavadebma iwyines: èg glexis qaliao, Cveni batoni rad unda iyoso~.

giorgi undodaT moeklaT, magram gaiqca sparseTSi~. (mTqmeli s.beriZe, sof.

kavTisxevi, 1943w.).

saakaZisadmi mefis mtrad mokidebis igive mizezi saxeldeba Semdeg

gadmocemaSic (mTqmeli q. iaSvili, sof. ezati, 1943w.): `mefem misi dai colad

SeirTo, magram uRalates, gadaekidnen Semdeg da mokvla daupires. nostes

cecxli waukides. aiyara giorgim col-SviliT. ma ra unda eqna? bina

mouSales da sxvagan wavida~.

sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas SatberaSvilis mier Cawerili

Semdegi gadmocema: ,,giorgi didi vaJkaci yofila ymawvilobiTve. erTxel

nosteSi mefe estumra. giorgi pativiscemiT dauxvda, lamazi sufra gaSala.

sufraze giorgis dam bulbuliviT imRera. mefes moewona. giorgim Tqva: `Tu

colad unda, jvari daiweroso~. mefem jvari daiwera. giorgis das makrine

erqva. mefes nazir-vezirebi aujanydnen: an giorgi unda movklaT, an ara da,

Cven Tavs daganebebTo. Daiyolies mefe. giorgis SemouTvala: ìjde, zeze

adeqi, zeze iyo – adgoma aRar ginda, CemTan modio~. giorgis avWalaSi

saxli hqonda. iq Seisvena. qalaqSi jer ar Casuliyo. maSin giorgisTan

erTad mziTvis biWi mivida da uTxra, qalaqSi ar Caxvide, Torem mogklaveno.

erT viRaca beber dedakacs sawyali mziTvis biWi mefesTan daebezRebina,

giorgi gaafrTxilao da biWi mohkles. giorgi gaiqca, mtkvari gascura da

ucxo qveyanaSi wavida~.

rogorc vxedavT, mefis gamijnurebisa da qorwinebis aRweris garda,

gadmocemaSi detaluradaa moTxrobili saakaZis winaaRmdeg dagegmili

SeTqmuleba. saubaria saakaZis erTguli momxris _ `mziTvis biWis~ _ Sesaxeb,

romelsac sicocxlis fasad daujda mouravis gafrTxileba mefisa da

feodalebis veraguli gegmis Sesaxeb.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Cawerili es sagulisxmo epizodi odnav

gansxvavebuli saxiT istoriul wyaroebSic poulobs asaxvas. kerZod, beri

egnataSvili mogviTxrobs: `daaskvnes ra saqme ese, ara dafara RmerTman

64

saqme ese, aramed ixsna mefe luarsab ubralos kacis sikvdilisagan da

sisxlisagan da movida mouravTana fareSTuxucesi xerxeuliZe baaka da

gaamJRavna mefe. xolo scna ra ese mefeman fareSTuxucesisagan, romel

araodes uyofies kacsa goniersa ganTqma saidumlo mefisa Tvisisa, Seipyra

fareSTuxucesi da daaWres cxvir-piri~ (beri egnataSvili 1989w:760).

unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebil yvela

gadmocemaSi saakaZis iranSi gadaxvewa, msgavsad istoriuli wyaroebisa,

Seqmnili politikuri situaciiT aris axsnili; gamonakliss warmoadgens

sofel nosteSi Cawerili gadmocema (mTqmeli v. sidamoniZe, 65 wlis, 1943),

romelSic saakaZis `TaTrebis mier daWerisa da tyved wayvanis Sesaxebaa~

saubari. xalxis Rrma rwmeniT, samSoblodan gadaxvewili, mtris banakSi

myofi giorgi saakaZe ar wyvets saqarTvelos keTildReobaze fiqrs. zogi

gadmocemis mixedviT, igi yovelnairi gziT cdilobs Sah-abasis darwmunebas

saqarTvelos dalaSqvris aucileblobaSi im mizniT, rom Suri iZios

mterze, SeZlos misi Semotyueba da ganadgureba; axerxebs kidec, magram es

nabiji Svilis – paatas - sicocxlis fasad ujdeba: ,,giorgim Sahs uTxra,

`jari gamomayole, saqarTvelo unda davipyroo~. yeini ar endoboda. mZevlad

giorgim paata dautova, Tavisi alali Svili. saqarTveloSi ro mivida, sul

JuJa da JuJa sparselebis jari~. (mTqmeli a. qebaZe, 60 wlisa, s. kavTisxevi,

wera-kiTxvis mcire mcodne. Cawerilia 1943 wlis ianvarSi).

igives mogviTxrobs Semdegi gamocemac: ,,giorgim uTxra TaTrebs:

`_gamiSviT, jari momeciT da saqarTvelos dagipyrobTo~. TaTrebma jari

misces, magram mZevlad Svili daatovebines. giorgim jari saqarTveloSi

miiyvana, aq sul gawyvita isini. TaTrebma Suri iZies, Svils Tavi mouWres

da gamougzavnes. giorgim Tqva: ` _ sulZaRlo TaTrebo, Tqven erTi Svili

momikaliT, magram yvela es meomari qarTveli Cemi Svilia, erTis nacvlad

mravali SeviZineo~. (mTqmeli v. sidamoniZe, 65 wlis, sof. noste, 1943 w.)

yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmadac saakaZis mier

Sah-abasis laSqris ganadgureba winaswar daugegmav, mouravis mier

spontanurad miRebul gadawyvetilebad aris miCneuli.: ,,sparseTSi bevri

jari misces, magram iqaurma nefem uTxra: gendoo? da Svili gamoarTo

65

mZevlad. im Svils Salva erqva. wamovida jariT giorgi saakaZe. movida

saqarTveloSi, magram gulSi Tqva: ,,saqristiano rogor gavwiroo?~

moubrunda sparseTis jars da sul gawyvita. giorgis Zlier exmarebodnen

mxargrZeli da CivaZe. Svili gaswira giorgim da samSoblo ki _ ara~.

(mTqmeli s beriZe, sof. kavTisxevi, 194 w).

monaTxrobi imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom aq saakaZis Svilis namdvili

saxelis `paatas~ nacvlad `Salva~ ixsenieba.

giorgi saakaZisa da paatas gmirobis Sesaxeb saocrad Rrma gancdiT

mogviTxrobs g. SatberaSvilis mier sofel TvaladSi Cawerili leqsi.

masSi naTlad Cans, rom ara mxolod mamas, Svilsac gacnobierebuli hqonda

Sahis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli safrTxe (mTqmeli

k. onofriSvili, sof. Tvaladi, 1942w.):

giorgi saakaZema misca yeensa piroba,

gavida brZolis velzeda, giorgim kargad ioma.

giorgima da paatam Seqmnes lamazi fiqrebi,

uTxra paatam giorgis: _ Sen wadi, me aq viqnebi.

aisxa iaraRebi, jars gamouZRva winao,

movida nostis Tavzeda, Tavis jars misca binao.

giorgim sixaruliTa nosteSi Cairbinao,

kaxeTis mefes ubrZana, i jaric SaiZinao,

Tavis jari da kaxeTis sul erTad Saadginao.

Saudga nostis aRmarTsa, didi xmiT daikivlao,

romelsac xmali Samohkra, mklavi, ar SaarCinao,

romelsac dahkra kiserSi, Tavi daugdo winao,

osmaloebi daswyvita, erTi ar daarCinao.

daRalulia giorgi, dawva da daiZinao...

giorgim naxa sizmari: Svili misvloda Sinao!

i osmaleTis mefema ra Tavi Seircxvinao,

mouWra Tavi paatas, gamougzavna Sinao!

giorgim naxa paata, cremlebi daadinao,

Tavis sizmari giorgim ra Cqara aixdinao!~

66

saTanadod ar daufases giorgis samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli mouravi amjerad mefe Teimurazs upirispirdeba.

igi iZulebuli xdeba, osmaleTSi gadaixvewos, mizezad xalxuri mTqmeli

sxvisi vaJkacobis Secnobis unarmoklebuli zogi moSurne qarTvelis

,,qalaCunobas~ miiCnevs: `saqarTvelo gaZlierda, magram vai, rom qalaCunebs

sxvisi vaJkacoba sZulT. kidev gaaqcies giorgi sxvagan da iq mohkles~

(mTqmeli g.barnovi, sof. axalcixe, 1943w.).

giorgi saakaZis osmaleTSi gaqcevisa da iq mokvlis Sesaxeb mraval

saintereso cnobas Seicavs XVII saukunis cnobili sparsi istoriografis _

isqander munSis Txzuleba `zeil-e~: òsmaleTSi Casuli mouravi rumis

xonTqarma didi pativiT miiRo, Semdeg ki, sardal xosro mirzasTan erTad,

baRdads gagzavna yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg saomrad. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo,

SeniSnavs avtori, mouravsa da xosro faSas Soris uTanxmoeba

Camovardnila, ris Semdegac mouravma brZolaSi mopovebuli nadavli

aqlemebs ahkida da saqarTvelos cixis _ alTunyalasken (oqros cixe)

gagzavna, magram osmalebma Seityves es ambavi, mouravi Seipyres da

sardalTan gagzavnes. xosro faSam mis saqcielSi gaqcevis ganzraxva

dainaxa da amitom mouravi, misi ufrosi vaJi da ramdenime qarTveli,

romelic Tan axlda, daxoca (isqander munSi 1981:19).

savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom sami wlis lodinis Semdeg g. saakaZes imedi

gadawurvoda osmaleTis mTavrobis mxridan raime daxmarebaze da

saqarTveloSi dabruneba ecada, raTa sakuTari ZalebiT mainc

ganexorcielebina Tavisi Canafiqri _ saqarTvelos gaerTianeba (jamburia

1973:291). giorgi saakaZis osmaleTSi gaqcevisa da misi daRupvis ambavi

moTxrobilia sxvadasxva (qarTuli, somxuri, Turquli) wyaroebSi.

mopovebuli masala avsebs zemoxsenebuli sparsuli wyaros cnobebs.

qarTuli saistorio Txzulebebidan, upirveles yovlisa, unda davasaxeloT

farsadan gorgijaniZis naSromi, romlis mixedviTac, osmaleTis sulTanma

xosro faSa da mouravi didi laSqriT baRdads gagzavna yizilbaSTa

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, sadac maT brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. am

gamarjvebis Sedegad giorgim didi saxeli moixveWa osmaleTSi. es ki ver

67

aitana sulTnis dam, romelic xosro faSas coli iyo da SuriT aRvsilma

qmars aseTi werili miswera: `mouravis qebis ambavi modis da Tqveni arao~.

amisTvis xosro faSam mouravi, misi Svili, muxranis batoni da yvela

mxlebeli qarTveli daxoca (farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria 925:237).

aRniSnul ambavs farsadan gorgijaniZis msgavsad mogviTxroben vaxtang

VI-is `swavlulni kacni~ da vaxuSti batoniSvili. didi mouravis mokvlis

ambavs mokled exeba arCil mefec Tavis poemaSi. nawarmoebis mixedviT,

giorgi xonTqars eaxla, romelmac igi didi pativiT miiRo, magram male

veziris qiSpisa da Suris gamo moklul iqna (`gabaaseba Teimurazisa da

rusTavelisa~, arCiliani 1937:81).

amrigad, sparseli istorikosisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela qarTuli wyaro

erTxmad aRniSnavs, rom giorgi saakaZe Ralatis gamo ki ar mouklavs xosro

faSas, aramed _ SuriT.

giorgi saakaZis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb istoriuli wyarosgan

gansxvavebul cnobas gvawvdis xalxuri gadmocema, Tumca, farsadan

gorgijaniZis Txzulebis msgavsad, didi mouravis daRupvis mizezad aqac

qali (xonTqris, faSas coli) saxeldeba. g. SatberaSvilis mier sof.

kavTisxevSi Cawerili gadmocemiT, feodalebis mier meored moZulebuli

mouravi xonTqarTan midis: `xonTqars oci coli hyavda. meoce coli cota

uxamsi iyo, Savgvremani iyo; giorgis uTxra, unda dagnebdeo, magram giorgim

ara hqna, Sors daiWira. qali gabrazda, Camaemtera da mZinare mohkla.

giorgis alalma colma Tavi zed daakla~, saca Cemi giorgi mokvda, mec iq

unda movkvdeo~. imaT saflavebs axlac yaraulebi uyenia~ (mTqmeli a. qebaZe).

rogorc vxedavT, xalxur gadmocemebSi ,,didi mouravis~ saxe mxolod

dadebiTi kuTxiTaa danaxuli da Sefasebuli. istorikosTaTvis saorWofo

yovel sakiTxze saakaძisaTvis gamamarTlebeli mizezia napovni, xolo

mouravis namoqmedariT gamowveuli arasasiamovno Sedegi, misi nebis miRma,

mZime istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare, gardauval aucileblobadaa

miCneuli.

68

saakaZisadmi xalxis moWarbebuli siyvarulis naTeli dasturi

qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli mefe qalis _ Tamaris gverdiT xsenebacaa. g.

SatberaSvilis mier Caweril erT-erT gadmocemaSi (mTqmeli g. barnovi)

vkiTxulobT: ,,Tamar mefis Semdeg yvelaze didi saxeli mas hqonda~.

Ggiorgi saakaZis ciklis gadmocemaTa garkveuli nawili uxvad Seicavs

xalxuri eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebel calkeul epizodebsa Tu atribucias.

mwerali vasil barnovi werda; `didi mouravi giorgi saakaZe zRaprul

qmnilebad aris gadaqceuli xalxur TqmulebaSi. xalxi mogviTxrobs mis

saarako saqmeebs saqarTvelos mefis karsa, Sah-abasTanac. Sah-abasTan iyo,

roca ori lomi akuwa marto xmlis amaram~. msgavsi siuJetis Tqmuleba

marTlac Cauweria daviT javaxias 1938 wels baTumSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

swored es Tqmuleba (`giorgi saakaZis lomebTan Sebma~) moxseniebulia

ioseb Tbilelis poemaSi, sadac didi mouravi ambobs: `lomTan viyav me

mebrZoli, ara gvari arvisagan~ (Tbileli 1989:683). mkvlevari v.sidamoniZe

miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli Tqmuleba ioseb Tbilels xalxuri sityvierebidan

unda Seetana Tavis poemaSi. es imiT mtkicdeba, rom es ambebi unda

ekuTvnodes misi sparseTSi yofnis xanas (1612-1619 ww.). ueWvelia, sparseTidan

es ambebi saqarTveloSi male movidoda da gavrceldeboda~ (sidamoniZe

1988:10).

yuradRebas iqcevs gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmac miTur lurj cxenze

amxedrebuli giorgi saakaZe gamoiyureba zRaprisa Tu miTosis gmirad,

romelic ebrZvis demonologiur personaJs – gveleSaps, emsaxureba sikeTes

da borotTa tyveobidan aTavisuflebs rogorc calkeul adamianebs, ise –

mTel Tems. es legenda XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tavis poemaSi gamoiyena

poetma g. xeCuaSvilma. erT-erTi amgvari legenda mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor

daamarcxa saxelganTqmulma mouravma tbas dapatronebuli uzarmazari

gveleSapi. (mTqmeli q. iaSvili, 80 wlis, sof. ezati, Cawerilia 1943 wlis

ianvarSi). ,,giorgi saakaZe nosteSi iyo. erTxel saxlis win CrdilSi iwva. am

dros movida masTan berikaci, orad moxrili da uTxra: ,,_ giorgi, dRes

gveleSaps erTi bavSvi unda mivarTvaTo~. giorgi saakaZes es ambavi

gaurkvirda da uTxra: ,,- aba, wavideT, vnaxoTo~. nostes zemodan aris patara

69

tba. im tbaSi, Turme, yofila gveleSapi da is gveleSapi Txoulobda, Turme,

bavSvsa. giorgi saakaZe im dros axalgazrda, jeeli yofila. bevri aRar

alaparaka giorgim, dajda lurja cxenze da mivida gveleSapTan. gveleSapma

samadliani piri gaaRo da giorgim isari esrola, zed enis wverze moartya

da mokla gveleSapi. am ambavma giorgis saxeli gauTqva~.

giorgi saakaZis mier gveleSapis mokvlis motivi gvxvdeba v. sidamoniZis

mier 1967 wels sof. fxvenisSi Caweril (mTqmeli n. nodariZe) gadmocemaSi:

,,giorgi saakaZisTvis erT kacs uTxovnia: ,,_ gmiri xar, giorgi, Seni saxeli

mofenilia yvelgan, didi da patara Sens qebaSia da Sens mzes ficulobs.

sofeli ispoba, xsnas Sengan elis, gveleSapia mWmeli Cveni soflisao.

gveleSapi mtkvars gaRma gadis, xalxs sWams, gamova da aqeT mxaresac

iklebso.~ giorgi da is kaci wamovidnen. giorgi amxedrdda TeTr cxenzed,

SeiWurva – SeiaraRda da gaqanda gveleSapisaken da rogorc wminda giorgi,

ise miuxda gveleSapsa. jagriani Seiyalya, giorgimac Subi SemarTa da didi

brZolis Semdeg jer SubiT da mere maxviliT dasWra, gahkveTa. gveleSapma

simwriT gahkra kudi giorgis cxens da Zirs dasca. gamarjvebuli giorgi

wamovida, xalxi Seegeba sixaruliT da aRtacebiT‘‘ (sidamoniZe 1988:22-23).

rogorc vxedavT, aSkaraa msgavseba wminda giorgis mier gveleSapis

mokvlis saswaulebriv ambavTan; es msgavseba saakaZisadmi xalxis

moWarbebuli siyvaruliT, misi nebismieri moqmedebis keTilganzraxvaTa

rwmeniT unda aixsnas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qarTveli xalxi mis sayvarel

wmindans mokvdav mouravs ar gautolebda.

wminda giorgis xseneba qarTveli xalxisTvis sayvarel istoriul pirTan

nacadi xerxia qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi amis naTeli magaliTia xalxuri

leqsi ,,Tamar dedofali da laSaris jvari~;

Svidi wlis qali mobrZanda Tamari dedufalia,

Ciqila gadaiqnia, gadaaqanna zRvania,

Sua zRvas Cadga samani: ar gadmascildes cvaria!

lurjcxena ymawvil mobrZanda, laRi laSaris jvaria.

_ erTurTis pirdapir davdgeT, vimsaxurnodeT ymania!

Sibi gaudvav xidada, imaze gasavalia!

70

(xalxuri sibrZne 1965:171)

wminda giorgisa da Tamar mefis pirispir dgoma gamomxatvelia maTdami

qarTveli kacis Tanabari pativiscemisa. amis cocxali magaliTia isic, rom

ukana fSavSi Tamarisa da laSaris salocavebi, anu niSebi, erTmaneTis

pirispir dganan, aragvis gaRma – gamoRma gorebze.

giorgi saakaZe wminda giorgis msgavs mxsnelad saxeldeba xalxur

leqsSi `giorgi saakaZe~, romelic S. TamaraSvils Cauweria sofel juTaSi,

xolo giorgi leoniZes gamouqveynebia; leqsi Tavidan bolomde giorgi

saakaZisadmi qarTveli kacis usazRvro siyvarulis gamomxatvelia. masSi

aRniSnulia didi mouravis fasdaudebeli damsaxureba qveynisa da eris

winaSe. yovelive es abedvinebs saxalxo mTqmels, mas `saqarTvelos gmiri~

uwodos da qarTvelTa saTayvanebel wmindans _ wminda giorgis –

gautolos:

wminda giorgis sexniav, risxva xar TaTris rjulisa,

Cvens mxsnelaT movlinebulo, gamxarev sawyalT gulisa!


qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi borotebasTan mebrZoli, TeTr cxenze

amxedrebuli wminda giorgi qeduxrel vaJkacad, qristianobis mcvelad,

Cagruli adamianis Semwed aris miCneuli. igi mosavlianobis, siuxvis,

Svilierebis, ojaxuri bednierebis mimniWebelia. qarTuli xalxuri

sasuliero poeziis Tanaxmad, cecxlisfer cxenze amxedrebuli wminda

giorgi gars uvlis Tavis saymos, patronobs da amxnevebs mas:

wminda giorgim dakmaza Tavisi alisferia,

Samauara saymoze, Samaigrova ymania.

ugulos guli Caudga, welze Saaba xmalia,

Samauara saymoze, garSemoavlo yavlia.

(qarTuli... 1972:230)

wminda giorgis Semweobisadmi rwmena qarTvel kacs odiTganve matebda

Zalas mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, xolo usazRvro siyvarulis erT-erTi

mizezTagani samSoblosa da religiis erTgul mcvelad misi warmodgena

iyo. qarTul xalxur poeziaSi wminda giorgis mxatvrul saxeze saubrisas

71

marTebulad SeniSnavs prof. Tina SioSvili: ,,qarTuli raindobis, ,,kai

ymobis~, samSoblosa da rjulisaTvis Tavdadebis genezisi, uflis

siyvarulTan erTad, wminda giorgis saxeSic unda veZioT. amitomac

qarTulma xalxurma poeziam didebis SaravandediT Semosa misi erT-erTi

yvelaze didi wmindani _ wminda giorgi, romlis xatebac qarTvelTaTvis

permanentuli sicocxlisunarianobis, gmirobis, Zalisxmevis, raindobisa da

mterTa Zlevis uSreti wyaro gaxda~ (SioSvili 2010:171).

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivia Semdegi daskvnis

gamotana: wminda giorgis kultTan, mis mier gveleSapis mokvlis

saswaulebriv motivTan giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb xalxSi arsebuli

Tqmulebis siuJetur – pasaJuri msgavseba didi mouravisadmi qarTveli

kacis siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, misi fizikuri Zlevamosilebisadmi

gadaWarbebuli rwmeniT unda aixsnas. amis naTeli magaliTia isic, rom

xSirad xalxuri mTqmeli giorgi saakaZes adamianur SesaZleblobaTa

zRvars miRma arsebul uCveulo unars miawers. ase magaliTad, erT-erTi

Tqmuleba (mTqmeli v. gobaZe, sof noste, 62 wlisa, 1943) mogviTxrobs:

,,saakaZe xmliTa da xmiT omobda. xmali misi iseTi mZime iyo, rom axlandeli

aTi kacic ver awevda. xmac Zalian didi hqonda. safeTqlebze xelebs

moiWerda da saSineli xmiT daikivlebda. mters amiT aSinebda~. giorgi

saakaZis xmis ucnaur SesaZleblobebze kidev erT gadmocemaSia saubari:

,,giorgim aseTi omi icoda: gulmkerdze xelebs moiWerda da iseTi xmiT

daikivlebda, yvelas aSinebda, maSinac egre moiqca da yeinis jari sul

gaaqcia~. (mTqmeli q. iaSvili, 80 wlis, sof. ezati, Cawerilia 1943 wlis

ianvarSi).

jadosnuri xmlisa da xmis motivi ucxo ar aris aWaris

zepirsityvierebisTvisac. qarTvel muslimTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi arsebuli

Zlieri meomrisa da brZenkacis – xezreTi alis ciklis aWarul legenTaTa

Tanaxmad, falavnuri Rirsebis erT-erTi Tanamdevi atributia jadosnuri

xmali, romelic, xalxis rwmeniT, RmerTma aCuqa uflis mxedar alis. mas

xSirad ,,lekuris~ saxeliTac moixsenieben. ,,misi lekuri imferi iyo,

undoda, jibeSi Ceidebda, rasac etyoda imas aasrulebda, RmerTidan hqonda

72

micemuli~. xalxs sjeroda, rom xezreTi alis ,,hqonda xmali, romliTac

seridan serze gadadioda moqnevis dros~ (SioSvili 2010:182)

aWarul legendaTa umravlesoba xazgasmiT mianiSnebs, agreTve, xezreTi

alis saarako xmazec: ,,xezreTi alis, megem, aferi ar guumklavdeboda,

imisimsxo fehlivani yofila; megem, es fehlivani rum deiyvirefs, imisisxo

xma aq, rum mis axlomaxlo Tu vinme insani iqneba, am xmiT gaswydeba, amnairi

SeZlebuli fehlivania, megem, es xezreTi ali~; xezreTi alim ,,erTi

daakivla imferi, rome maRaram kankaloba deiwyo, gamoeRviZa divs...~;

xezreTi ali ,,rom deiyvirebda, marto dayvirebaze naxevari jari wydeboda~

(SioSvili 2010:184).

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli sityvierebisaTvis sisxlxorceulia

sayvareli istoriuli piris sabrZolo iaraRisadmi gansakuTrebuli

simboluri datvirTvis miniWeba. mraval momxdurTa momswre qarTveli kaci

ver iTmenda sabrZolo iaraRisa da saWurvelis uqmad debas, rac kargad

aisaxa patriotul sagmiro leqsebSi. sayvareli gmiris iaraRisadmi

pativiscema, mokrZaleba kargadaa gamoxatuli erekle mefis ciklis Semdeg

xalxur leqsebSi:

mefe ereklem dasWyivla im Tavis gorda xmalsao:

,,_Sen raRas metyvi, frangulo, ratom ar maZlev xmasao?!

uSiSrad Semomitie, mklavSi mimate Zalsao,

gakveTa Cemze moagde, sad gaugoreb Tavsao!

Aan kidev:

xmalo, xevsureTs naWedo, alvanSi TuSma gagfera,

gakurTxa mefe ereklem, saomrad jvari dagwera.


igive SeiZleba iTqvas giorgi saakaZis ciklis xalxuri leqsebis

Sesaxebac. g. leoniZis mier mopovebul leqsSi `xmalma Tqo~ didi mouravis

xmali siamayiT acxadebss sakuTari patronis vinaobasa da gmirul

SemarTebas:

xmalma Tqo, lekma gamWeda, qarTvelma mlesa fxazeda,

Samkides saakaZesa, makurTxes gmiris tanzeda.

73

magari maja Camigda, malala xoyanazeda,

mimagdis jaWv-muzaradze, vkiodi gvelis xmazeda.


giorgi saakaZis ukvdavebis maaqcentirebel saxe-simbolod qceula didi

mouravis xmali xalxur leqsSi àr daeleva sabadurs~ (mopovebulia

k.lorTqifaniZis mier):

ar daeleva sabadurs dena uZilo wyalisa,

arc saqarTvelos kaSkaSi saakaZianT xmalisa.


rogorc vxedavT, xalxuri sityvierebis zogadi principis Sesabamisad,

xalxur leqsebsa da TqmulebebSi `saqarTvelos gmirad~ Seracxuli didi

mouravis xmali qebis obieqtad aris qceuli, igi Zlevamosilebis saxe-

simboloa.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebil giorgi saakaZis ciklis saistorio

zepirsityvier masalaze saubrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani

detali: mis mier CvenTvis mowodebuli yvela gadmocema Tu leqsi giorgi

saakaZis mSobliur kuTxeSia Cawerili. amiT kidev ufro Zlierdeba

mTqmelTa subieqturi damokidebuleba am udavod saintereso istoriuli

pirisadmi. xSirad swored amiT aixsneba saakaZis mier gadadgmuli yoveli

nabijiს dadebiTi kuTxiT Sefasebis survili, Tumc isic udavoa, rom giorgi

SatberaSvilis mier mopovebuli masala fasdaudebelia giorgi saakaZis

istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis originaluri interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT;

amave dros, g. SatberaSvilis mier mopovebuli masala giorgi saakaZeze

qarTuli saistorio zepirsityvierebis Rirebuli SenaZenia.

74

`x a r e b a~

giorgi SatberaSvilis metad saintereso narkvevi `xareba~ naTeli

gamoxatulebaa zepirsityvieri masalisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebisa.

sityva `xarebis~ mniSvnelobis garkveva mSobliuri sityvis kvalSi Camdgar

Semoqmeds erTma xalxurma leqsma da masSi amokiTxulma striqonma _

`moalT da colsac vaxarebT sikvdilsa Tavis qmrisasa~ _ gadaawyvetina,

radgan gamoTqma `vaxarebT~ am SemTxvevaSi konteqstisaTvis Seufereblad

miiCnia. es xalxuri leqsi TaTris tyviiT gangmiruli fSaveli mwyemsis _

papia TaTaraSvilis Rirseul datirebas warmoadgens. papia saxelovani

vaJkaci, `mTis Savardnisa~ da àrwivis dari~ kargi yma yofila. aseTi gmiris

sikvdils ki, giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, fSavlebi `saxareblad~ ar

gaixdidnen. am gaurkvevlobam mkvlevars sityva `xarebis~ gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobis Ziebis survili aRuZra. man imTaviTve gamoricxa mTqmelis an

Camweris Secdoma, radgan igi iseTi cnobili da gamocdili mwerlisa da

folkloristis mier iyo Cawerili, rogoricaa Tedo razikaSvili. giorgi

SatberaSvili sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom Tedo razikaSvilis xeliT

Caweril TiTqmis yvela leqss Tan erTvis gaugebar sityvaTa da zogjer

bundovan gamoTqmaTa axsnac ki. am leqsidan sami sityvaa ganmartebuli

(`kravelisasa~, `SemoudgebiT~, `daRrijes~). Cven mier SeniSnul gamoTqmas

(`vaxarebT sikvdilsa~) ganmarteba ar axlavs. ra SeiZleba vifiqroT imis

gamo, rom Tedo razikaSvili am gamoTqmas uyuradRebod stovebs? Uufro is,

rom misTvis am gamoTqmaSi gaugebari araferi iyo... `vaxarebT~ Tavis

adgilzea, magram sxvas niSnavs~ (SatberaSvili 1982:469-494).

giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, es xalxuri leqsi arc gmiri fSavelis

colis uaryofiTi xasiaTis xatvas isaxavs miznad, Tumc qarTuli xalxuri

poezia icnobs im av da kapas colebs, romlebic qmrebis sikvdils natroben.

magaliTad, erT xalxur leqsSi coli qmris sikvdilis macnes

samaxaroblos aZlevs: `samaxaroblo miveci samoci suli cxvaria... ~; leqsSi

`qirva xoSaZeT qali~ ki sul imas natrobs: `RmerTo, momikal qmario...~

75

mkvlevris azriT, aseT qalebs, cxadia, es ambavi gaaxarebdaT, magram

miiCnevs, rom xalxur leqsSi sxva ambavia moTxrobili.

leqsze Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia davrwmundeT, mis mizans ara

colis Zageba, aramed fSaveli kai ymis saxisa da misi gmiruli sikvdiliT

gamowveuli mwuxarebis Cveneba warmoadgens. amitom bunebrivia mkvlevris

varaudi, rom iqneb `xarebas~, garda Cveulebrivi gagebisa, sxva mniSvnelobac

hqonda (an sruliad sxvasac niSnavda) Zvel qarTulSi da am SemTxvevaSi mis

gadmonaSTTan gvaqvs saqme.

sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, `xareba~ sasixarulos Tqmas niSnavs. sabas

leqsikonSi `xar~ Zirisagan warmomdgari yvela sityva dadebiTi emociis

gamomxatvelia, Tumc mogvianebiT erekle meoris oqmSi, romelic paata

ciciSvilis saCivars aqvs darTuli, xalxuri leqsis msgavsad, sityva

`gvixarebia~ Setyobinebis, Txrobis, gamocxadebis mniSvnelobiT Sexvedria.

am saqmiani dokumentiT erekle mefe afrTxilebs modave ciciSvils:

`_romelic samarTalSi gamtyundebiT, jarimas, sasamarTlos mier gaweul

xarjebs gadagaxdevinebTo, es ambavi winaswar `gvixarebiao~. (

cxadia, saqme sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlasTan gvaqvs. droTa

ganmavlobaSi sityvaTa Sinaarsis amgvari cvlileba iSviTi ar aris.

cnobilia, Tu rogor diametrulad Seicvala Sinaarsi sityva `patiJisa~,

`cxedrisa~, `kadrebisa~ da sxvaTa. sityva `xarebis~ gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobis Semonaxvas giorgi SatberaSvili, erTis mxriv, mTis leqsis

tradiciulobiTa da, meores mxriv, oqmis enis konservatiulobiT xsnis.

`rogorc cnobilia, mTis kiloebSi, mTis folklorSi mravlad aris

Semonaxuli warmarTuli yofis gamomxatveli elementebi da enobrivi

arqaizmebi... faqtia, rom nawilobriv amgvari gadmonaSTebis safuZvelze

moaxdina ivane javaxiSvilma qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis aRdgena~.

garkveva imisa, xalxuri leqsis `vaxarebT~ da erekles oqmis `gvixarebia~

gviandeli enobrivi warmonaqmnia Tu aqamde SeuniSnavi kvali, gadmonaSTi

warmarTuli RvTaebisa, Zveli enobrivi Zeglebis safuZvlian Seswavlas

moiTxovda. warmarTuli xarebis kvalis Zebna giorgi SatberaSvils

qarTuli saxarebis uZveles ZeglebSi, saxarebis Satberdul redaqciebSi,

76

dauwyia, radgan gauTvaliswinebia akaki SaniZis mosazreba, rom Satberduli

oTxTavebis teqstebi, marTalia, gadawerilia mecxresa da meaTe saukuneebSi,

magram Zireulad isini mainc IV-V saukuneTa enas asaxaven. mkvlevars

gauTvaliswinebia korneli kekeliZis sagulisxmo dakvirveba imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom qarTvelebma axali religiuri sistema Zvel warmarTul

sarwmunoebaze daamynes da bibliuri wignebis Targmnis drosac gamoiyenes

maragi warmarTuli sakraluri enisa (kekeliZe 1956:186-187).

sxvadasxva hagiografiuli, saero da istoriuli literaturis, aseve

qarTuli saxarebis safuZvlianma Seswavlam da misma Sedarebam berZnuli,

inglisuri da germanuli saxarebis teqstebTan, mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom

sityva `xarebas~ qarTul oTxTavSi, sasuliero Tu saero ZeglebSi hqonia

samgvari mniSvneloba: 1) masSi sasixarulos Tqma moazrebulia mxolod da

mxolod qristes moZRvrebis qadagebis, sulieri netarebis da amaRlebis

mniSvnelobiT (`...sxvaTaca qalaqTaca jer ars Cemda xarebad sasufeveli

RmrTisai, rameTu amisTvis movivline~.); 2) Cveulebrivi sasixarulo ambis

Tqmisa da amiT gamowveuli dadebiTi gancdis mniSvnelobiT (`ganisvene, Wame,

su da ixarebd~.); 3) Tqmis, Txrobis, ambobis mniSvnelobiT. es ukanaskneli

mkvlevars uZvelesi, warmarTuli mniSvnelobis gadmonaSTad miaCnia.

g.SatberaSvilis azriT, xSirad saxarebis mTargmnelni Txrobis, Tqmis,

Setyobinebis mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen sityva `xarebas~. magaliTisaTvis g.

SatberaSvils mohyavs adiSuri redaqciis ioanes Tavi, sadac aRwerilia

qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da am sasixarulo cnobis mowafeTaTvis

Setyobinebis ambavi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `movals mariam magdalineli da

axarebs mowafeTa maT, viTarmed ixila man ufali da ese hrqua mas~ (ioane,

20, 18). mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, adiSuri redaqciis ioanes Tavi erTaderTia,

sadac uTxras adgilas sityva `xareba~ gvxvdeba. amave saxarebis Llukas,

markozis, maTes TavebSi, aseve giorgi mTawmindelis mier redaqtirebuli

qarTuli saxarebis Sesabamis adgilas _ yvelgan gvxvdeba `Txroba~ da ara

`xareba~, rac g. SatberaSvils avaraudebinebs, rom zemoxsenebuli saxarebis

mTargmneli `xarebis~ warmarTuli gagebis gavleniT uneblied xmarobs mas

`Txrobis~ mniSvnelobiT.

77

mogvianebiT, narkvevis _ `xareba~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, akaki SaniZis

mier gamocemul `xevsurul poeziaSi~ or leqss miupyria giorgi

SatberaSvilis yuradReba. erT maTgans `sadara~ hqvia. am leqsSi aRwerilia

usamarTlobasTan brZolaSi vaJkacurad daRupuli xevsuri sadaras ambavi.

sadara, Seupovari winaaRmdegobis Semdeg, mefis mTavrobas Cabarda.

xevsurma meleqsem daufasa Tavis moZmes Tavdadeba da leqsSi didi

gulistkivili gamoxata:

Savo, sad mixval werilo, pir-SeRm rad mizdev wyalTao?

mauve maxarobeli deda-mamasa, ZmaTao:

_ `sadara aRar magivaT, gwerdaT samudmod jvarsao~.

iwyines magis sworebma tanze Caicmen Savsao,

qal-Zals daudga wkmutuni, Tavze iglejen Tmasao.

A giorgi SatberaSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom am leqsSi ,,maxarobeli~

ubedurebis macnes, mTxrobelis SinaarsiT aris naxmari.

meore leqsSi (`gurovelebi samekoprod~) aRwerilia xevsuri vaJkacebisa

da qistebis Setakebis dramatuli ambavi. qistebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian Zmebi

idua da mindia `sulakauris Svilni~ da `Savardnis marTve~ aparekai.

qistebi pirvelad tyvias mindias moaxvedreben. idua Zmis cxedars safarad

gaixdis da TavganwirviT ibrZvis, magram isic sasikvdilod daiWreba. idua

sikvdilis win aparekas Sin wasvlasa da ambis mitanas avalebs:

Sen weed, aparekao, wasvla wesia mTlisao,

dedas uambe ambavi Cvenis-qistebis cdisao!

leqsi amgvarad mTavrdeba:

dedasa vin axarebda? beber xyav, iqams lxinsao.

da Tu vin gaagebiebs, naWapn daiWren Tmisao.

am leqsSi ori Svilis damkargav dedas unda àxaron~ Tavisi ubedureba.

bunebrivia, esec, g. SatberaSvilis azriT, Tqma da Setyobinebaa; Tumca,

`xareba~, `mixareba~ Txrobis mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT saqarTvelos

TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi bolo dromde mraval variantad gavrcelebul

satrfialo leqsSi `...maRlidan gadmomdgariyo~:

maRlidan gadmomdgariyo TvalJuJun TeTri qalio,

78

uJrialebda sayure, yurSi uvlida qario.

xels miqnevs: aqeT wamodi, Sin ara Cemi qmario;

cixis sangrevad gavgzavne, Tavsac swolia qvanio!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

maxarobelic movida: qalo, mogikles qmario.

samaxaroblo gaiRo samasi suli cxvario...

(qarTuli... 1978:148)

rogorc vxedavT, am leqsSi `xareba~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba.

qmris moulodneli sikvdilis SetyobiT gaxarebuli qali ambis momtans _

`maxarobels~ _ `samaxaroblosac~ ki swiravs

gansaxilveli sakiTxisaTvis sagulisxmo da damafiqrebel faqtad

miiCnevsg. SatberaSvili solomon lioniZis `moTqmiT tirilSi~ naxmar

gamoTqmas `sikvdils maxaroblobda~: `vai Tu UuZleveli xelebi, romelsac

xmlis vadaze dadeba sikvdils maxaroblobda, trfialT satkivrad gulze

dakrefil iyos!~ aq sityva `maxaroblobda~ àmcnobdas~, `moaswavebdas~ unda

niSnavdes. mkvlevris azriT, saWoWmano `maxarobeli~ gvxvdeba me-19 saukunis

qarTul mwerlobaSi. kerZod, anton furcelaZis nawerebSi: `daiZra es

auarebeli jari qarTlisaken uzomo samzadisiT... maxarobelad im jarebisa

gaugzavna Sahma saakaZes Tavisi sanatreli da sikvdilamdis dauviwyari

Svilis paatas Tavi, gaxveuli ubralo tomaraSi~. maxarobeli aq macnes,

Semtyobinebels niSnavs.

amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, g. SatberaSvili sityva `xarebis~ warmarTuli

(rogorc amas Tavad uwodebs) mniSvnelobis garkvevas Zvel istoriul

qronikebsa da xalxuri poeziis calkeuli nimuSebze dayrdnobiT cdilobs.

maTi urTierTSejerebiT mas araerTi sagulisxmo daskvna gamoaqvs, rac

narkvevs mecnierul Rirebulebas matebs.

79

k v i r i a

giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristul narkvevTagan gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas iqcevs werili `kviria~, romelSic mkvlevari Seexo qarTul

warmarTul panTeons da misi erT-erTi saintereso da kolorituli

binadris _ kvirias adgilisa da rolis sakiTxs. am problemis warmosaCenad

g. SatberaSvilis ZiriTad iaraRs xalxuri Tqmuleba-gadmocemebi da

leqsebi warmoadgens, radgan miiCnevs, rom `xalxuri poeziis, Tqmulebebis,

zRaprebisa Tu andaza-gadmocemebis dakvirvebuli Seswavla Suqs hfens ama

Tu im eris istoriis, eTnografiis, religiis im sakiTxebs, romelTac

daviwyebis mtveri mihyriaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaugebarni da auxsnelni

darCenilan. `Zveli xalxuri leqsebis mcire fragmentic ki, Tu mas saWiro

cnoba Semounaxavs, dakvirvebuli mkvlevris xelSi im CuqurTmad iqceva

xolme, romelic aw dangreuli da Seryvnili Zeglis saxis aRdgenas

emsaxureba~ (SatberaSvili 1982:464-467). bunebrivia, amgvari meTodiT sakiTxis

kvleva misaRebi da gasaziarebelia; xalxuri sityviereba xom Sesabamisad

aireklavs ama Tu im miTologiur-religiur warmodgenas Tqmulebebis,

gadmocemebisa Tu leqsebis saxiT. adamianis ganviTarebis umaRles

safexurze mxatvruli azrovneba, poeturi xelovneba miTologiuri

saxeebisa da personaJebis TavSesafrad iqca; zogjer SeuZlebelic xdeba

maTi erTmaneTTan dacileba. erTimeoreSi SeWra da gadakvanZva, Seqsova da

gaferadeba, ori _ realuri da miTosuri _ sawyisisa, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi

xangZlivi istoriuli procesis nayofia.

saanalizo naSromSi giorgi SatberaSvili mokled exeba warmarTul

RvTaebaTa ierarqiis sakiTxs da aRniSnavs, rom RvTaeba kviria qarTul

warmarTul panTeonSi gavleniani RvTaeba yofila. mas umaRlesi (`morige~)

RmerTis karze Tavisufali Sesvla-gamosvlisa da, moqmedebis ufleba

hqonia da, xalxis rwmeniT, `RvTis karze moarul~ RvTaebad yofila

miCneuli.

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia

(i.javaxiSvili, m. Ciqovani, T. oCiauri, r. siraZe, a. oniani da sxv.). maTi

80

dakvirvebiT, miTologiuri ierarqiis saTaveSi dgas uzenaesi RvTaeba _

RmerTi (demiurgi), romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom inawilebs zogierT

funqcias sxva RvTaebebTan, arsebiTad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigis

erTaderT damfuZnebelsa da damcvels, yovelive arsebulis mbrZanebels.

igi imyofeba mecxre caze da misi nebis gareSe araferi xdeba arc

mzisqveSeTSi, arc _ gardacvlilTa saufloSi. ivane javaxiSvilis cnobiT,

fSavlebi da xevsurebi mas `moriges~ uwodeben... xevsurebs hgoniaT, rom

`morige rigs da wess aZlevs qveynierebas~, magram `TviTon qveynis

mmarTvelobaSi ar ereva da brZanebis mets aras akeTebs~-o; mas frTosani

xelqveiTni hyavs didni da patarani, romelTac `xatebi~ an kidev `RvTis

mokarve~ hqviaT (javaxiSvili 1960:62).

umTavresi RvTaebis epiTeti samyaros wesrigze miuTiTebs; esaa

mxatvruli wesrigis Setana samyaroSi Tavisufal fantaziaze dayrdnobiT

da misi saSualebiT... qveynierebis `rigi da wesi~ mis mSvenierebaSi

mJRavndeba da, amdenad, raRa Tqma unda, `morige~ RmerTi silamazis wesis

gamrigecaa. Tu uSualod TviTon ar akeTebs amas, maSin amas axorcieleben

misi wesis aRmsrulebelni (siraZe 1977:40).

ivane javaxiSvilis varaudiT, `morigis~ erT-erT did xelqveiTTagani

unda yofiliyo `xmelT mouravi~, romelsac `morigis axlo karavi udgia~...

`xmelT mouravi RvTaebaa, romelsac `kviria~-s an `kviraa~-s uZaxian fSav-

xevsurni; zRvis piras `rac-ki ram moxdeba xmeleTze, yvelaferi mas

ekiTxvis~; mas `karavi udgia~ da `samwerlo aqvs aRmarTuli~; amitom aris,

rom mas `karaviani~ ewodeba da fSaveli xevis-berebi TavianT didebaSi

sxvaTa Soris ase loculoben xolme: `dideba SenTvis kvirias karavians~-o

(javaxiSvili 1960:62). zogierTi miTis mixedviT, kviria iTvleboda Suamavlad

RmerTsa da danarCen RvTisSvilebs Soris, romlebic mxolod

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi ikribebodnen uzenaesi RmerTis karTan.

kviria morigis Zedac saxeldeba. am sityvis mniSvnelobas xsnian xevsuri

mTqmelebi da Camwerni; maTi azriT, kviria RmerTis moadgile, angelozi,

iaxsris monaTesave, morige RmerTis TanaSemwea, romlis sakulto adgilia

sofeli atabea (gelovani 1983:250).

81

giorgi SatberaSvili kvirias Zalauflebaze saubrisas iSveliebs

eTnograf vera bardaveliZis mier TuSi mTqmelisagan Caweril leqsebs,

romlebSic kviria RmerTis Semdeg ixsenieba:

pirvelad RmerTi vaxsenoT, is ufro didebulia,

memre vadidoT kvirae, kvirae karaRvTisia,

memre vadidoT fiwale, laSqrisa winamZRvaria,

memre vadidoT kopale, kopale karatisia...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

jereRa RmerTi vadidoT, miT ufro didebulia,

memre vaxsenoT kvirae, kvirae karaRvTisia;

M memred vadidoT giorgi, giorgi saxeosia;

memred vadidoT fiwale, fiwale doWurTisia...

mkvlevari Tina oCiauri, ganixilavs ra aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

arsebul miTologiur gadmocemebs, kvirias Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom igi,

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmodgeniT, lokaluri saTemo

RvTaebebis – xvTisSvilTa _ winamZRolia, uzenaes RmerTsa da adamianebs

Soris Suamavali da samarTlis Semoqmedia.Akvirias sapativsacemod

ewyoboda dResaswaulebi kviracxovloba, xalarjoba RamisTeviT,

msxverplis SewirviT da sakulto nadimebiT. dResaswaulebis dros mwvane

totebiT qoxebs aSenebdnen. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTielebSi kviria

bunebis nayofierebis mamakacuri RvTaebaa. mas eZRvneboda adreuli

sagazafxulo dResaswaulebi, romelebic rva calkeul rituals Seicavda.

dResaswaulTa dros aSenebdnen Tovlis koSks, awyobdnen mezobel soflebs

Soris Sejibrebebs, mRerodnen himnebs, TamaSdeboda scenebi, romlebSic

TvalnaTliv moCanda RvTaebis falosuri buneba. dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTielTa calkeul simRerebSi kviria, agreTve, uzenaes RvTaebad gvevlineba,

romelic zecas da zeciur wyals ganagebs. kvirias himns gvalvis dros

mRerodnen, rom wvima mosuliyo (oCiauri 1967:147).

giorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom kviria, morige RmerTTan erTad, dar-

amindis, anu tarosis gamgeblic unda yofiliyo. am mosazrebis dasturad

mkvlevar v.bardaveliZis mier fiqsirebuli erTi xevsuruli damwyalobeba

82

mohyavs: `morige RmerTsa da did kviraes gaxvewebT, Tqven uSveleT Tqvens

mexveweT... es zafxuli mSvidobiT damdgar mSvidobiT gadaayeneT!~

ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, kvirias samarTalic ekiTxeboda; xaxmatis

jvris dekanozebi TavianT kurTxevaSi yovelTvis ityvian xolme: `dideba da

gamarjveba Zal-RvTisas, samarTals kviriaesas, Zala RvTisa gwyalobdeTav

da samarTali kviriaesa~. maSasadame, rogorc RmerTs Zala ekuTvnis, ise

kvirias sagangebo kuTvnilebas samarTali Seadgenda (javaxiSvili 1960:63).

Satilis xucis damwyalobebaSic xazgasmulia kvirias samarTlianoba,

marTlmsajuleba da miukerZoebloba: `dideba Zal-RTisasa, samarTali

kviriaisasa!~ (qarTuli... 1972:65).

kvirias marTlmsajuleba RvTisSvilTa Serkinebis miTur suraTSic

ixateba.Mmorigis karze gamarTul SejibrebaSi kviria samarTlianobis

damcveli msajulia. morigis davalebiT, igi Tvalyurs adevnebs falavanTa

gamocdas _ gamodges saswor-Careqi, didi simZimis Semcveli (60 da 100-

litriani). zogjer simZimes kviriac umatebs, zogjer ki – piriqiT,

uyuradRebod tovebs RvTisSvilis (mag. iaxsris) moTxovnas simZimis

damatebis Taobaze: `xuTi mavsTxove kvirasa, garmamimeta samia~ (Ciqovani

1971:156).

amas garda, kvirias `wulis momateba~, anu Camomavlobis micema, da

gamravlebac SeeZlo. dekanozebi locvaSi xaxmatis jvars SesTxoven xolme:

`wuli vis hyavdes, gauzardeo, da, Tu vinme gexvewebodes, RmerTsa da

kvirias gamouTxoveo~. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, am locvidan Cans, rom

Sviliereba RmerTisa da kvirias xelT yofila, maTi saqme iyo (javaxiSvili

1960:63). mkvlevari zurab WumburiZe saxel kvirias ganmartebisas SeniSnavs,

rom svaneTSi kviria iTvleboda amindis, miwis nayofierebisa da SvilTa

simravlis mimniWebel RvTaebad. qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg is

gaigivebuli iqna wminda kvirikesTan, romlis saxelobis taZari (lagurka –

zemo svaneTis sofel kalaSi) dResac gansakuTrebuli pativiT aris

garemosili.

giorgi SatberaSvilic aRniSnavs, rom kviria, rogorc RvTaeba, svanur

gadmocemebSic ixsenieba. magaliTisTvis ivane javaxiSvilis mier vrclad

83

ganxiluli arsen onianis mier svanTa Zveli sagaloblis _ `kviria RerTas~

_ Sesaxeb Semonaxuli cnobebi mohyavs: àrc erTi sasoflo locva ar iqneba,

rom pirvelad `kviria~ ar Tqvan. kvirias Tqmis dros yvelani pirs

aRmosavleTisaken izamen da sagalobels ise amboben xolme. es sagalobeli

RvTis didi savedrebelia da misi warmoTqmis dros yvela qudmoxdilia da

pirjvars iwers~ (javaxiSvili 1960:65).

ivane javaxiSvili, vrclad ganixilavs ra svaneTSi arsebul

`muryvamobis~ dResaswauls, askvnis, rom igi sqesobrivi siyvarulisa da

Svilosnobis mfarveli RvTaebis _ `kvirias~ dResaswaulis naSTi unda iyos

(javaxiSvili 1960:70). mkvlevari sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom Tavad arsen

onians araferi aqvs naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra RvTaebad exatebaT svanebs

kviria da ras SesTxoven xolme mas.

giorgi SatberaSvilis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs arsen onianis

monaTxrobis Semdegi niuansi: Tu CavufiqrdebiT arsen onianis cnobas, rom

kviriaze mlocveli warmarTebi `pirs aRmosavleTisaken izamen da

sagalobels ise amboben xolme~, savaraudebeli xdeba, rom kviria romelime

mnaTobs unda warmoadgendes. g. SatberaSvili darwmunebulia, rom

qarTvelebs kviria mzis saxiT ar unda warmoedginaT, radgan mze mudam

pirvel mnaTobad da, aqedan, pirvel RvTaebad, iyo miCneuli;Mmagram, radgan

qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirveli adgili

moriges eWira, bunebrivia, gasagebia mkvlevris varaudi _ xalxi kvirias

mzis saxiT ver warmoidgenda.

g. SatberaSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, mkvlevarTa didi nawili kvirias

swored mzis RvTaebas ukavSirebs. jer kidev ivane javaxiSvili gamoTqvamda

varauds, rom `kviria~ SeiZleba kvirisgan iyos warmomdgari, radgan

SvideulSi swored es dRe hqonda mikuTvnebuli. kviras megrulad `JaSxa~,

svanurad `miJladeR~, anu `mzis dRe~ hqvia. Tu marTlac am RvTaebam,

zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo, miiRo `kvirias~ saxeli, maSin igi Cven `mze~

RvTaebad unda vcnoT... ivane javaxiSvilis erT-erTi versiiT, `kviria~

SeiZleba ZvelberZnuli saxelis `kviria~-sagan (ufali) iyos warmomdgari,

`kvirio~-s berZnebi mzesac uwodebdnen (javaxiSvili 1960:76).

84

mkvlevari q. soxaZe naSromSi _ `dRe `kvira~ da RvTaeba `kviria~,

saubrobs ra `kvira~ dRis etimologiis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs, rom igi unda

momdinareobdes qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebis saxelisagan kviria || kvirae

|| kviree || kvira; igi miiCnevs, rom kviria igive mzis RvTaebaa, xolo

saerToqarTuli mniSvnelobis terminebi: `mzis dRe~ da `mzira~ kviris am

dRisaTvis misi mfarveli RvTaebis saxelis tabuirebis mizniT daurqmeviaT

mas Semdeg, rac am mnaTobs saxelad `mze~ uwodes. ufro mogvianebiT ki,

qristianobis SemoRebis Semdeg, xelaxali tabuirebiT (xalxis mexsierebidan

warmarTuli RvTaebis xsovnis amosaSlelad) axali saxeliT moixsenies.

tradiciis mixedviT, marto qarTulSi ki ara, TviT msoflios uZveles

civilizaciaTa wreSic (babiloni, egvipte, berZnul-romauli kultura)

kviris dReTa mfarvelebad Svidi uzenaesi RvTaeba gvevlineba. ukve

miviwyebuli saxeldebis berZnulTan dakavSirebas ki (`kviriake~, `kvira~)

klerikaruli wreebis survilad miiCnevs (soxaZe

www.nplg.gov.ge/caucasia/Messenger/Geor/N9/SUMMARY/28.HTM). mkvlevari i. tatiSvilic

miiCnevs, rom kviria `xmelTa mouravi~, RvTis SvilTa saqmeebis

momwesrigebel-momrigebeli da adamis modgmis qomagi `mze miwisaa~

(tatiSvili 2001:123).

eTnografi a. lekiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom Teonimi kviria, romelic ieso

qristes adgilobrivi zedwodebacaa, warmodgeba kvira dRis saxelisgan imis

gamo, rom kviradRes gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba am RvTaebis kultSi

(lekiaSvili 1987:167-168). sakiTxisadmi amgvar midgomas saeWvod miiCnevs

mkvlevari neli bregaZe da Tvlis, rom kvira dRis gamo ki ar unda

darqmeoda RvTaebas kviria, aramed mziuri RvTaebis saxeli _ kviria unda

dadeboda safuZvlad dReTa Svideulis CamonaTvalSi uqme dRis, anu

uflisadmi miZRvnili dRis saxels _ kviras. rac Seexeba mosazrebas, rom

saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mTianeTSi saxeliT `kviria~ da masTan

dakavSirebuli TeonimebiT, epiTetebiT, adgilobrivi metsaxelebiTa da

zedwodebebiT moixsenieba ieso qriste, mkvlevris azriT, sadavo ar aris;

Tavad qriste xom mziur RvTaebad aRiqmeba da savsebiT bunebrivia, Zveli

warmarTuli RvTaebis, mzis saxeli, droTa ganmavlobaSi, qristianobis

85

gavrcelebasTan erTad, morgeboda ieso macxovars (bregaZe ru-

ru.connect.facebook.com/note.php?note_id).

rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevarTa didi nawili kvirias swored mzis RvTaebad

moiazrebs. yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT ki giorgi SatberaSviliseuli

argumenti, romelic sakiTxis amgvar ganxilvas gamoricxavs, Cemi azriT,

aradamajerebelia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom RvTaeba kvirias kultSi garkveuli adgili kvira

dResTan erTad, SabaTsac eniWeba. svaneTSi axali wlis kviraZalze _ wina

orSabaTs _ mamakacTa gundi dadis kardakar, himns galobs, umReris kvirias,

axsenebs micvalebulebs da èlia lirdes~ (elia sicocxles) misamReriT

gadadis sxva saxlSi. es mimarTva `sicocxle~ uTuod gulisxmobs, rom

kviriam micvalebulebs Seundos, cocxlebs ki dRegrZeloba mianiWos.

Pprofesori akaki gelovani miiCnevs, romEes warmarTuli svanuri himni,

romelSic mxolod calkeuli sityvebi moismis : `kviriao, ei-voi, he!~,

gadmocemiT Zveli sarwmunoebrivi simReraa, `liles~ da `rihos~

saxesxvaobaa, xolo kvirisa (mzis dRe) da orSabaTis (mTvaris dRe) kavSiri

RvTaeba kviriasTan kidev erTxel cxadyobs, rom kviria sinaTlis RvTaebaa

(gelovani 1983:250).

giorgi SatberaSvili kvirias arc mTvaris RvTaebad moiazrebs, radgan

miiCnevs, rom kviria RvTis (`morigis~) karze moaruli RvTaebaa. aseTad ki

ufro SesaZlebelia, ciskari miviCnioT, romelic uSualod uswrebs mzis

amosvlas, mouZRvis mas da TiTqos mzis mobrZanebis macne da maxarobelia.

giorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom kvirias ciskrobis dasadastureblad

SeiZleba gamodges ivane buquraulis mier TuSeTSi Cawerili erTi Zveli

xalxuri leqsi ,,TuSeTis wmindanebi~, romlis dasawyisi striqonebi

mkvlevars sagangebod moaqvs:

pirvelad RmerTi vaxsenoT, is ufro didebulia,

memre nasiskar kvirae, RvTis karze mdgomiarea;

memrinas beri sameba, wovaTas mbrZanebelia,

memrinas laSas giorgi, laSqarTa winamZRolia,

memrinas gmiri kopala, dev-qajTa piris mSlelia;

86

memrinas xaxmat giorgi, gaWirdes mSvelebelia,

memrinas magex giorgi, mTazeda yaraulia;

merminas wminda Tevdore...

rogorc vxedavT, kviria, ,,RvTis karze moarul~ (RvTis karze mdgomiare)

RvTaebad aris warmodgenili... magram ras niSnavs ,,kvirias~ win naxsenebi

gaugebari gamoTqma ,,memre nasiskar?..~ giorgi SatberaSvili Tvlis, rom aq

mTqmelis, Camweris an mbeWdavis SecdomasTan unda gvqondes saqme. es

gaugebari ,,nasiskar~-i ori nawilisagan Sesdgeba (,,na~-,,siskar~) ,,na~ ekuTvnis

mis win mdgom ,,memres~ da maTi bunebrivi dakavSirebiT (memre+na) vRebulobT

,,memrenas~ anu ,,memrinas~, rac am leqsSi amis Semdeg kidev xuTjer aris

gameorebuli: ,,memrinas beri sameba~; ,,memrinas laSas giorgi~; ,,memrinas

gmiri kopala~ da sxva. e.i. jer mTavari RvTaeba RmerTi vaxsenoT da memre

(,,memrinas~) misi momdevno RvTaebebi _ kviria, beri sameba da sxvao.

rac Seexeba leqsSi naxseneb ,,siskars~ mkvlevari mas igive `ciskrad~

moiazrebs, iTvaliswinebs ra mTis kiloTaTvis damaxasiaTebel bgeraTa

asimilaciis process. am saintereso mosazrebas erTi xevsuruli leqsis

Semdegi striqonic amyarebs: ,,tiriliT amamxdariyva siskari Tenebisao~

(a. SaniZe, xevsuruli poezia, gv. 88, leqsi 209).

Aaseve gamoiTqmis `ciskari~ karatis xucis im damwyalobnebaSi, romelic

ivane javaxiSvils mohyavs qarTvelTa uZvelesi msoflmxedvelobis garkvevis

dros: ,,Tu ra Segcodon an bnelsa (e. i. rame), an siskarsa, an . . naliTa, an

pirisqariTa (e. i. sityviT), iaman-maxviliTa, sabel-samxriTa, gza-Sarad

laxviTa (e. i. mgzavrobaSi). Sanawyen-Sanacodars SaundeviT~ (javaxiSvili

1960:181).

Yyovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, giorgi SatberaSvili cdilobs,

aRadginos ivane buquraulis mier Cawerili leqsis _ ,,TuSeTis wmindanebi~

_ pirveli strofis pirvandeli saxe da masze dayrdnobiT daaskvnas, rom am

Zveli xalxuri leqsiT ciskrisa da kvirias mniSvneloba gaigivebulia, rac

imas niSnavs, rom qarTvelebs erT-erTi mTavari warmarTuli RvTaeba

`kviria~ ciskris saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili: `pirvelad RmerTi vaxsenoT,

is ufro didebulia, memrinas siskar kvirae, RvTis karze mdgomiarea~.

87

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi SatberaSvili ar akonkretebs ciskris

varskvlavze (venera) aqvs saubari Tu ubralod ciskarze, romelsac sulxan-

saba Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `ciskari ewodeba mowevnas ganTiadisasa,

Semdgomad misa _ ganTiadi, da Semdgomad _ riJraJi, xolo aRmosvlasa

mzisasa _ dila~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 338). bunebrivia, Tu ubralod

ciskars moviazrebT, saubari mzis amosvlis, rogorc sruli procesis,

sawyis etapze iqneba da amdenad g. SatberaSvilis mcdeloba kvirias mzis

RvTaebad armiCnevis mtkicebisa mkvlevrisave naTqvamis winaaRmdegobaSi mova.

savsebiT dasaSvebia, SatberaSvilis mier ganxilul xalxur leqsSi kvirias,

rogorc mze RvTaebis, mobrZanebis suraTi iyos daxatuli, Tu saerTod

davuSvebT da mkvlevris mier gaanalizebul sityva `nasiskars~ marTlac

siskarad _ ciskarad miviCnevT; asec rom iyos, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

mze astralur mnaTobTa umaRlesi saxea, mzis amosvla ciskris

gaRebasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli. gaTeneba xalxur leqsebSi ciskris

amosvlis xans ewodeba. ciskari mosalodneli dRis mauwyebelia, naTebaa,

silamazea. amdenad, igi analogiuri simboluri mniSvnelobiT itvirTeba

xalxur leqsebSi: `ra mSvenieri rama xar, ciskaro Tenebisao!..~ (qarTuli...

1980:50); `xom ici, rom eSmaks moklavs, ciskris locvis momsmeneli...~

(qarTuli... 1973:105)

mkvlevari bela mosia ciskris varskvlavze saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom

ciskrisa da ciskris varskvlavis, Suqur varskvlavis, sagamTeneblo

varskvlavis gaigiveba ar iqneba bolomde gamarTlebuli (mosia 2006:116);

erTmaneTisgan mijnavs da cal-calke ganmartavs maT sulxan-sabac.

ciskari rom gansxvavdeba Suqur varskvlavisgan, amaze xalxuri leqsic

miuTiTebs:

ciskari moCanCalebda, Tavis tyavsa moaTrevsa,

gaTenebisas amodis, panRuri hkres, daaTvresa.

Suqur varskvlavi mobrZanda, is Zalian daaTvresa,

xalaTi gamoucvales, kai Coxa Caacvesa...

(kotetiSvili 1961:160)

88

amrigad, giorgi SatberaSvili Tavis udavod saintereso werilSi

`kviria~ mokled mimoixilavs qarTul warmarTul panTeons da RvTaeba

kvirias adgils am panTeonSi. naSromi warmoadgens mcdelobas RvTaeba

kviriasa da ciskaris igiveobis mtkicebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, miuxedavad

sakiTxis originaluri gaazrebisa, igi mainc naklebad damajerebelia.

mkvlevari mxolod erTi xalxuri leqsis safuZvelze cdilobs kvirias

genezisis garkvevas, danarCen miTologiur masalas ki uyuradRebod tovebs,

ris gamoc, bunebrivia, garkveul winaaRmdegobebSi vardeba. miuxedavad amisa,

g. SatberaSvilis es narkvevi saintereso sityvaa qarTuli folkloristikis

istoriografiisaTvis.

89

Tavi meore

`Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~ da

erovnuli folklori

,,mwerlis erT-erTi mTavari mizani mSobliuri enis WeSmarit bunebasTan

miaxloveba unda iyos~, _ aRniSnavs giorgi SatberaSvili, romelic mTeli

Tavisi moRvaweobiT erTgulad icavda kidec am princips. mwerals kargad

hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom ,,sityva Tavad aris eris istoria da sulier

SesaZleblobaTa yvelaze utyuari sabuTi~ (g. SatberaSvili, rCeuli, Tb.,

1982:546; SemdgomSi citatebs `Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikidan~ moviyvanT am

gamocemidan, mivuTiTebT mxolod gverdebs). amitomac epyroboda

gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT sityvebs _ ukvirdeboda, aanalizebda, efereboda.

mkvlevari sargis caiSvili ixsenebs: ,,giorgi SatberaSvili qarTuli

sityvis mesaidumle da, rogorc TviTon ambobda xolme, ,,mCxrekeli~ iyo,

xolo ZiebaTa am gzaze igi mainc Tavis yvelaze did moZRvrad sulxan-sabas

miiCnevda. saalersod ,,sityvis papa~ Searqva mweralma saxelovan

winamorbeds da erTgulad misdevda kidec mis naTel anderZs. ,,samkurnalo

balaxebiviT~ arCevda xatovan Tqmebs da aseve xatovani, sanaqebo qarTuliT

gamoxatavda mis mierve mikvleul, metwilad SemTxveviT usamarTlod

miviwyebul sityvas. giorgim icoda, rom sityva cocxal arsebas waagavs:

ibadeba, izrdeba da udieri mopyrobis SemTxvevaSi naadrevad kvdeba kidec~

(caiSvili 1990:443).

amitomac evedreboda ase mxurvaled ,,sityvis mfarvel RmerTs~

TiToeuli qarTuli sityvisTvis ukvdavebis miniWebas:

qarTuli sityvis mfarvelo RmerTo,

gonierebis, mSvenierebis,

bednierebis mfarvelo RmerTo _

RmerTo, micocxle qarTuli sityva,

ar gaagono xma gugunisa,

gadauvline warRvna da setyva

aw da maradis da ukunisad! (gv. 272)

90

giorgi SatberaSvili gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT epyroboda TiToeul

sityvas, daJinebiT ikvlevda mis saTaveebs, xalxur poeziaSi, xatovan

TqmebSi eZebda mSobliuri sityvis geneziss, ukvirdeboda xalxis,

gansakuTrebiT glexis metyvelebas, cdilobda ,,ankesmodebuli sityvis~

daWerasa da miviwyebulis aRdgenas. rogorc Tavad mwerali aRniSnavs

,,Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikSi~, yovel sityvas rveulSi iwerda, xanac ubis

wignakSi, Zveli da axali markis papirosis kolofis ydebze. frCxilebSi

sityvebis, gamoTqmebis mokle axsnas, Caweris TariRsa da mTqmelis vinaobas

aRniSnavda. giorgi natroSvili igonebs: `sadac unda yofiliyo giorgi _

Sin, Tavis sofelSi Tu sxvagan stumrad, eZebda sityvas xatovans, lamazs,

jer saliteraturo qarTulSi Seutanelsa da ucnobs~ (natroSvili 1985:10).

Tavad g. SatberaSvilic aRniSnavs: ,,unda gamovtyde, yoveli sityva Tu

gamoTqma, romelic sxva leqsikonebSi aRmoCndeboda, CemTvis interess

kargavda, veZebdi sruliad ,,yamirsa da daukrefavs~. aseTi sityvebisa da

gamoTqmebis migneba siamovnebas mgvrida~ (gv. 555).

qarTuli enisadmi giorgi SatberaSvilis usazRvro siyvaruls

aRtacebaSi mohyavda grigol abaSiZe, romelic `literaturuli

saqarTvelos~ 1985 wlis 19 aprilis nomerSi wers: `giorgi SatberaSvils

sicocxleze metad uyvarda Tavisi mSobeli xalxi, xolo am xalxis

enisadmi misi siyvaruli marTlac fanatikuri iyo. dedaenisadmi es uCveulo

trfiali man mxatvrul nawarmoebze metad `Tvaladur WaSnikSi~

gamoamJRavna, romelSic ase kargad Seerwya mxatvris STagoneba

leqsikografis did Sromas~. grigol abaSiZes Rrmad swams, rom ès wigni

mkiTxvelTa farTo fenebisaTvis dedaenis codnisa da siyvarulis saukeTeso

nimuSad darCeba~ (abaSiZe 1970:8-11).

marTlac, ,,didi garja da ruduneba, futkris Sroma iyo saWiro am

masalis Sesagroveblad. amas ver gaakeTebda sofelSi ramdenime kviriT an

Tundac ramdenime TviT Casuli kaci~ (WumburiZe 1975:31). amitom didi dro

dasWirda leqsikuri masalis Segrovebas. rogorc TviTon ixsenebs,

daaxloebiT oci wlis ganmavlobaSi daeZebda igi xalxur sasaubro

metyvelebaSi Zvirfas saunjeebs, romlis unikaluri nimuSebi mSobliur

91

kavTisxevsa da TvaladSi hqonda dadasturebuli. `Tvaladuri qarTulis

WaSnikis~ winaTqmaSi giorgi SatberaSvili SeniSnavs: ès Wirnaxuli

Tvaladis mindvrebSi, orRobeebsa da wisqvilebSia moweuli, wveT-wveTad,

wlobiT namkali, nagrovebi da narudunebi. oc welze meti gasula mas

Semdeg, rac pirveli xileuli gamouRia da Wirnaxulis xvavic didia. xvavs

ganiaveba, gacxrilva, darekva da sawisqviled gamzadeba unda~ (gv. 555).

giorgi SatberaSvili kargad grZnobda qarTuli sityvis

mravalferovnebas da esmoda, rom ,,Cveni xalxi sityvis av-kargis

dasaxasiaTeblad yvelaze metad gemovnebis sferos mimarTavs. arsebobs

sityva tkbili da mware, mkvaxe da cxare... arsebobs, agreTve, mariliani

sityvac. cnobili andazaa: ,,marilis mTxovnels, marili Tu ar gqondes,

mariliani sityva mainc uTxario~. _ es saocrad moxdenili da xatovani

daxasiaTeba sityvisa, ueWvelia, bevr rames gulisxmobs, bevr niuanss

Seicavs. Cems warmodgenaSi ki mariliani is cincxali, jer xmarebidan

gaucveTeli, xatovani sityvaa, romlis povna da saliteraturo enaSi gzis

gakafva iseve Znelia, rogorc Zvelad aRzevans marilze wasvla iyo (gv. 555).

Tu ra didi siyvaruliT epyroboda qarTul sityvebs giorgi

SatberaSvili, Tu ra mzrunvelobas iCenda maT mimarT, rogor ganicdida

qarTuli sityvebis dakargvas, mweral oTar CxeiZis erTi mogonebac

cxadyofs: ,,TvaladSi, SatberaanT aivanze, visxediT Semodgomis erT

JinJRlian dRes. Camoburuliyo, wvima scrida da kataula odnavRa

gamolanduliyo gacril wvimaSi. garemo Camoburuliyo da

CamovburulviyaviT Cvenca. saubaric JinJRliani gamogvdioda, rameTu

vwuwunobdiT, Tu rogor ikargeboda Zveli, Ronieri, saxieri qarTuli

gamoTqmebi, rogor msubuqdeboda ena dinji, Rrma, SemZle yovlisa. giorgi

adga uCumari piriTa, SigniT Sevida... mere rveuli gamoitana. odnav

CayviTleboda furclebi rveuls. maSindeli gaxldaT, erTxans soflad rom

CarCa giorgi, qvemoWalaSi maswavleblobda da gahqonda bilikebi

Tvaladidan qvemoWalamdisa; maSindeli gaxldaT, im bilikebze, im gzebze

akrefiliyo madliani qarTuli sityvebi, maSin jer kidev uxvad rom

afrqvevdnen Tvaladelni da winarexelni, kavTisxevelni Tu kaspelni,

92

samTaviselni Tu qvemoWalelni; akrefiliyo da Cawikwikebuliyo ukve

gacrecil furcelze. davxedeT da TiTqos JinJRli aiyara Tvaladmao,...

xalisma dagvria xeli, agviyolia, agvitana, _ egRa gakldao, ase vuTxariT,

sulxan-sabaobaRa gaklda, egec wamogiwyiao... Semdeg ,,Tvaladuri qarTulis

WaSniki~ amovida ima gacrecili furclebidana. amovida erTi saukeTeso

nimuSTagani qarTuli leqsikografiisa. asec iqneboda, aseca sCveoda

giorgisa, aRarc dasTmobda gnzraxulsa, sZlevda, moereoda, gaitanda

Tavisasa~ (CxeiZe 1970:5-6).

rogorc mwerlis ,,Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikidan~ da megobrebis

mogonebebidan irkveva, leqsikonisaTvis masala Zalian blomada hqonda

mwerals Tavmoyrili (Tumca didi nawili am masalisa ,,WaSnikSi~ ar

Seutania, radgan gadawyvetili hqonda, Tvaladuri dialeqturi leqsikonis

gamocema, rac ganuxorcielebeli darCa). am masalis gaanalizeba rom ioli

saqme ar iyo, Tavadac kargad grZnobda, magram ar aviwydeboda erTi

xalxuri sibrZnec _ ìqneb swored isa sjobs, adgilis kurdRels adgilis

mwevari gamoekidos?~

am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi giorgi SatberaSvils isic agulianebda,

rom Zalian bevri sityvis Tu xatovani sityva-Tqmebis ganmartebas sakuTari

dedisgan iRebda, romelsac siyvaruliT ,,sityvis dedas~ eZaxda.

,,sityvis deda~ dedaCemia... am CanawerTa didi nawilis pirvelmTqmeli da

amxsneli, amitom ganzraxul naSroms Sinaurulad ,,dedis leqsikons~ veZaxi

da masve vuZRvni~, _ aRniSnavs mwerali winaTqmaSi (gv. 554).

giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, erTmaneTisgan ganirCeva diasaxlisisa da

mamasaxlisis ena. ,,deda oTaxis, ezo-yuris, saTonis, bostnis eniT saubrobs.

mamis enas venaxis, marnis, orRobis, mindvrisa da saTibis surneli dahkravs.

usmen, iwer, imaxsovreb da sadRac SenSi es ori nakadi erTmaneTs erTvis,

rogorc erT dros am ori adamianis suli, sisxli da xorci Semovida SenSi

da gaerTianda,.. pirvelad maT damawafes qarTulis WaSniks~ (gv. 555-556).

g. SatberaSvili arc Tavisi mezoblis _ sandro qvliviZis damsaxurebas

iviwyebs, romelsac siyvaruliT `mamalxine~ Searqva da araerTi moTxrobis

koloritul personaJad aqcia. moTxrobaSi ,,mamalxines biWi~ vkiTxulobT:

93

,,mamalxinem enis arqeologad maqcia, ityvis raRacas da mere unda mihyve,

misdio, Txaro... ra aris, ras niSnavs, visgan gaigona? mamalxine cocxali

leqsikonia Tqmisa da sitvisa, misi naTqvami lursmaniviT iWreba xsovnaSi,

aba scade da daiviwye!~ (gv. 177).

,,Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikis~ xasiaTsa da Taviseburebas Tavadve

ganmartavs mwerali winaTqmaSi: ,,Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~ Taviseburi

aRnagobisa da xasiaTis naSromia... esaa fiqrebi qarTul sityvaze, mis

aRnagobaze, genezisze, qarTuli enis sxvadasxva kiloebis naTesaoba-

damokidebulebaze, SinaarsiT Tu formiT msgavsebaze. es fiqrebi da

mosazrebebi, zogjer daumTavrebeli gumani Tu eWvi, CarTulia ganmartebul

sityvaTa Sua patara werilebisa da gamokvlevebis saxiT~ (gv. 554).

sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis garkvevas mkvlevari ZiriTadad zepirsityvieri

masalis ama Tu im nimuSTa gaanalizebiT cdilobs, swored am

TvalsazrisiTaa `Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~ saintereso qarTuli

folkloristikisaTvis. xalxur leqsebSi, Tqmuleba-gadmocemebSi, andazebsa

Tu gamocanebSi daeZebs gumanmarTali mkvlevari miviwyebul qarTul

sityvaTa Tu xatovan sityva-TqmaTa pirvandel mniSvnelobas, radgan,

rogorc xalxuri sityvierebis Cinebul mcodnes, Rrmad aqvs

gacnobierebuli utyuari WeSmariteba _ xatovan sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs

umTavres SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad udevs raime Tqmuleba _ gadmocema, zne-

Cveuleba, istoriuli faqti, rwmena. es Zveli Cveulebani TandaTanobiT

daviwyebas eZlevian, maTi amsaxveli esa Tu is gamoTqma ki ganzogadebuli,

gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT mkvidrdeba enaSi da, imdenad, rac dro gadis,

ufro da ufro emijneba, scildeba pirvandel safuZvels. amitom

figuraluri sityva-Tqmebis etimologiaze msjelobisas mkvlevars

mravalmxrivi da Rrma codna esaWiroeba, raTa sworad Caswvdes maT

Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas, rac aucilebeli pirobaa gadataniTad, xatovnad

maTi gardaqmnisa.

giorgi SatberaSvili xSirad zepirsityvierebis sxvadasxva nimuSis

SedarebiTi analizis nacadi meTodiT cdilobs sityvis mniSvnelobis

dadgenas. magaliTad, sxvadasxva xalxuri leqsis konteqstTa meSveobiT

94

arkvevs mkvlevari sityva ,,grimos~ mniSvnelobas. am mizniT gvTavazobs

daviT CubiniSvilis mier senakis mazraSi Caweril xalxur leqss, romelSic

es sityva Semdeg konteqstSi gvxvdeba:

alvis xevo da xelvardo zambaxiano,

saTalalo da brolo da Subl sadafiano,

marad didebiano, eSxiT srulo, enatkbilo da Saqaro,

lomo grimo, margalito, mze uRrublod aRmosrulo!

epiTetze dakvirvebam mkvlevars Tavdapirvelad avaraudebina, rom

leqsis Sinaarsi qalisadmi xotbis Sesxmas unda warmoadgendes da

Sesabamisad sityva ,,grimic~ am konteqstSi unda moiazrebodes, magram d.

barnabiSvilis mier 1971 wels senakis mazraSi Caweril xalxur leqsSi

aSkarad ikveTeba, rom xotbis obieqti aris ara qali, aramed _ kaci:

Cemo Zmao, sayvarelo, ulvaSkokob amosrulo,

lomo grimo, margalito, mze uRrublod aRmosrulo!

aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevari marTebulad askvnis, rom sityva ,,grimi~,

igive ,,gmiria~ da mosazrebis naTelsayofad kaxeTSi Cawerili xalxuri

leqsis erTi adgili moyavs: ...aTi aTasi osmalo aT kaczeda wamovida. grimi

gogia sardali arigebda TavisTvina (gv. 591). rogorc vxedavT, sityva

,,grimis~ mniSvnelobis garkvevas giorgi SatberaSvili mxolod da mxolod

qarTuli zepirsityvierebis nimuSebze dayrdnobiT axerxebs.

g. SatberaSvili qarTuli folkloris sxvadasxva nimuSSi gulmodgined

daeZebda miviwyebul sityvebsa Tu gamoTqmebs. Tuki waawydeboda, cdilobda,

imave nawarmoebis sxva variantebsac gascnoboda, raTa SedarebiTi analizis

gziT moexerxebina miviwyebuli sityvis mniSvnelobis garkveva. magaliTad,

Tedo razikaSvilis mier Caweril xalxur ,,eTerianSi~ saintereso

mxatvruli saxe _ ,,abanouris xe~ _ SeuniSnavs da misi mniSvnelobis

gasarkvevad poemis sxva variantebs gascnobia. maTi gadakiTxvis Semdeg

msgavsi konteqstiT es mxatvruli saxe p. mirianaSvilis galeqsil

,,eTerianSic~ aRmouCenia. abesalomis avadmyofobiT Sewuxebuli marexi

eubneba eTers:

...iseT sasaxles agigeb,

95

sul marmarilos qvisasa,

Siga-Sig ficars Cauyri

abanouris xisasa,

win saCrdilobels moviyvan

maRalsa alvis xisasa.

ramdenime variantSi erTsa da imave konteqstSi aRmoCenilma sityvam

mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom `radgan aseTi saxelwodebis xe bunebaSi ar

arsebobs, amitom ,,abanouri~ unda iyos gaxalxurebuli forma abanozisa,

romlis Sesaxebac sulxan-saba SeniSnavs, ,,abanozi sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad

ekalmuxa hqviano~ (gv. 560).

p. umikaSvilis `xalxur sityvierebaSi~ dabeWdil leqsSi amokiTxul

kidev erT mxatvrul saxes _ `badalovan yanas~ _ miupyria g. SatberaSvilis

yuradReba:

yanasa badalovansa ar unda daxeduloba,

TavSi Semokvra namglisa, boloSi gaxeduloba.

leqsis konteqstma Tavdapirvelad mkvlevars avaraudebina, rom

,,badalovani~ warmoqmnili unda iyos badalisagan (iseve, rogorc

,,saxelovani~ _ saxelisagan), magram, rodesac am leqsis sxva variantebs

gascnobia da aRmouCenia, rom zogan `badalovanis~ magivrad `yanasa

faTaliansa~ an `yanasa daleulasa~ aris naxmari, yvelaferi cxadi gamxdara:

sityvis Ziri `faTalo~, F`faTala~ (igive `xvarTqla~) yofila, romelic st.

menTeSaSvilis axsniT, yanis mteria, `yanas Tu movida, daexveva, daawvens da

daRupavs~ (gv. 571). `faTala~ ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axsniTac ìgivea, rac

xvarTqla~. am ganmartebas erTvis xalxuri leqsi: `guls javri gadamexvia,

rogorc yanaze faTali~ (gv. 571-572).

xalxur leqss dayrdnobia g. SatberaSvili metivuri terminebis

ganmartebisasac:

metive da yudro Wala, Cibux daatana Zala,

TiTon tivi waaxdina, meboloves daabrala.

g. SatberaSvilis ganmartebiT, tivs ori orTayviri aqvs da ori

meorTayvire hyavs. ukanas `mebolove~ hqvia, winas, albaT, `mewinave~. tivs

96

mimarTulebas mewinave aZlevs (gv. 605). mkvlevars yuradReba miupyria T.

oqroSiZis mier gamoqveynebuli erTi xalxuri leqsisTvis, romelSic

saintereso metivuri termini SeuniSnavs - `xelismkvreli~:

qarelSi tivi auSvi, iqve moiRera yeli,

sayornias mivatane, finTaT Semicvala feri,

orive wyalSi damexrCo _ mebolove, xelismkvreli.

(Sromis simRerebi 1961:165)

zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari ver axerxebs xalxur leqsebSi amokiTxuli ama

Tu im sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas, rasac Tavadve aRniSnavs ,,WaSnikis~

pirvelTqmaSi: ,,WaSnikSi ganumarteblad~ Sevitane CemTvis gaugebari

sityvebi. es sityvebi da gamoTqmebi umTavresad qarTuli folkloridan

aris amoRebuli. magaliTad, aseTi sityvebia: ,,miraSxani~, ,,mieqoneba~,

`garnaxi, garnaxis wveri~ (gv. 656).

g. SatberaSvilisaTvis bundovani darCenila sityva ,,winwiburas~

mniSvnelobac, radgan igi sxvadasxva xalxur leqsSi sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari. erT-erT xalxur leqsSi winwibura winwasuls

niSnavs da am leqss win mimavlis Sesayovneblad an CamosarCenad amboben

Tanamosiaruleebi: ,,winasa, winwiburasa, gveli audga yirasao~ (gv. 652). petre

umikaSvilis ,,xalxur sityvierebaSi~ moTavsebul leqsSi ki vkiTxulobT:

Tbili qaTmis kiseri, isic muxlze davidevi,

wiwiburam momtacao. maca, maca, winwiburav,

mec gadmoval serzedao!~ (gv. 652)

bundovani darCenila am sityvis mniSvneloba ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis

gadakiTxvis Semdegac. axsna aqac sxvadasxvagvari aRmoCnda: Tu sulxan-

sabasTan `wiwibura~ ,,balanT saglejeli patara mSvildia~, guram SaraSiZis

,,gurul leqsikonSi~ `wvers, mwvervals xisas~ an `kides~ niSnavs (gv. 653).

rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva xalxuri leqsisa da dialeqtis SedarebiTi

analizis moSveliebiTac ki mkvlevris survili sityvis genezisis dadgenisa

zogjer daukmayofilebeli rCeba.

97

saerTodac, unda aRiniSnos, rom dialeqtTa SedarebiTi meTodiT

Seswavlas giorgi SatberaSvili gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT cdilobs;

ama Tu im dialeqtSi daZebnil sityvebsa Tu idiomur Tqmebs xSirad adarebs

qiziyurSi, xevsurulSi, gurulSi, zemo imerulSi arsebul identur

formebs, risTvisac is, bunebrivia, mimarTavs am kuTxis zepirsityvierebas.

magaliTad, mkvlevars mohyavs cnobili xalxuri leqsi: `zRvaSi vxnav da

zRvaSi vTesav, mSralze vinadireb Tevzsa~ da aRniSnavs, rom ~mSrali~ aq

araa pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli, ramed ,,xmelis~, ,,xmeleTis~

gagebiT moiazreba da Tu Tvaladuri dialeqtisaTvis ,,mSrali zamTari~

Cveulebrivi gamoTqmaa, gurul dialeqtSi mis paralelurad ,,zamTar-

xmeloba~ da `xmeli zamTari~ gvxvdeba (gv. 658).

sxvadasxva sityvaTa gansamartavad giorgi SatberaSvili, rogorc

vnaxeT, xSirad moixmobs xalxuri leqsis striqonebs. magaliTad, sityva

`naorRalis~ mniSvnelobis garkvevas mkvlevari xalxuri leqsis

moSveliebiT cdilobs:

ficar_ficar naorRalo,

cibruto da oqros mkerdo,

RmerTo gaumarjve oci! (gv. 618)

xalxuri leqsis moxmobiT Semoifargleba igi sityva `mieqonebis~

mniSvnelobis dadgenis drosac:

wavideT, vnaxoT cxedari, netav ras mieqoneba.

sami arSini mitkali, es aris misi qoneba (gv. 610).

analogiuri viTarebaa sityva ùfTuris~ mniSvnelobis dadgenis drosac.

xalxuri leqsis mciredi nawilis garda araferia naTqvami am sityvis

Sesaxeb: ùfTursa mTasa, ugzursa, Rame usanTlod davalo~ (gv. 632) da es,

xalxuri poeziis utyuarobisa da sandoobis g. SatberaSviliseul

Sexedulebaze miuTiTebs.

sityvis `leSkaci~ mniSvnelobis axsnis funqcias Semdegi xalxuri leqsi

asrulebs:

ojaxis Semarcxveneli lafSi svris Tvis mogvareTa,

ver naxavT misebr leSkacsa Tund xmeli moiareTa (gv. 606).

98

wyevlis ramdenime nimuSs iSveliebs giorgi SatberaSvili sityva

,,mosalokis~ mniSvnelobis gasarkvevad: ài, eg mosaloki da amosavardni!~

`Tqven moispeT da moilokeT, rogorc ara erTi da ori amowyvetila!~

(gv.615). sityvis magiuri Zalis rwmenaze aRmocenebuli wyevla

zepirsityvierebis uZvelesi Janria da miiCneva eposis erT-erT saxed,

romelic vrceldeba rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi gziT (Ciqovani

1975:175).

`WaSnikze~ muSaobis procesSi g. SatberaSvils SeuniSnavs saanalizod

moxmobil literaturul da folklorul teqstebSi arsebuli zogierTi

uzustoba. amis Taobaze sayuradRebo SeniSvnebi da mosazrebebia CarTuli

calkeul sityvaTa ganmartebebSi, ufro vrceli etimologiuri Ziebani da

sityvis istoriuli mniSvnelobis dadgenis cdebi ki calkeul

gamokvlevebad aris gamoyofili.

`WaSniki~ xasiaTdeba xalxuri xatovani sityva-Tqmebis siuxviT: àcriT

rwyva da dataniT, anu migdebiT rwyva~, `gvarTxeli da gvargamravlebuli~,

ùZraxi wyali~, `naswavli puri~ da `pirubaneli puri~, àznauri yana~,

`vazis dawvrilSvileba~, `yurZnis sicili~, `comis Secolqmareba~,

`damTqnareba dRe~, `gafrenili nabiji~, àvi saxli~ da a. S. yovel xatovan

sityvasa Tu gamoTqmas darTuli aqvs Sesabamisi axsna. sailustraciod

moxmobilia saTanado frazasTan dakavSirebuli _ eTnografiuli masala.

folkloristikisaTvis xatovan sityva-Tqmebs udidesi mniSvneloba

eniWeba, radganac isini TvalnaTliv gviCveneben, Tu, erTis mxriv, ra

figuraluri sityvebi da gamoTqmebi ganzogadda zepirsityvieri wyaroebidan

da, meores mxriv, qarTul folklorSi romeli Tqmebi damkvidrda. am

TvalsazrisiT Zalze Rirebulia g. SatberaSvilis `Tvaladuri qarTulis

WaSniki~, radgan masSi ara mxolod xatovani sityva-Tqmebis gaanalizebis

dros aris moxmobili zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi, aramed sityvebis

mniSvnelobis dadgenis procesSic aqcenti gamaxvilebulia folklorul

masalaze. qarTuli idiomebis etimologiis garkvevisas giorgi

SatberaSvili gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles iCens, cdilobs, sworad Cawvdes

99

maT Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi SatberaSvilma

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi dasaxul amocanas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mravali

qarTuli idiomis safuZvels mkvlevari zepirsityvierebaSi eZebs da

sailustracio masalac, rasakvirvelia, qarTuli folkloridan moaqvs. ase

magaliTad, xatovani sityva-Tqmebis àznauri yanisa~ da ~nagzauri miwis~

axsnisas giorgi SatberaSvili iyenebs xalxur leqss: `miwa moxan nagzauri,

yana mova aznauri~. mklevari dasZens, rom ~aznaur yanas Tavankara,

saukeTeso yanas eZaxian~, nagzauri miwa ki wlobiT dauxnav, dasvenebul

miwas hqvia (gv. 563).

xatovani sityva-TqmisaTvis _ àvi saxli~ da `kargi saxli~ _ mkvlevars

miuqcevia yuradReba erT xalxur leqsSi, sadac àvi saxli~ da àvi kari~

cud ojaxs niSnavs, xolo `kargi saxli~ da `kargi kari~ _ karg, keTil

ojaxs. am gamoTqmaSi `saxls~ da `kars~ Tavisi niuansi aqvs da gadataniT

ojaxur garemos gulisxmobs:

kargma saxlma, kargma karma kargad gamomiyvanao,

avma saxlma, avma karma avad gamomoyvanao (gv. 561).

sainteresoa idiomuri Tqmis `ciciaanT sufris~ kavSiri xalxur

gadmocemasTan. SatberaSvili mogviTxrobs: `Tavad ciciSvils qarTlis mefe

stumrad daupatiJnia da sanam sufraze miiwvevda, karavSi Seuyvania. am

karavs lavaSis fardebi hqonia. uzarmazar magidazec sufrad lavaSi

yofila gaSlili. am gadmocemas dakavSirebia SemdgomSi gamoTqma: ~ciciaanT

sufra xom ar aris, puri rom ar mogitaniao~ (gv. 647).

gamoTqmebis àr vicis dedasa~ da `vicis dedas~ axsnisas mklevari

iSveliebs erT xalxur leqss, romelic akaki SaniZis `xevsurul poeziaSi~

aris dafiqsirebuli:

arvicai da vicai ficis kars meudiana,

arvica Sinav dabrunda, vicas aficebdiana (gv. 569).

kidev bevri saintereso xatovani sityva-Tqmebi Seutania giorgi

SatberaSvils `Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikSi~, romelTa umravlesobas

erTvis xalxuri, uSualod metyvelebis procesSi Cawerili, frazeologiuri

100

erTeulebi, xalxuri leqsebi, literaturuli teqstebi, nawyvetebi qarTuli

istoriuli dokumentebidan da sxva.

`WaSnikSi~ gamoqveynebulia saintereso legenda kaciWamia serze

(winarexi). legenda mogviTxrobs: winarexeli qali colad gahyolia am

serze mcxovreb kacs. qals SeuniSnavs, rom aqaurebi adamianis xorcs

Wamdnen. dauvlia ZuZuTa bavSvisaTvis xeli da gaqceula. bavSvs tirili

autexia. SeSinebul dedas bavSvisTvis ZuZu miucia da swored am dros

kavTuraze gadebul xidsac misdgomia. kavTura adidebuli miquxda, Turme,

sacalfexo xidqveS. qali rom xidze Semdgara, bavSvi ufro gamwarebula da

dedisaTvis ZuZuze kbena dauwyia. qals wamouZaxnia: `moswi gvarisao!~ (e.i.

Seni gvari mogdgamso) da adidebul wyalSi gadaugdia ZuZuTa bavSvi.

legenda sagulisxmoa xsenebuli toponimis (~kaciWamia seri~) genezisis

gamosarkvevad, Tumc, rogorc aleqsandre Rlonti aRniSnavs, misi areali

marto winarexiT ar Semoifargleba. misi azriT, sasurveli iyo, avtors

aReniSna, rom analogiuri Sinaarsis legenda saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSicaa

Cawerili (Rlonti 1980:294). erTi varianti, kerZod, gasuli saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi sof. saroSi (javaxeTi) Cauweria k. gvaramaZes. am legendis Tanaxmad,

sof. saroSi kaciWamia cxovrobda. diliT is nadirobda adamianze da

saRamos Sin brundeboda. erTxel lamazi qali daiWira, ar SeWama da xasad

daisva, daketilSi hyavda. SeeZinaT vaJi. rogorRac kaciWamias kari darCa

Ria, qalma wamoavlo mcirewlovan bavSvs xeli da gaiqca, mtkvarze

gadaaswro. kaciWamiam Svils dauZaxa: ~Svilo mamisao, gaswi gvarisao!~

Svilma gaigona mamis Zaxili da moindoma dedis gaCereba. gamwarebuli deda

moTminebidan gamovida, moiglija gulidan moRalate Svili da mtkvarSi

gadaisrola (àkakis krebuli~ 1898:75_76).

orive legendas, rogorc vxedavT, erTi safuZveli aqvs. maTi

Sepirispireba avtoris msjelobas met damajereblobas miscemda.

amrigad, g. SatberaSvilis `Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~, romelic

leqsikografiuli literaturis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia, qarTuli

folkloristikisTvis metad saintereso da Rirebulia. rogorc ganxiluli

masalidan xdeba naTeli, mkvlevari mis mier Segrovebuli sityvebisa Tu

101

xatovani sityva-Tqmebis mniSvnelobebis dadgenisas umeteswilad

folklorul masalas eyrdnoba, mravali qarTuli idiomis safuZvels

swored zepirsityvierebaSi eZebs da sailustraciodac erovnuli

folkloris poeturi nimuSebi moaqvs, riTac naTlad avlens qarTuli

xalxuri sityvierebis Rrma codnas.

g. SatberaSvilis `WaSniki~ naTeli dadasturebaa im gulmodgine

muSaobisa, romelsac mwerali eweoda xalxSi gavrcelebuli

frazeologizmebis Sesakrebad. masSi warmodgenili SeniSvnebi didad

daexmareba rogorc folkloristebsa da eTnografebs, ise qarTuli

kulturis istoriiT dainteresebul pirebs.

102

Tavi mesame

folklorul saxeTa da motivTa transformaciisaTvis giorgi

SatberaSvilis poeziaSi

giorgi SatberaSvilis laRi da TavisTavadi poezia sisxlxorceulad

aris dakavSirebuli mSobeli xalxis zepirsityvierebasTan. es kavSiri

mravali kuTxiTa da aspeqtiT vlindeba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania Semdegi: 1) Temisadmi midgomis xalxuri tradiciis

erTguleba; 2) zepirsityvierebisaTvis niSandoblivi Tematikis gamoyeneba; 3)

erovnuli fokloris calkeuli detalebis moSvelieba.

erovnuli saunjis samyarodan poeti xSirad moixmobs znemaRal qarTvel

gmirTa aCrdilebs da TanamedroveT Seaxsenebs maT idealebs. am

TvalsazrisiT giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs ,,arsenas

leqsisa~ da misi mTavari personaJis mxatvruli saxis poeturi

interpretacia. leqsSi àrsena yaCaRi~ TeTr CoxaSi gamowyobili arsenas

landuri saxe TrialeTidan gadmoscqeris saqarTvelos da kvlav

brZolisaken mouxmobs miZinebul qarTvelobas:

aiSaleT, winamZRolad gaiWrebis arsen...…

aiSaleT... arwivebi veRar daiCagron,

sxva lekvebi daizardon vefxvis nabudarze!

oZelaSvils gamomyeviT, vaJkacebi CanxarT,

amoiRebT qarqaSidan CaJangebul xanjals!.. (gv. 42)

arsenas zneobrivi saxis xatviTa da saerTod, misi pirovnebisadmi

damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, giorgi SatberaSvili Temisadmi midgomis

xalxuri tradiciis erTul damcvelad gvevlineba.

arsena oZelaSvili realuri piria. misi samoqmedo asparezic, cxadia,

savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili, Tumca qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi

igi, rogorc vaJkacobis, damourCileblobisa da samarTlianobis simbolur-

etalonuri saxe qveynis maradiul Tanamdev arsebad aris moazrebuli,

romelic misi pirovnebis ardaviwyebas evedreba TiToeul qarTvels da

sakuTari zneobriobis aqcentirebiT cdilobs momavali Taobebis zneobrivi

103

potencialis Seqmnas. Teqvsmet wels yaCaRad myofs adamianis codva ar

daudvia. xalxis sayvarel gmirs ase alaparakebs poeti:

saqarTveloSi vinc ki gabedavs,

kargi Seaqos, avs uTxras cudi,

man daulocos algeTel dedas

Cemi namusis patara qudi!

. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .

axsenos Cemi qera ulvaSi,

ase wmindad rom gadarCenila,

da TeTri Coxa _ droTa brunvaSi

wveTi sisxlic rom ar amCnevia (gv. 42).

arsenas usisxlo firaloba (`TxuTmet wels yaCaRada var, kacis codva

ar maZevsa~), ramac didad gansazRvra xalxSi misi zneobrivi saxis

Camoyalibeba, iqca safuZvlad mixeil javaxiSvilis genialuri romanis _

,,arsena marabdelis~ Seqmnisa. amis Sesaxeb mwerali TviTon aRniSnavs

werilSi ,,rogor iwereboda ,,arsena marabdeli~: àrsenam didi zneobrivi

Zalis wyalobiT moipova saxeli. mas sisxliT ar moupovebia vaJkacoba.

vaJkacobis kulti da erTgvari sulieri keTilSobileba _ ai, ram momca

oZelaSvilis xasiaTis gasaRebi~ (javaxiSvili 1980:168).

arsenas humanizmi marad moqmedebaSia, igi ar aris droisa da sivrcis

mixedviT SezRuduli. mkvlevari apolon canava arsenaze saubrisas

aRniSnavs, rom ,,misTvis saWiro ar aris sisxlis Rvra, radgan yvelaferi

mis survils unda daeqvemdebaros. igi yovlisSemZlea; sakmarisia, aqeT-iqeT

dakras wkipurtebic ki, rom yvelgan samarTlianoba damyardeba. ramdenadac

uZlevelia, imdenad Tavmdabalia, humanisti da saukeTeso adamianuri

TvisebebiT Semkuli~ (canava 1953:168). marTlac, àrsenas leqsis~

gavrcelebis farTo areali da xalxis ganusazRvreli siyvaruli, arsena

oZelaSvilis sxva dadebiT TvisebebTan erTad, misma humanurobamac

ganapiroba.

arsenas Tavisuflebismoyvare suli, misi marTali sityva da saqme giorgi

SatberaSvilis poeziaSi eris TavisTavadobis, Seudreklobisa da vaJkacobis

104

simboloa; amitomac xSirad gvaxsenebs mas. leqsSi ,,arsena yaCaRi~ poeti

mexre biWs STagonebiT amRerebs ,,Savlegos~, rac leqsisaTvis erTgvari

simboluri uvertiuraa:

Savleg, Seni Savi Coxa, Savlego,

Savad Segixamebia, Savlego!

Savleg, Seni yawimebi, Savlego,

Seni Savi Cabalaxi, Savlego. . . (gv. 42)

Salva – Savlegi Cveni xalxis SemecnebaSi samSoblosaTvis daRupuli

gmiria; misi xateba eris vaJkacobisa da qeduxrelobis maradiuli

SegrZnebaa; aseTad dasaxa xalxma maTi qomagi arsenac da amitom g.

SatberaSvilis leqsSi TeTrCoxian oZelaSvils mimarTavs mexre, Sesvas

muxran-batonis damxobisa da glexis gamarjvebis sadRegrZelo, wyevla-

krulva gaugzavnos zaal baraTaSvils da evedreba, wamodges, kvlav

Zveleburad gaaWenos lurja, egeb axla mainc ewios sawadels. amiT poeti

momaval Taobasac moqmedebisken mouwodebs: ,,vin gahyveba arsena biWs –

barSi nayaCaRars?~ _ kiTxulobs igi da sjera, rom mova dro da eris

laSqarSi Cadgebian vaJkacebi, Tumca dResdReobiT mware sinamdvile

martooden cremlisa da dardis nebas iZleva, jerjerobiT ,,dums farexi~

da ,,yalyze dgeba lurja~; flateebze Camowolil nislebSi ki vedrebasaviT

gaismis:

- arsen, xSirad moxvidode!

. . . . . . . . .. . . . .

moxvidode TrialeTze Tamami da laRi,

mexre biWi Senze vfiqrob – Seni monatruli,

mezmaneba Seni Coxa, Seni yabalaxi... (gv. 10)

àrsenas leqsi~ bolo dromde mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebel

nawils Seadgenda da sruldeboda religiuri Tu saxalxo dResaswaulebis,

aseve _ Tavyrilobebis dros. misi siuJeti safuZvlad daedo mraval

mxatvrul nawarmoebs. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia al. yazbegis piesa àrsena~ da

al. SanSiaSvilis àrsena~. p. umikaSvili miiCnevs: radgan àrsenas leqss~

mReris mTeli saqarTvelo, Cans, am leqsSi aris rame iseTi, rom xalxis

105

gonebasa da guls eubneba gasagon sagansa~ (umikaSvili 1964:207). z. kiknaZe

àrsenas leqsze~ saubrisas SeniSnavs, rom `masSi sWvivis qristianuli

suli, gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli adamianuri codvisa. xseneba RvTis

saxelisa, mironis madlisa, pirjvrisa, dalocvis sityvebisa àrsenas

leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arc ubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod

Cveuleba da tradiciaa, arc e.w. xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis

organuli nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xasiaTs,

rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos mestvirem, romelic Tavis simReras Zveli

rafsodiebis msgavsad uzenaesis xsenebiT iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem

RmerTi maRali axsena...~ (kiknaZe 2001:107).

giorgi SatberaSvili àrsenas leqss~ warsulidan gadmoyolil tkbil

mogonebas uwodebs:

da momagonda arsenas leqsi!

da wnorebs surdaT mtkvarzed etiraT,

maT yovel diliT arsena biWis

Zaxili esmiT TrialeTidan!

... axla aq caze mTvare irxeva,

mTvare, moxrili vercxlis warbiviT,

SoriT xalxuri ismis simRera

da am simReris ar sCans napiri...

gaiSrialebs arsenas leqsi,

TiTqos WalaSi Seirxa Zewna

da cecxlapiras kaspeli mwyemsi

qarTul kiloze atirebs lerwams! (gv. 36)

leqsSi ,,qarTlis velze~, romelSic gacxadebulia udidesi

gulistkivili qarTlis vel-mindvrebis gaCanagebis gamo, g. SatberaSvilis

poeturi xilva elaciceba arsena oZelaSvilis aCrdils, ixsenebs qarTveli

xalxisaTvis sayvarelsa da gulSiCamwvdom ,,arsenas leqss~ da

gulistkiviliT ambobs:

sadac kioda biWi arsena

da atexili Walebi Candnen,

106

dRes industriam ,,ganZi axsena~_

ver upovnia igi kuWatnels!. (gv. 36)

arsenas pirovnebaSi sinTezirebulia yoveli qarTvelis grZnoba_gonebaTa

samyaro. misi wuxilica da Tavganwiruli brZolac zogadqarTulia,

daumonebeli sulis amboxia. marTebulad askvnis p. umikaSvili arsenas

pirovnuli Tvisebebis analizisas: àrsena aris warmomadgeneli Cveni

xalxis grZnobisa da gonebisa. masSi ixateba garkveviTa da cxadad, ra

mwuxareba awuxebs xalxsa da ra imedi aimedovnebs. imisi sicocxle xalxis

sicocxle iyo, mwuxareba da imedi orisave erTi iyo da arsenas cxovreba

xalxis Semagulianebeli sicocxle iyo da xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmeli~

(umikaSvili 1964:207).

meore mxriv, arsena zekacuri bunebis pirovnebacaa. igi Tavidan qmnis da

awesebs kanonebs. ,,arsena gamonaklisia, mis xasiaTsa da cxovrebis wess

Rrmad damCnevia erTaderTobis daRi. arsena Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan,

vinaidan Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan: arc

xnavs, arc Tesavs~ (asaTiani 1975:77). arsenas amgvar saqciels zurab kiknaZe

rusTvelur mocaleobas adarebs, rac, mkvlevris azriT, kidev sxva

mowodebebs uxsnis gzas: `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~, rusTveluri

`Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa. arsena iqceva rogorc

uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamoWedos axali adli, man TviTve mianiWa

Tavis Tavs~ (kiknaZe 2001:122).

arsena, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelafers akeTebs glexobisTvis,

socialuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad, mainc ver axerxebs Tavisi wris

farglebSi Catevas. igi aucileblad unda gasuliyo am SezRudulobis

farglebidan, raTa moexdina sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa sruli realizeba.

gasvlis motivad, rogorc samarTlianad miiCnevs z. kiknaZe, `qalis motaceba

_ akrZalulis xelyofa _ iqca. am faqts faruli motivi aRZravs, ris

ganxorcielebasac arsena mTel Tavis cxovrebas miuZRvnis: is

daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavad gaxdes batoni da Taviseburad

gagebuli samarTali daamyaros (`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~) (kiknaZe

2001:122). swored amgvari principisaTvis arsena misaRebia xalxisTvis,

107

rogorc axali tipis batoni. amgvar ganwyobas isic uwyobs xels, rom arsena

maTive wridanaa gamosuli da kargad esmis glexobis socialuri

gaWirvebisa da yovelgvari uuflebobis sirTule. swored es momentia

gaTvaliswinebuli ilia WavWavaZis `kako yaCaRSi~ zaqros mier warmoTqmul

monologSi (WavWavaZe 1984:136).

glexobaze zrunviTaa ganpirobebuli arsenas sikvdiliswina sityvebi:

Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT kldis qveSa Zevsa,

Raribsa da aramqones mieces da moxmardesa.


giorgi SatberaSvils es sityvebi sainteresod aqvs gamoyenebuli leqsSi

`qarTlis velze~, romelSic miiCnevs, rom arsenas amgvarma zrunvam adre Tu

gvian keTili nayofi gamoiRo: `bolo moeRo glexis kaeSans, TiTqos arsenas

auxda natvra~ (gv. 37).

unda aRiniSnos, rom arsenas Cveulebac _ ,,gzazed sufris gadafena~ _

axlos dgas qarTveli kacis bunebasTan da, amdenad, es Cvevac dadebiT

Tvisebad miiCneva xalxis mier. es momenti kargad aqvs gamoyenebuli giorgi

SatberaSvils leqsSi àrsena yaCaRi~, romelSic dialogur principze

agebuli striqonebis meSveobiT arsenas purobis suraTs gvixatavs:

arsen, Seni TeTri CoxiT miwolilxar mxarze.

mwyemsi getyvis:

_ erTic Sesvi am jixvis rqiT, arsen!...

bnel farexSi siCumea, mexreebi sduman,

Segxarian TrialeTze gadmovardnil stumars...

_ Sesvi muxran _ batonebis damxobis da mtrobis,

_ Sesvi, oxer TavadiSvils gamoeqec mTaSi,

_ aswi glexis gamarjvebis, icvlebian droni,

_ Sesvi, arsen,

wyevla uTxar zaal baraTaSvils!...

wamodgebi, biWo arsen, TeTri axaluxiT,

qveS nabadi gagiSlia _ xels gimSvenebs jixvi...

svam, arsenav, da jixvis rqas miawodeb sarqals.

108

sdums farexi, mxolod ismis: ` _ alaverdi, arsen!~ ...

iriJraJa, acriatda, xariTvala Caqra,

gareT lurja daWixvinebs cvrian ialaRze (gv. 41-42).

giorgi SatberaSvili aucileblobad miiCnevs arsenas Sesandobaris

dalevas qarTveli kacis mier. meti simZafrisaTvis Tavad arsenas

aTqmevinebs Semdeg saTxovars:

nu damiviwyebs... aqac da iqac

didxans sicocxle guliT minatros,

guliT ajaxos Wiqa Cems Wiqas,

keTili sityviT gza gaminaTos.

xeliT ki ara, guliT aswios,

nu damiviwyebs, oRond maxsenos,

da, Tu mtris tyviam wamomaqcios,

keTili sityviT wamomayenos (gv. 154).

leqsis es nawili usaTuod davalebulia qarTuli xalxuri

samgloviaro poeziis erT-erTi arqauli ubniT _ epitafiiT; Sesandobarisa

da ardaviwyebis Txovna xom epitafiis aucilebeli elementia. unda

aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli xalxuri samgloviaro poeziis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani ubani – epitafia – Tavisi stiliTa da SinaarsiT uxvad

asazrdoebs giorgi SatberaSvilis poezias. mis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad

gvxvdeba epitafiuri xasiaTis leqsebi.

xalxuri epitafiuri leqsi, romelsac mkacrad gansazRvruli Sinagani

arqiteqtonika aqvs da tradiciuli poeturi formulebis intensiuri

ganmeorebiT xasiaTdeba, xalxis inteleqtualuri donisa da mxatvrul-

esTetikuri gemovnebis Sesatyvisia. igi, rogorc samgloviaro poeziis erT-

erTi ubani, da, amave dros, saflavis qvaTa morTulobis aucilebeli

komponenti, winaparTa kultis TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa. am xasiaTis

leqsebSi gaidealebulia da xSirad gazviadebulic kia micvalebulis

amqveyniuri moRvaweoba. xalxuri leqsis am specifikur nairsaxeobas,

rogorc mkvlevari qs. sixaruliZe aRniSnavs, `zepiri gavrceleba ar hqonda~

(sixaruliZe 1960:287). amis gamo bevri epitafia samudamod aris gamqrali.

109

ZvelisZvel saflavis qvebs TandaTanobiT faravs xavsi da ispoba

SesaZlebloba maTze amokveTili leqsebis gadmowerisa. Tumca, àm saxis

leqsebi zepiradac iqmneba da avtorebad xSirad gvevlinebian cnobili

profesionali mTqmelebi~ (Ciqovani 1946:257). epitafiuri leqsebis

umravlesoba avtobiografiulia da Sesabamisad pirvel pirSia naweri. am

momentze pirvelad v. kotetiSvilma gaamaxvila yuradReba.

epitafia, warmomavlobis mixedviT, orgvaria: folkloruli da

literaturuli. folkloruli epitafiis tipuri nimuSia `ca gamirisxda,

bunebam~ da àm ubedurma sikvdilma~ (kotetiSvili 1961:288). mwignobruli

epitafiis nimuSad SeiZleba miviCnioT: daviT guramiSvilis `saflavis

qvazed dasaweri~, gr. orbelianis `Cemi epitafia~, r. erisTavis èpitafia~.

epitafiuri leqsebi xSirad gvxvdeba giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSic.

leqsi `Cemi epitafia~, msgavsad folkloruli epitafiebisa, pirvel pirSi

gadmogvcems saTqmels:

me viyav qveynad, Sen xar, magram aRar iqnebi.

scdebis, sawuTros vinc miiRebs da miendoba,

mec davyurebdi am warwerebs mZime fiqrebiT,

mec gardacvlili winaprebi mTxovdnen Sendobas.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vinc unda iyo – bednieri Tu SavbediTi –

xar Ze kacisa, Senc am lodqveS darCebi Tbilad,

vinc unda iyo: codvili xar, mcire Tu didi,_

aiRe Wiqa, wamkiTxvelo, miTxar Sendoba! (gv. 172)

g. SatberaSvilis leqsi `Cemi epitafia~ did azrobriv msgavsebas avlens

erT-erT saflavis qvaze minawer cnobil epitafiasTan: `rac xar Sen, is

viyav me, rac var me _ is iqnebi Sen~.

xalxur epitafiaSi xSirad Rrma filosofiuri azria Cateuli. mklevar

Tina SioSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `qarTul xalxur epitafiaSi mTeli

simwvaviT aris asaxuli sikvdil-sicocxlis maradiuli problema,

sikvdilis aucilebloba, misi mousyidveloba. amgvari gaazreba, bunebrivia,

garkveul rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs adamianis SeguebaSi am gardauvali

110

movlenis mimarT da mtkiced, uSiSrad daxvedraSi, Tumc adamianis sikvdils

yovelTvis axlavs didi sinanuli da wuxili~ (SioSvili 2002:189).

giorgi SatberaSvilis epitafiuri xasiaTis leqsSi `Jami eseca warvals~

swored sikvdilis gardauvlobiT gamowveuli sinanulia gamJRavnebuli:

yvelas dro wasula, Cemi droc wava,

yvelas mze Casula, Cemi mzec Cava...

aqeT natbeuri, iqiT namarnali,

xmali _ warTmeuli, iyo... aRar ari (gv. 84).

marTalia, qarTul poetur folklorSi umeteswilad pirveli piriT

naTqvami epitafiebi Warbobs, magram gvxvdeba iseTebic, romlebSic meore

piris mimarTvaa mocemuli pirveli pirisadmi. giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsis

_ àmis damweri~ _ epitafiuri xasiaTis nawyveti swored micvalebulisadmi

meore piris mimarTvas warmoadgens:

aqac da iqac, sadac ar iyos,

gariyos bedma Tu ar gariyos,

mokvdes, samaris qvas daeweros:

àRsdeq, icocxle... vsvamT sadRegrZelos!~ (gv. 170).

rogorc vxedavT, giorgi SatberaSvilis epitafiuri xasiaTis leqsebi

mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT msgavsebas avlenen qarTul xalxur poetur

folklorSi dafiqsirebul epitafiis nimuSebTan.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, amindis marTvasTan dakavSirebuli

sagazafxulo ritualebis amsaxveli zepirsityvierebis gavleniT dawerili

g. SatberaSvilis striqonebi:

Svid maisis daquxebam da Sxapuna wvimam

dasicxuli dagvinaxa _ namSi Cagvawvina (gv. 181).

amindis avkargianoba da misi zegavlena adamianebze odiTgan iqneboda

dakvirvebis sagani, rac maTze garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdenis mcdelobis

survils aRZravda. mkvlevar qeTevan sixaruliZis azriT, `miwaTmoqmedebis

dawyebasTan erTad amindis problemam ukve saarsebo mniSvneloba SeiZina.

miwaTmoqmedma icoda, rom misi namuSakevi didad iyo damokidebuli imaze,

111

Tu rogori amindi daeswreboda Wirnaxulis mowevas, amitomac uTqvamT: `Sen

ras ikvexni, mamulo, yana amindis Svilia~ (sixaruliZe 2006:136).

adamianebi amindis gamgebeli RvTaebis gulis mogebas ritualebiT

cdilobdnen. swamdaT, rom wlis sxvadasxva dros an dRes gansakuTrebuli

magiuri Zala hqonda. erT-erT aseT dRed miiCneoda Svidi maisi, amitomac

swored `Svid maiss iwyebdnen samkurnalo mcenareebis mogrovebas, rac

medeas baRis tradiciidan unda iyos SemorCenili~ (CxeiZe 2001:436). xalxis

rwmeniT, Svidmaisis wvima mosavlianobis, baraqianobis sawindaria, amave

dros igi xels uwyobs Tmis zrdasac. qarTul xalxur leqsSi, romelsac

qalebi xis totisgan gakeTebuli foCiani gvirgvinebiT TavSemosilni

mRerodnen da Tan ferxuls abamdnen, naTqvamia:

Svid maisis nami Tavze damedina,

Svid-Svidi nawnavi zurgze dameWima.


gazafxulis gamanayofierebeli wvimis nakadis oqros saxiT warmodgena

(`maisis wvima oqroa~) uZvelesi miTosuri plastebis Semcvelia. g.

SatberaSvilic moixseniebs òqros wvimas~, romelic `Tavze dasdis~

gaSuqebul samzeoSi dabrZanebul RvTaebas _ mzes.

maisis wvima, xalxis rwmeniT, magiuri Tvisebebisaa. zrdida ra Tmebs,

Sesabamisad, iwvevda dedamiwis mcenareuli safaris zrdasa da siuxves. Svid

maisis wvimis madlze agrarul-magiuri xasiaTis bevri leqs-simRera

metyvelebs:

Svidi fexi yana gqondeso,

Svid maisi wvima mogxvdeso, -

imedi gqondeso.

* * *

Svid maisis wvimao

Svidas Tumnad Rirdao,

sawyalsa da aramqones

aRar gauWirdao.

* * *

112

wvimav Svid maisisao...

wynarad mosulo dilis ciskrisao.

* * *

Svid maisis wvimao,

Tma koWebdinao.

(saxokia 1979:70-74)

Svidi maisis wvimis keTilbunebianobaze mravali andazac metyvelebs:

`Svidi maisis wvimao Svid aTasad iqcao~, `Svid maiss rom Svidi Ziri yana

idges, Svid maisis wvima rom moxvdes, mainc yanad iqcevao~ da a.S. (saxokia,

1979:761).

Svidmaisis wvimis motivi, rogorc samkurnalo daniSnulebis Semcvelisa,

qarTul zRaparSic damkvidrda. zRaparSi `qalqva~ iremi camde mibjenil

rqebs maisis wvimiT daicvens (Tandilava 1984:53). `sami Zmis zRaparSi~

saiqiodan dabrunebuli vaJi irems aseT pasuxs moutans: `Svid maisis wyali

dalios da gascvivdebao~ (bskifa, s. #2, 183-186).

sagulisxmoa, rom ivris xeobis fSavelTa samedicino folklorSi

fiqsirebuli `Svidi maisi~ sisxlis gaRebisa da mcenareebis Segrovebis

dRea (Sengelaia 1963:7).

maisis wvimasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT

saintereso cnobebi aqvs Cawerili mkvlevar m. giorgaZes. mas miaCnia, rom

xalxuri kalendris dReoba Seerwya ierusalimSi jvris gamoCenis

qristianul dResaswauls, amdenad amindis magiuri marTvis xalxuri

wes_Cveuleba, romelic maisis dasawyisSi aRiniSneboda, Svid maiss

qristianuli jvarpatiosnobis dResaswaulis gavleniT daukavSirda

(giorgaZe 1990:18).

Svidmaisobis dResaswauli saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSi yofila

gavrcelebuli. Svid maisobis dReobis saintereso aRweras `droebaSi~

gamoqveynebuli publikaciidan `Svidmaisoba qarTvelebSi~ vecnobiT:

`qalebo! modiT da erTi kidev CavklaknoT Cveni lazare da vTxovoT

gamCenels RmerTs, rom Seisminos Cveni vedreba da mosces qveyanas wvima...~

Segrovdebian yvelani erTad da `lazares~ simReriT gasweven mdinarisaken,

113

wyalSi eWidebian erTmaneTs, roca gawvimdeba, ityvian: `ver davaquxeT, ai!

venacvale Cven lazares!~ (`droeba~ 1875, #59). `lazarobisa~ da `gonjaobis~

ritualSi wylis sxureba simboluri aqtia da mas wvimis gamowvevis funqcia

akisria (makaraZe 2003:71).

amrigad, `maisis wvima~ Tavisi genezisiT amindis marTvis magiur rituals

ukavSirdeba da xalxur SemoqmedebaSi baraqianobis, mosavlianobis

sawindaria; amasTanave, samkurnalo funqciac aqvs SeTavsebuli.

giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi `Svidi maisis wvima~ axali funqciis

matareblad gvevlineba. maisis wvimas grZnobaTa ganaxlebis unariT

tvirTavs poeti:

oRond vuwyode, rad amamaRere,

maisis wvima risTvis masxure,

rad gamanedle, rad amamRere,

kvlav siWabuke rad momawyure?! (gv. 107)

poeti Svidmaisis wvimis Semdgom suraTsac gvixatavs leqsSi `Svidmaisis

wvimis Semdeg~ totebze wveTebSemSrali xeebi Rrublebs eZeben caSi da

wvimis mosvlas elodebian.

xes SerCenia wveTebi wvimis,

ukve mzis Tvali brialebs cidan,

mzes Sescqerian wveTni cimcimiT...

netav Rrubeli saiT wavida?

uceb amtydari TavgametebiT

grigali foTlebs nams moaSorebs,

xe Seirxeva, cviva wveTebi...

da xis qveS SemkrTal balaxs aJrJolebs (gv. 138).

amrigad, giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi Svid maisis wvimis motivi

uSualod sazrdoobs amindis marTvis magiuri ritualis gamomxatveli

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebiT.

SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia xalxuri poeziis

calkeuli striqonebis ucvleli azrobrivi konteqstiT xmareba, riTac

kidev ufro cxovelmyofeli xdeba nawarmoebis Tema da idea. leqsSi

114

`gazafxuli muxranis velze~ siyvarulis keTilSobiluri bunebis

warmosaCenad poeti cnobili xalxuri strofis citirebas axdens:

ase mRerian muxranze: `dRes Rame uTenebia,

rac mtrobas daungrevia, siyvaruls uSenebia!`~ (gv. 67)

amis paralelurad gvxvdeba iseTi nimuSebic, sadac xalxuri saunjidan

aRebuli esa Tu is gamonaTqvami sawinaaRmdego azrobriv konteqstSia

warmodgenili, Tumc gaTvaliswinebulia xalxuri masalis musikaluri

mxare. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT leqsi ,,siyvarulsa malva

unda?~ romelic xalxur leqsze dayrdnobiTaa dawerili. miuxedavad amisa,

sruliad gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs amJRavnebs. Tu xalxuri leqsis

mixedviT,

siyvarulsa malva unda, viTa cxensa naparavsa,

gamoCndeba, glova unda, rogorc gulis sayvarelsa.

(xalxuri sibrZne 1965:348).

poetis SexedulebiT:

is mkvdaria, rac gulSi wlobiT minamqrulia.

Tu niavmac ar icis, is ra siyvarulia!

vera da ver davfare, Tumc damalvad miRirda _

naparavi qurani mudam amiWixvinda (gv. 98).

amdenad, folklorul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT Semoqmedi axerxebs,

mogvces axali ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli lirikuli leqsi, romelSic

poeturi folklorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi saxe mosCans:

gzazed vin Semeyara, gulSi vin gamiyara

ulmobeli laxvari, gzispirs gadameyara

yvavilebi axali (gv. 98).

gzaze moulodnelad Seyrili satrfo, romelic simbolurad yvavilebis

saxeSia gacxadebuli, ucxo ar aris xalxuri poeziisaTvis. gzad Seyrili

pepelac, romelsac `wiTlad uCanda mxari~, xalxur poeziaSi gardacvlili

satrfos simboluri saxea.

rodesac poetis SemoqmedebaSi transformirebul folklorul saxeebze

vsaubrobT, unda aRiniSnos misi erT-erTi saukeTeso lirikuli leqsi

115

`samaia~, romelic xalxuri nimuSis `samaia samTaganas~ asociaciur

interpretacias warmoadgens:

erTi vinme agvemgzavra umjobesi qalTagana,

midioda, RiRinebda samaia samTaganas:

`samaia samTagana, ar iqneba orTagana,

damitiron TvalTa SenTa, davimarxo sworTagana.~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

siyvarulis samaia ar iqneba samTagana... (gv. 178)

erT qalze gamijnurebuli ori megobari samudamod scildeba

erTmaneTs, Tanac ise, rom verc erTi maTgani ver aRwevs sasurvel mizans.

`siyvarulis samaia~, romelic poetisTvis faqizi, RvTaebrivi grZnobis

tolfardi simboluri saxea, miuRweveli aRmoCnda, amis mizezi martivia:

`siyvarulis samaia, ar iqneba samTagana~.

xalxur leqsSi ~samaia~ silamazis, mSvenierebis simbolur gansaxierebas

warmoadgens, rasac etrfis lirikuli gmiri:

samaia samTagana _ ra turfa ram xaro;

samaias Tavi miyvarda _ ra turfa ram xaro;

liso liso, qari qriso _ lisim dalaleo,

Savardeni frTasa Sliso _ lisim dalaleo!

arigebul, Carigebul _ ra turfa ram xaro;

dauvlida, dahyvebodi _ ra turfa ram xaro;


Savardeni frTasa Sliso _ lisim dalaleo (gv. 330).

`samaias~ qarTveli qalebis ferxulad miiCnevs mix. Ciqovani, eyrdnoba ra

me-19 saukunis Semkrebis _ al. garsevaniSvilis Canawerebs, romelsac

citirebuli leqsis ganmartebaSi aRniSnuli aqvs: `morTuli qalebi,

yvelieris kviraSi, xeli-xel Cakidebulebi, rogorc kacebi ferxulSi,

irgvliv, garSemo uvlian wynarad da ramdenjerme, manam surT da am

simReras ityvian~ (Ciqovani 1975: 77).

poeturi teqstis TvalsazrisiT, samaias leqsSi sayuradReboa

gasameorebeli frazebi: `ra turfa ram xaro~, `liso, liso, qari qriso,

116

lisim dalaleo~ da sxva. meti sicxadisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom xalxur

`samaiaSi~ gvxvdeba rogorc teqstebisagan Sinaarsobrivad da ritmulad

gansxvavebuli musikaluri mniSvnelobis, aseve leqsTan azrobrivad

dakavSirebuli frazebi, romlebic, amave dros, musikalur funqciasac

asruleben. pirveli tipis refrenis magaliTia:


Savardeni frTasa Sliso _ lisim dalaleo.

xolo meore tipis refrens miekuTvneba Semdegi striqonebi:

samaia samTagana _ ra turfa ram xaro;

samaias Tavi miyvarda _ ra turfa ram xaro;

amdenad, leqsTan azrobrivad dakavSirebuli fraza _ `ra turfa ram

xaro~ gvexmareba `samaias samTaganas~ saxis sworad gaazrebaSic da gvaZlevs

saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom `samaia samTagana~ mSvenieri qalis simboluri

saxea. amasTan erTad, `samaias~ sityvakazmul saxelwodebaSi, mis saferxulo

saxilvelis sagalobelSi miTuri warmomavloba SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. Cvens

dromde moRweul miTur mgosnobaSi areul glovisa da salxino leqsebis

ramdenime nawyvetsa da amdenive misamRerSi samaia warmogvidgeba rTul,

daxvewil, Camoqnil saferxulo wyobis rokvad, romelic `samTagan~ unda

Sesruldes. fSavis xatobaSi samaias ferxuls rom daabamdnen, `sam kuTxad

uvlidnen da uvlidnen~ (janeliZe 1981:10).

1861 wels aleqsandre orbelianma `ciskarSi~ detalurad aRwera es

gunduri TamaSi. misi mowmobiT, samaias dabmaSi ormocze metma pirma

SeiZleba miiRos monawileoba. me-17 saukunis dasasrulis cnobiT ki, amnairi

rokvis Sesruleba erTsac SeeZlo. `sibrZne-sicruisas arakSi~ aqlemi

ambobs: ` _ Zmao, minda erTi davrokde da samaia da ceko vqmnao~ (sulxan-

saba orbeliani 1989:60). magram TviT ferxulisa da sasimRero leqsis

saxelwodeba `samaia~ imis maCvenebelia, rom is samis saTamaSoa.

ricxvTa idumali Zalis rwmenas ZvelTaZveli tradicia aqvs. misi

arqetipebi, adamianis sakuTar saxelTa da gvarTa garda, toponimebSia

gaqvavebuli. gavixsenoT samgori, sameba, samTavisi, samTawyaro, samwyaro da

a. S. sami moferxise qali asrulebs mas mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris erTi

117

freskis gamoxatulebis mixedviT. mkvlevari d. janeliZec samaiaze saubris

dros sagangebod aRniSnavs: `samaia samTagana~ imaze miuTiTebs, rom

saqarTveloSi wminda ricxvTa Soris uwmindesad `sami~ iyo miCneuli.

amitomac iyo, rom TrialeTis vercxlis sasmisze gamoxatuli sicocxlis

xisa da ukvdavebis wylis madideblobis sakurTxeveli, romelic (TariRdeba

Zv. w. meore aTaswleulis Sua xaniT) samfexze dgas~ (janeliZe 1981:11).

rac Seexeba giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsSi moxseniebul `samaias~, igi

transformirebuli folkloruli saxea da, siyvarulis RvTaebriobis

tolfard simbolod moazrebuli, mxolod maSin aris sicocxlisunariani,

Tu realur yofaSi masSi mxolod ori piri dominirebs, Tu grZnobaTa

ferxuls mxolod ori piri uvlis, radgan `siyvarulis samaia, ar iqneba

samTagana~.

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsi à, im mTazeda, Tovlianzeda~ garkveul

msgavsebas avlens mTels saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul saferxulo

baladasTan ìa mTazeda~. mTis kalTebze satrfosTan moTamaSe lirikuli

gmiri ia-vardis fiandazad dagebas hpirdeba mijnur qals:

mxari damkras, Tavs damkivlos: biWo, xom ar moiqance?

erTxel kidev agerbinos a, im mTaze, Tovlianze...

ver gageswros, win dagixvde, Tovlze iad dagebnio,

Tu gageswros, vardad viqce, TovlSi vardi gakrefino.

gameqce da ver gameqce, gza mogiWra, gagefino,

Cemi leqsis fiandazze iremiviT gagerbinos! (gv. 175)

yvavilad qcevis motivi sakmaod Zvelia da gansakuTrebiT swored

samijnuro lirikuli leqsebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca, amjerad

amaze ar SevCerdebiT, radgan am problemas SeZlebisdagvarad SevexebiT xe-

mcenareTa da yvavilTa simbolikaze saubrisas. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom

leqsSi ~a, im mTazeda, Tovlianzeda~, rogorc Cans, ìa~ natvraSesrulebuli

mijnuris simbolur saxedaa warmodgenili, xolo `vardi~ nawilobriv

gawbilebuli, Tumc ara imeddakarguli satrfos gamoxatulebaa.

leqsSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas irmis simboluri, RvTaebrivi saxe

iqcevs. iremSi, rogorc nadirTpatronis ganmasaxierebel cxovelSi, poetis

118

satrfos saxe moCans. am TvalsazrisiT g. SatberaSvilis leqsi

gansakuTrebulad aris davalebuli xalxuri saferxulo leqsiT ìa

mTazeda~.

giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs leqsi `tivis xe~,

romelic did msgavsebas avlens metivuri ciklis xalxur leqsebTan.

sakuTari Tavis daSlili tivis xed warmodgeniT poeti grZnobaTa

ganmartoxelebis da bolos daSlis mtkivneul process gvixatavs:

mas Semdeg, rac Cven davSordiT,

wyals mivdev daudgromelsa,

orTayvirebi damemsxvra,

gulze mdinare momeqca...

droc midis, rogorc mdinare...

Turme Sen gadamiviwye,

daSlila, tivi daSlila,

mivcurav erTi tivis xe (gv. 123).

giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi igrZnoba xalxuri leqsis msgavsi

melodiuri intonaciebi. magaliTad:

xodabunebs Crdili scemdes,

Cemi iyos, gana sxvisi.

an kidev:

marTalia, is guli

me davkode, Sen ara!

mTlianad xalxur melodiazea agebuli leqsi `mindodi, gindodi~,

romelsac axlavs xalxuri filosofiuri lirikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

daskvniTi strofi, romelSic mokledaa gamoTqmuli poetis Sexeduleba ama

Tu im movlenis irgvliv:

qalo, mindodi, gindodi, farvanasaviT viwvodi,

mainc SoriSor vidodi, erTi ram ki ar vicodi:

Turme, Senc guliT gindodi, Turme CemsaviT iwvodi,

mainc SoriSor xvidodi. ra geqna... arc Sen icodi!

... ase SoriSor vidodiT, ase SoriSor viwvodiT,

119

qalo, mindodi, gindodi, vaime, rom ar vicodiT!

... wuTisofeli asea guli trfobisTvis mzad ari,

bevrsa hklavs bevris survili, magram gageba sad aris? (gv.123)

leqsis dasasruls ki ucvlelad aris moxmobili qarTuli xalxuri

satrfialo lirikis striqonebi cnobili xalxuri leqsidan `mindors ro

sisxlis tba brunavs~.

qarTuli xalxuri poeziis gavlena igrZnoba g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi

,,Tebervali~, romelSic gamoyenebulia sagazafxulo ciklis xalxuri

leqsebi (,,Tebervali beravso~, ,,Tebervali dadgao~), aseve _ gamocanis

formula (,,zogan wiTel, zogan yviTel, zogan alisferia~):

modis, modis gazafxuli,

Tebervali stvens da beravs,

xeebs xeliT gawafuliT

marti kabas Seukeravs.

zogan wiTel, zogan yviTel,

zogan kidev alisferad.

. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

gacocxldeba dRes Tu xvale

nabudari ZvelisZveli,

Tavs Ciora dastrialebs,

ukve Cadga saZirkveli (gv. 217).

giorgi SatberaSvilis ramdenime leqss epigrafad folkloruli

nimuSebidan aRebuli striqonebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli. magaliTad, leqsSi

ùTqmeli leqsi~ saubaria ra poeziis sifaqizesa da silamazeze, epigrafad

xalxuri poeturi nimuSis cnobili striqonebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli: `leqso,

amogTqom, tialo, Tore iqneba vkvdebode!~

leqsSi `rTveli Zvel saqarTveloSi~ poeti epigrafad xalxuri leqsis

nawyevets _ `qvevrsa nu gaexumrebi, nametur TaRarisasa~ _ iyenebs, ris

Semdegac Rvinis damaTrobel Zalas mSvenier lirikul striqonebs uZRvnis.

120

qarTuli fexburTis erT-erTi didostatis – avTandil RoRoberiZisadmi

miZRvnili leqsis dedaazris gamosaxatavad g. SatberaSvilma moixmo

xalxuri sagmiro leqsis striqonebi ,,gagviZex, bero mindiav!~

qarTuli xalxuri leqsis - ,,gazafxuli dadgao, xeSi wyali Cadgao~ _

perifrazuli striqonebi gvxvdeba leqsSi ,,a, im mTaze, Tovlianze~, romlis

saxeldebac ase davalebulia xalxuri baladis _ ,,aim mTazeda

Tovlianzeda~ - saTauriT: `leqsis xeSi wyali Cadges, siyvaruli

aRmocendes! (gv. 40)

leqss `Svilis dalocva~, romelSic saubari mravalSvilianobis

aucileblobazea, epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli xalxuri striqonebi:

erTi Svili _ ara Svili!

ori Svili _ viTom Svili!

sami Svili _ marTla Svili!

qarTuli xalxuri saakvno poeziiT aris STagonebuli giorgi

SatberaSvilis leqsi ,,nana, meSvidev~, romelSic poeti mizanmimarTulad

iyenebs xalxuri leqs – simReris mza formulebs (gv. 63).

g. SatberaSvilis poezias asazrdoebs, agreTve, qarTuli xalxuri

gabaasebis Janris leqsebis (,,mzisa da mTvaris gabaaseba~ da ,,xilTaqeba~)

didaqtikuri Segonebanic. leqsSi ,,mze, mTvare da qari~, romelsac

epigrafad uZRvis xalxuri leqsis striqonebi - ,,naTelma mTvarema brZana,

bevriT me vjobivar mzesa~, poeti gmobs gandgomilobasa da SuRls da

umReris sikeTesa da simarTlis gamarjvebas, ,,marad sixaruls Tavisufal

samzeoSi~. leqsi ,,xilTaqebac~ urTierTTanxmobisa da erTobis qadagebaa

(SioSvili, kukulaZe 2012:76). leqsis dasasruls totebgafarCxuli beberi

kaklis xe - janmagari da Zlieri saqarTvelos simbolo – ase mimarTavs

yvelas:

izardeT, tkbilad damwifdiT, qarTveli kaci axareT!

oqros da lalis nayofi Cvens miwas gadmoayareT! (gv. 251)

qarTuli xalxuri balada ,,Semomeyara yivCaRi~ mravali poetis

STagonebis wyaro gaxda. am mSvenieri baladiT aris STagonebuli g.

SatberaSvilis leqsi ,,gazafxuli muxranis velze~. gazafxulze

121

abdRvrialebuli muxranis velis silamaziT moxibluli poeti mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas iTxovs:

modi, SevCerdeT, ar gesmiT, muxranis miwa iZaxis...

aq xom sisxlia daRvrili qarTvelisa da yivCaRis (gv. 66-67).

ori vaJkacis Sebmas g. SatberaSvili ori sawyisis – sikeTis da

borotebis, bnelisa da naTelis – Sebmas adarebs da maT naomar adgilze

mis maxvilsa da naTelmxilvel mzeras ipyrobs ori yvavili, romelTagan

erTi cisferia – qarTveli vaJkacis simbolo, meore ki Savi –

TavSeukavebeli momxvduris simbolo. leqsis dasasruls poeti gvevlineba

did humanistad, megobrobisa da Zmobis, urTierTgagebis momRerlad, rac

kvlav qarTuli xalxuri poeziidan moxmobili striqonebiT aris

gacxadebuli:

isev mRerian muxranze: `Rame dRes uTenebia,

rac mtrobas daungrevia, siyvaruls uSenebia!~(gv. 67)

umaduri, Tavxedi stumrisadmi Seurigebloba, janyi, maradiuli

gulistkivili, rom odiTgan stumris maRmerTebelma qarTvelma kacma

stumarze xeli aRmarTa, mSvenivrad gacxadda Cveni erovnuli

zepirsityvierebis erT-erT margalitSi – baladaSi ,,Semomeyara yivCaRi~.

amgvar gulistkivilsa da sulier amboxs, avyia stumrisadmi aSkara

protests da mainc maspinZlis tradiciul xelfexSeborkilobas miuZRvna

giorgi SatberaSvilma leqsi ,,rTveli Zvel saqarTveloSi~ [T.SioSvili,

l.kukulaZe, 2012: 74]. rTvelobisas gaRmidan mosul avyia stumars, am leqsis

Tanaxmadac, qarTuli xalxuri baladis gmiris – qarTleli vaJkacis _

msgavsi stumarTmoyvareobiT xvdebian:

Rvino mogvTxova, davusxiT, kargi da Zveli Rvinisa,

dalios, ar gvenaneba Rvino Tavia lxinisa (gv. 75).

magram daupatiJebelma, ,,maradis sxvaTa mbaZavma~ stumarma ,,sakmari aRar

ikmara~, masze Zlierebs gaeWima da Tanac

ganjinebisken miiwevs, astexs jamebis jaxebas,

SromiT moqancul vaJkacebs utevs da etrabaxeba (gv. 76).

122

,,vazebqveS dabadebulni, qvevrebTan RamismTeveli~ goliaTi maspinZlebi ki

mainc ,,Tvals arideben avyias~, ician, rom am qondriskacs ar Seergeba

alali yurZnis naJuri, rom ,,javrs iyris qvevri TavRia~, rom

qarTuli lxinis Sercxvenas veRar moiTmens, veRara,

marnis kuTxeSi miagdebs Wirveulsa da mkvexarsa! (gv. 76)

boboqari meoce saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daweril am alegoriul leqsSi

Zneli ar aris moZalade yivCaRis memkvidris _ ,,gaRmeli stumris~ _ saxisa

da sadauroba-vinaobis Secnoba; masSi gacxadebuli ideac, iseve rogorc g.

SatberaSvilis maRalmoqalaqeobrivi suliT gaJRenTili mTeli Semoqmedeba,

didi zneobrivi gmiroba iyo SiSiTa da kankaliT miyuCebulsa da sisxlis

morevSi daTrgunul im avbediT wlebSi. nawarmoebis dedaazris gamomxatvel

zemoaRniSnul epigrafSic mSobeli xalxis wiaRidan moxmobili

didaqtikuri Segoneba isev da isev gvaxsenebs ,,Semomeyara yivCaRis~ zneobriv

kredos, rac saxtad da lakonurad gacxadda erT-erT qarTul xalxur

sagmiro aforizmSi: `colsa nu gaexumrebi Tavs ukeTesis ymisasa~.

samoyvrod gamiznuli qarTuli xalxuri dalocva-sadRegrZeloebisa da

mtrisadmi mimarTul wyevla-krulvaTa gavlena igrZnoba g. SatberaSvilis

leqsSi ,,bulbuls davsvam Wiqaze~:

aizilos Cvens WiSkarTan sakarTano talaxi,

Cvens kibeze – stumris fexi, mtris kibeze – balaxi! (gv. 39)

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsebi ,,TibaTve~, ,,mkaTaTve~ da ,,kalooba~

qarTuli xalxuri Sromis poeziiT suldgmulobs. maTSi ismis qarTveli

glexis Sromismoyvare sulis Zaxili:

erTi qarTleli biWi var, gulSi xalisi mibrunavs,

biWebo, bani momeciT, davagugunoT mTiblurad!

male mkaTaTve dadgeba, ,,hopunac~ davagugunoT! (gv. 227)

mkis oromtrialSi myofi qarTuli soflis mSobliuri surneli ifrqveva

striqonebidan:

erTvis ,,hopunas~ Zaxili moxucTa ,,heka-okasa~,

kaloebi da sabZlebi oqros sxivebma mokazma (gv. 228).

123

kalooba _ puris TavTavTa lewva erT-erTi mxiaruli da ritualur

siwmindemde ayvanili Cveuleba iyo Zvel saqarTveloSi; kevrze dgomisas da

mosavlis ganiavebisas ki simRera ganuyreli, aucilebel atributs

warmoadgenda; qarTuli xalxuri kalouri leqs-simRerebis hangebi moismis

g. SatberaSvilis leqsis striqonebidan:

kevrqveS iSleba mwife TavTavi,

soflis baraqas ucinis yvela,

ismis simRera, ismis RiRini

xan ,,kalouri~, xan ,,orovela~!

xolo rodesac mze gadixreba,

Semouqroles mzes zenaqari,

rom gaagonos kalos da sabZels

xalisiani xvavis xarxari (gv. 30).

SatberaSvilisTvis axlobeli da, amave dros, nostalgiuria ,,urmulis~

sevdiani, gulSiCamwvdomi melodia, romlis xmazec Camwkrivebuli urmebi

Zveli saqarTvelos waruSlel kolorits qmnida; poeti guliT Sehxaris am

uaRresad mSobliur suraTs:

urmuliT, Seni urmuliT gzad mimavali urmebi,

maTi kofo da zewrebi, Wrel-Wreli apeurebi... (gv. 26)

amgvarad, giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi mravali kuTxiTa da aspeqtiT

aris gamovlenili erovnuli zepirsityvieri samyaro, misi leqsebisaTvis

niSandoblivia xalxuri poeziis calkeuli striqonebis ucvleli

azrobrivi konteqstiT xmareba. amis paralelurad gvxvdeba iseTi nimuSebic,

romlebSic xalxuri saunjidan moxmobili gamonaTqvamebi sawinaaRmdego

azrobriv konteqstSia warmodgenili. unda aRiniSnos, rom xalxuri

sityvierebis calkeuli motivebisa Tu pasaJebis gamoyeneba giorgi

SatberaSvilis poeziaSi ar iRebs TviTmiznur xasiaTs, piriqiT, xels

uwyobs ideis mkiTxvelamde naTlad mitanas da, amavdroulad, didad

ganapirobebs poetis lirikuli nimuSebis mxatvrul dones.

124

Tavi meoTxe

epikuri motivebi

giorgi SatberaSvilis mTel rig leqsebsa Tu moTxrobebSi qarTuli

xalxuri zRaprebisa da legendebis siuJetur_romantikuli qargis gavlena

igrZnoba. amgvar nawarmoebebSi zRaprulia rogorc garemo, romelic magiur-

miTologiuri elementebiT aris Semkuli, aseve _ personaJebi, romlebic

TavdaviwyebiT ibrZvian bednierebis mosapoveblad da mravali Tavgadasavlis

Semdeg aRweven sasurvel mizans. personaJebad gvevlinebian rogorc

cxovelebi, aseve _ mnaTobebi: mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi. gvxvdeba sazRapro

eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli jadosnuri nivTebi: yovlisamreklavi sarke,

zurmuxtis qoSi, vercxlis wyaro, ukvdavebis jami da a. S. amgvar

nawarmoebebSi miTologizirebulia dro. ganviTarebis adreul etapze miTi

organulad iyo dakavSirebuli religiur-magiur wes-CveulebebTan. Temebisa

da motivebis garkveuli nawili mravali xalxis miTebSi meordeba. aseTia

miTebi mzis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis Sesaxeb, aseve _ kosmogoniuri

miTebi. miTi Tavisi sinkretuli bunebis wyalobiT gaxda sawyisi masala

zRapris, sagmiro eposis, legendis, istoriuli gadmocemebis

ganviTarebisTvis. miTosuri warmodgenebis Seswavla jadosnur zRaparSi,

miTologiuri sistemebisa da ciklebis dadgenasTan erTad, naTels hfens

zRapris genezisis sakiTxsac. Tu miTologiur monapovars aqvs koleqtiuri

da kosmiuri mniSvneloba, zRaparSi mopovebuli sagnebi da miRweuli

miznebi gmiris pirad keTildReobas warmoadgens, romlis mopovebasac aqvs

saojaxo, sagvareulo mniSvneloba. zRaparSi gmiris demiTologizacia

xdeba. totemuri personaJebi desakralizebulni arian, ramac Seqmna

winamZRvrebi cxovelTa zRapris Sesaqmnelad. jadosnuri zRapris

demiTologizirebul gmirs RvTaebrivi mSoblebi hyavs an saswaulebrivad

ibadeba, zogjer totemur Tvisebebsac inarCunebs. jadosnuri zRapris gmirs,

umetes SemTxvevaSi, ara aqvs magiuri Zala, riTac dajildovebulia

miTologiuri gmiri. am Tvisebas zRaparSi gmiri iZens iniciaciis,

125

gansakuTrebuli Zalebis wyalobiT. jadosnuri zRapari inarCunebs

mniSvnelovan miTologiur dapirispirebas: gmiri _ antagonisti, saaqao _

saiqio.

adamianis usasrulo fantaziam da samyaros Secnobis survilma jer kidev

uZveles epoqaSi gadalaxa sivrce da dro jadosnuri mfrinavi xaliCiT,

gadaxeda Tvaluwvdenel Soreul sivrces ucnauri sarkiT, Seisrula

survili natvrisTvliT, Seiqmna sakuTari mikrosamyaro uzarmazari

sasaxlis agebiT da masze oqros galavnis SemovlebiT.

zRapars mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs da Tematuri mravalferovnebiT

xasiaTdeba. uZvelesi magiuri da miTuri elementebi zRaprebisa migviTiTeben

im Soreul warsulze, rodesac pirvelyofil adamians gulubryvilod

sjeroda, rom mas magiuri moqmedebiT bunebis damorCilebac SeuZlia da

misi warmarTvac. profesori mixeil Ciqovani miuTiTebs: `zRapari Tavisi

filosofiuri problemebiT, maradiuli simSvenierisa da xelovnebis

aRmoCeniT, adamianis bedisa da miwieri Zalis sazRvarTa ZiebiT,

warmavalobisa da maradiulobis mudmivi brZoliT, maTi Tanaarsebobis

CvenebiT, msoflio eposis ZeglTa Soris iWers Tavis adgils~ (Ciqovani

1964:145).

uCveulo ferebiT Seqmnili zRapruli sinamdvile yovelTvis izidavda

adamianis meocnebe bunebas da mas kidev ufro meti ideuri siRrmiTa da

gancdaTa mravalgvarobiT tvirTavda. g.SatberaSvili Cveuli poeturobiT

SeniSnavs Tavis erT-erT nawarmoebSi: `sawuTros gzaze Cvens gverdiT

momavali zRapari yoveli mzis amosvlisas TiTo sxivs mainc imatebs, rom

sinamdviles Seejibros~ (SatberaSvili 1982:138).

zRaparSi gamonagonisa da sinamdvilis erTgvar kavSirze saintereso

mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli ilia WavWavaZes: `Cveni zRapari tyuilad ki ar

iwyeba ìyo da ara iyo ra~ - Ti. ìyo~ Sig Casaxlebuli azria da azri xom

yovelTvis yofila, aris da iqneba. àra iyo ra~! ki ekuTvnis TviT ambavsa,

romelic arc yofila da arc aris. amitomac araki, romelSiac cocxlad,

cxovlad aris Casaxuli azri, izidavs adamianis gulis_yurs imdenad, rom

126

TviT arakis sicruec_ki marTali ggoniaT da sul gaviwydebaT, rom yurs

ugdebT mogonil ambavsa. am saswauls sCadis xelovneba~ (WavWavaZe 1941:280).

zRapris feradovnebiT mojadoebuli giorgi SatberaSvili leqsSi `gviani

yvavilebi~ madlobas uxdis satrfos, romelmac uferul realobaSi

zRapruli ferebi Semoutana da dausakuTra: `da mixaria, rom Sen dabade es

leqsi, es dRe, ferebi zRapris~(gv. 197).

zRapari istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi Camoyalibda. pirvelad mas

martivi ambis, moTxrobis xasiaTi hqonda, romelmac Semdeg, sazogadoebriv

urTierTobaTa sirTulis zegavleniT, rTuli mxatvruli saxe miiRo.

folkloristikaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sazRapro eposSi

ZiriTadad zRapris sami saxeoba gamoiyofa: 1) zRaprebi cxovelebis Sesaxeb,

anu cxovelTa eposi, 2) jadosnuri, anu fantastikuri zRaparebi da 3)

sayofacxovrebo, anu novelisturi zRaprebi.

zRaprebs cxovelebis Sesaxeb safuZveli Caeyara adregvarovnuli

wyobilebis dros. am epoqis adamianebs sjerodaT, rom maT gvars kavSiri

hqonda cxovelebTan, cxovelebisgan iyvnen warmoSobilni. matriarqatis

dros cxovelebisadmi ridi da Tayvaniscema gansakuTrebiT didi iyo. am

periodis miTur gadmocemebSi igrZnoboda adamianTa mowiweba maT winaSe,

radgan maT RvTaebebad miiCnevdnen. amgvar zRaprebSi cxovelebi

adamianebiviT laparakoben, fiqroben, ganicdian, azrovneben, reagireben;

erTi sityviT, isini adamianuri Tvisebebis matarebelni arian.

mklevar z. Tandilavas mosazrebiT, daWerili Tevzis wyalSi gaSvebis

motivs safuZvlad ar udevs yovelTvis megobroba an Tevzis sibraluli.

saqarTvelos mraval kuTxeSi (samcxe_javaxeTSi, aWaraSi, samegreloSi,

imereTSi) damowmebuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, meTevzeebi maT mier daWeril

pirvel Tevzs (an yovel meaTes) xSirad iseve wyalSi uSveben micvalebulis

saxelze. mklevris azriT, Tevzis cocxlad gaSvebis motivi genetikurad

ukavSirdeba animistur msoflmxedvelobas, romlis mixedviTac, Tevzi

totemad aris miCneuli (Tandilava 1996:154-155). prof. Tina SioSvili

iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCnia, rom àdamianisadmi keTilad ganwyobili

cxovelebi Tavdapirvelad totemebs warmoadgendnen da adamiani maT

127

saTanado pativs miagebda. cxovelebis Sebraleba, rac esoden xSiria

zRaprebSi, gviandeli movlenaa da adamianis mier bunebis movlenebis

gancda-gaazrebis Sedegs warmoadgens~ (SioSvili 2002:235).

zRaprebi umTavresad folkloruli warmoSobisaa, magram mas xSirad

folkloruli masalebis safuZvelze qmnian mwerlebic. rogorc cnobilia,

zRaprebs werdnen akaki wereTeli, puSkini, anderseni da sxva.

giorgi SatberaSvilis vrceli moTxroba `mtkvris saTavisaken~

(SatberaSvili 1978:61-93). mraval msgavsebas avlens cxovelTa eposTan

rogorc siuJeturi, ise ideur- Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT. moTxrobis

personaJebi Tevzebi arian, romlebic adamianebiviT laparakoben da

ganicdian, zrunaven da fiqroben erTmaneTze. amitom am moTxrobas

Tavisuflad SeiZleba literaturuli zRapari vuwodoT. misi siuJeturi

qarga aseTia: kalmaxTa qaravans ùSiSa kalmaxi ganagebs da Tavis

memkvidred silamaziT, simamaciTa da moxerxebulobiT gamorCeul

`mercxalas~ amzadebs. uSiSa gamocdili kalmaxi iyo, àra erTi da ori

gansacdeli hqonda gadatanili. bevrjer almasis kbilebiT dauglejia

daxlarTuli bade. mebadurebs Tvalsa da xels Sua gasxltomia da

samSvidobos gasula~. rogorc vladimer propi aRniSnavs, `zRapris kvanZi

Cveulebriv raime ubedurebasa da gmiris saxlidan wasvlas Seicavs.

zogjer TviT saxlidan wasvla ukve ubedurebaa. es ubedureba unda

moispos~ (propi 2008:119). zRapris siuJetis msgavsad, g. SatberaSvilis

moTxrobaSic qaravnis ufliswuli didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxvisa da

xifaTiT savse Tavgadasavlis Semdeg gamarjvebuli ubrundeba moZmeebs.

cxovelTa eposis msgavsad, nawarmoebSi samoqmedo are SezRudulia _

Tevzebi mxolod mtkvris sivrceSi dacuraven. moqmedebac cxovelTa

eposiseuli principiT, anu SexvedriT, iwyeba. kalmaxebis qaravani mtkvris

sanapiroze moTamaSe bavSvebs gadaawydeba. swored maT mier gamosrolil

`sabediswero badeSi~ ebmeba mercxala or axalgazrda kalmaxTan erTad.

aqac daculia zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli _ sammagobis principi. Semdgom

ganviTarebul moqmedebebSi vlindeba megobrebis urTierTerTguleba da

siyvaruli, rac sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia zRaprisTvis da garkveuli

128

didaqtikuri funqciis matarebelia. sworad warmarTuli Txroba ymawvilebs

axvedrebs, rom upiratesoba sikeTes, erTgulebas, urTierTgamtanianobas,

siyvaruls, moxerxebulobas, gonebamaxvilobas, samarTlianobasa da

vaJkacobas unda mianiWon.

sazRapro eposis didaqtikur-moraluri idealebi sakmaod Zvelia da

cnobilia yvela xalxSi. rogorc mkvlevari qs. sixaruliZe SeniSnavs,

zRapars farTo gamoyeneba aqvs bavSvis aRzrdis saqmeSi. aseTi

daniSnulebiT Tavis droze Seiqmna garkveuli tipis zRaprebic, romlebic

xalxur pedagogikasTan aris dakavSirebuli (sixaruliZe 1958:26).

mecnierebi da mwerlebi yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen zRapris

aRmzrdelobiT funqcias. berZeni filisofosi platoni dedebsa da ZiZebs

urCevda, rom bavSvebisaTvis moeTxroT miTebi da zRaprebi. zRapris

didaqtikuri funqciis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas adamianis zneobriobis

Camoyalibebis procesSi ilia WavWavaZec xazgasmiT aRniSnavs: `zRapari

imisTana saxea, kania azrisa, romelic saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas

zedmiwevniT gvixatavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs, znes

gviwvrTvnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi gasarCevad~ (WavWavaZe

1986:365).

al. puSkini, romelmac mravali zRapari SeTxza, Tavis Zmas swerda:

`...saRamoobiT zRaprebs vismen, ra warmtacia es zRaprebi! TiToeuli maTgani

poemaa~ (gaCeCilaZe 1957:481).

qarTuli folkloris moamage akaki wereTeli `Cems TavgadasavalSi~

ambobs, rom masze didi gavlena moaxdina bavSvobaSi mosmenilma zRaprebma;

igi miuTiTebda zRaprebis did rols qarTuli metyvelebis dauflebaSi.

vaJa-fSavela avtobiografiaSi `Cemi wuTisofeli~, igonebs ra Tavis

bavSvobas, gulwrfelad acxadebs, rom sagmiro ambebs did aRtacebaSi

mohyavda, rac saZirkvlad, libod dasdebia mis Semoqmedebas.

qarTuli sazRapro eposi mdidaria didaqtikuri zRaprebiT. isini

garkveuli moralisa da eTikis safuZvelze arian Seqmnilni. qarTuli

xalxuri jadosnuri zRapris Tanaxmad, mizani, romelsac eswrafvis zRapris

gmiri, Znelad misaRwevia, araadamianuri garja da Tavdadeba sWirdeba.

129

cxovelTa eposi gansakuTrebuli didaqtikuri funqciis datvirTvis

matarebelia, radgan bavSvebi gamorCeul interess iCenen amgvari

zRaprebisadmi, rac, erTi mxriv, Sinaarsis simartiviTa da ubraloebiT aris

ganpirobebuli, xolo meore mxriv _ cxovelebisadmi siyvaruliT.

swored es ori momenti iqna gaTvaliswinebuli giorgi SatberaSvilis

moTxrobaSi `mtkvris saTavisken~: igi bavSvebisaTvis gasagebi eniT aris

dawerili da gaTvaliswinebulia is kritikul_konfliqturi situaciebi,

romlebic mniSvnelovan interess sZenen nawarmoebs. amasTan erTad, moqmed

personaJebad bavSvebis gamoyvaniT da maTi konfliqturi bunebis daxatviT

mweralma kidev ufro gausva xazi im zneobriv Tvisebebs, romlebic

mimbaZvelobis sagnad unda iqcnen. am TvalsazrisiTac moTxrobis avtorma

mTlianad gaiTvaliswina zRapris specifika da misi tradiciuli

didaqtikuri misia.

qarTuli sazRapro eposis sxva nimuSTa msgavsad, g. SatberaSvilis

nawarmoebsac keTili dasasruli aqvs: didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxvis

Semdeg qaravnis ufliswuli `mercxala~ gamarjvebuli ubrundeba megobrebs.

es bunebrivicaa, radganac `qarTuli xalxuri jadosnuri zRapris

optimisturi suliskveTeba yovelTvis sikeTis zeimsa da gamarjvebas

gvaziarebs, borotebis daTrgunviT gvaxarebs da swored amaSia am uZvelesi

da marad axali Janris fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba TaobaTa zneobrivi

formirebis saqmeSi~ (SioSvili 2002:34).

amrigad, g. SatberaSvili moTxroba `mtkvris saTavisken~ mTeli rigi

niSnebiT avlens msgavsebas qarTul xalxur cxovelTa eposTan; amitomac

SeiZleba, igi sazRapro eposis swored am saxeobas mivakuTvnoT, Tumca

nawarmoebSi sayofacxovrebo-novelisturi zRaprebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

cxovrebiseuli problemebisgan warmoqmnili konfliqturi situaciebic

gvxvdeba. moTxrobaSi realuri sinamdvile asaxulia Seulamazeblad; masSi

wamoWrili problemebi cxovrebisagan aris nakarnaxevi da maTi gadawyveta

miznad isaxavs socialuri ukuRmarTobisa da sxva cxovrebiseul

winaaRmdegobaTa gamoaSkaravebasa da daZlevas.

130

g.SatberaSvilis sabavSvo Txzulebebis Sesaxeb araerTi sayuradRebo

mosazreba da SeniSvna gamoiTqva kritikosTa mier. aRsaniSnavia mwerlebis _

oTar CxeiZisa da Salva afxaiZis, sabavSvo literaturis mkvlevrebis _ ana

RviniaSvilisa da Tina kobalaZis Sexedulebebi. Salva afxaiZis azriT,

`g.SatberaSvilis prozauli nawarmoebebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

moTxrobebi, romelTa Tema bavSvebis cxovrebidan aris aRebuli. yvela es

moTxroba aRbeWdilia avtoris niWierebiT, mxatvruli gemovnebiT, adamianis

xasiaTis, bunebis cocxlad gadmocemis unariT~ (afxaiZe 1959:246).

1955 wels gamoica g. SatberaSvilis sabavSvo moTxrobebis pirveli

krebuli `mercxlis bude~, romelSic 39 nawarmoebi Sedioda. am krebulis

Sesaxeb ana RviniaSvilma 1958 wels Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ (#9) gamoaqveyna

werili, romlis SesavalSic vkiTxulobT: `Tanamedrove qarTvel sabavSvo

mweralTa Soris g. SatberaSvili gamoirCeva sakuTari TematikiT. mis

Semoqmedebas anayofierebs keTilSobiluri ideebi~ (RviniaSvili 1958:180).

moTxrobaSi `mtkvris saTavisken~ mwerali xatavs bednieri da ubeduri

cxovrebis kontrastul suraTebs. pirveli suraTidan Tavisufal

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xerTviseli bavSvis sixaruliT savse, momRimari

Tvalebi Semogvcqeris, xolo meoredan cxovrebisagan daCagruli,

ulukmapurod da upatronod darCenili ymawvilis cremliani Tvalebi

imzireba, romelsac bedma TurqeTis teritoriaze darCenil qarTul

sofelSi cxovreba arguna, sadac bolo lukmas arTmeven qarTvel glexebs

gadasaxadis Turqi amkrefni da winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevaSi

daundoblad scemen moxucsa Tu bavSvs. kalmaxebs esmiT Soreuli napiridan

sevdiani qarTuli simRera, `gulsaklavi da Jruantelis momgvreli sevdiani

moTqma. viRac Tavis ukuRmarT beds uCioda. es simRera kvnesas ufro hgavda,

vidre simReras~.

kontrastuli suraTebi sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri

eposisaTvis. amis magaliTia Tundac zecisa da qvesknelis samyaroTa xatva.

swored amgvar movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme g. SatberaSvilis saintereso

leqsSi ànalaT~. zecis TeTri da qvesknelis Savi samyaros CvenebiT poeti

131

qmnis garemos kontrastul suraTebs, sadac mogzaurobs TeTri da Savi

sibrZnis mopovebis surviliT Sepyrobili Semoqmedis suli:

yvela aRmarTi avikafe Seni gulisTvis,

yvela aRmarTi avikafe da avel caSi.

avicer zecis silamaziT da TeTri sibrZniT,

yvela daRmarTi Caviare da Cavel qvesknels,

gavZexi miwis siyvaruliT da Savi sibrZniT,

avivse sibrZnis silamaziT da kvlav davmSvendi,

da kvlav avmaRldi, rom kvlav gavxvde dedis rCeuli,

me var uxorco, aRar vici sikvdilis SiSi,

me misTvis movel, rom kvlav movkvde (gv. 141).

aRmarTi _ daRmarTi, Savi _ TeTri, zeca _ qveskneli, sicocxle _

sikvdili _ xalxuri sityvierebisaTvis organuli kontrastuli saxeebia.

amgvarma antiTezebma Tavis droze garkveuli roli iTamaSes miTologiur

warmodgenaTa SeqmnaSi. mxiaruleba yovelTvis sinaTlesTan, mzesTan,

siTbosTan aris dakavSirebuli; mowyena da mwuxareba _ sibnelesTan,

RrubelTan, sicivesTan.

orgvarobis principi sakmaod xSirad gaielvebs xalxur poeziaSi.

wuTisoflis òr gzad~ moazrebac, romelSic keTilisa da borotis

kontrastuli saxeebi igulisxmeba, orgvarobis principis gamoZaxilia:

wuTisofeli ra ari? agorebuli qva ari,

ra wams ki davibadebiT, iqve saflavi mza ari.

saca sofelSi mixvide, suyvelgan ori gza ari,

SuaSi ari xmeleTi, garSemo didi zRva ari.


samyaros kontrastuli buneba adamianis grZnobebSic poulobs gamoZaxils,

rac, bunebrivia, xalxuri poeziis specifikidan gamomdinareobs. masSi

adamiani da buneba erT grZnobad samyaroSi moiazreba da am mWidro

kontrasts qmnis fsiqologiuri paralelizmebi, simbolika, epiTetebi da

Sedarebani:

... es Cemi guli oria, erTSi wvims, erTSi daria,

132

avtirde _ Sevyri Rrubelsa, rom gavicino _ daria.


zRapris formas iyenebs giorgi SatberaSvili sabavSvo moTxrobaSi

,,xorbali~, romelic man poet revaz margianTan erTad dawera. masSi

gadmocemulia puris marcvlis Tavgadasavali. xorbala, TanamoZmeebTan

erTad, sawyobidan gamoitanes da dasaTesad waiRes. gzaze igi tomridan

gadmovarda. martodmarto darCenils mravali gasaWiris gadatana mouxdeba.

Tavs Zlivs daaRwevs msunag WianWvelas. qari wyalSi gadaagdebs, magram bedi

gauRimebs da ru napirze gariyavs. bedad, keTili adamiani Sexvdeba,

romelic Seibralebs da xnulSi Caflavs. xorbali axali saSiSroebis

winaSe aRmoCndeba: Tagvi mis Tvalwin Sesanslavs erT mis amxanags _

grZelkiseras, magram aqac adamiani gamoCndeba da gadaarCens. xorbali

xnulSi gafuvda, amoyelyelavda, ajejilda, TavTuxi gaikeTa da patara

Svilebic daavaJkaca. SvilTagan erT-erTs xorbala uwoda. am axal

xorbalas gamofenaze waiReben. igi mnaxvelTa aRfrTovanebas daimsaxurebs.

nawarmoebSi laitmotivad gaismis _ yvelaferi adamianTa sikeTisaTvis,

yvelaferi xalxis bednierebisaTvis. es kargad Cans anderZSic, romelsac

deda xorbala utovebs Tavis memkvidreebs: ,,...giyvardeT, Svilebo, erTmaneTi,

emsaxureT keTil adamianebs, mieciT qveyanas tkbili puri, ai Cemi anderZi~.

g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobebSi TvalsaCinod mJRavndeba xalxuri zRapris

gavlena. mweralma kargad gamoiyena epikuri Janris forma, stili, rogorc

sinamdvilis asaxvis Taviseburi gza da saSualeba. es imiTac aixsneba, rom

zRapari Seicavs mraval SesaZleblobas, moicvas sxvadasxvagvari ambavi,

erTdroulad Seexos sxvadasxva xalxisa Tu qveynis cxovrebas, erTmaneTs

daukavSiros gamonagoni da realuri.

giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mravlad gvxvdeba jadosnuri

zRaprisaTvis niSandoblivi simboluri saxeebi Tu sagnebi. magaliTad:

`zurmuxtis qoSi~, romelic frenis jadosnuri unaris matarebelia; misi

Cacmis SemTxvevaSi zRapris personaJs sivrceSi swrafi gadaadgilebis

saSualeba eZleva:

fexze macvia zurmuxtis qoSi,

133

momindeba da baRSi Cavirben,

momindeba da mTasac gadaval (gv. 103).

leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~ jadosnuri oqros qoSi mzis erT-erT

atributad aris warmodgenili:

gabrwyinebul cis darbazSi

mSvidobis da cecxlis droSiT

mihqris didi mbrZanebeli, _

dgas laJvardze oqros qoSi,

dgas maradis sixaruli

Tavisufal samzeoSi (gv. 250).

leqsSi `mogoneba~ poetma dagvixata dilis namSi CaZinebuli cerodenas

zRapruli saxe, romelsac Tavze cisartyela adgas:

me rom viyav cerodena, dilis namSi viZinebdi,

Tavze medga cisartyela, qveS mefina zizilebi (gv. 183).

jadosnuri sagnebis nairgvaroba zRapris feradovnebas qmnis. g.

SatberaSvili cdilobs, zRapruli saxeebisa da gasimboloebuli sagnebis

moSveliebiT sakuTar leqsebs msgavsi feradovneba SesZinos. mis

SemoqmedebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba ukvdavebis wyaros, vercxlis wylis,

ukvdavebis jamis zRapruli simboloebi. leqsSi `gaimindvra~ poeti bermuxis

qveS amoxeTqil wyaros da jadosnur jams natrobs ukvdavebis

dasasakuTreblad:

amoquxdes, amoduRdes, bermuxis qveS wyaro wvimdes,

Tan iseTi jami mqondes, ukvdavebas amoscildes (gv. 39).

SatberaSvili xSirad xatavs oqrosfrad aelvebuli Sindebis zRaprul

suraTs. magaliTad, leqsSi `gazafxuli muxranis velze~ vkiTxulobT:

`TovlSi oqrosfrad elaven ayvavebuli Sindebi~ (gv. 65).

leqsSi `nana, meSvidev~ kidev erTxel gaielvebs ukvdavebis `vercxlis

wylis~ simbolo, romelsac òqros msxmoiare Sindebi~ da `sami Zmis~

zRapruli motivi asazrdoebs:

sizmarSi vercxlis wkrialebs wyaro

da oqro scvivaT aprilis Sindebs.

134

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ager sami Zma jiRa xars hkocnis

JuJuna wvimiT danamul rqebze (gv. 63).

sagangebod unda SevCerdeT ukvdavebis wylis motivze, romelic uSualo

kavSirSia sikvdil-sicocxlis problemasTan da romliTac mdidaria

qarTuli xalxuri eposi. ukvdavebis wyali, romelsac xSirad enacvleba

ukvdavebis vaSli, ukvdavebis yurZeni, ukvdavebis broweuli, Tu ukvdavebis

wamali, sicocxlis xis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa da naTlad warmoaCens

adamianis swrafvas sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebisaken.

sazRapro eposis mixedviT, ukvdavebis wyali saidumleobiT aris moculi,

aravin icis misi adgilsamyofeli, an ise Znelia misi migneba, rom gmirs misi

Zieba sicocxlis fasad ujdeba. zRapris gmiri Zlieri da Wkviani unda iyos,

rom sZlios jadosnur-fantastikur Zalebs, romlebic patronoben

ukvdavebis wyals. ukvdavebis wyali zogjers `mzis piris nabani wylis~

saxiT gvevlineba da mzis an mzis dedis gankargulebaSia. mkvlevar z.

Tandilavas azriT, ukvdavebis wylis Ziebis motivSi mocemulia garkveuli

Sexeduleba sikvdil-sicocxleze, naCvenebia adamianis brZola sikvdilis

winaaRmdeg; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukvdavebis wylis Zieba igive ukvdavebis

Ziebaa, am TvalsazrisiT ukvdavebis wylis Ziebis motivi mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli qarTul folklorSi popularul zRaprul-miTologiur

motivTan ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabukis Sesaxeb (Tandilava 1996:40).

giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT mtredis miTologiuri

saxis saintereso gaazrebasac. leqsSi `gaimindvra~ poeti muxaze Semomjdari

TeTri mtredis zRaprul suraTs gvixatavs. msoflios mravali xalxis, da

maT Soris qarTvelebis, uZvelesi msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, `TeTri

mtredi~ adamianis sulis simboloa, xolo `muxa~ totemia. poetiseuli

warmodgenebic erT mTlianobaSi danaxul saintereso miTologiur saxes

warmoadgens:

muxaze zis TeTri mtredi, TeTria Tu mtredisferi,

im Soreul TeTri qedis, daTovlili mTebis feri.

me gaSlili veli minda, bermuxis qveS _ wyaro wminda,

135

mxarze mejdes me is mtredi, mets arafers vinatrebdi (gv. 39).

Soreuli qedebis gadaRma bermuxxis qveS moCuxCuxe wminda wylis povnis

surviliT Sepyrobili g. SatberaSvilis leqsis lirikuli gmiri Zalian

waagavs ukvdavebis wylis maZiebel miTosur gmirs, romelmac, gansxvavebiT

zRapris gmirisgan, ar icis sad eZios an raSi mdgomareobs ukvdaveba, Tumca

bolos aucileblad miadgeba wyals, romlis wiaRSic aris dafluli

sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlo da romelic adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia.

ukvdavebis wylis, da amdenad sikvdil-sicocxlis Temas, mkvlevari

Tina SioSvili ukavSirebs qarTuli eposis uZveles Sedevrs _ èTerians~:

`dasneulebuli abesalomi ukvdavebis wyalze agzavnis murmans. murmanma

moipova ukvdavebis wyali, magram veraferSi gamoiyenebs da sakuTari xeliT

daRvris. koleqtiuri avtoris interesebis miRma rCeba, Tu ra gziT, rogor

Soulobs igi ukvdavebis wyals, radgan, zRapris mzeWabukisgan gansxvavebiT,

eSmakTan garigebul-wilnayari murmanisaTvis es gza gmirobis sarbielad ar

miiCneva~ (SioSvili 2002:147).

rac Seexeba muxas, romlis qveSac g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi miedineba

ukvdavebis wyali, xalxis beds ukavSireben. `xalxi mas ukvdav mcenares

eZaxis, misi sicocxle aseul wlebs iTvlis, xolo moWrili maradiulobas

ejibreba~ (Ciqovani 1971:44).

muxis qveS wyaros arsebobis motivi berZnul miTologiaSic gvxvdeba.

epikuri gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, zevsis meuRle iyo ara hera, aramed dodona

(igive dioni). dodonas samlocvelo sakulto centri iyo aswlovani muxa,

romlis fesvebidan wyaro gadmodioda, xolo foTlebis SrialiT qurumebi

momavals Seicnobdnen. Tebedan gadmofrenila ori Savi mtredi, erTi

dodonas wminda muxaze Semomjdara, zevss amitomac rqmevia `fegonios~ _

muxaSi mcxovrebi. es muxa savse yofila Savi mtredebiT, romelTa

meSveobiTac samyaros Tavis nebas amcnobda zevsi (sigua 2001:143).

aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadod xeebi qarTul zraprebSi mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSoben, isini sknelTa Soris gmiris gadasasvleli gza da xidia.

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi daxatuli xe imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom mas

136

kidev erTi miTologiuri saxe-simbolo, zRapris personaJi _ mtredi

ukavSirdeba. xisa da mtredis erT azrobriv konteqstSi moxseniebis

magaliTebi sakmaod daiZebneba qarTul miTossa Tu jadosnur zRaparSi;

xSiria adamianis mtredad qcevis motivic. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa

zRapari `gvel-vaJi~: `mefis qalze daqorwinebul gvelis saxiT movlenil

mzeWabuks niRabs dauwvaven. mtredad qceuli mzeWabuki gafrindeba. raSze

amxedrebuli mzeTunaxavi gahyveba frena-freniT Tavis mtreds. mifrinavs

mtredi da miRuRunobs, mifrinavs raSi da misdevs mtreds kvaldakval

mzeTunaxavi. amnairi frena_freniT mividnen zRvis pirze. zRvaSi pawawa

kunZuli iyo kidis maxloblad. kunZulze idga alvis xe. am xeze Sefrinda

mtredi da daiwyo RuRuni. gadaaqanebs niavi alvis xis wveros, Tan

gadahyveba RuRuniT spetaki mtredi, gadmoaqanebs, Tan gadmohyveba (xalxuri

sityviereba 1918:9-10).

erTi legendis Tanaxmad, yanaSi gasuli kaci mTis wverze naTebas

SeniSnavs. es iyo mtredis saxiT movlenili mfrinavi angelozi, ris Sedegad

mTis wverze aSenebs koSks _ didi sakulto teritoriis aucilebel

nagebobas (kiknaZe 1985:62).

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dafiqsirebuli miTologiuri

gadmocemiT, mtredis saxes iRebs RvTisSvili iaRsari: ìaRsari devebs tbis

fskerze SeebrZola, tba devebis sisxliT aivso, ris gamoc iaRsarma zeviT

veRar amoaRwia. xalxma mas cxvari Seswira. cxvris sisxlma ganwminda

iaRsaris savali gza. uceb tbis fskeridan brolis qva amotivtivda,

romelzec mtredad gansaxierebuli iaRsari ejda. mtredi afrinda, mTis

wverze Semojda, ris gamoc iq iaRsris salocavic iqna aSenebuli (oCiauri

1967:143).

mtredi, qarTuli xalxuri jadosnuri zRaprebis mixedviT, adamianis

sulis atributia. TuSur samgloviaro leqs_simReraSi `dalai~ naTqvamia:

`netav Sen saiqiosa, Sig Sexval mtredis ferada~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1965:296).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul miTologiur gadmocemebsa Tu zRaprebSi

mtredi adamianis, angelozis, RvTaebis sulis simboloa da Zalian xSirad

mimaniSnebelia salocavis, koSkis asagebi adgilisa iseve, rogorc _ xari.

137

zRaprebSi xSirad gvxvdeba xeze mjdomi mtredis simboluri saxe, romelic

g. SatberaSvilma morgebulad gamoiyena leqsSi `TeTro Sindo~. Sindis xes

poeti caSi afrenil TeTr mtreds adarebs (SatberaSvili 1970:200).

sawadlis misaRwevad gmiris mier cxra mTis gadalaxvis zRapruli

motivi gamoiyena g. SatberaSvilma leqsSi `leqsis marili~, romelic

xalxuri nimuSis _ àRzevans waval~ _ Tematikur-siuJetur qargaze aago.

sazogadod, aRzevans marilze wasvla odiTganve xifaTian gzad iyo

miCneuli. am gzaze gardacvlili gmiri ambobs: àRzevans wavel

marilisTvina_da, Turme, wavsulvar Savi dRisTvina-da~ (xalxuri sibrZne

1965:70).

orive leqsis Tanaxmad, gmiri, miuxedavad ded-mamis mravalgzisi

Txovnisa, Tavisas ar iSlis da aRzevans miemgzavreba. igi uRelSi abams niSa

xarebs da midis marilis mosatanad.

giorgi SatberaSvili: xalxuri:

me marileTSi gulaRma vwevar, aRzevans waval marilisTvina,

Camqral TvalebiT Sevyureb zecas. marils movitan da Cemi cxvrisTvina.

ar daviSale, wavel aRzevans Cemi cxvrisTvina da TavSavisTvina.

da marileTi samared meqca. dedam miSala da _ ar daviSale,

dedam miSala, mamam miSala, mamam miSala da _ ar daviSale,

magram am gulma ar daiSala (gv. 107). mainc wavel da _ ar daviSale.


xalxuri leqsis Tanaxmad, gzad mimavali gmiri winaswarmetyvelur

sizmars naxulobs:

Sua gzas mivel da _ sizmari vnaxe

Cemi Tavisa da niSa xarisa:

Cems niSa xarsa da _ rqa mostexoda,

perangs vixevdi da _ ise vuxvevdi.


zepirsityvierebaSi sizmris fenomeni ukavSirdeba bedisweras, rac

qvecnobier sferos empiriul yofasTan akavSirebs. msoflios mravali

xalxis religiur-kulturul yofaSi sizmars sakomunikacio mniSvneloba

138

eniWeba, igi materialuri samyaros miRma arsebul samyarosTan

damakavSirebel saSualebad aris dasaxuli. qarTuli zepirsityviereba

icnobs sikeTis momtan, keTilboloian sizmrebsac, magram, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, sizmriseuli bedisweris aRsruleba sikvdilTan asocirdeba, _

aRniSnavs prof. Tina SioSvili (SioSvili 2002:138-139). saanalizo leqsis

SemTxvevaSic totemis _ xaris _ rqis motexva, romlis namgliseburi forma

naxevarmTvaris moxazulobisaa da mis simbolod moiazreba, rasakvirvelia,

ubeduri dasasrulis garduvalobis mauwyebelia da, maSasadame, gmiris

daRupvac mosalodnelia. rac Seexeba g. SatberaSvilis leqss, mis

dasawyisSive naTeli xdeba, rom gmiri sabediswero mogzaurobis dros

daiRupa, monaTxrobi ki mcenared gardasaxuli micvalebulis sevdanarevi

mogonebaa:


movel da roca beds movelodi, kldeni momeqca,

klde Camoqca, bedma miSala, kldeni momeqca da –

zed damawola marilis lodi. qveS momitana.

gmiri, rogorc xalxuri zRaprisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, bolomde

mainc ar gaiwireba. Tu zRaparSi gmiris cxovelad an frinvelad qcevis

motivs vxvdebiT, g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi igi venaxad gadaiqceva, misi

fexis TiTebi fesvad iqceva, romelic totebs aiyris, xolo xelis TiTebi

daiyvavilebs da cas gauwvdis Te Tr mtevnebs:


fexis TiTebma borji gaidga, fexis TiTebma da -

toti iyara, iqca fesvebad; borji gaidga,

xelis TiTebmac daiyvavila, xelis TiTebma da –

cas gauwoda TeTri mtevani. daiyvavila.

zRapris gmiris msgavsad, g. SatberaSvilis lirikuli gmiri mogzaurobs

samyaros samive sknelSi. qvesknelSi (marileTSi) mogzaurobis Semdeg igi

zesknelisken miiswrafvis, risi simboluri gamoxatulebacaa misi sxeulis

gardasaxva, _ miwidan mcenared amozrda, vazad qceva.

139

gardacvlili adamianis vazadqcevis motivi da Semdgom misi swrafva

mzisken uCveulo ar aris qarTuli xalxuri sazRapro eposisTvis. vazi,

venaxi mziuri niSniT gamorCeuli mcenarea, amitom mudam iswrafvis misken,

masTan sworferoba aniWebs Trobis unars. qarTul miTossa Tu zRaparSi

mzis niSani, vazTan erTad, oqros saxiT gamoixateba. erT-erT zRaparSi

TasSi Casxmuli Rvino gadaRvris Semdeg oqros fulad gadaiqceva da

gadaCxrialdeba (xalxuri sityviereba 1952:97).

xalxuris msgavsad, g. SatberaSvilis nawarmoebSic vxvdebiT gmiris

saflavze mcenaris amosvlis motivs, romelic, sazogadod, farTodaa

gavrcelebuli xalxur eposSi. gavixsenoT, Tundac,@èTeriani”. abesalomisa

da eTeris saflavze ia-vardi amodis, xolo murmanis saflavze _ ekali.

xe_mcenareTa simboluri datvirTvis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT gmiris

keTil Tu borot bunebaze. qarTul xalxur poetur SemoqmedebaSi ia da

vardi siyvarulis, axalgazrdobis, silamazis simboloebia. `qarTuli

zRapris mixedviT ia da vardi yovelTvis Tan axlavs sasiamovno

ganwyobilebas, roca mzeTunaxavi icinis, piridan ia da vardi scviva~

(sixaruliZe 1976:12).

msoflios xalxTa rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, ekali codvis

simboloa da migvaniSnebs micvalebulis eSmakeul bunebaze; rac Seexeba

vazs, igi miTosis xanaSi RvTaebriv mcenared _ sicocxlis xed _

iTvleboda. Sesabamisad, g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi `leqsis marili~ gmiris

vazad qceva misi sxeulis feriscvalebis maniSnebelia da ara sikvdilisa.

axal wels qarTvelebi erTmaneTs vazis rqiTac ulocavdnen. qarTul

xalxur poeziaSi kargad moCans am tradiciis anarekli: àxal weliwads,

wlis Tavsa gikvlev vazisa rqiTamca~ (qarTuli xalxuri poezia 1976:55).

yuradRebas iqcevs g. SatberaSvilis leqsi `gazafxuli muxranis velze~,

romelSic poeti qarTveli vaJkacisa da moZalade yivCaRis saflavebze

amosul yvavilTa ara nairsaxeobiT, aramed ganxsvavebuli feriT cdilobs

maTi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi bunebis warmoCenas. qarTveli vaJkacis

saflavs naTeli yvavili amSvenebs, romelsac Tavs `Suqi adgas cisferi~,

140

xolo momxduri yivCaRis saflavze Savi yvavili gazrdila, `moxrila

yornis frTasaviT~ (gv. 67).

fers udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba zRaprul-miTosur azrovnebaSi.

xalxuri sibrZne saocrad sainteresod iyenebs ferTa bunebas adamianis,

sagnisa Tu movlenis Tvisebis gadmosacemad. marTalia, fers sagnobrivi

Sinaarsi aqvs, rac misi fizikuri aRqmiT gamoixateba, magram amas garda, mas

emociuri datvirTvis unaric Seswevs, swored amitom aRiqmeba adamianis mier

igi metaforulad. z. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom `feri Zvel qarTulSi

niSnavda fersac da formasac, gvarsac, xatsac, saxesac, hipostassac~

(gamsaxurdia 1991:123).

mkvlevar bela mosias azriT, feri, rogorc nairgvarobis gamomxatveli

saxeoba ise ar Seqmnila. TiToeuli feri konkretul moralur Tvisebas

atarebs... amdenad, ferTa sawyisi gageba mxolod TvaliT ar aRiqmeba (mosia

2006:144-145).

m. xidaSelis Tanaxmad, qarTul kulturaSi gamoyenebuli (wiTeli, TeTri

da Savi) ferebi arqauli simbolikis yvela niSans atarebdnen, erT sistemaSi

iyvnen gaerTianebulni da maTi funqciebi mkveTrad iyo gamokveTili

(xidaSeli 2010:473). es sami ZiriTadi feri ganasaxierebda samyaros sam

sknels: TeTri _ zeskneli, wiTeli _ Sua skneli, Savi _ qveskneli. TeTri

ZiriTadad bednierebis gamomxatvelia, Tumca, v. nozaZis cnobiT, TeTri

feri SavTan erTad xSirad niSani iyo glovisa (nozaZe 2004:102).

b. mosias azriT, TeTri ZiriTad ferTagan umTavresia, rogorc cis,

naTebis, sikeTis gamoxatuleba; swored TeTris Semdgomi gansaxovnebaa

danarCeni ferebi bunebaSi, TeTris fonze iSleba samyaros erTianobis

gagebac (mosia 2006:149).

TeTris msgavsad, ciuri naTebisa da sikeTis ferad moiazreba cisferic.

swored amitom iqca igi qarTvel SemoqmedTa romantikuli xedvisa da

ganwyobis erTgvar simbolod. n. baraTaSvilma mas `pirvelad qmnili feri~

uwoda da amiT xazi gausva cisferis RvTiur bunebas.

g. SatberaSvilic qarTveli gmiris saflavze cisfer SuqCamdgari

yvavilis xatviT gardacvlilis keTilSobilur bunebaze mianiSnebs.

141

TeTrisa da cisferis (cis lurjis, `laJvardis~) sapirispiro simboluri

datvirTvisaa Savi feri, romlis nairgvar gagebaTa Soris ZiriTadi mainc

sikvdilisa da jojoxeTis mimaniSnebelia. v. nozaZeE wers: `Savi feri omisa

da brZolis xerxadac ixmarebodao~ (nozaZe 2004:102). g.SatberaSvilis

leqsSi yivCaRis saflavze amozrdili yvavilic mimaniSnebelia

gardacvlilis mtacebluri, moZaladuri bunebisa:

meore... Savi yvavili _ miwisferi da aSari _

momxduris sisxlze gazrdili,

moxrila yornis frTasaviT (gv. 67).

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs bolo striqoni, Savi yvavilis

yoranTan Sedareba. Savi yorani xom qarTuli folkloris kolorituli

personaJia _ simbolo qvesknelis bneli Zalebisa.

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi `leqsis marili~ kidev erT simbolod

gaazrebul saxes vxvdebiT, kerZod _ gmiris Tvalebis gvritebad qcevas, rac

masSi vazis yvavilis Suqis Cadgomam ganapiroba. Tvali, sazogadod, sulis

simboloa, xolo masSi vazis yvavilis Suqis Cadgoma maniSnebelia

sicocxlis ganaxlebisa, gvritebad qceva _ adamianis tyveobidan (am

SemTxvevaSi `marilis samaridan~) Tavis daRwevisa, mTlianobaSi _ sulis

Tavisuflebisa. Citi sulis simbolikiT itvirTeba xalxur warmodgenebSi;

aseve, qarTul zRaprebSi mas miiCneven janisa da gonebis saxed

(kotetiSvili 1961:321). frinvels sulis simbolod warmoaCens arqauli

xalxuri leqsi `sizmaric~:

wuxelisa sizmarSia, netav, deda, rao?

caSi Citi mifrinavda, netav, deda, rao?

Svilo, Seni suli aris, vah, Sens dedasao!

(umikaSvili 1937:179)

rac Seexeba TvalSi vazis Suqis Cadgomas, igi xalxuri sityvierebisTvis

kargad nacnobi mxatvruli saxea da mzesTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-

warmodgenebi udevs safuZvlad. mtevnis mwifobisas qarTveli mevenaxe

ambobs: `Tvali Cadga~, `SeTvalulia~, `Tvali Casca mtevanSio~. mkvlevar

142

bela mosias azriT, TvalSi aq mze igulisxmeba, romelic vazis mwifobis

sulieri sazrdoa (mosia 2006:107).

ganxilul leqsSi, garda imisa, rom zRaprulia garemo, gvxvdeba xalxuri

eposisaTvis nacnobi personaJi _ xari. igi miTologiuri cxovelia da

adamianis totemad moiazreboda qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi. xaris

kults qarTvel tomTa yofaSi Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli.

`dedamiwa xaris rqaze dgaso, ityodnen Zvelebi~ (bskifa, # 176, 1972:4).

rogorc mkvlevari T. oqroSiZe wers, `Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda xaris

Zlieri kulti, ramac Tavi iCina aramarto wesCveulebebSi, aramed

zepirsityvierebaSic. am ukanasknelSi daculia xalxis uZvelesi

warmodgenebi xarze, rogorc sakulto cxovelze da adamianis realur

TanaSemweze sameurneo saqmianobaSi~ (oqroSiZe, 1969:135).

rogorc mkvlevari qeTevan sixaruliZe aRniSnavs, `xari metad

gavrcelebuli miTosuri saxe-simboloa da... msoflios xalxTa

miTologiebSi is Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis, gveleSapTan mebrZoli RvTaebis

erT-erTi ipostasia~ (sixaruliZe 2006:201).

xarma, rogorc gansakuTrebuli funqciis matarebelma cxovelma, TiTqmis

igive Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hpova zRaparSic. igi aqac moiazreba

erTgulebis, Sromisunarianobis, gasaocari amtanianobis simbolod. rogorc

T.oqroSviZe aRniSnavs, `qarTul fantastikur zRaparSi xarebi, rogorc muSa

saqoneli, iSviaTad scildebian patronis Wers~ (oqroSiZe 1969:135). xari,

rogorc erTgulebis simbolo, srulyofilad warmoCnda qarTuli sazRapro

eposis unikalur nimuSSi `wiqara~. qarTuli xalxuri zRapris usaTnoesi

personaJi xari wiqara avi dedinacvlisagan sasikvdilod ganwirul megobars

ixsnis da samSvidobos gamoiyvans, Semdeg ki cxraklitulidanac

gaaTavisuflebs. megobrisaTvis xars sakuTari sicocxlec ar enaneba. igi

sakuTar leSs Sepirdeba Tagvs, oRond rqa gaumrTelos, raTa mecxre karic

Selewos biWis gasaTavisufleblad (xalxuri sibrZne 1963:274-279).

analogiuri simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba xari g. SatberaSvilis

leqsSi. aRzevans mimavali gmiri, erTguli bunebisa da gautexeli janis

gamo, swored xars irCevs megzurad. leqsSi `Cveni uReli~ ki poeti sakuTar

143

Tavs xars adarebs, xolo cxovrebis gzas aRzevans mimaval rTul gzad

moiazrebs:

am uRlis unda viyo mlocveli

da sikvdilamde misi gamwevi,

Sig rom Sevebi, viyav mozveri,

marilis zidviT mouqancveli.

vwieT da vwieT saZne uremi

da aRzevansac erTad wavediT,

dagviwyda gzaSi apeurebi,

ver gvaSinebda mainc SaveTi (gv. 91).

xaris RvTaebrivi Camomavloba, Sromismoyvareoba, misan wiqarasaviT

TviTSewirvis unari poeturi moRvaweobis tolfardia sxva qarTvel

SemoqmedebTanac.

qarTuli xalxuri zRapari, misi Zlieri tradicia, Sesrulebis garemo,

funqcia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli qarTveli xalxis eTnografiul

yofasTan, rac gansazRvrulia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

xangrZlivi istoriiT. mklevar qsenia sixaruliZis azriT: `zRapris

prototipi magiuri daniSnulebis martivi ambavi Tan gahyva pirvelyofil

adamianTa yofas. istoriis vrcel manZilze es martivi ambavi mxatvrul

Zeglad iqca da mravalgvari funqcia ikisra~ (sixaruliZe 1976:116).

qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi uxvad vxvdebiT miTologiur gadmocemebs

warmarTuli religiuri panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb; metic,

mravali sakvanZo sakiTxis Seswavla mxolod zRaprisa da sxvadasxva

Tqmulebis ganxilvis saSualebiT SeiZleba. mklevari s. gaCeCilaZe

SeniSnavs: `zRapari saxeSecvlili miTia. Tavisi ganviTarebis axal

safexurze adamiani TandaTan ufro kulturuli xdeboda. mas aRar swamda

Zveli miTebis Sinaarsi. igi asxvaferebda mas, aZlevda zesTabunebriv Zalebs

adamianTa Tu cxovelTa Tvisebebs, iviwyebda da axliT cvlida Zveli

miTebis Sinarss. gadadioda ra Zveli miTuri xasiaTis Tqmulebebi Taobidan

Taobaze, igi kargavda mTxrobelisa da msmenelisTvis damajereblobas, imave

144

dros, igi TandaTan ivseboda, farTovdeboda fantastikuri detalebiT da

amgvarad pirvelyofili miTi zRaprad gardaiqmna~ (gaCeCilaZe 1957:280).

Tavad miTis warmoqmna ganapiroba adamianis dauokebelma survilma

samyaroSi arsebul movlenaTa axsnisa da gaazrebisa. marTebulad SeniSnavs

mklevari manana xidaSeli: `miTologiis warmoSoba cxovrebam ganapiroba.

adamianis winaSe man daayena samyaros axsnis, misi garkveuli gaazrebis

aucilebloba. amis Semdeg Camoyalibda miTi, rogorc samyaroze adamianis

SexedulebaTa sistema, rogorc azrovnebis wesi~ (xidaSeli 2001:41).

miTologia yovelTvis cdilobda, aexsna cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,

moexdina samyaros Taviseburi modelireba, gamxdariyo samyarosa da TviT

adamianis Taviseburi interpretatori.

qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli mcire zomis

legendebi, romlebic mogviTxroben, Tu rogor gaaCina RmerTma zeca da

xmeleTi, rogor SemouWira miwas Tavisi Zlieri xelebi da mTebi, xeobebi,

zRvebi da mdinareebi warmoqmna. RmerTma Seqmna, agreTve, mnaTobebi, misi

brZanebiT unaTebs adamians dRisiT mze da RamiT mTvare. mzisa da mTvaris

saxeebi farTo asaxvas poulobs qarTul xalxur poeziaSic. isini

personificirebulni arian. mzeca da mTvarec qarTuli warmarTuli

RvTaebebia. imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel maTgans aniWebda qarTveli xalxi

upiratesobas, qarTvel mecnierebs sxvadasxva mosazreba aqvT. iv.

javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom `mze qarTvelebs ise ar swamdaT, rogorc _

mTvare.~ qarTvelebis warmarTobisdroindeli mTavari kerpi _ armazi

swored mTvaris RvTaebaa. mTvaris dRed orSabaTi (TuTaSxa) iyo miCneuli.

am dRes uqmobdnen; mTvaris RvTaebis pativsacemad gansakuTrebuli

ritualebi sruldeboda _ zvarakis Sewirva, qadagad dacema da sxva. xalxi

mTvaris gavlenas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, xSirad winaswarmetyvelebasac

da avadmyofobasac mis gavlenas miawerdnen. magaliTad, megrelebi ymawvilis

sicxianobisa da bodvis dros ambobdnen, `TuTaSxa~ aqvso, rac `mTvaris

avadmyofobas~, `momTvarvas~ niSnavs (javaxiSvili, 1960: 50).

viqtor nozaZe ar eTanxmeba akad. iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebas imis

Sesaxeb, TiTqos mTvaris RvTaeba mzis RvTaebaze Zveli iyos. misi azriT,

145

mzisa da mTvaris Tayvaniscema paralelurad iyo gavrcelebuli, Tumca

pirveli adgili mainc mzes ekava. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ pirvelad mze aris

naxsenebi: ìqmnes mzisa da mTvarisa da varskvlavTa sxuaTa~ (nozaZe 1959:163).

mkvlevari Tvlis, rom wm. giorgi mzis kultis gamoxatulebaa.

mklevari revaz siraZec iziarebs v. nozaZis azrs da miiCnevs, rom:

`qarTvelebis RmerTi iyo mze. qarTvelebs sparselebma moaxvies Tavs armazi,

Tumca bevri qarTveli ufro xSirad mzes ficulobda, mzisa ufro swamdaT.

armazic mzis qveSevrdomad CaTvales da amitomac ufro daiaxloves~ (siraZe

1982:19). unda aRiniSnos, rom mze da mTvare qristianul religiaSi qristes

orbunebnobas gamoxatavs: mze _ RvTaebrivs, mTvare _ kacebrivs (nozaZe

1959:163). amasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs, rom

eklesiis gumbaTze aRmarTuli jvari, romelic naxevarmTvares eyrdnoba,

mimaniSnebelia jvarze gakvrisas qristes kacebrivi bunebis sikvdilze

(baqraZe 2000:191).

mzesa da mTvares Soris pirvelobisTvis paeqrobam asaxva hpova qarTul

xalxur poeziaSi da sazRapro eposSic. es motivi sainteresod gamoiyena g.

SatberaSvilma leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~, romelsac epigrafad

wamZRvarebuli aqvs dialoguri formis cnobili xalxuri miTologiuri

leqsis striqonebi _ `naTelma mTvarema brZana, bevriT me vjobivar mzesa~.

zogi mkvlevris azriT, or mnaTobs Soris davaSi Cans matriarqatidan

patriarqatze gadasvlis mtkivneuli procesi.

g. SatberaSvilis leqsis (`mze, mTvare da qari~) siuJeti zRapris

principiTaa agebuli; rac Seexeba mis Sinaarss, igi mraval msgavsebas

avlens xalxur leqsTan `mze da mTvare~. orive maTganis mixedviT,

gadidgulebuli mTvare mzis adgilis dakavebas, e. i. pirvelobas,

moindomebs, uxmobs qars da samzeoSi wasvlas ubrZanebs, Tanac daabarebs:

`_de, icodes, oms vucxadeb, Seyrili myavs ukve jari~ (gv. 243).

mTvaris davalebiT SeSfoTebuli qari, `muxlmodrekiT mzis win mdgari~,

cdilobs ambis mitanas ise, rom Tavi aaridos uzenaesi RvTaebis risxvas,

radgan ìcis, mefis survils mosdevs~ `xan dari da xan avdari~.

146

mzisa da mTvaris Zalebis WidilSi saboloo gamarjveba mzes xvdeba

wilad. misi cecxlis enebi da elvis svetebi maleve gahfantaven mTvaris

laSqars _ Rrublebs, varskvlavebs, ciskars. mere ki TiToeul maTgans

mkacr ganaCens gamoutans. yvelaze mkacri sasjeli wilad xvda mTvares,

rogorc mtrobisa da SfoTianobis moTaves:

dReis iqiT daebedos _ damcirdes da iwyos kleba,

gaxdes, javriT dailios, gamkiTxavi ara hyavdes,

cerodena biWunebis saTamaSo namgals hgavdes (gv. 245-250).

rogorc vxedavT, g. SatberaSvilis leqsis Tanaxmad, mze yovlisSemZle

RvTaebaa, romelic akanonebs movaleobebs, samoqmedo ares, moqmedebis dros,

fizikur SesaZleblobebs. igi ganagebs TiToeulis beds, anu qmnis da

amkvidrebs sakuTar kanonebs samyaros samarTavad. leqsSi mze ganasaxierebs

keTil, naTel Zalas, romelic amarcxebs borotebas, mTvaris saxeSi

gancxadebuls. borotebis safuZveli Suria, romelic mravalmxriv aris

dagmobili qarTul zepirsityvierebaSic. erTi xalxuri nakvesi

mogviTxrobs: ufalma uTxra erT kacs:L – yevari xari Sen unda mogce da

uReli Sens mezobelsao. kacma miugo: _ ufalo, oRond Cems mezobels nuras

miscem da mec araferi mindao (xalxuri sibrZne 1965:320).

sikeTisa da borotebis Widili, romelic umeteswilad sikeTis

gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba, is ZiriTadi problemaa, romlis fonzec ikiTxeba

zRapris mTavari idea _ borotebis dRemokleoba da sikeTis maradiuloba,

rac ganapirobebs swored zRapris mimzidvelobas. zRaparSi borotisa da

keTilis Widili mudam ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba. es Widili

yvelaze mZafrad jadosnur zRaparSia gadmocemuli da misi Seswavlis

formulac mSvidobisa da gamarjvebis rwmenas gamoxatavs. amasTan erTad,

gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi momenti, romlis Sesaxebac marTebulad SeniSnavs

mklevari T. SioSvili: `Cveni erovnuli sazRapro eposis saukeTeso nimuSebi

mudam sikeTis samsaxurs qadagebda, gmobda borotebasa da saukuneTa

siRrmidan mohqonda sikeTis cxovelmyofeli marcvali, romelsac

yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi fereba da gaRviveba unda~ (SioSvili 2002:24).

147

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsic `mze, mTvare da qari~ sikeTis gamarjvebis

rwmeniT aris nasazrdoebi. sikeTe mzis saxeSia gacxadebuli, romelic

amarcxebs samyaroSi qaosis Setanis msurvel SuriT gaborotebul mTvares.

miTebSi qaosuri situaciis Seqmna borot Zalebs miewereba. amasTan

dakavSirebiT i. forternouzi aRniSnavs, rom miTebSi warmodgenili qaosi

demonebiT avsebuli uwesrigo masis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. kosmosis

Seqmna da masTan erTad aucilebli wesrigis damkvidreba qaosis

damarcxebamde miuRweveli iyo, amitom qaoss ufro xSirad drakoni

ganasaxierebda. mas qveyanaze wesrigis damamkvidrebeli RvTaeba unda

dapirispireboda; igi unda yofiliyo axali wesrigis damfuZnebeli

(forternouzi 1980:219).

saanalizo leqsSi drakonis adgils mTvare ikavebs. mTvaris borot

arsebad xatvis TvalsazrisiT garkveul gamoZaxils vxvdebiT erT xalxur

miTopoetur leqs-simReraSi `...zecas viyav~, romelic mnaTobTa kultis

kvals atarebs:

zecas viyav, zeca vnaxe, varsklavebic davinaxe,

mTvarem kaci momigzavna, Tu aq iyav, rad ar mnaxe.

Seni SiSiT, moridebiT, ver movedi da ver gnaxe.

(xalxuri sibrZne 1965: 75)

rogorc vxedavT, mTvare am xalxur leqs-simReraSic borot arsebad

iTvleba, romelsac eridebian, misi eSiniaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom es arqauli

leqsi SemorCenilia TurqeTis respublikaSi, ordus guberniaSi, mcxovreb

qarTvel muhajirTa zepirsityvierebaSic. 2012 wlis 4 ivliss prof. Tina

SioSvilma sof. CaqalfinarSi mcxovrebi 87 wlis xasan ieldrimisagan

(niJaraZe) Caiwera am leqsis Semdegi varianti:

zecas viyav, zeca vnaxe, varsklavebsac devenaxve,

mTvarem kaci mimigzavna, maq Tu iyav, reiza ar mnaxe?

(`Woroxi~ 2012:95)

xalxur leqsSi `mTvare~ adamiani kategoriulad Txovs am mnaTobs,

gaecalos da imedovnebs, rom male ixilavs mas nisliT `daburvils~:

mTvarev, damcildi, tialo, gamSordi, gamecaleo,

148

ras damcqer gaxarebuli, sikvdili damacaleo.

Senc male gnaxav daburvils nisliT, dRes anu xvaleo.


xalxur masalebSi mze imdenad tabuirebuli ar aris, ramdenadac _

mTvare. mTvaris guneba cvalebadia. xalxuri rwmeniT, ganviTarebis fazebis

mixedviT mTvare sxvadasxva Tvisebas amJRavnebs. bevri ram ikrZaleba axali,

savse, gabadruli mTvaris dros, radgan miaCniaT, rom swored savse mTvaris

dros aRwevs misi magiurobis xarisxi umaRles wertils, amitomac

sameurneo-yofiTi Tu sarwmunoebrivi moqmedebebis reglamentireba amis

gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda.

uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, mTvaris uCinar fazasTan asocirdeba sikvdili.

`mTvarea adamianis sikvdilTan SemaerTebeli. igi gansaxierebaa aracnobieri

wyvdiadisa, im Secdomebisa, romelic mzis gamoxatuli cnobierebis

gamonaTebamde iyo daSvebuli~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006:146).

qarTvelTa rwmeniT, mTvaris fazebs adamianze cudi zemoqmedebis

moxdenac SeuZlia, rasac cxadad gamoxatavs sityva `mTvareuli~. ZvelTagan

sjerodaT, rom mTvare amZafrebs nebismier fsiqikur moSlilobas.

mTvarisadmi gansakuTrebuli SiSi garkveul akrZalvebs iwvevs orSabaT

(`TuTaSxa~) dRes. megrelTa rwmeniT, TuTaSxa dRes samgzavrod wasvla

arasasurvelia, arc saxlidan raimes gacema SeiZleba _ arc sanaTxovrod,

arc saCuqrad, arc gasayidad, Torem mTvare ganrisxdeba da baraqa,

dovlaTi, simdidre daekargeba saxls. xalxis rwmeniT, axali mTvare rom

gamoCndeba, aucileblad xeli unda gaiSviro misken, an rkinis fuli an

oqro unda uCveno, baraqa rom ar mogaklos.

axali mTvaris danaxvisas qarTvelebi warmoTqvamdnen sagalobels,

swamdaT ra, rom, rogorsac dainaxavda maT axali mTvare, imgvarad

gaatarebdnen mTel Tves. mTvareze iyo damokidebuli adamianis bedi:

mTvare vnaxe nebaze, Cvensa gaxarebaze!

_ mTvarev, ra mogvitane? _ Tavi mTeli, guli mTeli,

xelnaqmari xvavrieli, Cemi namzad-narigebi

miwis uxvavrielesi, Taflis ugemrielesi (WeliZe 2008:86).

149

warmarTulma mTvaris RvTaebam, Tavisi Rrma kvali daaCnia qarTvelTa

rwmena_warmodgenebs. Mmis saxelze iberiaSi taZaric ki augiaT. Mmefis

Semdgom yvelaze ufro pativcemul kacad is iTvleba, vinc taZars

emsaxureba (javaxiSvili 1960:50).

mravali xalxis miTologiaSi mTvare Ramis mzedac iwodeboda. qarTul

miTologiaSi mTvare mzis erT-erTi Tvalia, romelic odesRac anaTebda.

magram Semdgom dabnelda: cxraTvala mzes vaJma esrola mSvild-isari da

cali Tvali wauxdina, àmis mere qveynis naxevari bnelSia gaxveuli~


rac Seexeba mzes, igi sicocxlis, mSvidobisa da sixarulis simbolod

moazreba g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi da am TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebas ar

amJRavnebs mzis miTologiur gagebasTan:

gabrwyinebul cis darbazSi, mSvidobis da cecxlis droSiT,

mihqris didi mbrZanebeli, dgas laJvardze oqros qoSiT,

dgas maradis sixaruli Tavisufal samzeoSi (gv. 205).

mze qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi uzenaes RvTaebad iTvleboda.

xalxur zRaprebsa da leqsebSi igi personificirebulia da xan mdedrobiTi,

xan mamrobiTi sqesiTaa warmodgenili. misi naxvac SeiZleba da gasaubrebac,

oRond winaswar unda icodes, raTa Tavis oqros sasaxleSi misuli

mzeWabuki ar dawvas. mzesTan faskunjiT, irmis rqebiT an bilikiT adian.

uamravi sagalobeli miuZRvnia qarTvel kacs mzisadmi. maT saintereso

analizs gvTavazobs mkvlevari gizo WeliZe wignSi `qarTuli miTopoezia~

(WeliZe 2008:73-79). uZvelesi miTosuri sagaloblis `liles~ gverdiT

mkvlevari ganixilavs saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebul leqs-

sagalobels `mzeo, amodi~, romelsac sagalobel-savedreblis Janrs

akuTnebs im mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa azriTac es leqsi

sagazafxulo-sadReobo sagalobelia. amave naSromSi g. WeliZe cdilobs

miTosuri leqs-sagaloblis _ `mze dedaa Cemi~ _ Seqmnis periodis dadgenas

da uSvebs varauds, rom, radgan leqsi Tavisi miTosuri SinaarsiT

matriarqaluri semantikisaa da misi mTavari lirikuli personaJebi _ deda

da mama _ winareqarTveluri nomenklaturis sityvebad Canan, SesaZlebelia

150

vivaraudoT, rom `mze dedaa Cemi~ me-3 aTaswleulis droindeli leqs-

sagalobelia~.

miTosuri simRerebidan mogvyolia dideba mzisa, yinviT damzralTac

mzis dideba uTqvamT, samSoblodan gadakargulTac mzis vedreba

aRmoxdeniaT. mze savedrebelTa maradiuli adresati yofila, maradiuli

STamagonebeli poetisa. `mis mzeTa mzisa mTiebo, vikargvi bnelis RamiTa~ _

aRmoxdenia daviT guramiSvils.

giorgi SatberaSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad xatavs mzis amosvlis

mxatvrul suraTebs. yovel maTganSi mze personificirebulia:

... Tendeba, Tendeba... saocar kaSkaSiT

mze isev gamoCnda, mze isev icinis (gv. 20).

* * *

mze wamomdgara mTebidan diliT,

barbaciT aRwevs samzeo wertils (gv. 23).

* * *

xes SerCenia wveTebi wvimis,

ukve mzis Tvali barbacebs cidan (gv. 63).

mze universaluri RvTaebaa. igi yvelgan da yvelaferSia:

yvela sxeulSi da yvela nivTSi,

balaxSi, xeSi da wvimis wveTSi,

axlad wamosul Tovlis fantelSi

misi sxivebi dafarfateben...

axlad amosul mindvris yvavilSi

zis andamati da mzes izidavs,

mebaduriviT mzis sxivebs iWers (gv. 279).

adamianebSi gansakuTrebulad mZafria mzis mobrZanebis survili.

sikeTisa da siTbos momlodine qarTveli odiTgan evedreboda am uzenaes

RvTaebas: `mzeo, amodi, amodi, nu efarebi gorasao..~ g. SatberaSvilis ara

erTi leqsi am paTosiTaa savse. mis poemaSi `zafxulis Ramis qronika~ ismis

mzisadmi miZRvnili poetis simRera. mas Rrmad swams, rom mze yvelaferSia.

gulsac aqvs Tavisi mze _ siyvaruli. moTxrobaSi `tyis Zaxili” igi wers:

151

`galxveba Tu ara yinuli, Zalas moicems Tu ara mze, adamianis gulic

TiTqos kans icvlis, axlad gamosuli kvirtiviT cdilobs gamomRerebas da

ayvavilebas... gulis mze siyvarulia. siyvaruli zrdis da acocxlebs guls~

(SatberaSvili 1982:190).

sicocxlis, sikeTis wyarod moiazreba mze araerT xalxur leqsSi.

mnaTobTan dabarebuli mexre, romelsac evaleba mzesa da mTvares Soris

arCevani gaakeTos, ambobs: ` _ me umzeoda ver gavZleb, RamiT ki gavtexav

bnelsa~ (xalxuri... 1965:399).

mze marto lirikuli gmiri araa, mze xalxur eposSic aqtiurad

gvxvdeba. mzis mxatvruli saxis SemuSaveba qarTul folklorSi

miTologiuri poeziis ganviTarebis pirvelsave safexurze daiwyo. am

siZveleze miuTiTebs swored `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Cawerili leonti

mrovelis Semdegi sityvebi: `daiviwyes RmerTi dambadebeli maTi da iqmnes

msaxuri mzisa da mTovarisa da varsklavTa da varsklavTa sxvaTa.~

mze sicocxlis wyaroa imereTSi Caweril erT zRaparSic, romlis

Tanaxmadac, dRisiT mkvdari da RamiT mRviZari vaJis gacocxleba mzis piris

nabaniT aris SesaZlebeli (xalxuri sityviereba 1918:4). mzis piris nabaniT

gacocxlebis motivi gvxvdeba zRaparSi èdemis yvavili~: devisagan devnili

qali eklesiaSi Sexvdeba mefiswuls, romelic dRisiT mkvdaria da RamiT

cocxali. qali mzis dedasTan midis daxmarebis saTxovnelad. dedam xel-

piri dabana mzes da nabani qals misca, romelic dRisiTac daubrunebs

sicocxles mefiswuls (qarTuli... 1951:199-200).

mzesTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad midis misi umcrosi qaliSvilis qmaric,

romelic, Suriani mefisgan Seviwroebuli, simamrTan wasvlas gadawyvets da

samzeosken mimaval gzas daadgeba. mze, miuxedavad imisa rom nawyenia siZeze

umcrosi qaliSvilis motacebis gamo, mainc exmareba gansacdelSi Cavardnil

vaJs (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1951:101-102).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul sazRapro eposSi mze sikeTisa da sicocxlis

wyaroa, amitomac, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi daxmarebis

saTxovnelad Tamamad midian am keTil RvTaebasTan. rac Seexeba gmiris

152

swrafvas mzis, mTvaris, da saerTod bunebis movlenebisadmi, igi cnobilia

msoflios TiTqmis yvela xalxis zepirsityvierebaSi.

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~ xalxuri leqsis _

`mze da mTvare~ _ msgavsad, mze qalia, xolo mTvare _ kaci. xalxur leqsSi

vkiTxulobT:

mzes rom kaci miuvida, mze Zalian gajavrdesa:

_ me da var da is Zma aris, rad vZuldebiT erTmaneTsa?!

(xalxuri... 1965:399)

g. SatberaSvili mTvares `gasiebul devkacs~ adarebs, mzis qalurobis

gamosakveTad ki aTasgvar samkauls iSveliebs da Zvirfasi feradi qvebiT

kazmavs naTel RvTaebas: `fexT acvia oqros qoSi, moqargula misi mkerdi

zurmuxtiT da turfa TvaliT~ (gv. 245).

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom mzesTan Zvirfasi Tvlebis dakavSireba

SemTxveviTi ar aris. mnaTobebTan oqros, vercxlis, brolis, zurmuxtis da

sxva qvaTa simbolur kavSirs uxsovar droSi eZebneba saTave. pirvelyofili

adamiani mnaTobebs Zvirfas Tvlebad aRiqvamda da cis samkaulebad

miiCnevda. miTologiuri tradiciiT, Zvirfasi qvebi, gansakuTrebiT ki oqro,

mzis atributebia. amis Taobaze mklevari qs. sixaruliZe SeniSnavs: `qalebs,

romlebic mzes ansaxiereben, oqros Tmebi aqvT, es aris mzis sxivebis

simbolo. hindur laSmas, germanel freas, slavur zarnicas da sxvas oqros

Tmebi aqvT. berZnuli heliosi (mze) oqrosTmiania. oqrosmTesavi qaliSvili

_ mzis simboloa~ (sixaruliZe 1958:291). giorgi SatberaSvili samzeos

suraTis dasaxatavad gansakuTrebiT uxvad iyenebs oqros fers:

zis maradis mbrZanebeli gaSuqebul samzeoSi,

Tavze dasdis oqros wvima, fexT acvia oqros qoSi (gv. 245).

marTalia, saanalizo leqsis mixedviT, mze _ qalia, xolo mTvare _ kaci,

magram Cveulebriv xalxur TqmulebebSi, zRaprebSi Tu leqsebSi mzeca da

mTvarec orive sqesiT arian warmodgenilni. savsebiT veTanxmebi mkvlevar

rezo siraZis mosazrebas: `mzis gaRmerTebis istoriaSi unda gamoiyos ori

safexuri. mnaTobTa gaRmerTeba matriarqatidan iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad mze

qal-RvTaebad miiCneva. patriarqatma axali RvTaeba _ mTvare gaakulta,

153

rogorc mamri-RvTaebis saxe. am dros mze RvTaebaTa xomlis meore wevri

gaxda, amitom ar unda iyos marTebuli epoqaTa diferenciaciis gareSe

qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebad gamovacxadoT an mTvare an mze. saqme isaa, Tu

rodis romlis kulti gamodis wina planze. folklorul da eTnografiul

wyaroebSi daleqilia sxvadasxva epoqaTa Sreebi, amitomaa, rom am

monacemebiT xan mTvaris upiratesoba Cans da xan _ mzis~ (siraZe 1977:41).

zRaparSi `sizmari” orive mnaTobi qalis saxiTaa warmodgenili. vaJi,

romelic sizmars naxulobs `mze iqeT midga, mTvare aqeT, Suq-varsklavi

xel-pirs mabanebdao~, or cols SeirTavs _ mzesa da mTvares; zRaparSi

`xelmwifis Svili~ xelmwifis rZali Sobs mze _ vaJsa da mTvare _ qals~

(saxokia 1909:35). svanuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, mze da mTvare Zmebi arian.

mnaTobebi Zmebi arian osuri zRapris _ `mze da mTvare~ _ mixedviTac.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul xalxur zRaparSi samyaros Seqmnis erTgvari

versiaa mocemuli _ adamianebis gaCena qveyanaze mzis Sobas ukavSirdeba.

swored igia ciskris varsklavis pirveli Ze, romelic jadosnuri sarkis

meSveobiT samudamod daimkvidrebs mTavari RvTaeba-mnaTobis adgils

samyaroSi. zRaparSi sarke mzis mTavari atributia.

mzis ganuSorebel atributad saxeldeba sarke giorgi SatberaSvilis

leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~. swored sarkis meSveobiT adevnebs Tvalyurs

samyaros gamgebeli RvTaeba qveyanaze mimdinare ambebs.

mzesTan erTad, g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi adamianTa bedis

ganmsazRvrelni varskvlavebi arian. miTologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT,

adamianTa bedis garigebis saqmeSi yvelaze metad varskvlavebi

monawileoben. yoveli adamianis saxelobis varskvlavi caze anTia da misi

cxovrebis gansazRvraSi udides rols TamaSobs, misi dabneleba, gaqroba an

caze gadaadgileba ubedurebis niSania. g. SatberaSvilis rwmeniTac,

varskvlavebiT moWedili ca ucnobwarwerebian pergaments waagavs,

maradisobis saidumloCateuls:

es varskvlavebi dafarul bedze

ucnob warwerebs unda niSnavdes.

da me vkiTxulob cis pergamentze

154

maradisobis upaniSadebs~ (gv. 62).

varskvlavs giorgi SatberaSvilTan mistikuri datvirTva aqvs. igi

idumalebiT moculi mnaTobia, romelsac erTgvari ridi da SiSi aqvs mzisa,

grZnobs ra mis upiratesobas:

gatydeba Rame... alvis xis rtoni

pirvel simReras ityvian mzeze

da varskvlavebi zecis mxatvrobiT

qveynad mzis mosvlas Seicxadeben! (gv. 62)

varskvlavTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ciskars uWiravs; igi cis

mnaTobTa triadis wevria: mze _ mTvare _ ciskari. qarTul xalxur poeziaze

dakvirvebam mkvlevari b. mosia daarwmuna, rom zog satrfialo leqsSi

ciskris varskvlavi bunebiT moseirnea (mosia 2006:117). swored amitom qalis

mimoxvra xSirad ciskris movlinebasTanaa Sedarebuli: `seirnoba mogixdeba

ciskris amosvlasaviTa~ (qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba 1975:76). ciskris

varskvlavis bunebis es detali moxdenilad gamoiyena g. SatberaSvilma

leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~. moqiSpe mTvaris samsaxurSi Camdgar

varskvlavebze ganawyenebuli mze ciskris varskvlavis misamarTiT brZanebs:

maT ufros das _ lamaz ciskars sxva sasjeli gaumzadeT.

hkaT panRuri, udroo dros xetiali aukrZaleT! (gv. 245-250)

calkea aRsaniSni giorgi SatberaSvilis is nawarmoebebi, romlebsac

legenduri siuJetis safuZvelze agebs mwerali. am TvalsazrisiT

saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens moTxroba `Savi Rilebi~, romelic mweralma

mesxuri legendis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmna.

eposis am uZvelesi saxisadmi interesi Semoqmedma TvalnaTliv gamoxata

kvleviTi xasiaTis werilSi `kavTa~: `me legendis Tesli momwons, ki ar

momwons, mjera. minda am marcvalze avaRorZino daviwyebuli sinamdvile~

(SatberaSvili 1982:505).

mwerali ar Ralatobs sakuTar mosazrebas da moTxroba `Savi Rilebis~

(SatberaSvili 1982:127-140). werisas swored legendis marcvalze

gacocxlebuli sinamdvilis principiT sargeblobs; legendiT moculi

tragikuli siyvarulis fonze xatavs mwerali arsebul istoriul

155

realobas, saqarTvelos warsulis bedukuRmarT xanas. Tavad legendis

specifikac xom amaSi mdgomareobs _ gaacocxlos da zRaprul ferebSi

dagvixatos romelime istoriuli movlena, mogviTxros fantastikuri

warsuli adamianebis, mcenareebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

qarTul xalxur legendaTa didi nawili didaqtikuri xasiaTisaa. jer

kidev eklesia cdilobda, gamoeyenebina igi religiuri agitaciis mizniT.

TviT saxelwodeba `legendac” religiuri warmoSobisaa da laTinurad

sakiTxavs an wasakiTxavs niSnavs, e. i. imas, rac qristianuli eklesiis

xelmZRvanelTa miTiTebiT unda wakiTxuliyo RvTismsaxurebis dros.

Semdgom xanebSi legendebSi gulisxmobdnen zRapruli xasiaTis moTxrobebs.

marTalia, legendis saxeldeba qristianuli Sinaarsisaa, magram legenduri

gadmocemebi gvxvdeba ufro adreul epoqebSi (legenda budas Sesaxeb).

legendebi Seicaven siuJetebs, romlebic mkiTxvelSi gancvifrebas, SiSs,

saswaulebisadmi rwmenas iwvevdnen. amitomac maT gamoyenebas literaturaSi

yovelTvis hqonda gansakuTrebuli datvirTva. msgavsi TvalsazrisiT agebs

giorgi SatberaSvili Tavis moTxrobas mesxuri legendis safuZvelze.

legendisa da sinamdvilis sinTezis gziT Seqmnili tragikuli siyvarulis

istoria namdvilad axdens mkiTxvelze dauviwyar STabeWdilebas.

XVI saukunis saqarTvelos politikuri situacia _ osmalTa batonobis

umZimesi wlebi, gamahmadianebuli samcxe-saaTabago, gauqmebuli taZrebi,

dangreuli eklesiebi, Sebilwuli jvrebi da xatebi _ moTxrobaSi

lakonurobiTa da saocari gulistkiviliT aris daxatuli. aq araferia

Selamazebuli. 1590 wlis iran-osmaleTis zaviT mTeli samcxe-saaTabago

osmaleTs ergo. saqarTvelos umZimesi xana daudga. mis uZveles kuTxes

gadaSenebis safrTxe daemuqra. daiwyo qristianuli religiis masobrivi

devna, ingreoda eklesiebi da maT adgilas meCeTebi Sendeboda. TurqeTis

mier danergili samiwaTmoqmedo wesebis Tanaxmad, miwa SeiZleboda hqonoda

mxolod imas, vinc mahmadiani iyo da sulTnis samsaxurSi imyofeboda.

glexoba masobrivad tovebda soflebs. dacarialda 30-ze meti sofeli

(`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris” mixedviT) gaukacrielebul

adgilebSi Turqebma daiwyes araqarTvelTa Camosaxleba.

156

aseT pirobebSi Zalian Zneli iyo qristianuli religiisa da erovnulobis

propaganda. mxolod gamorCeuli gambedaobisa da mtkice rwmenis adamianebi

Tu axerxeben amas. erT-erTi maTgani moTxrobis gmiri baram-gurjia. igi,

momajadoebeli xmisa da gulSiCamwvdomi simReris wyalobiT, axerxebs

gadagvarebul qarTvelebSi miZinebuli erovnuli suliskveTebis gaRviZebas.

`misi simRera erTnairad ajadoebs didsa Tu pataras, mcenaresa Tu

frinvels. mesxeTSi am Wabukis gamoCenis Semdeg ucnauri xma irxeoda. zogi

mis saocar xmas kvirobda, jadosnur simReras uqebda. zogs

gulTamxilvelad miaCnda es uwveruli gadamTieli. qarTlSi baramis

saxeliT cnobils, mecixovne Turqebma da gaTurqebulma qarTvelebma baram-

gurji Searqves. mwyemsebma da qaliSvilebma guliT Seiyvares da

daiZmobiles~.

baram-gurji begis qaliSvils _ fiqrias Seuyvarda. man Sehfica vaJs, rom

qarTlSi masTan erTad gaiqceoda da qristes rjulsac daubrundeboda.

qal-vaJis siyvaruls mrisxane begi, rasakvirvelia, aRSfoTebiT Sexvda. mas

isedac ar siamovnebda `mis samflobeloSi ucxo yaribis xetiali, romlis

momxiblavi simRera gaTaTrebuli qarTvelebis miZinebul gulebs

afxizlebda da deda-saqarTvelosadmi rwmenas aRuZravda~.

begis veraguli gegma, romelic baram-gurjis fizikur da moralur

ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad, iqca siyvarulis tragediad da legendis

saTaved. begma sasaxleSi miiwvia Seyvarebuli vaJi da xalxis win mdgar

gafiTrebul satrfos simReris saSualebiT TeTr movis perangze cameti

Rilis Sexsna ubrZana. `mReroda baram-gurji da xmaSi deda-saqarTvelos

iav-nana ismoda, dakargul Svilebs uxmobda, uyvavebda... guTnisdeda mexreebs

amxnevebda, omaxiT aimedebda... mTesveli marcvals xnulSi fantavda, ukan

mfarcxavi misdevda, guldagul farcxavda, momavals imedis TvaliT

umzerda. ismoda sveticxovlisa da sionis zarTa guguni. Rilebi ar

ixsnebodnen. mainc mReroda baram-gurji, vidre ukanaskneli bgerac ar

Seeyina mis bages. SeZrwunebulma fiqriam daniT ganigmira Tavi.

siyvarulis am tragikul istorias bevrad ufro romantikuli dasasruli

mouZebna xalxma. igi legendisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fantastikuri

157

detalebiT datvirTa da ukvdavyo. tragikulSi aris raRac esTetikuric. am

SemTxvevaSi esTetikuri is grZnobaa, romelmac bolomde moralurad

gautexav baram-gurjs ukanaskneli simRera aTqmevina da begis asuls

erTgulebis gamosaxatavad ukiduresi nabiji gadaadgmevina. es grZnoba

namdvilad imsaxurebs galegendebas: `baram-gurji mReroda. ara, es simReris

xma ar iyo. es sanatreli wvimis xma iyo, gvalvis dros mosuli wvimis xma.

damZimebul RrublebSi quxili ismoda, saavdrod gamzadebuli Wabukis guli

mReroda, Tvalebi elvis naperwklebs afrqvevdnen. anazdad gaCenili cecxli

jer guls moedo. Semdeg cecxlis enebad iqca da baram-gurjs waekida.

cecxlmodebuli Wabuki mainc mReroda. rodesac cecxlis enebi da kvamli

gaifanta, fiqriam erTi muWa ferfliRa dainaxa. Tavzardacemuli qali

muxlisTavebze daeca, CurCulebda da gaSlili TmebiT agrovebda baram-

gurjis ferfls. Wabukis ferflSi darCenili erTi naperwkali mietana,

miwvda fiqrias gaSlil Tmebs, Caexvia, cecxlad moedo da isic ferflad

iqca. sadRac baram-gurjis qedani gaCnda. SeyvarebulTa ferfls samjer

Semoura, kamara Sekra da CrdiloeTisken gafrinda, rom deda qarTlSi

gadaetana am ori umanko gulis ambavi. uceb xerTvisis xeobidan

amovardnilma qarma dahqrola, begis sasaxlis ezoSi SeiWra, SeyvarebulTa

ferfli moxveta, haerSi daatriala, gaitaca da Zveli mesxeTis midamoebs

mohfina~, _ aseTia legenda am ucnauri siyvarulisa.

sulieri msxveplSewirviT ibadeba xalxuri simRera, `momRerali

simRerisagan fizikurad daiwvis da satrfo, romelsac umReroda, ferflis

gvas iwyebs TmebiT. ferflSi cecxlis naperwkali kidev yofila, qalis Tmas

moedeba da isic zed daiferfleba~ (kotetiSvili 1961:315).

es legenda miTologiuri azrovnebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. cecxli

qarTul sinamdvileSi mzesaviT Semoqmed Zalad iTvleboda; cecxlis

ganmwmendi Zalac misi mziuri bunebis mimaniSnebelia; mzec TavisTavad

ganmwmendia. qalis cecxlmodebuli Tma (mzis sxivebi), romliTac satrfos

ferfli moagrova, ganasaxierebs maT sulier kavSirs, samudamo erTobas

miRmur, zeciur samyaroSi.

158

nebayoflobiTi msxverplSewirva amaRlebulis esTetikur ideals badebs.

nebayoflobiTia satrfos simReraSi momRerlis ferfladqceva, iseve,

rogorc _ Tavganwirva dalisa. `civilizebuli miTologiis kulturuli

donis maniSnebeli unda iyos msxverplSewirva iseTi miznisTvis, romelsac

sxvisTvisac moaqvs sikeTe da uSualod msxverplis mimtanisTvisac. amgvari

msxverlSewirvis unari mas magiur Zalad mieTvleba da Cveulebriv

adamianebze aamaRlebs. aseTia miTologiuri gza amaRlebulis esTetikur

idealTan miaxloebisa~ (siraZe 1977:39).

cecxlmokidebuli mijnuris saxe Zlieri siyvarulis simboloa.

sazogadod cecxli uZvelesi mxatvruli saxea da Setolebulia

siyvarulTan (siyvaruli _ sinaTle, dRe, cecxli, mze).

qarTul xalxur lirikaSi mravali magaliTi mogvepoveba, sadac

cecxlis saxe gamoyenebulia swored aseTi mniSvnelobiT. erTi xalxuri

leqsis mixedviT, vaJi ase mimarTavs qals:

cxelma niavma damqrola, gzad Senken damatriala,

guls cecxli Semomeyara da Calad amabriala.


g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSi xalxuri poeziisaTvis nacnobi kidev

erTi mxatvruli saxe iqcevs yuradRebas: esaa mravalRiliani movis perangi,

romelic satrfialo lirikaSi araiSviaTad metaforuli epiTetis

datvirTviT gvxvdeba:

Sen Cemo dido imedo, koSko, nagebo kiriTa,

kaxeTs moWrilo isaro, qalaqs naRebo iniTa!

wiTelo movis perango, Svidgan Sekrulo RiliTa,

SenTanamc yofniT gamaZRo, SenTanamc wola-ZiliTa!


moTxrobaSi `Savi Rilebi~ movis perangis wiTel ferebs TeTri

enacvleba, xolo sakralur Svids _ idumali cameti. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

ZvelTaZvel warmodgenas da 13-s borotebis momtan ricxvad miviCnevT, maSin

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom TeTr movis perangze cameti Savi Rilis dakereba

erTgvari miniSnebaa gardauvali tragikuli dasasrulisa. unda aRiniSnos,

159

rom qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi TeTri sudaris feria, romelic gvxvdeba

SavTan da wiTelTan monacvleobaSi:

_ gverdiT hqonda TeTri tilo, netav, deda, rao?

_ Svilo, Seni sudaraa, vah, Sen dedasao!

(umikaSvili 1964:186)

v. nozaZis azriT, TeTri feri glovisa da umankoebis niSania (nozaZe

2004:102). g.SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSic baram-gurjis TeTri perangi

mianiSnebs am gmiris Sinagan umankoebasa da sispetakeze.

moTxrobaSi `Savi Rilebi~ g. SatberaSvili sainteresod gvixatavs

orgvar ganzomilebas _ realursa da legendurs, Tumc mwerali ar mijnavs

erTmaneTisgan am or samyaros, radgan miaCnia, rom legenda alamazebs

realobas, igia `xalxis simRera Seumusravi siyvarulisa. ase yofila

dasabamidan soflisa, ase iqneba dasasrulamde soflisa~ (SatberaSvili

1982:141).

amrigad, g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad vxvdebiT miTologiur-

zRapruli siuJeturi qargis gavleniT Seqmnil nawarmoebebs, romlebic erTi

mxriv, cxovelTa eposis, xolo meores mxriv mnaTobTa miTosis kvals

atareben da jadosnuri zRapris saxeebiTa da motivebiT arian

gamravlferovnebulni. poetis amgvari qmnilebani aRiqmeba poetizirebul

miTologiur nawarmoebebad. amavdroulad, mweralma, xalxur epikur Janrze

dayrdnobiT, axali ideebisa da cxovrebiseuli momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Tanamedrove literaturuli zRapris brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmna. legendis

siuJetisa da sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis Serwyma-SejerebiT ki kidev

ufro gaamravalferovna Tavisi literaturuli memkvidreoba.

160

Tavi mexuTe

miTologiuri saxe-simboloebi

simbolika Semoqmedebis mxatvruli xerxia da gulisxmobs kavSirs or

warmodgenas _ simbolosa da gasimboloebuls _ Soris. simbolika (berZ.

sym-bole Sekvra, SekavSireba) msgavsi niSniT msgavsi sagnis, movlenis an

ideis gamoxatvaa an monaTesave sagan-cnebaTa Seyra-SenivTeba (aristotele).

simbolika ganivrco da axali SinaarsiT Seimosa, mieca udidesi datvirTva

literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, filosofiaSi, religiaSi, ferisa da formis

cnebebSi. gansakuTrebiT didia roli simbolikisa miTologiaSi (gelovani

1983: 450).

simbolikis fesvebi saZiebelia pirvelyofil warmodgenebSi, roca

adamiani sicocxlis niSnebs mnaTobebSi, bunebis movlenebSi xedavda.

animisturi msoflmxedvelobiT, is movlenebi da obieqtebi, romlebic

moZraobdnen, energiisa da sicocxlis matareblebi iyvnen. Aam mosazrebis

dasasabuTeblad akademikosma a. n. veselovskim saintereso magaliTebi

moiyvana Tavis naSromSi `Историческая поэтика~, romelSic sicoc-

xlis niSnis matareblebad, cxovelebTan da mcenareebTan erTad,

dasaxelebulia mnaTobebi (veselovski 1940:130-133).

pirvelyofili adamiani cdilobda, misTvis ucnobi movlena aexsna

nacnobiT, amitom xalxur simbolikaSi aRbeWdilia sinamdvilidan aRebuli

STabeWdilebebi. `miTs gadavyavarT pirvelqmnis, e. w. miTiur, sawyis droSi,

roca xdeboda samyaros formireba. roca yvelaferi Tavis saxes, Tvisebas,

bunebas iZenda, roca iqmneboda pirveli sagnebi, dainTo pirveli koconi da

mis irgvliv Semomsxdarma primitiulma adamianebmac Tqves pirveli miTi, anu

pirveli sityva. miTi Seiqmna maSin, roca arqaulma adamianma Caidina pirveli

,,kargi~ Tu ,,cudi~ saqcieli, gadadga pirveli ,,swori~ Tu ,,mcdari~ nabiji,

saqcielma da nabijmac, swored imitom rom pirveli iyo, momdevno

TaobebisTvis paradigmis mniSvneloba SeiZina (maxaWaZe, 2005:146).

161

sinamdvilis specifiuri aRqma da gaazreba miTs gamoarCevs azrovnebis

yvela danarCeni sistemisagan. miTosuri warmodgenebi poeturi azrovnebis

ganviTarebis procesSi mxatvrul xerxebad _ simboloebad, epiTetebad,

metaforebad, Sedarebebad Camoyalibda.Mmkvlevari qsenia sixaruliZe

SeniSnavs: `simbolikaSi damalulia warsulis naSTebis amocnoba, rac, Tavis

mxriv saSualebas gvaZlevs, CavwvdeT im uxsovari drois saidumloebas,

roca foTlis Sriali, mdinaris xmauri, cis quxili, wvima da sxva aseTi

movlenebi sicocxlis niSnebis matareblad iyo miCneuli, roca

pirvelyofil adamians gulubryvilo rwmeniT gadahqonda bunebis

movlenebze adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi~ (sixaruliZe 1958:270).

mkvlevari xazs usvams, rom swored pirvelyofil warmodgenebSia saZebari

safuZveli zogi poeturi saxisa. uZveles rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli

gaigiveba_simbolo mogvianebiT damkvidrda metaforul azrovnebaSi. zogi

poeturi saxe uZvelesi rwmenisagan damoukideblad iSva metaforul

azrovnebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, paralelizmebi ise ar jgufdeba, TiTqos

erTni, Sedarebani cocxal arsebebTan, martivi azrovnebis Sedegi iyos,

xolo meoreni, Sedarebani stiqiur movlenebTan da sagnebTan, _

ganviTarebuli azrovnebis Sedegi (sixaruliZe 1976:5).

Aam problemasTan dakavSirebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs zviad gamsaxurdia:

`xatovani simboluri azrovneba, miTosuri cnobierebidan gamomdinare,

mxolod da mxolod primitiuli yofisaTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli.

cnebiTi azrovnebis, logikuri cnobierebis ganviTareba rodi spobs da

akninebs xatovani azrovnebis rols. piruku, simboluri azrovneba

evolucias ganicdis da yovel epoqaSi gvevlineba specifiuri,

ganumeorebeli formiT, romelSic airekleba am epoqebis religiuri,

miTosuri da xelovnebismieri memkvidreoba. Aaqedan gamomdinare, Tavad

xelovneba iwodeba simbolur enad, rac Seesabameba mis klasikur

gansazRvrebas _ `saxeebiT azrovnebas~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 23).

miTis simbolos miRma imaleba Rrma religiuri WeSmaritebebi,

romlebic, fr. kroiceris gamokvleviT, Seiryvnen da damaxinjdnen

warmarTul religiebSi da sabolood gamovlindnen da mTeli sicxadiT

162

aRorZindnen qristianobaSi (gamsaxurdia 1991:25). zogjer qristianul

azrovnebasac miTologiuri azrovnebis formad miiCneven. amas erTgvari

gamarTleba aqvs, magram Tu ar gaimijna `qristianuli miTologiis~

Taviseburebani warmarTuli miTologiisagan, aman SeiZleba migviyvanos

Tvalsazrisamde, romlis mixedviT, mTeli xelovneba saerTod

miTisqmnadobadaa miCneuli. Tumc miTologiuri warmodgenebi Zlier

gavlenas axdenda mTeli Semdegdroindeli qarTuli esTetikis

ganviTarebaze, maT Soris qristianulisac. Tavad qristianuli religiis

safuZvelia simbolo. Yyovelgvari filosofiur_Teologiuri idealebi

mniSvnelobas iZenen simboloebiT, àmitom veyrdnobiT saxismetyvelebiTi

msoflSemecnebis koncefcias. qarTuli kulturis ama Tu im fenomens

gaviazrebT, rogorc `saxes~ (siraZe 2000:10).

mkvlevar r. siraZis azriT: `Tu adamianis arsebobas tradiciisamebr sam

saxed gavyofT _ filosofiur-mecnierulad, religiurad da esTetikurad, _

samive rom mTeli intensivobiT iyos warmodgenili erTmaneTis gverdiT da

erTmaneTs erwymodes, _ es SesaZlebelia mxolod miTosur xilvebSi~

(siraZe 1077:47). miTosur xilvaTa buneba ufro naTlad warmogvesaxeba, Tu

maT gaviazrebT rogorc poeturi azrovnebisaTvis maradTanmxleb

miswrafebas. arsebobs movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriobis poeturad axsnis

maradiuli survili. magaliTad, maSinac ki, roca kargadaa Secnobili

nislis raoba da misi warmoSobis mizezebi, Tan gvdevs survili, rom

warmovidginoT igi, rogorc mTebis fiqri. miTologiur xanaSi marTlac

swamT aseTi ram, magram mTavaria is, rom swamT poeturi warmodgenisa.

amitom iTqmis, rom miTosur azrovnebas axlavs poeturoba, xolo poeturi

azrovnebisTvis yovel droSi damaxasiaTebelia miTosuri warmosaxvani.

religiur-miTosuri simboloebis gavrcelebis masStabebi ar

Semoifargleba ama Tu im erisa da religiis konkretuli kulturebiTa Tu

religiur-miTologiuri ZeglebiT. maTi mravalgvari metamorfoza gvxvdeba

sxvadasxva erisa da epoqis sakralur qmnilebebSi, agreTve _ xalxur

eposSi, legendebSi, sagebsa da jadosnur zRaprebSi. miTosSi aisaxeboda

sulis warmoSoba da adamianuri cnobierebis evolucia, sikvdilis Semdeg

163

arsebuli warmodgenebi miRmur samyaroze.Pprofesor s. trubeckois azriT,

antikuri kultebi, misteriebSi Seqmnilni, simbolurad asaxavdnen im

RvTaebriv process, romelsac religiuri cnobiereba xedavda weliwadis

droTa cvlaSi, bunebismieri movlenebis gradaciebSi, mzis mdgomareobaSi,

bunebis kvdomasa da xelaxla gacocxlebaSi (trubeckoi 1910: 117).

miTi warsul saukuneTa mkvdari memkvidreoba ki ar aris, aramed

cocxali Zalaa, romelic mudmivad iwvevs axal movlenebs (canava 2001:115).

miTosuri xilvani gavrcelebulia Sua saukuneebSi msoflmxedvelobrivi

gansxvavebulobisda miuxedavad. mogvianebiT ki, XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze,

literaturasa da xelovnebaSi momZlavrda talRa miTologiuri

azrovnebisa. axali drois mxatvruli azrovneba ZiriTadad klasikuri saxis

miTologiur warmodgenebs mimarTavs. amgvari gacxovelebuli interesi

miTologiur warmodgenaTa mimarT maT mxatvrul_esTetikur Rirebulebaze

migvaniSnebs. Tavis mxriv, erovnuli mxatvruli azrovnebis warmatebis erT-

erT safuZvels swored is warmoadgens, rom igi memkvidrea sakuTari

miTologiuri msoflSegrZnebiTi tradiciebisa, ramdenadac

msoflSegrZnebis erovnuli Taviseburebani yvelaze mZlavrad swored

mxatvruli azrovnebis sferoSi vlindeba. miTologiuri saxe-simbolo

idumalebis esTetikas emyareba. idumalebis simboloebiT maZiebeli esTetika

ki mxolod uZvelesi xanis an Sua saukuneebis kuTvnileba rodia. igi

gavrcelebulia romantizmSi, modernizmsa da postmodernizmSic.

simbolos did mniSvnelobaze isic metyvelebs, rom mas daemyara mTeli

literaturuli mimdinareoba simbolizmis saxiT. samyaros maTeuli _

idealur da realur samyarod gaazreba garkveul msgavsebas avlens

platonis koncefciasTan, romlis mixedviTac arsebobs ori samyaro _ erTi

sinamdvilea da meore _ moCvenebiToba. aqedanvea mimarTeba modelsa da xats

Soris, `rameTu warvals xati igi amis soflisai~ (I, kor., VII, 31).

ramdenadac xiluli samyaro warmavali xatia zena samyarosi, igi mxolod

miaxloebiT asaxavs, baZavs paradigmul samyaros, romlis Sesacnoblad

meore samyaros simboloebia saWiro. arqauli adamianis miTosuri

164

azrovnebis mier Seqmnili samyaro ki `misi cnobierebiT xalaxla iqmneba,

rogorc meore damoukidebeli, obieqturi yofiereba, romelic amieridan

realuri yofierebisaTvis SeumCneveli sinamdvilis gverdiT iwyebs

sawinaaRmdego cxovrebas~ (freidenbergi 1978:21). rasakvirvelia, es ar

niSnavs adamianis mowyvetas sinamdvilidan, piriqiT, es gadasvlaa ufro did

realobaSi, radgan `mxolod miTSi SeiZleba sasicocxlo universaluri

modelebis povna, mxolod miTi iZleva im `maradiul~ realobebs, romlebic

arseboben maradiulobaSi, arseboben samyaroSi droisa da sivrcis miRma,

anu àradrosa~ da àrasivrceSi~ (TavdgiriZe 2008:11).

imis Semdeg, rac `miTologiur arsenals~ gamoecala RvTaebrivi gageba,

miTosi gadavida mxatvruli ganZis mdgomareobaSi. miTopoeturi saxeebi,

personaJebi, mza formulebi (miTologemebi) TandaTan Seerwya poeturi

folkloris procesebs da miTosurma motivebma miiRes folkloruli

Sinaarsi da elferi. amdenad, zepiri sityvieri Semoqmedebis gzaze aRiniSna

ori ZiriTadi etapa: jer _ miTopoeturi da Semdeg _ folklorul-poeturi.

miTosuri sityviereba (miTopoezia) iqca noyier niadagad poeturi

folkloris (mxatvruli zepirsityvierebis) Camosayalibeblad... SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom miTosi poeturi folkloris arqetipia (WeliZe 2008:15).

samyaros miTosuri aRqmis procesSi adamiani Tavis Tavs ar gamoyofda

garemomcveli samyarodan, es ukanasknelic gaadamianurebuli iyo; amitomac,

miTosuri warmodgenebiT, erTi sagani SeiZleba meoris Semcvleli

gamxdariyo, mis simbolur gamoxatulebad qceuliyo; miTis simbolizmi mis

erT-erT mniSvnelovan Tvisebas warmoadgens; magram, sanam adamiani

dainteresdeboda sakuTari bunebiT, misi interesi mimarTuli iyo Soreuli

samyarosadmi. swored garemosamyarodan iwyeboda Secnoba adamianis sulieri

samyarosi. azrovnebis ganviTarebis es gza rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania.

miTosur simbolikaSi mocemulia sinamdvilidan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi,

amitomac misi Seswavla saintereso masalas iZleva Zveli yofisa da

warmodgenebis gasacnobad.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad vxvdebiT religiur-miTologiur

simboloebs, romlebic mravalasociaciuri saxeebis xatvis winapirobas

165

qmnian. saguldagulod gamoZerwili TiToeuli saxe_simbolo originaluri

gaazrebiT iqcevs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas; es miTologiur_mxatvruli

saxeebi im margalitebad gvevlinebian, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac unda

ganisazRvros mwerlis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba. amitom

mniSvnelovnad miviCnieT, TiToeuli miTologiuri saxe-simbolos ganxilva,

radgan Mmwerlis mier esa Tu is simbolika konkretuli ideis ukeT

warmoCenas emsaxureba. g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TavCenili

miTologiur-simboluri saxeebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT

xasiaTdeba, Tumc mainc SeiZleba ramdenime maTganis gamoyofa. mze, venaxi,

xari, xe-mcenare, yvavilebi, sajildao qva _ is simboloebia, romlebic

mravalasociaciur saxeebs qmnian da xSir SemTxvevaSi originaluri

gaazrebiT iqceven yuradRebas. naSromis am TavSi swored am

miTologiur_simbolur saxeebs ganvixilavT.

166

1. xis simbolika

xe erT-erTi uZvelesi simboloa TiTqmis yvela eTnokulturasa da

religiur sistemaSi. am fenomenis evoluciaSi igrZnoba rogorc

Tavdapirveli martivi, ise rTuli ganviTarebis maRal safexurze asuli

metaforuli gaazreba. xe-mcenareTa metaforul gaazrebas win uswrebda

uZvelesi xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi mcenareulobis RvTaebriobaze.

msoflios mraval xalxSia cnobili xeTa msaxurebis Cveuleba, rwmena

saRrmTo xeTa, tyisa, mindvrisa da yvavilTa mfarvelisa, rasac adamianTa

saarsebo moTxovnileba gansazRvravda. es is niadagi iyo, razec aRmocenda

da ganviTarda mcenareTa simbolika. ègviptur legendaSi vaJi Tavis guls

akaciis yvavilebSi malavs da rodesac misi colis daJinebiT xesa sWrian,

vaJi kvdeba. `gilgameSis~ TqmulebaSi xumbabis sicocxle dakavSirebulia

naZvis arsebobasaTan, romelsac gilgameSi sWris~ (kotetiSvili 1961:410).

mTis uZveles salocavebSi xis dargva da misi movla sakulto

ritualad miiCneoda. àseT wminda xeebs `xexvivanebi~ ewodeboda. xexvivani,

anu nayofierebis xe, sicocxlis momniWebeli miTologiuri xis simboloa

da amitomac rgavdnen xatis karze~ (surgulaZe 1986:13). ivane javaxiSvili

SeniSnavs, rom `Cveni samSoblos yovel kuTxeSi exlac aris SerCenili am

msaxurebis naSTi, metadre muxis Tayvaniscema iyo gavrcelebuli. xevsurebsa

da fSavelebs, magaliTad, swamdaT kidec, rom arsebobs gansakuTrebuli

`muxis angelozi.~ fSav-xevsurebis didebaSi da locvaSi, sxvaTa Soris,

yovelTvis iTqmis xolme _ `dideba muxis angelozs!~ Zvel saqarTveloSi

xeTa msaxurebis damamtkicebel sabuTad mkvlevrebs bizantieli

istorikosis prokofi kesarielis moTxroba mohyavT, romlis mixedviTac:

afSilebi da afxazebi `Cven dromdis Tayvansa scemdnen tyeebsa da xeebs,

imitom rom maT xeebi gulubryvilod RvTaebad miaCndaT~. iv. javaxiSvili

iqve dasZens: àfxazebs es rwmena bolo dromde mtkiced hqondaT daculi da

didi mowiwebiT scemdnen Tayvans xeebsa da muxebs~. isini exlac mowiwebiT

ufrTxildebian saRrmTod gankuTvnil `xatis~ tyeebs da RvTaebasaviT

SeRaRadeben muxis xes. samegreloSi xe-mcenareTa arsebobis saukeTeso

167

damamtkiceblad unda CaiTvalos Zvel saqarTveloSi ganTqmuli Wyondidi,

romelic megrulad did muxas niSnavs da Tavdapirvelad, ueWvelia, muxis

msaxurebis salocav adgilad unda yofiliyo~ (javaxiSvili 1960:93-94).

amitomac ZvelTagan CvenSi xSiri iyo ezoSi muxis dargvis Cveuleba

warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebul xis kults mamrobiTi sawyisis

gadmonaSTad moiazrebdnen. am rwmenis gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT

micvalebulTa xeze dakrZalvis wesi, romlis mixedviTac mamakacis gvami

caSi unda gamoekidaT niSnad misi ciuri warmoSobisa, xolo qalisa ki

miwisTvis miebarebinaT. mkvlevari mixeil Ciqovani aRniSnavs: ìyo dro,

roca qarTvelebi micvalebuls miwaSi ki ara, haerSi marxavdnen. cxadia,

xaris tyavSi Sexveuli micvalebulis xeze moTavsebis Cveuleba samarovanTa

SerCevis wesis arsebobasac gulisxmobs. aseTi adgili tyeSi unda

yofiliyo, amaRlebuli goraki, gamorCeuli xeivani. albaT, es samarovani

xeebi iqca SemdegSi salocav koromebad, xis kultis uZveles

gamoxatulebebad~ (Ciqovani 1975: 533-534).

xis kultis mamrobiT sawyisad moazrebas qristianul saqarTveloSic

vxvdebiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela xe an tye wminda giorgis saxeliTaa

monaTluli. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis muxaze, warmarTuli periodis

`sicocxlis xeze~, romelic laSaris wminda giorgis sadgomad iyo

miCneuli. erT fSavur locvaSi wminda giorgi muxis angelozad iwodeba:

(`dideba SenTvis, giorgi muxis angelozo!~) sayuradReboa, rom xalxuri

gadmocemiT, zurab aragvis erisTavma manmade ver SeZlo laSaris yrmaTa

damorCileba, sanam xatis karze mdgomi muxis xe ar moWra. xmel gorze

mdgari, casTan oqros SibiT SeerTebuli muxis waqceva Tedo razikaSvilis

mier Caweril erT-erT fSaur leqsSi asea moxmobili:

beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,

goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa,

...xelkrulma erisTavs Svilma amamibruna ZiriTa...

(xalxuri... 1953:17)

leqsidan aSkarad Cans, rom xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebiT, beri giorgic

laSaris jvaria. jvrisa da xis, rogorc erTiani samyaros, gaazrebis kvali

168

naTlad dasturdeba qarTvel mTielTa cocxal yofaSi. qarTul

sinamdvileSi jvari Temis erTobis simbolo iyo, xolo am erTobis

simbolos arsi wminda bermuxaSi iyo gansaxierebuli. `saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki mis mTianeTSi, gavrcelebuli droSebi genetikurad xesTan

iyo dakavSirebuli da pirvel rigSi xis gamosaxulebas warmoadgenda.

mniSvnelovania, rom am sakulto droSebs àlvis tans~ uwodebdnen~

(xidaSeli 2001:124). `mTaSi xe, Tavisi mravlismomcveli aspeqtiT,

qristianuli sarwmunoebis miuxedavad, sakmaod myaradaa SemorCenili _

oRond, raRa Tqma unda, sakulto da sawesCveulebo ritualebis saxiT~

(elaSvili 2008:7).

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi muxis totemuri saxe-simbolo

gamokveTili originalobiT moCans. leqsSi `qarTlis velze~ poeti qarTlis

tramalebisa da Soreul nislebze moTamaSe mzis sxivis fonze gvixatavs

adgils, `...sad muxa idga naWarmagevi da kar-midamo amilaxvrebis~. poets

guli swydeba, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebam siZveleTa gaufasurebis

tendencia moitana; Zvel warmodgenaTa rRvevis procesi airekla muxa-

totemzec:

Warmago muxav, yruv da Wiano,

gulSi giqroda TrTolva Canguris. _

axla najaxi amtvrevs Wianurs

da qars amoaqvs ca moJanguli (gv. 35).

leqsis Tanaxmad, xeTmetyvelebis universalur koncefciaze

migvaniSnebda muxa Tavisi Zlieri da saukunovani varjiT: xe miwaSi Rrmad

gadgmuli fesvebiT da cisken zeaRmarTuli totebiT `samyaros~ aerTianebda

(qveskneli; Suaskneli, anu miwis zedapiri da zeskneli, anu ca); amitomac

bibliurad is `zeciur kibed~ iyo miCneuli. garda amisa, qristianul

ikonografiaSi xe xSirad esityveba jvars, romelic `cxovrebis xes~

emsgavseba.

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs laSaris bermuxis miTologiuri

gaazrebac, romelic aramarto RvTaebis sadgurad miaCndaT, aramed

sicocxlis xis motivsac ukavSirebdnen. mklevari akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs,

169

rom bermuxis xeebis ZirSi yovelTvis wyaro dis da es wyaroebi ukvdavebis

wyali unda iyos (baqraZe 2000: 171).

g. SatberaSvilis poeziaSi xSirad moCans bermuxis qveS moCuxCuxe wyaros

miTologiuri saxe, igrZnoba sicocxlis xis motivTan misi uSualo kavSiri.

me gaSlili veli minda, bermuxis qveS wyaro wminda

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

amoquxdes, amoduRdes, bermuxis qveS wyaro wvimdes,

Tan iseTi jami mqondes, ukvdavebas amoscildes (gv. 39).

an kidev:

xe Srialebs fanjarasTan, mis fesvebTan wyaro mReris (gv. 237).

gansakuTrebuli simboluri datvirTva aqvs bermuxis fesvs. misi

gadarCena Temis gadarCenis simbolod moiazreboda. bermuxis fesvi momavali

aRorZinebis, drois ciklurobis rwmenis dastursac warmoadgenda. g.

SatberaSvilis leqsSi fanjarasTan moSriale xis fesvebTan momRerali

wyaro ojaxis, gvaris, genis sicocxlisunarianobis simboluri

gamoxatulebaa. Tu jansaRi fesvi sicocxlis simboloa, xavsmodebuli _

sikvdils ganasaxierebs:

aswlovan fesvze micocavs xavsi,

kvirtebs edeba bindi yviTeli,

raRac sikvdilis da SiSis msgavsi

am diad SuqSi dgas damSvidebiT (gv. 115).

SatberaSvilTan fesvi erovnulobis simbolodac gvevlineba:

mec mesxi viyav, ganTqmuli

marjveniT, xmliTa da nabadiT,

fesvi iqa maqvs gadgmuli,

gaxlavarT iq danabadi (gv. 61).

fesvi maradiuli sicocxlis simboloa giorgi SatberaSvilis vrcelsa

da saintereso moTxrobaSi `mkvdris mze~ (SatberaSvili 1982:147-245).

nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi giorgi swored im dRes gaigebs SviliSvilis

arsebobas, rodesac didi xnis survils aisrulebs da gadaagorebs lods,

romelmac Svilis sicocxle imsxverpla: `giorgim lodqveS amozrdil

170

fesvebs mohkra Tvali. mzis Zala mainc etyoboda umzeod gazrdil fesvebs.

miwis Svils, albaT, miwave awvdida Tavis wil mzes~.

lodis amoZravebiT (romlis `qveSac mTeli cxovreba iyo, aqamde wynari

da uSfoTveli~) sicocxlis axal ZalTa amoqmedeba daiwyo. simboluria

lodqveS amozrdili fesvis arsebobac; igi gvaris totemuri saxe-simboloa.

giorgi Tavis Tavs am fesvebs adarebs: ès Ronieri fesvebi me mgvanan da

CemsaviT gauZliaT lodqveS~. rodesac SviliSvilis yolis faqts gaigebs

moxuci, bednieri gaifiqrebs: àr amovardnila Cemi modgmis fesvebi da ar

davRupulvar!~

fesvi, rogorc sicocxlis maradiulobis simbolo, moCans giorgi

SatberaSvilis kidev erT moTxrobaSi, romelsac saTauric Sesabamisi hqvia

_ ùkvdavi fesvi~ (SatberaSvili 1982:278). nawarmoebSi adamianis totemad

Wadris xe moiazreba. mTavari moqmedi piri rostomi Wadris xes maSin rgavs,

rodesac vaJiSvili SeeZineba. meore msoflio omis dros frontze wasul

arCils (rostomis Svils) saxlSi fexmZime coli da moxuci mSoblebi rCeba.

arCilis colis mSobiarobis wina dilas rostomi Wadris ZirTan, miwis

zemoT darCenil msxvil fesvze amosuli ylortis SexebisTanave meuRlis

Zaxils gaigonebs, rZlis mSobiarobis mauwyebels, ylorts Tavs anebebs da

saxlSi Sedis. swored im dRes samxedro komisariatSi dabarebuli rostomi

Svilis daRupvis ambavs gaigebs; imave saRamos Zlieri qari Wadars waaqcevs,

magram `qariSxals sicocxle mTlianad ver gaunadgurebia. Seumusravia

sicocxlis Zala. sasxlavs gadarCenili, ukvdav fesvze amosuli Tamami

ylorti isev uvneblad dgas, dilis niavs ealerseba, amomavali mzis sxivebs

ucinis~. amave dRes rostoms SviliSvili SeeZina.

rogorc vxedavT, Wadari arCilis totemia da maTi bediswerac Zalian

waagavs erTmaneTs, xolo fesvze amosuli ylorti sicoxlis ganaxlebis

simboloa. rac Seexeba fesvs, igi, rogorc nawarmoebis saTauric

gvkarnaxobs, maradiuli sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis simboloa. sicocxlis

ganaxlebis simboloa ylorti vaJa-fSavelas `xmel wifelSic~.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad ixsenieba kaklis da Sindis

xeebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom kaklis xes mwerali umetesad prozaul

171

nawarmoebebSi moixseniebs, xolo Sindis xes _ mxolod leqsebSi. isic unda

iTqvas, rom kaklis xe mxolod soflis kolorituli suraTis Sesaqmnelad

sWirdeba poets, xolo Sindi xes miTologiur Seferilobas aZlevs.

àswlovani kaklis xeebiT daburuli orRobeebi~, saxlis ezoebi, maT

CrdilSi mofusfuse mSoblebi, mezoblebi, yvelaferi mogonebis

saburvelSia gaxveuli da Zalian TbilTan, mSobliurTan asocirdeba.

kaklis xe TiTqos mTxrobelia bavSvuri wlebis, ise imzireba yoveli

ezodan, orRobidan: `Sors aswlovani mosCans kaklis xe, miagavs Cemi

bavSvobis mTxrobels~ (gv. 102).

rac Seexeba Sinds, mas poeti xSirad `sizmriseul zmanebaSi vercxlis

wkriala wyarosTan~ xedavs. oqros Sindis simbolikis SatberaSviliseuli

gaazreba msgavsebas avlens vasil barnovis roman ,,mimqral SaravandedSi~

mamia gurielis asul TinaTinis sizmriseul zmanebaSi xilul òqro-

SindTan~: mefe levanTan erTad ivris xeobaSi gaseirnebis dros TinaTini

mdeloze ganmartoebiT mdgar oqros Sinds naxulobs: `daxrili mzis

sxivebi krTodnen imis qarvisebur nayofze da aferadebdnen mas. dabla

daeSva xis datvirTuli totebi, xolo misi Crdili win wamdgariyo maRal

mdeloze. swored amgvari Sindis xe ezmana TinaTins jer kidev guriaSi,

mamiseul saxlSi, cxovrebis dros. gaaxsenda Tavadis asuls, Tu rogor

gaica sizmarSi brZaneba am adgilas wminda monastris agebisa. levan mefe

Sehpirda sacoles, rom Sindis xis adgilas marTla aagebda niSs

yovladwmindis saxelze~ (barnovi 1967:73).

xan oqrosfrad moelvare da xanac oqrosfrad daTovlili Sindebi g.

SatberaSvilis sayvareli simboloa da mzis naTelis (oqro _ mzis

atributi) asociacias qmnis:

imReris nanas, Tan akvans arwevs,

mzea gareTac da mzea Sinac.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sizmarSi vercxlis wkrialebs wyaro,

da oqro scvivaT aprilis Sindebs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172

Savi tye SeuWarxlia, ubrmavebia kvirtebi,

TovlSi oqrosfrad elaven ayvavebuli Sindebi (gv. 63-65).

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba TeTri Sindis poetur-

simboluri saxec, romelic siyvarulisa da imedis sawyisad gvevlineba

leqsSi `TeTro Sindo~:

vai, Sen, Cemo TeTro Sindo, rac Sen fifqi damaTove,

am TvalebSi saamindo varskvlavebad kamaToben!

Sen rom gimzer, marto maSin cocxldebian imedebi,

am TovaSi, wynar TovaSi, vTeTrdebi da giberdebi (gv. 200).

adamianTagan ganridebuli poeti `sxva xeebSi kentad mdgar~ TeTr Sinds

poulobs gancdaTa Tanamosaydred; `gulis galavandangreuli~ Semoqmedi

megobruli gulaxdilobiT umxels Sindis xes: àq Cavage balavari,

avmaRldi da avel taZrad~ (gv. 200).

Savbnel tyeSi TeTrad mTovare Sindis konstrastuli saxe simboluri

miniSneba unda iyos cxovrebiseul codvaTa sibnelisagan ganridebuli

sulis ganwmendisa, rasac TeTri Sindis Sav caSi afrenil mtredTan (TeTri

mtredi_sulis simboloa) Sedarebac cxadyofs: àfrenilo caSi mtredad,

Sav cas TeTrad SenaTodi~ (gv. 200).

amrigad, Sindi giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi siwmindis, mzis

naTelis, siyvarulisa da imedis simboloa.

g. SatberaSvilis poeziaSi mkrTalad gaielvebs mzis momRerali alvis

xis saxec: `gatydeba Rame... alvis xis rtoni pirvel simReras ityvian mzeze~

(gv. 62).

alvis xes qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi mzesTan sworfroba axasiaTebs.

qs. sixaruliZe alvis xes, Tavisi Sinagani da garegani Tvisebebis mixedviT

(simaRle da is, rom misgan miiReba advilad sawvavi surnelovan-eTerovani

zeTi), rogorc wminda cecxlis (alis) emblemas, saxe-simbolos

cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan erTad Semotanilad miiCnevs saqarTveloSi


alva sicocxlis xis saxea; am xis qarTuli ornamentebi ki wverze mzis

niSniT gamoirCevian. mzesTan sworfrobis niSnad alvaze movlebulia vazi.

173

`qristianuli gagebiT, alvisa da vazis Serwyma, anu alvis xis nayofad

yurZnis gamoCena saRvTo madlis ganxorcielebas moaswavebs. es Zala wminda

giorgis meoxebiT eniWeba~ (mosia 2006:199).

xis sxvadasxva saxeoba (muxa, Wadari, alvis xe da sxva) qarTvelTa

mTavar totemebad miiCneoda, romlebsac adamianuri goni da qmedeba

miewereboda. swored am rwmenis gamoZaxilia g. SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi ama Tu im personaJis gancdaTa warmosaCenad misi Sedareba

xesTan. magaliTad, moTxrobaSi `qorwili zRvis piras~ mwerali mTavari

moqmedi gmiris Sinagani samyaros xatvisas xalxuri sityvierebidan aRebul

saintereso mxatvrul Sedarebas gvTavazobs: `tite im xeze gulqva da

ugrZnobi iyo, romelmac, xalxuri TqmiT, naxiris SebRavlebas ver gauZlo

da gaxma~ (gv.314); xolo moTxrobaSi `mecxre kibe~ vaJkacis gancdaTa, farul

tkivilTa dasaxatavad mis guls àswlovan xeebs adarebs~ Signidan Cumad

rom ìfrqveva da nadgurdeba~ (gv. 300).

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSic `werili axalgazrdebs~ brZolis velze

dacemuli Wabukebis paradigmad gamoyenebulia qarTvelTa uZvelesi

warmodgena xis kultze, gansakuTrebiT _ muxaze, rogorc qarTvelTa erT-

erT mTavar totemze:

Cven Wabukebi erTad vyofilvarT,

erTad SeveswroT davaJkacebas!..

aiyrebian Semdeg Stoebi,

\ namSi, wvimaSi rtogauxrelad

gaSlian Crdilebs ganmartoebiT

da gadgebian ganze muxebad (gv. 59).

poeti sakuTar Tavsac adarebs xes da SiSobs, misi poeturi Semoqmedeba

ar miemsgavsos unayofo xis martoobas:

iqneb vSrialeb, rogorc xeneSi

_ xe martoxela da xe uxilo,

iqneb am diad saukuneSi

Tvali erT leqssac ver avuxilo?! (gv. 59)

174

amrigad, g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi xis saxe-simbolos gaazreba

warmarTul da qristianul rwmena-warmodgenaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba.

muxis, Sindis, Wadrisa da alvis xeebi xan adamianTa bedis ganmsazRvrelni

arian, xan sicocxlis maradiulobas ganasaxiereben, xanac siwmindis, mzis

naTelis, siyvarulisa da imedis simboloebad qceulan.

175

2. vazis simbolika

saqarTveloSi xeTa kultmsaxurebaSi odiTganve gansakuTrebulad

sapatio adgili eWira vazs, venaxs. igi sicocxlis, ganaxlebis, ukvdavebis,

simdidris, kmayofilebis metafora-epiTetebia. miTosis xanaSi vazi

RvTaebriv mcenared iTvleboda; qarTul rwmena-warmodgenebSi igi

,,sicocxlis xed~ moiazreboda.

vazis simbolika uSualo kavSirSia mzis RvTaebasTan. mkvlevar r.

siraZis azriT: ,,roca umTavresi RmerTi gaxda mze, mcenareTagan mzisTvis

yvelaze axloblad vazi miuCneviaT imitom, rom vazi yvelaze metad Seiwovs

mzis Zalas, mzis Zala vazidan RvinoSi gadadis da es Zala aTrobs adamians.

maSindeli rwmeniT, mzis Zalas Seiwovda ara marto vazis mtevani da

foTlebi, aramed _ misi tanic. es iyo siyvarulis Zala, mzisgan mocemuli

siyvarulisa~ (siraZe 1982:25).

vazisa da mzis simbolika qristianulma religiamac gamoiyena. wminda

ninos TmebiT Sekruli vazis jvari am simbolikaTa qristianuli gaazrebiT

Seqmnili simboluri saxea. vazi _ miTologiuri ,,sicocxlis xe~, Tmebi _

mzis sxivebis simbolo. warmarTobisdroindeli qalRmerTi dalic Tavisi

oqros TmebiT mziur ZalasTan iyo wilnayari. vazis TmebiT Sekvra mzisa da

vazis erTianobis naTeli magaliTia.

Tavis mxriv vazi, venaxi qristes simboloa. sruliad kanonzomieri da

bunebrivia, rom sizmarSi wminda ninos RvTismSobelma vazisagan gakeTebuli

jvari misca da amiT qristes Sewevna da mfarveloba aRuTqva; amitom

mimarTavs himnografi wminda ninosa da qarTvelebs: àxal-nayofno, axlis

venaxisano, hoi, mkvidrno qarTlisano, da vdResaswaulobdeT RmerTsa~

(baqraZe 2000:198].

vazic, venaxic, qristes (xan RvTismSoblis) sadguria. Zveli da axali

aRTqmis wignebSic xSirad ixsenieba igi. es gasagebic aris, qristianoba,

rogorc religia, gaCnda da ganviTarda vazisa da Rvinis klasikur

qveynebSi _ iudea-galileaSi, saberZneTsa da italiaSi. ioanes saxarebaSi

qriste ambobs: `_me var venaxi WeSmariti, da mamai Cemi moqmedi ars, me var

176

venaxi da Tqven rtoni, romeli daadgines Cem Tana da mis Tana, aman moiRos

nayofi mravali, rameTu Tvinier Cemsa ararai Zal-giZ yofad arca erTi~

(ioane, XV, 1, 5).

qarTul xalxur poeziaSi venaxi, vazi, yurZeni simboloa kmayofilebisa,

simdidrisa da mxiarulebisa. vazis mxiarulebis simbolod gaazrebas

vxvdebiT g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi `dedis ezoSi~:

gaxarebula xnieri vazi, rqebiT xardaze gadawvenila,

acremlebuli meti sinaziT... cremli ki ara, miwis wvenia (gv.

113).

unda aRiniSnos, rom vazis, venaxis simbolika g. SatberaSvilis poeziaSi

erovnuli xasiaTisaa. igi samSoblos tolfardi cnebaa. venaxis amgvari

gaazreba saTaves iRebs saxarebidan, sadac venaxi uflis mier kacTaTvis

boZebuli qveynis simboloa, sadac yoveli Cvengani muSakad daadgina mamam:

`romeli ganvida ganTiad dadginebad muSakTa venaxsa Tvissa~ (maTe, 20,1;21,40).

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi uflis mier boZebuli qveyana ukvdav venaxTan

asocirdeba, romelsac, mrvali gansacdelis miuxedavad, gadaSeneba ar

uweria. `fesvuberebels~ jer kidev Wabukis ieri dahkravs da misi

gardauvali gamarjvebis rwmenas aRvivebs:

Sen xar ukvdavi venaxi, gCexes da mainc venaxob,

natrobdnen mama-papani: ayvavebuli gvenaxo!

gazrdilxar, gadidebulxar, rTvlianob vazi xnieri,

fesvi gaqvs uberebeli, SegrCa Wabukis ieri,

qarTlo, ukvdavo venaxo, Seni akleba undodaT,

Seni aCexva undodaT, Soridan mosul urdoTa,

Sen xar maradi venaxi, ayvavebulxar, venaxob,

omgadaxdili zeimob, kvalav gamarjvebiT gvenaxo! (gv. 30)

poets Tavidan bolomde aqvs gaTavisebuli is sisxlxorceuli kavSiri

qarTvelsa da vazs Soris, romelsac safuZveli Soreul warsulSi Caeyara

da farTod aisaxa qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi; amitomac leqsSi ,,iberis

leqsi~ siamayiT savse paTosiT aamRera warsulidan momzirali gmiri iberis

aCrdili:

177

odiTgan Trobis momgoni da moyvaruli sanTlis,

urCi arabis, mongolis, partaxSi vazebs vwindavdi.

vaxare Savfxa TavTuxi, kaJiT movxate kevrebi,

rTvlobas vaJurad davuxvdi, tkbiliT davavse qvevrebi.

Tu Tqvenma gulmac Seirgo, naJuri Cemi vazebis,

umal alaverds gadmoval saalaverdo TasebiT! (gv. 56)

saqarTveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiT ixseniebdnen vazs,

yurZens, venaxs. amitomac hgavs masTan yoveli Sexeba qarTveli kacisa am

mcenaris ferebas. venaxis siyvarulis erTgvar ritualur dResaswauls

warmoadgens rTveli, romlis TiTqmis detalur poetur asaxvas vxvdebiT g.

SatberaSvilis leqsSi `Tvaladuri rTveli~:

ismis yiJina, iwyeba rTveli, sakrefelebSi mtevnebis cvena.

sxvanairia rTvelSi qarTveli, rogor amSvenebs qarTveli venaxs!

berikacebi marnis karebTan uZRvian urmebs tkbili RiRiniT,

axal mosavals marani xvdeba RvinobisTveSi ZvelisZvel RviniT.

aq Tvaladuri maspinZlobs eSxi da, rogorc mTvrali mogzaurebi,

maranSi, zvarSi da sawnaxelSi _ mogzauroben gozaurebi (gv. 33).

rTvelobisas Semostumrebuli adamiani, poetis SexedulebiT, RvTisgan

gamogzavnilia, mas saTanado gamaspinZleba sWirdeba, miT ufro Tu

daclili qvevri bans ambobs, savse butbutebs: `_ damcaleT...

damcaleT, lxeniT agavsebT, damcaleT, Tqven genacvaleT!~ (gv. 75)

xolo Tu Tavad stumari iTxovs RvinosTan ,,gaxumrebas~, maSin SeiZleba

mas da mis maspinZels Soris namdvili òrTabrZola~ gaimarTos Rvinis

ZalasTan ukeT gasamklaveblad:

Rvino mogvTxova, davusxiT kargi da Zveli Rvinisa,

dalios, ar gvenaneba, Rvino Tavia lxinisa.

TvalTa brialiT usmenen qvevrebTan msxdomi devebi.

vazebqveS dabadebuli, qvevrebTan Ramis mTevlebi~ (gv. 75).

giorgi SatberaSvilisaTvis `ZvelisZveli Rvino is bajaRlos zodebia~,

romelebsac poetis gulSi imdenad safuZvlianad daudvia bina, rom misi

,,amoxapva~ SeuZlebeli gamxdara. poetisTvis ZvelisZveli Rvino _ igive

178

bajaRlos zodi _ leqsis simboluri saxea; poetis rwmeniT, swored leqsia

is damaTrobeli Zala, romelmac ver SeZlo misi `gulis sarqvelis axda~ da

bajaRlosebri ZalmosilebiT elvareba. amitomac hkicxavs sakuTar Tavs ase

mkacrad:

me vina mTqva sityvis mTqmelad, vin damarqva leqsis mTqmeli?

ra xania veWidebi, ver avxade guls sarqveli (gv. 57).

leqsisa da yanwis simboluri kavSiris saocar poetur saxes qmnis

Semoqmedi leqsSi ,,sakalmaso~:

me iseTi kvesi minda, leqsis yanwi damivercxlos,

siWabuke damibrunos, guli isev gamimercxlos (gv. 185).

Tu yanwis sakralur da simbolur mniSvnelobas gaviTvaliswinebT,

romelic miTebsa da dionisur misteriebSi siuxvisa da nayofierebis

simbolod moiazreboda, maSin aSkara gaxdeba am saintereso striqonis

WeSmariti azri: poeti im uxv da nayofier leqss natrobs, romelsac

siWabukis dabruneba da ,,gulis damercxleba~ SeuZlia. am striqonis

wakiTxvisas Zalauneburad magondeba giorgi leoniZis genialuri striqoni:

`siWabuke da leqsi erTia _ erT CuqurTmaSi gamoyvanili!~(leoniZe 2000:44)

yanwi, rogorc sakraluri atributi, mkvlevar Salva amiranaSvilis

azriT, ùnda warmoSobiliyo im qveynebSi, romelTa mosaxleobamac Seqmna

meRvineobis kultura. sayovelTaod cnobilia vazis da Rvinis mniSvneloba

dionisur misteriebSi, romlis saTave, rogorc irkveva, unda veZioT

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom Zveli

saberZneTisa da romis miTebsa da misteriebSi siuxvisa da nayofierebis

simbolod yanwia miRebuli. stefanwmindis ganZis yanwis wverze gamosaxulia

siuJeti, romelic bunebis nayofierebis simbolur gansaxierebas

warmoadgens~ (amiranaSvili 1944:62).

sayuradReboa, rom g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi ,,leqsis marili~ venaxi

,,sicocxlis xis~ simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba. venaxad qceuli adamiani

kmayofilia imiT, rom igi sicocxles ganagrZobs im wminda mcenaris saxiT,

romelsac ,,leqsad dena~ SeuZlia. swored amis gamo poeti erTgvar

179

gamarTlebas aZlevs misi pirvandeli sxeulis sikvdils, feriscvalebas: ,,me

movkvdi, magram leqsad vidine!~ (gv. 130)

venaxi simboloa adamianis sulieri cxovrebisa, rac safuZvels iRebs

saxarebidan. is, vinc ufalTan imkvidrebs adgils, netaria, radgan misi

suli daculia yovelgvari borotebisgan. venaxis amgvari saxismetyvelebiT

gagebas xalxuri andazis sibrZne ase gadmogvcems: `Tuki simarTle iqneba,

venaxs Robe rad undao~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1965:80).

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi ,,vardfenoba~ originaluradaa naCvenebi mzisa

da vazis kavSiri:

magram dro midis... guli daRvinda,

simRerad iqca dardi da sevda,

Seni venaxis WaSniki wminda

Sens sadideblad leqsad damzevda (gv. 104).

`leqsad damzevebuli~ venaxis poeturi saxis SeqmniT g. SatberaSvilma

xazi gausva mzisa da venaxis im umWidroes kavSirs, romelzec zemoT ukve

visaubreT.

Tu poetis zemoT ganxilul leqsebSi venaxi mzis, leqsis, sixarulis,

nayofierebis, siuxvis, bednierebis, sicocxlis xis simboloa da,

Sesabamisad, msgavs ganwyobilebebsac iwvevs, leqsSi ,,ganSorebis Jams~ vazi,

`sevdiTa da godebiT aqviTinebuli~, adamianis analogiur gancdaTa

gamomxatvelia:

risTvis qviTinebT, marqviT, vazebo,

miTxariT, Tqveni cremli ras niSnavs?

Stoo, aprilis TrTviliT savseo,

gayria cremli vercxlis zarniSnad,

atirebuli, rogorc venaxi,

viT RvinobisTvis damWknari vardi _

masaviT nazi da ulaJvardo,

neta arodes Sen ar menaxe (gv. 109).

xalxur leqsSic mevenaxes Zalze uZneldeba SviliviT nazard venaxTan

ganSoreba: ùnda wavide javaxeTs, Sen menanebi, venaxo!~ (oqroSiZe, 1961:152).

180

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom g. SatberaSvilis leqsic ,,atirebuli vazi~,

xalxuri leqsis msgavsad, gamomxatvelia adamianis ganuzomeli mwuxarebisa,

romelsac ganSoreba iwvevs.

yurZnisa da, saerTod, vazis saxis dakavSirebas mowyenasTan, xalxur

SemoqmedebaSi naklebad Tu moeZebneba analogebi. erT-erT aseT magaliTad,

SeiZleba davasaxeloT xalxuri leqsi ,,sizmari~, romlis Sesaxebac

mkvlevari qs. sixaruliZe SeniSnavs: ,,Zveli warmodgeniT sizmarSi yurZnis

naxva an misi Wama sinamdvileSi niSnavs cremlebs an wvimas da Tovlis

mosvlas. arqaul leqsSi ,,sizmari~ vazis foTlebis cvena dakavSirebulia

mkvdris TmebTan:

_ vazs rom foTlebi scvioda, netav, dedav, rao?

_ Svilo, Seni qoCoria, _ vah, Sen dedasao!

(sixaruliZe 1958:280)

amrigad, giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi vazi, venaxi, yurZeni

gvxvdeba imdagvari simboluri mniSvnelobiT, rogoriTac is moiazreba

xalxur poeziaSi. xSirad sixarulisa da iSviaTad mwuxarebis gamomxatveli

vazi, individualuri poeturi interpretaciis Sedegad leqsisa da

samSoblos simboloebadac Camoyalibda. ,,sicocxlis xis~ amgvarma

gadaazrebam meti originaloba SesZina g. SatberaSvilis poetur

memkvidreobas.

181

3. yvavilTa simbolika

xalxur sityvierebasa da mxatvrul literaturaSi metad aqtiuria

yvavilTa samyarosa da, saerTod, baRis simbolika. mkvlevari qsenia

sixaruliZe aRniSnavs: `qarTveli xalxis poetur metyvelebaSi

damkvidrebuli baRis, iis, vardisa da sxva yvavilebis simboloc yovelTvis

sasiamovno ganwyobis, naTeli warmodgenebis, axalgazrdobis, sixarulis,

silamazisa da siyvarulis gadmosacemad aris moSveliebuli. am mxatvrul

saxeebTan axlos aris ferebis simbolikac~ (sixaruliZe 1976:8).

mindorsa da yvavilebs, xalxuri rwmeniT, Tavisi mfarveli hyavT,

romelic `mindorT batonad” da mis asulad hyavT warmodgenili. amis

Sesaxeb ivane javaxiSvili SeniSnavs: `mindorT batonis asuli iseTi

lamazia da iseTi msubuqia, rom iseT lamazsa da mSveniers verc naxavs

kacis Tvali da verc inatrebs~. am qaliSvils Tavze `Ciqila” hxuravs. igi

Cveulebriv `yvavilebze” daxtis: àmas iseTi bedi aqvs, rom, kaci rom

daewios da daiWiros, maSinve mokvdeba. erTi vaJi, xalxuri gadmocemiT,

rogorc iyo, daewia, magram daWera mainc ver SeZlo, radgan qalma mamis

saxlSi SeWra moaswro da vaJma mxolod `Ciqils” staca xeli da leCaqi

xelSi darCa. mindorT batonma aseTi siyoCaRisaTvis Tavisi asuli im

ymawvils miaTxova. xalxis Rrma rwmeniT, `mindorT qali da vaJi exlac

cocxlebi arian~ (javaxiSvili 1980:95).

giorgi SatberaSvilis poeziaSi uxvad gvxvdeba yvavilTa simbolikis

magaliTebi. qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi baRis simbolika da misi variaciebi

_ Wala, baRCa da sxva _ asocirdeba siyvarulTan. msgavsi ganwyoba iqmneba g.

SatberaSvilis leqsSic `TiTqmis... muxambazi~, romelic sxvadassxva

TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas:

baRSi vwevar aTeTrebul nuSebTan,

guls mayria iebi da vardebi...

nuSebs iqiT fanjaraSi mtredia,

vambob: _ aha, burTi da moedani!

dRes sagules guli ver daetia

182

da vRuRuneb CemTvis beri qedani...

siyvaruli me iseTi mominda,

Wabukuri, nazi da Tavdaxrili,

amosuli vaSlis yvavilebidan (gv. 209).

sainteresoa vaSlis yvavilis simbolika, rac leqsSi siyvaruls

ukavSirdeba. Tavad vaSlis xe, vaSli zepirsityvierebaSi simboloa

mxiarulebisa, kmayofilebisa, bednieri cxovrebisa; metwilad ki _

axalgazrda qalisa da siyvarulisa. vaSli niSnobisa da qorwilis

ritualebSi gamoyenebuli iyo rogorc simbolo nayofierebisa. `fSavSi,

roca nefe-dedofali nefis saxlSi Sedian, maT win miuZRvis mejvare xelSi

xonCiT, romelzedac jvriani mrgvali puria da Tafliani jami. jvari

vaSlebiTaa Semkuli. `nefis dam an misma biZaSvilma nefe-dedofals maSxala

unda miarTvas. maSxala patara xis sufrazea gamarTuli. maSxalis wverze

jvaria gamosaxuli, totebze wamocmulia wiTeli kvercxi da vaSlebi~

(sixaruliZe 1958:276). mkvlevar v. kotetiSvilis azriT, swored saqorwino

wesTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli vaSlis Wama qarTul xalxur leqsSi

àxmeturi patarZali~: `Sua gzaSi rom mivedi, vaSli gavkbiCeo~

(kotetiSvili 1966:45).

aRsaniSnavia g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi moxmobili iisa da vardis

simbolika, romlebic qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi siyvarulTan,

silamazesTan, axalgazrdobasTan asocirdebian. siyvarulis gancda gulze

vardis mofenas niSnavs: `jer magis gulze vardi ar ayvavebulao~ (xalxuri

sibrZne 1964:89). trfobis alSi gaxveva vardis surnelTa fenas hgavs: àde da

Cemken wamodi, Semogaxvev vardis sunsa~; àqedana da Senamde vardi masxia

yelamde~ (xalxuri... 1965:326-335). vardi sulieri da fizikuri mSvenierebis

gamomxatvelia: `qalo, gaSlil vards gamsgavse edemSi msxmoiaresa~

(umikaSvili 1964:38). xalxur poetur SemoqmedebaSi yvavilebi silamazis

wyaroa, misi mSobeli da masazrdoebelia. qarTuli xalxuri xotbis

saukeTeso nimuSia vard-yvavilTa simbolikaze agebuli miniatura:

iama gSoba SobiTa, vardma gagzarda nebiTa,

nargizma ZuZu gawova, Segamko surnelebiTa.

183


rac Seexeba satrfos sarkmlis win, baRSi, myofi vaJis saxes, igi sakmaod

cnobilia qarTuli zepirsityvierebisTvis. baRi, baRCa, Wala xalxur

poeziaSi satrfos samyofia, axalgazrduli grZnobis warmosaxvis

dekoraciaa. mklevar qs. sixaruliZis aRniSvniT, baRi metwilad qalis

atributia, misi sakuTreba an kidev _ mis mier naSeni. satrfosgan

daimedebuli vaJis grZnobas gvamcnobs xalxuri leqsi:

turfama baRi aago, Sig Cauriga xilnari,

Turme iq kaci ver Seva daRrejil-gaucinari.


baRis simbolikis moSveliebiT natvriTi xasiaTis xalxur-satrfialo

leqsSi ixateba satrfoze ocnebiT gulanTebuli vaJis mxatvruli saxe:

netavi radme maqcia, bulbulad gadamaqcia,

bulbulis ena maswavla, baRebSi SemomaCvia,

davkono oqros konebi, davfero vercxlis wyalSia,

saRamo xanze gixilo, Camogiyaro banSia.

diliT ro gamosuliyve, Sig gagexvios kavSia.


amrigad, g. SatberaSvilis leqsi `TiTqmis... muxambazi” mTeli rigi

simbolikebis (baRi, vardi, ia, vaSli yvavili) gamoyenebiT uSualod

exmaureba xalxur sityvierebaSi arsebul yvavilTa simbolikis ZiriTad

asocoaciur samyaros.

leqsSi `siyvarulsa malva unda?~ yvavilebi satrfos simboloebia:

gana me ar SemeZlo memala da mefara,

vin Semomxvda, vin damwva, gzaze vin Semeyara,

gulSi vin gamiyara ulmobeli laxvari,

gzispirs gadameyara yvavilebi axali?! (gv. 98)

unda aRiniSnos, rom yvavilebi, rogorc satrfos simboloebi, araerT

xalxur leqsSi gvxvdeba. yvavilebis amgvar simbolur gaazrebas

gansakuTrebiT satrfialo da saxotbo poeziaSi aqvs adgili. ase

magaliTad, gamijnurebuli vaJi mimarTavs satrfos:

184

wigni davwere, mogarTvi, vardo, gaSlilo velada,

sosanma, nego nargizma Segamko ferad-ferada!


anda:

pir-mzeo, piri mas gigavs, diliT vards nami eyaros...

vardsa gamsgavse gaSlilsa, viT ro edemis xeao

(xalxuri... 1918:296)

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsSi ,,nana, meSvidev~ yvavili kidev ufro met

sinazesa da sifaqizes iZens da axalSobilis, bavSvis, simbolod gvevlineba:

eqvsi yvavili ezoSi xarobs,

iZine tkbilad, nana, meSvidev!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iavnanao, nanao, vardo,

atmis da nuSis yvavilSi wevxar,

eh, netav gmirad Sen gamezardo,

menaxos Seni davaJkaceba!... (gv. 63)

erTi ojaxidan gamosuli Svilebis yvavilebad moazrebas xalxur

sityvierebaSic eZebneba analogi. magaliTad, erT-erT xalxur leqsSi erTi

xis Ziridan gamosuli vardebi erTi ojaxis SvilTa saxea:

damastes vardi ayvavdes, Zirad im TeTri xisani,

Casaxvevnelad mamindes, Turme mklav iyvnes disani.

(SaniZe 1984:71).

TeTri xis Ziridan amozrdili vardi mis mziur bunebas usvams xazs;

siTeTre mzis Tvisebaa da igi gadadis vardis saxeSi.

yvavilTa simbolikis gamoyenebas xSirad vxvdebiT ìavnanas~ tipis

leqsebSi, sadac ia da vardi yrmis sinatifisa da sulieri siwmindis

simboloa. v. kotetiSvili miuTiTebs, rom ìavnanas~ ciklis leqsebSi ia da

vardi yvavilebis simbolod SesaZloa ar iyos gamoyenebuli; miaCnia, rom ia

qvesknelTa dedoflis, xolo vardi qvesknelTa mefis saxelTan aris

dakavSirebuli (kotetiSvili 1961:324).

iisa da vardis baRSi, iavnano,

185

batonebi brZandebian, iavnanao,

batonebis mamidasa iavnano,

vardni usxedan kerasa, iavnanao... da a.S.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ia vkrife, vardi vSale,

win batonebs gavuSale

(xalxuri... 1965:286).

sayuradReboa g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi `nana, meSvidev~ Svidi Svilis

yolis simboluri saxe:

eqvsvi SensaviT vzarde, nanao,

vardo gayria cremlebi namis,

SerCes samSoblos SenisTanao,

nana, meSvidev, far-xmalo mamis! (gv. 63)

ricxvi Svidi msoflios mravali xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebSi magiur

ricxvad iyo miCneuli. igi yovelTvis gamoxatavda erTiani samyaros ideas

da samyaroseuli xis konstantas warmoadgenda. am ricxvs daukavSirda

Semdegdroindeli religiuri panTeonisa da dResaswaulebis gaazreba da

daweseba (xidaSeli 2001:35).

ricxvi Svidi qristianulma religiamac Seisisxlxorca. cnobilia Svidi

niWi suliwmindisa, amasTanave, uaRresad sayuradReboa qarTuli sityva

`samoTxis” kavSiri am ricxvTan; sakraluri ricxvebis samisa da oTxis

SekavSirebiT miRebuli sityva `samoTxe” idealur samyofels aRniSnavs,

romelic xil-yvavilovani mcenareebiT aris dafaruli: `samoTxis kari

gaaRes, Sig ia-vardi hfenia~ (qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba 1958:259). ia-

vardi samoTxis xeebad arian miCneulni; `vards gamsgavse surnelebiT, edems

dargulo iao~ (qarTuli... 1980:144).

unda aRiniSnos, rom vardis simbolika qristianulma religiamac

imemkvidra. bibliis wignebSi igi saRvTo sibrZnis simboloa, romelic

ekliani gziT miiRweva (ekali _ miwieri yofa). qristianul literaturaSi

vardi ekalTa Soris wmindanTa da qalwulTa simbolocaa. vardis simbolos

qristianul gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa samebis xatoba,

186

romelic sionis xatis tyeSi 28 agvistos imarTeboda da dakavSirebuli iyo

gergetis samebis `mariamobis~ xatobasTan. am xatobas ,,vardobis dReobas”

uwodeben da am dRes dekanozi ase dailoceba: `dideba hqondes Sens vardis

dReobas, gaumarjos rjulsa saqristianosa, mieci madli da baraqa Cvens

naxnav-naTess” (mziani rwmenis sauflo 2005:203). samoTxe baRia, sadac

pirveli ucodveli adamianebi imyofebodnen: ,,adam eva odes gaCndnen, misces

baRi sanatreli” (gv. 441). samoTxiseuli simSvide asea gadmocemuli xalxur

leqsSi:

axla ki, axla dro aris, ianic ayvavdebian,

ia, vardi da dekani erTmaneTs dautkbebian.

(qarTuli... 1980:63).

giorgi SatberaSvilis leqsSic iqmneba samoTxiseuli atmosfero:

iavnanao, nanao, vardo, atmis da nuSis yvavilSi wevxar,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mzea gareTac da mze Sinac. mze sizmarSi da nawvimarze

cisartyelebis Cndeba arSia (gv. 63).

yvavilTa simbolikis originaluri gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas

iqcevs poetis leqsi `gazafxuli muxranis velze.” leqsi xalxuri baladis

_ `Semomeyara yivCaRis” _ tragikuli dasasrulis erTgvar azrobriv

gagrZelebas warmoadgens: muxranis velze daRvrili qarTvelisa da yivCaRis

sisxli ukvalod ar qreba, mis adgilas ori yvavili izrdeba, erT maTgans

Tavze cisferi Suqi adgas, xolo meores _ Savi. yvavilTa mxatvrul

saxeebTan ferTa simbolikis mWidro kavSirs safuZveli Soreul warsulSi

eZebneba.

amgvarad, giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi yvavilebis simbolika

azrobriv-simboluri mravalferovnebiT aris warmodgenili da uSualod

ukavSirdeba qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi dafiqsirebul yvavilTa

simbolikis asociaciur samyaros.

187

4. xaris simbolika

xari qarTuli folkloris ganuyreli personaJia. miTosur sociumSi igi

adamianTa winaprad, totemad miiCneoda. xari RvTaebis warmosaxvis

simboluri saSualeba iyo ara marto qarTul, aramed _ msoflio

miTologiaSi. magaliTad, zevsi iRebs xaris saxes da itacebs evropas,

romelic Sobs minotavrs, minosis xars. egvipteSi yvela RmerTs xaris saxe

hqonda. xaris saxe eniWeba indras (gelovani 1983:555). xevsurebis uZvelesi

salocavi -- gudanis xati _ borotebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad buRas

saxiT Cndeba (abaSiZe 1984:145).

qarTvelTa arqauli warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, aramarto xari, aramed

iremic RvTaebis warmosaxvis saSualebad iyo qceuli. magaliTad, xevsurTa

saamayo miTuri gmiri kopala irmis saxes iRebs. RvTaeba kopala hyveba:

wyalze gamlala miqama, xelT mamca veSrapiani,

wylis pirze amovdiodi, iremi viqen rqiani.

TuSebm mesroles isari, focx-makratela frTiani.

simurSi gadaviCqife, xis wverT gaiRes Zgriali.


qarTul miTologiaSi es ori cxoveli erTmaneTs cvlis da avsebs, Tumca

isini zogjer pirveli adgilis dasamkvidreblad erTmaneTs ejibrebian.

qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi gvaqvs amgvari gadmocemac: `RmerTs xari da

iremi Seujibrebia -- cis kididan kidemde vin ufro adre gaivliso. iremi

gaqceula, bolomde ver miuRwevia da momkvdara. xari dinjad wasula, gvian,

magram mainc misula~ (kotetiSvili 1966:378-82).

qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi xari xatis cxovelad aris miCneuli.

warmarTul saqarTveloSi sakurTxevelze igi erT-erTi pirveli Sesawiri

iyo. Sesabamisad, igi, qarTuli gadmocemis mixedviT, wminda cxovelia,

amitom Sesawir xars Sesawir angelozad miiCnevdnen.

amgvar faqts paraleli aRmosavlursa da berZnul miTologiaSi

eZebneba. aRmosavleTSi (sparseTi) RvTaeba miTrac xarad iyo cnobili,

romelsac iWerdnen da klavdnen. berZnulma miTologiamac icis nadirTa

188

TviTSewirvis magaliTebi. a. lengis azriT, `Sesawiri cxoveli adre TviT

iyo RvTaeba, romelsac igi ewireboda~ (abaSiZe 1984:159).

mravali gadmocemis mixedviT, Sewiruli xaris Tu irmis xorcs, rogorc

wamals, ise xmarobdnen.Uudides sikeTed iTvleboda xaruli locva da

`TviTSewirva”. `TviTSewiruli cxoveli igive zvarakia, zvarakis xorcs ki

leCxumSi nawil-nawil arigebdnen da swamdaT, rom misi SemWmeli ukvdavebas

eziareboda~ (oqriSiZe 1969: 40).

Tu xaris `TviTSewirva” RvTaebrivi unaria, yovelma keTilmorwmune

adamianma unda mibaZos xars. aseT msjelobas SeeZlo adamiani xarsaviT

TviTSewirvamde mieyvana, rasac, strabonis sityviT, adgili hqonda pirveli

saukunis saqarTveloSi (abaSiZe 1984:156).

zepirsityvier masalebSi warmoCenili xaris kulti antikuri

saqarTvelodan SemorCenil draqmaTa magaliTebiTac dasturdeba. kerZod, e.

w. `kolxur did draqmasa” da `kolxur draqmaze” gvxvdeba daCoqili

xarisTaviani adamianis figura. zog fulze mxolod xaris Tavia gamosaxuli

(kapanaZe 1950:26). analogiuri figurebi fiqsirdeba Zvel sartylebze; zog

maTganze mocemulia adamianis figura cxovelis an frinvelebis TaviT, e.i.

totemis atributiT (amiranaSvili 1944:47). xaris kultis maCvenebelia boRas-

keois maxloblad aRmoCenili xeTuri samefos cixe-koSkis naSTebi, XIV

saukuniT rom TariRdeba (Cv. w. aR-mde).Aam koSkis marcxena mxareze xaris

taZaria gamoxatuli, xaris win ki samsxverploa (janeliZe 1948:6).

vera bardaveliZis azriT, yoveli gadmocema xarze uSualo kavSirSia

RvTaebasTan. saqarTveloSi arsebobs rwmena, rom Tu xari dakvlis dros ar

wvalobs, maSin RmerTi iRebs Sesawirs.

svaneTSi uamravi dReoba atarebs xaris saxels. magaliTad, xaroba, xaris

dReoba, uflis xaris dabadebis dReoba da sxva. mkvlevar a. soxaZis

gadmocemiT, svaneTSi xaris gamravlebis dReobac arsebobs --- `lilaSene~,

anu Tesloba (soxaZe 1964:112).

sagulisxmoa CvenSi dRemde Semonaxuli dReoba, romelsac svaneTSi

ùfliSiers” uwodeben. Aam dResaswauls ori, sami an oTxi mosaxle ixdis

erTad: erT weliwads rom erTisas iqneba gadaxdili, meore weliwads _

189

meorisas... mTeli Semodgomis da zamTris ganmavlobaSi asuqeben erT xars,

romelic orSabaTobiT ar muSaobs. Sobasa da aRdgomas imdeni pativi ar

aqvs, ramdenic am dResaswauls. aRdgomas svanebi `Tanafs”eZaxian, xolo

axal kviras, roca ufliSiers ixdian, `did-Tanafs”, anu did-aRdgomas

(kotetiSvili 1966:380-385).

rogorc aRvniSneT, xari RvTis cxovelad iyo miCneuli, razedac

miuTiTebs misi erT-erTi saxeli “RTisia”:

omamo, xaro, RTisia, jer ra dros davardnisia,

Sen gatyob, uxnavs damagdeb, Camagdeb jalafT pirSia.

(xalxuri... 1965:54).

qarTuli zepirsityvierebis mixedviT, xari RmerTma adamianis

dasaxmareblad da nugeSad gamogzavna. xalxi siTboTi da siyvaruliT

mimarTavs sayvarel cxovels:

xaro, xari vin dagarqo, xaro, saxe mSveniero,

Cvens nugeSad movlenilo, qednakurTxo, Roniero!

(xalxuri... 1965:53).

xari amarTlebs RvTis davalebas da pirnaTlad asrulebs Tavis

movaleobas, is aZlevs adamians arsebobis saSualebas. xari iyo

pirvelTagani, romelmac adamianis rCena Tavis Tavze aiRo da dedaboZad

Seudga glexis cxovrebas. Amisi dasturia erovnul zepirsityvierebaSi

farTod gavrcelebuli saweso-miTologiuri leqsi òrSabaTobiT aSenda~:

´ orSabaTobiT aSenda cixe-qalaqi mTazeda...

adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda...

xarma Tqva, pirma naTelma: `_me damawereT rqazeda”.

micvivdnen angelozebi, dakocnes orsav Tvalzeda,

aanTes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda...

(xalxuri... 1965:134).

leqsis Tanaxmad, angelozebis mier xaris rqebze sanTlebis danTeba da

orsave Tvalze kocna unda warmoadgendes garkveul rituals, xaris

erTgvar kurTxevas. mxolod am ritualis Semdeg gzavnian xars miwaze

190

Tavisi sapatio da mZime misiis Sesasruleblad, gzavnian da Tan Svid

sartyelsac atanen: `Svidi uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda~.

Svidi sartyeli aq, uTuod, kviris Svid dRes unda warmoadgendes,

romelTaganac xars mxolod eqvsi dRe aqvs dawesebuli samuSaod, xolo

dRe meSvide – kvira dRe - `saZovarzed gasasvlelad~, mosasveneblad. am

monakveTSi aSkarad TvalSisacemia qristianuli religiisa da misi

ideologiis gavlena. aT mcnebaSi vkiTxulobT: “eqvssa dResa iqmode da

hqmen yoveli saqmeni Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide SabaTi ars uflisa RvTisa

Senisa”. TiTqmis igive azria gatarebuli leqsSic:

eqvsi dRe uRelSi ebi, meSvides daweq mxarzeda,

kvira – uqmes gamogiSvas, gagiSvas saZovarzeda,

vinc kvira uqmes Segabas, xelimc Seaxmes mklavzeda!

amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviT,

xars Svidi Zala aqvs, Svididan eqvss aCens, erTs ki inaxavs, raTa muSaobis

Semdeg im ZaliT SeZlos dawola, siaruli, kveba (SioSvili 2002:307).

leqsi òrSabaTobiT aSenda~ SesaniSnavi himnia xaris buneba-movaleobasa

da saqmianobaze. Cans, rom aRniSnul leqsSi xari RvTisagan aris

movlenili; igi dedamiwaze adamianis damkvidrebis aucilebeli

pirobaa.Aadamianis Senaxva xarma iTava, risTvisac RvTisagan dalocvilia.

leqsidan òrSabaTobiT aSenda~ naTlad irkveva, rom xars, rogorc

gansakuTrebuli funqciis matarebel RvTiur cxovels, kavSiri aqvs rogorc

mTvaris kultTan, ise qristianuli religiis siwmindeebTan – sanTelTan,

angelozebTan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xaris gamosaxuleba mravlad

gvxvdeba uZveles taZrebsa da eklesiebSi, magaliTad, bolnisis sionze

xaris Tavia gamosaxuli. saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso eklesiis aRmosavleT

fasadze xarebis bareliefia, romelTac rqebze angelozebi sanTlebs

unTeben.

xalxSi aris rwmena, rom RmerTi adamians eklesiis asaSenebel adgils

xarebis meSveobiT mianiSnebs. magaliTad, `xarebi gauSviaT, xari maRal

mTaze gaCerebula da iq augiaT eklesia~ (abaSiZe 1984:149).

191

sayuradReboa argveTis gmirebis - daviT da konstantines _

saswaulebrivi damarxvis epizodi, romelSic xarebi monawileobdnen. sofel

kursebSi Sekrebili folkloruli teqstebis mixedviT, wamebuli Zmebis

gvamebi specialurad gakeTebul daasvenes uremze, romelSic kuro

(daukodeli) mozvrebi Seabes. mozvrebi gaemarTnen da gaCerdnen mowameTaSi.

aq gatyda urmis RerZi da mozvrebic daixocnen. im adgilas aaSenes akldama.

meore variantis mixedviT, urwmunoTagan nawamebi Zmebis gvamebs RvTis

gangebiT gauCndaT xar-iremi. daukodavma xarebma Zmebi erT adgilze

miiyvanes, sadac urmis RerZi gatyda, uremi gaCerda da xarebi wyalSi

gadacvivdnen. es uremi dResac wyalSia, magram yvela ver xedavs, xedavs

mxolod is, vinc RvTis morwmunea (axvlediani 1984:95).

xaris Sesaxeb saintereso Tqmuleba gvxvdeba aWarul folklorSic:

,,uwin, Turme zeviT, mTaze, mihyavdaT saqoneli, maRla gorakze unda

aeyvanaT. erT adgilze waiqca xari, dawva, Tqves: _ es jansaRi xaria, amas

SeeZlo mTaze asuliyo, magram aq rom dawva, am adgils davarqvaT sayurbane

adgili~ (abaSiZe 1984:160).

xaris kulti mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samegrelos erT-erT Zlier

samlocvelosTan – iloris wminda giorgis eklesiasTan. yvelas sjeroda,

rom iloroba Rames wminda giorgis xari malulad miyavdaT eklesiaSi.

arqanjelo lambertis cnobiT, wminda giorgis miyvanil xars ,,gaiyvandnen

galavnis gareT da daakvlevinebdnen iqaur mcxovrebs, romlis ojaxs

Zvelidanve ekuTvnis es xeloba~ (lamberti 1938:142).

warRvnis legendebis zog variantSi xari warRvnisgan mxsnelad

gvevlineba. magaliTad, erwo-TianeTis didi tba gveleSaps gauCenia. Turme,

yoveldRe wavidoda zRvaze, Caigubebda wyals da aq asxamda. tba TandaTan

izrdeboda da mTebze mosaxle xalxs walekvas uqadda. gveleSapTan Sebmas

veravin bedavda. erT kacs saocari mozveri yolia, rqebi danasaviT hqonia

galesili. erT mSvenier dRes gaparula es mozveri, SeWidebia gveleSaps da

sul daufatria, mxolod kudi darCenia. es kudi aris mdinare iori.

maSasadame, warRvna mosalodneli yofila da mozvers uxsnia daRupvisagan

(SamanaZe 1973:.56).

192

mkvlevari T. SioSvili leqsis òrSabaTobiT aSenda~ gasaanalizeblad

sagulisxmo cnobad miiCnevs niko berZeniSvilis mier moxmobil xalxur

gadmocemas sadgeris wm. giorgis eklesiis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb: ès eklesia,

Turme, orSabaT dResaa aSenebuli. amitom aqaurebi orSabaTs uqmobdnen.

SabaTs amzadebdnen xolme xarjs kvirisa da orSabaTisaTvis...~ n.

berZeniSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom sadgeri TeTri giorgis

da misi religiuri winapris _ mTvaris _ Tayvaniscemis adgili iyo uZvelesi

droidanve... igi ganmartavs, rom sadgeri Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT

samSvildes da sxva mis msgavs samosaxlo punqts Camogavs, rac savaraudos

xdis, rom `...adamianis binadrobis megaliTur periodSi... sadgeri adamians

aTvisebuli unda hqonoda da TeTri giorgis winapari RvTaeba _ mTvare _ am

sazogadoebis RviZli xati am drosve unda yofiliyo~ (berZeniSvili

1964:269).

xaris kulti, rogorc aRvniSneT, mWidro kavSirSia mTvaris RvTaebasTan.

jer erTi, xaris rqebis moxazuloba naxevarmTvaris formisaa., meorec,

wminda giorgi (romelTan xaris kavSirzec zemoT vilaparakeT) mTvaris

qristianizebuli saxea, rasac mowmobs, Tundac, TeTr-giorgobis xatobis

Cveuleba, romelic mTvaris Zveli, warmarTobisdroindeli, dResaswaulis

naSTia. aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semonaxuli mTvarisadmi pativiscemis

gamomxatvel CveulebaTa naSTebi, `nacixuroba~. igi wminda giorgis xatobaa,

romelic kvira RamiTa da orSabaTobiT icis, orSabaTi ki mTvaris dRea

`TuTaSxa~.

amgvarad, xari qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi mravalasociaciuri simboloa:

1. xari aris totemi, RvTaebis warmosaxvis simboluri saSualeba;

2. igi sakulto cxovelia, erTnairad misaRebi warmarTuli Tu qristianuli

religiisTvis;

3. xari RvTisagan adamianis dasaxmareblad movlenili cxovelia, TanaSemwe

yovelgvar sameurneo saqmianobaSi; aqedan gamomdinare, amtanianobisa da

erTgulebis simboloa.

analogiuri simboluri datvirTva eZleva xars giorgi SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSic. Sromismoyvareoba, siwminde, erTguleba, gamZleoba,

193

amtanianoba – yvela is Tvisebaa, romliTac xasiaTdeba am sakulto

cxovelis mxatvruli saxe. xari is wminda cxovelia, romelic gaCenis

dRidan erTgul megobrad da TanaSemwed eqca adamians yovelgvar sameurneo

saqmianobaSi; swored amaze mianiSnebs poeti:

odes mamaci iberi, cisa da qveynis asakis,

laRi da Tvalebcisferi, mcxeTis maxloblad davsaxldi,

wels xmali mertya xalibis, xelSi guTani meWira.

qvis taxtze viweq yaribi, varskvlavebis qveS meZina.

naTel Tu wyvdiad RameSi uRranSi vCexdi axoebs,

xari myavda da kameCi, veZebdi sabalaxoebs (gv. 31).

aRzevans marilis mosatanad mimavali gmiric xars irCevs megzurad,

erTguli bunebisa da amtanianobis gamo:P

o, Zlier aklda am guls marili,

gulmac imitom ar daiSala,

avdeq, Sevabi niSa xarebi,

Tvalwin udabno gadaiSala,

Cems niSa xarsac aklda marili,

giJur bRaviliT lokavda miwas (gv. 130).

xari uRalato Tanamgzavri da morCili TanaSemwea Sromis dros.

xalisiT savse ganTiadamde gulmodgined eweva mZime uRels:

kevrze zis biWi moqrnili saxriT,

ar mouxuWavs Tvali wuxelis,

ganTiadidan mis jiRa xarebs

xalisiT daaqvT mZime uReli (gv. 30).

adamianTa didi nawili ufasebs xars misTvis gaweul amags da saTanado

siyvaruliT pasuxobs erTgul cxovels. igi, rogorc RvTaebrivi atributis

matarebeli (rqebi _ mTvaris insignia), qarTvelTa saficaria: àger, sami Zma

jiRa xars kocnis JuJuna wvimiT danamul rqebze~ (gv. 63).

Tavad poeti usazRvrodaa Seyvarebuli am cxovelze, misTvis maxlobeli

da Zvirfasia yvelaferi, rac xarTan aris dakavSirebuli. mas uyvars

194

ùrmuli~ simRerac, radgan xarisadmi siyvaruliT aris nasazrdoebi da

gamTbari. leqsSi ,,qarTli~ poeti gulwrfelad ambobs:

me miyvars Seni gorozad gamomzirali qedebi,

uberebeli Walebi, iberielTa edemi...

urmuliT, Seni urmuliT gzad mimavali urmebi,

maTi kofo da zewrebi, Wrel-Wreli apeurebi,

alamprebuli darbazi, gareT Wriali WiSkaris,

galavan SigniT xarebi rqebze danTebul ciskariT (gv. 26).

am leqsSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs bolo ori striqoni,

romelic SeiZleba orgvari mniSvnelobiT gavigoT: `rqebze danTebuli

ciskari”—rogorc gamomxatveli mzis RvTaebasTan kavSirisa da ,,galavan

SigniT xarebi, rqebze danTebul ciskariT~ _ rogorc xaris rqebze sanTlis

dakvris rituali, romelic sruldeboda gazafxulze, pirveli xnulis

gavlebisa da xaris TviTSewirvis dros. xaris rqebi xom orive mnaTob

RvTaebasTan avlens umWidroes kavSirs; Tu erTi mxriv rkaliseburi

moxazuloba mas mTvaris RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, meores mxriv igi sapatio

adgils iWers svanur mzis sadidebelSi. xari mzis saRmrTo cxoveladac

aris miCneuli da mas oqros rqebi aqvs (oqro - mzis atributia).

qristianuli religiis damkvidrebis Semdeg xdeba xaris rqebis

simbolikis qristianuli interpretaciiT gadamuSaveba, igi ukve axali

religiis niSnebiT aRWurvili gvevlineba. xaris rqebs wminda angelozebic

exebian, akraven sanTlebs; anTebuli sanTlebiT xari sruliad

damoukideblad midis Sromis velze Tu salocavSi. qarTuli

zepirsityviereba icnobs gadmocemas, romlis mixedviTac, sparseTidan

wamosul tyve qals win xaris rqebze mjdomi angelozi mouZRoda (abaSiZe,

1984: 149).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xalxur leqsSi òrSabaTobiT aSenda~ xars

rqebze angelozebi akraven sanTlebs. xaris rqebze sanTlis danTebis

ceremonia sruldeboda xaris TviTSewirvis dros. erT-erT TqmulebaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,varSnis eklesia rua (xevi), mand sagiorgobod mesame wels

ikvloda xarebi. gagonili mqonda, rom xari, romelsac aq dasaklavad

195

gaamzadebdnen, TviTon wava da dawveba eklesiasTan. erTxel wavedi

sayureblad. sofels am xatSi dasaklavad xari nayidi yavda. daakres

sanTlebi rqebze, gaamzades da gauSves. xari TviTon mivida xatSi~ (abaSiZe

1984:151).

xaris RvTaebrivi Camomavloba, misi Sromismoyvareoba, patronisadmi

erTguleba da misan wiqarasaviT TviTSewirvac ki, SemoqmedisTvis poeturi

moRvaweobis tolfardia. amitomac cdilobs giorgi SatberaSvili ,,alali

xaris~ erTgulebiT emsaxuros saqarTvelos:

saqarTvelos cas Tvals ver vaSoreb,

Tu movaSoreb, wamsvve maJrJolebs...

me misi eSxiT var namexari,

var misi uRlis alali xari (gv. 23).

xarisa da adamianis gaigivebas miTologiaSi eZebneba saTave da xalxur

poeziaSic aisaxeba. moviyvan ramdenime magaliTs:

_ ezoSi rom xari bRavis, netav, dedav, rao?

_ Svilo, mamaSeni aris, vai, Sens dedasao!~

(xalxuri... 1965:473).

an kidev:

laSars movida TilisZe, didgulad dajda xaria.

(xalxuri... 1965:159).

Temidan pirovnebis ~me~- s gamoyofis Semdgom pirovneba – gmirs xaris

saxelwodebiT ixsenieben. magaliTad: ùSiSa wamoiyvanes xari safixnos

zisao~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1965:135).

giorgi SatberaSvilma xaris saxeSi pirovneba – gmiris gansaxierebasac

mouZebna Sesabamisi asaxva da am RvTaebrivi cxovelis mouRalavi zrunva da

fiqri erekle mefis patriotizms Seutola:

davdiodi, CavbRaodi nasaxlarebs, rogorc xari.

Cemi mtrebis sisxliT movrwye Cemi Zmebis nasisxlari (gv. 163).

leqsSi `Cemi uReli~ poeti Tavs adarebs xars, xolo siyvaruls im

uRlad moiazrebs, romlis mlocvelad da erTgul gamwevad sikvdilamde

apirebs darCenas:

196

midis dro-Jami... da Cvenc davberdiT,

modi, aSkarad vTqvaT gaumxeli!

magram eweva kvlav Cveni qedi,

kvlav siyvarulis gvadgas uReli,

am uRlis unda viyoT mlocveli

da sikvdilamde misi gamwevi,

Sig rom Sevebi viyav mozveri,

marilis zidviT mouqancveli (gv. 93).

poets miaCnia, rom Tu cxovrebis siZneleebs xaris brZolisunarianobiT

mivudgebiT, msgavs amtanianobas gamoviCenT, dabrkolebebiT savse im gzasac

iolad gavivliT, romelsac aRzevans mimaval gzas adarebs:

vwieT da vwieT saZne uremi

da aRzevansac erTad wavediT,

gagviwyda gzaSi apeurebi,

ver gvaSinebda mainc SaveTi,

vkafeT uRranSi koWi da Tavxe,

vTaleT akvnebi, vaSeneT zvrebi (gv. 93).

amrigad, giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, xalxuri sityvierebis

msgavsad, xari amtanianobis, Sromismoyvareobis, erTgulebis,

Sromisunarianobis, gmiris simboloa. igia adamianis megobari, TanaSemwe da

uRalato Tanamgzavri. da bolos, xaria RvTaebrivi atributebis matarebeli

cxoveli, romelTanac sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos

warsuli istoria da religiur – miTologiuri warmodgenebi.

197

5. mzis simbolika

mzis kulti erTnairi mowiwebiT ganviTarda rogorc samxreTis `mzis

qveynebSi~ _ SumerSi (ani, caTa meufe), egvipteSi (ra), saberZneTSi

(heliosi), aseve Soreul CrdiloeTSi, sadac mze ocneba iyo (tiri, cisa da

Suqis RvTaeba).

mzis simbolo qarTul miTologiaSi Tvalia, simboluri ricxvi cxra;

mTvaris simbolo ki xaria (asomTavruli “rqosani” x). aqedanaa `mzis Tvali~,

`cxraTvala mze~ da svanuri `Sens Tvals vficav~, rac Seesatyviseba

zogadqarTuls `Senma mzem~ da mowmobs, rom odesRac mze da Tvali

sinonimebi yofilan (gelovani 1983:313).

mzis silamazem ojaxSic daisadgura. Zvel qarTul sacxovrisSi, anu

glexur darbazSi, dedaboZi idga. dedaboZi lamazad iyo moxatuli. igi

martooden imagrebda Wers da amSvenebda saxls. aseTi saxli sacxovrebeli

rodi iyo, igi sakulto nagebobasac warmoadgenda; masSi RvTiuri azri da

mzis simbolika iyo gansxivosnebuli. dedaboZi darbazis centrSi idga da

ganasaxovnebda cxovrebis xes, xolo svetis maRla gamosaxuli iyo wre

centridan gamomavali xazebiT, anu mzis sxivebiT. es iyo borjRalo _ mzis

qarTuli simbolo. borjRalo `mzis Wreli~ iyo da masze muSaobisas

ostati usaTuod SesTxovda RmerTs `mziT yofas~ (Wrela, Wreli _

ornamentis zogadi saxelia zepirsityvierebaSi). dedaboZze xSirad

gamosaxavdnen Sinaurebis xelis anabeWdebsac. gaSlili mtevani simtkicis

niSani iyo, xolo xelis vertikaluri gamosaxuleba _ ganTiadisa, mzisa

(siraZe 1982:21).

keraze Cauqroblad danTebuli cecxli mzis mudmiv wyalobas

ganasaxierebda, xolo saaxalwlo CiCilakze Txilis totisagan mownul

wreSi jvris gamosaxulebis oTxive boloze wamocmuli ori vaSlisa da

ori broweulis mTlianoba qmnida simbolos, romelic caze mzis oTx

mdgomareobas gamoxatavda.

mkvlevari qeTevan sixaruliZe, ganixilavs ra kavkasielTa warmodgenebs

mnaTobTa warmoSobasa da urTierTobaze, askvnis, rom sxvadasxva xalxis

198

monaTxrobi bevri ramiT gavs erTmaneTs. maTSi SemorCenilia rogorc Zveli

animisturi warmodgenebi, ise gvian SeTxzuli primitiuli ambebi

(sixaruliZe 2006:236-237).

mzes amqveynad Tavisi sworferni hyavda. xeTagan _ vazi, xolo nadirTa

Soris misi `wili~, anu xvedri, aris lomi (aqedan modis `vefxistyaosanSi~

nestanis sityvebic, roca igi mimarTavs `lom~ tariels: `mze uSenod ver

iqnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili~.). lomi Tavdapirveli arsebiT mzes

ukavSirdeba; igi gamoxatavs mefur SemarTebas, nebas, Zalas,

keTilSobilebas, uZlevelobas, sulis gamarjvebas materiaze. es samefo

cxoveli ganasaxierebs cas, dRes, cecxls, naTels, cnobierebas (amitomac

aris, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ avTandili lomis sisxliT ubrunebs

cnobierebas tariels.). zviad gamsaxurdias marTebuli SeniSvniT, lomTan

mebrZoli gmirebi ganasaxierebdnen adamianis brZolas sakuTar

nebelobasTan, egoizmTan, siamayesTan. sufizmSi “wiTeli lomi”

ganasaxierebs filosofiur qvas, alqimiis mizans. mze, lomTan

dakavSirebuli, erTi mxriv iZleva cxovrebis naTelsa da sves, meore mxriv,

ki misi Zlieri sxivebi ganasaxierebs damangrevel Zalas, Wknobas, wvas. am

gagebT lomi ormagi simboloa (gamsaxurdia 1991:190).

mzis RvTebis uZvelesi kulti yvelaze metad svanurSia SemorCenili.

svanur miTologiaSi mzes `miJ~ aqvs spilenZis `spelenjis~ saxli, acvia

brwyinvale samosi, rac qveynierebas anaTebs (gelovani 1983:314). saerTod,

unda aRiniSnos, rom svanuri zepirsityviereba gamoirCeva mzisadmi

miZRvnili sadidebeli himnebis mravalferovnebiT.

ganusazRvreli iyo mzis roli adamianis yofa-cxovrebaSi. yovel

sadResaswaulo ritualSi moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli swored is iyo.

magaliTad, `dReoba barbolis ritualis Sesruleba xdeboda saxlSi mzis

mxares, an aRmosavleT kedlis marjvena sarkmelTan an zogjer keriis ukan~

(bardaveliZe 1941:7).

mzis simbolo ganuyofelia saqorwino ritualisganac. mkvlevari v.

bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, rom `mefe-patarZlis gvirgvini, rogorc mziuri

199

simrgvalis gamomxatveli, mrgvalad iqmneba, romelsac mzis cxovelmyofeli

Zalisa da nayofierebis misaniWeblad adgamdnen Tavze~ (bardaveliZe 1941:76).

mzis simbolika qristianulma religiamac SeiTvisa; mze mama RmerTis,

suliwmindis, Ze RmerTis, anu qristes da mTlianad samebis simboloa. daviT

aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisanSi~ vkiTxulobT: `martivo, srulo sam

mzeo da erTo ciskrovnebao~. sami mze, rasakvirvelia, samebaa, ciskrovneba –

erTarseba. amasaTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa xalxuri leqsi `...netav Tqven,

quraziSvilno~ (qarTuli... 1974:104), romlis Tanaxmadac, quraziSvilTa

puradobis, mamacobisa da Tofosnobis niSnad, maTze sami mzis, anu samebis

madli gadadis:

netav Tqven, quraziSvilno!

sami mze mova Tqvenzeda:

erT mova puradobisa,

Suq dagidgebisT skamzeda;

meore _ mamacobisa,

mter ver SagidgaT Zalzeda;

mesame _ Tofosnobisa,

jixvn ver gagivlenT mTazeda.

z. gamsaxurdia sainteresod SeniSnavs: `mama aris naTeli, xolo Ze da

suli _ misi brwyinvaleba, rameTu ZeSi vWvretT suls, romelic

gangvanaTlebs. Zisa da sulis erToba imaSi Cans, rom orive aris naTelTa

saxe. aseT SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, agreTve, mzis analogias: sameba aris mze,

misi brwyinvaleba da naTeli mis brwyinvalebaSi. RvTismetyvelebaSi

suliwmindis RmrTeebaze saubrisas mudam aRniSnaven mis didebas da mzisebr

brwyinvalebas (gamsaxurdia 1991:126). petre mociqulisaTvis igi aris suli

didebisa: `rameTu didebisai igi da RmrTisai suli Tqvens zeda

gansxivosnebul ars~ (petre, I, 4, 14.).

mzis saxes iRebs qriste mowafeebTan erTad mTaze asvlisas: `waiyvana

qristem mowafeebi mTaze da maT winaSe sxuad ferad da gabrwyinda piri

misi, viTarca mze, xolo samoseli misi iqna spetak, viTarca naTeli~ (maTe,

200

27, 2). mzis simbolos qristianuli mniSvneloba asaxulia Zvel qarTul

mwerlobaSi.

`vefxistyaosani~, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, savsea mzis metaforuli

saxeebiT. poemaSi naxsenebi `mze _ xati RmerTisa~ aris ara fizikuri mze

mnaTobi, aramed mzis suli, qriste, logosi, Ze, romelic aris ,,xati

RmerTisa uxilavisa~, anu mziani Ramisa, èrTarsebisa erTisa~ Tu ùJamosa

Jamisa~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mzis simbolika mWidro kavSirSia wminda giorgis

kultTan. z. gamsaxurdia wminda giorgis kultze saubrisas SeniSnavs, rom

igi, rogorc astraluri simbolo, cxenze amxedrebuli, drakonis (bnelis)

ganmgmirvelia, Tavisi SubiT (sxiviT) aris igive sulieri mze (gamsaxurdia

1991:202). wminda giorgi da kerZod laSaris wminda giorgi sinaTles

ukavSirdeba. jer erTi, giorgis epiTetia TeTri (osur folklorSi _ ùas

_ naTeli~), meorec, laSaris wminda giorgi rom astraluri sinaTlea, amas

isic amtkicebs, rom laSaris zeciuri, anu mziuri, hipostasi xaria, xolo

laSaris sadgomi _ muxa. miTologiis Tanaxmad, muxa mzis binaa (baqraZe

2000:175).

qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli mzis simbolika

da igi bednierebasTan, sikeTesTan, sixarulTan asocirdeba. mzis saxe

qarTul xalxur lirikaSi poeturi xerxia da xSirad gamoyenebulia,

rogorc qalis, ise vaJis dasaxasiaTeblad.

mze sicocxlis, sikeTis, bednierebis sawyisia, `mze dedaa Cemio~ _

mReris odiTgan qarTveli. es uzenaesi mnaTobi flobs saocar madls,

romlis wyalobiTac anaTebs, asxivebs macocxlebel Suqs, amitom droTa

ganmavlobaSi igi iqca maradisobis ganmsazRvrel, droTa aTvlis erTgvar

sazomad: `manamdis saxsenebel xar, manamdin ca da mze ari~ (umikaSvili

1937:38).

mze, uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, yovlismxilveli RmerTia

da warmoidgineba rogorc Tvali. odiTganve uflis naTelma Camoayaliba

adamianis Tvali, sanTeli gvamisa, rogorc me-cnobieris damkvidrebis

aucilebeli organo... TviT qarTuli sityva `mzera~ nawarmoebia mzisagan,

201

xedvis momentSi mzis udidesi wili devs, mzis gareSe ar ixilveba samyaro

(mosia 2006:101). mzis Tvali qarTul xalxur poeziaSi kargi, mziani dRea:

`RmerTo, mogvec cis nami, aRar gvinda mzis Tvali~ (qarTuli xalxuri

poezia 1972:108). radgan Tvali RvTaebas, sikeTes ganasaxierebs, xalxuri

sityvierebis mixedviT, èSmaks Tvali ar uCans~ (xalxuri... 1965:71).

qristianul epoqaSi Tvali saintereso datvirTvas iZens. igi RvTis nebis,

Tavad RvTaebis gamomxatvelia. r. siraZe aRniSnavs: `sulsa da Tvals

RmerTsa da mzes adareben. Tvali sulis sarkmelia, amitom keTili Tvali

mipyrobilia zecisken, ase xataven freskas, keTili Tvali sikeTes xedavs,

sikeTis damnaxavi Tvali mSvenierebasa Wvrets da TviTonac mSvenierebaa~

(siraZe 1982:61).

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSic mze cis Tvalia, romelic RamiT

mxolod imitom Cadis, rom mzeriT daiRala:

mze TrialeTis mTebs miefara...

albaT, iRleba is didi Tvalic,

cis didi Tvali _ mzes rom veZaxiT (gv. 261).

giorgi SatberaSvili miiCnevs, rom Tu mze Tvalia, maSin adamianis

TvalebSic RvTiuri naTeli dgas:

yvelaze meti mze TvalebSia,

farTod gaxelil qalis TvalebSi,

albaT, amitom gvaTbobs Tvalebi,

albaT, amitom gvaTrobs Tvalebi (gv. 276).

qarTuli miTologiis Tanaxmadac, mzis simbolo xom Tvalia, TvalSia

Casaxuli mzis brwyinvaleba, masSi airekleba gancdaTa mravalferovneba;

swored amitomacaa ase metyveli adamianis Tvali. leqsSi `qarTlis velze~,

g. SatberaSvili natrobs `Tvalebma mzes moutanos~, radganac icis, mzis

mosvlasTan erTad, bedniereba da sixaruli mova. mze xom swored

keTildReobasTan asocirebuli uzenaesi RvTaebaa:

fexi davadgi tanSiSvel mindvrebs,

dena daiwyo qarTlis midamom, _

minda xalisi gulSi Caimtvres,

202

minda Tvalebma mze momitanos (gv. 35).

g. SatberaSvilis azriT, Tvali mxolod RvTiuri (mziuri) niSnis

matarebeli rodi SeiZleba iyos. masSi adamianis boroti zraxvanic

irekleba. magaliTad, moTxroma `mkvdris mzis~ erT-erT personaJs _

`SavdaTuas Tvali hqonda iseTi, iseTi, rom... ai, katasaviT Tvali hqonda.

darSi da naTelSi Ria feris, avdarSi da bnelSi muqi da kunapeta... ucnauri

Tvali hqonda~ (SatberaSvili 1982:157-158). Tvali sulis sarkea, amitomac

airekleboda SavdaTuas TvalebSi misi sulis naTeli Tu Crdilovani

mxareebi.

TvalebSi airekleba adamianis sicocxlis daisic, amitomac vkiTxulobT

poetis sevdian leqsSi `ganSorebis Jams~ Semdeg striqonebs: `Cagsaxlebia

mwuxri TvalebSi, Seni mze moCans mzis dasavalze~ (gv. 109). xalxur

sityvierebaSic sikvdili TvalebSi gaavdrebas niSnavs: `sikvdili gzaSi

giyelebs, TvalebSi gaavdardeba~ (kotetiSvili 1966:5).

adamianis mier odiTgan mtkivneulad ganicdeboda mzis Casvla; amitomac

evedreboda: `mzeo, amodi, amodi, nu efarebi gorasa~-o. erT xalxur leqsSi

deda TxovniT mimarTavs mzes, jer mTas nu moefarebi, bnels nu mouvlen

qveyanas da Svils naadrevad nu gamyrio: `mzeo, dadeg da dagviandi, mze

sdgexar ukenobisao, viyrobiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~

(Ciqovani 1975:548.)

radgan mzis dadgoma da SeCereba SeuZlebelia, micvalebuls aCqareben:

àCqardi, mziT Sedi samudamo samyofelSio~ (Ciqovani 1975:552).

Tu mze da sicocxle erTi da igivea, Tu mzis Casvla sicocxlis

dasasrulis maniSnebelia, maSin gasagebia is ukmarisobis grZnoba, umzeod

darCenil mokvdavs rom eufleba g. SatberaSvilis poemaSi `zafxulis Ramis

qronika~:

ar gvyofnis sxivi mzis naboZebi,

ar gvyofnis wami mzis naboZebi

da sxva ucnaur saswauls veliT.

elavs, aSuqebs, mivdevT da veltviT,

misken viswrafviT da gvinda meti,

203

mzisken gawvdili Tvalebi gvtkiva,

mzisken gawvdili xelebi gvewvis (gv. 280).

qarTul xalxur poeziaSi sikvdili Sedarebulia mzis dabnelebasTan,

dacxromasTan, gamqral sinaTlesTan, avdarTan:

`...Cems Svils xmliT, imas totiTa, dRe dauRamdaT mziani...~

(xalxuri... 1965:15)

xogais mindi kvdeboda, mze wiTldeboda, cxreboda..

(xalxuri... 1965:159)

RmerTo, ra didi bralia sikvdili kai ymisao!

jimRas daeqca qviTkiri, kuTxe gamaskda qvisao:

mindiam SeRmaiSvilma Suqi Cakrifa mzisao,

mzema gaigo, iwyina, maskali Camadisao.

(xalxuri... 1965:124).

ase mtkivneulad ganicdis xalxuri poezia gmiris sikvdils da mzis

Casvlas utolebda. sazogadod, sagmiro poeziaSi buneba gmiris idealis

gaZlierebis, sagmiro saqmis reliefurad Cvenebis saSualebaa. amgvari

amocana akisria peizaJiT Seqmnil fsiqologiur paralelizmsa Tu

simbolikas, epiTetsa Tu Sedarebas; araiSviaTad es epiTetebi vaJkacis

garegnobasac gvixatavs (sixaruliZe 1964:83).

xalxSi gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis mixedviT, gmiris sikvdilisas mze

Casvlis win ramdenime wuTiT SeCerdeba, mTaTa mwvervalebs SeaSuqebs da

qreba. amgvar mzes xalxur sityvierebaSi `mkvdris mze~ ewodeba, igi saiqios

mzea, gansxvavebuli miwieri mzisagan; amitom miiCneoda, rom `mkvdris mze

cocxals ar eTboba~ (xalxuri... 1965:123).

mkvdris mzis erT-erTi niSani siwiTlea: `beWSi maxvili daucems, TvalSi

mze gaswiTlebia~ (namcvrevi 1989:98). mnaTobis es buneba gadaecema casac:

`giorgi sizmarsa xedavs, ca wiTlad iRebeboda, alvis xe wamoqceula, coli

tiriliT dneboda~ (qarTuli... 1975:163).

`mkvdris mze~ miTologiur-poeturi saxea, igi giorgi SatberaSvilma

moTxrobis saTaurad aqcia (SatberaSvili 1982:147-245), xolo RvTaebrivi

mnaTobi nawarmoebSi personificirebulia da mTavari gmiris, Tengos,

204

cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi momentebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Sedegs

winaswar mianiSnebs. bednierebis wuTebSi personaJs Tavze adgas `mzis

bzisferi brwyinvaleba~, mis yviTel bindSi exvevian Tengos da misi

satrfos Crdilebi. udardelia Tengo, udardelia mzec. bolos, rodesac

safrTxe uaxlovdeba mnaTobis rCeuls, rodesac SavdaTuas gesliani Rimili

da sakuTari mamis damcinavi sityvebi TavmoyvareobaSelaxul vaJkacs

sabediswero gadawyvetilebas miaRebinebs (umZimes lodTan SeWidebas

moindomebs), aswevs Tu ara lods, maSinve Camowveba mkvdris mze. saydars,

romlis winac Tengo idga, `mkvdris mze misdgomoda, moyviTalo, usicocxlo

feri edo didroni lodebiT naSen kedlebs... eklesiis win mkvdruli siCume

idga~.

Tengos sikvdilis winac ainTo mkvdris mze, igi ukve Zlevis qedis

mwvervals aSuqebda ramdenime wuTs da umalve gaqra.

mkvdris mzis saxes qmnis wiTeli movis perangi xalxur poeziaSi, aq igi

satrfosTvis gardacvlil Wabuks `dahfarfarebs~. `Svidgan RiliT

Sekruli~ wiTeli movis perangic mzis asociacias qmnis (Svidi Rili _

niSani umankoebisa). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs

uZvelesi saZeobo leqs-simRera `mze Sina~:

male perangs Segikerav, mzev, Sin Semodio,

wiTel kabas Segikerav, mzev, Sin Semodio!

(qarTuli... 1991:10).

g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSic vxvdebiT msgavs niuanss,

èndrosferxalaTian Wabuks~, rogorc miniSnebas sabediswero wamis

moaxlovebisas. giorgis sizmarSic gaielvebs `wiTelmaisuriani Wabukis~

saxe, romelsac is TeTri cxeni mohyavs, giorgim rom lurji lodi unda

gadaugdos unagirs zeviT. aqac simboluri miniSnebaa mTavari gmiris

gardauvali sikvdilisa.

xalxSi arsebuli rwmenis mixedviT, mkvdris mze imaTTvis aSuqebs, vinc

Rirseulad kvdeba. Rirseulad mokvda Tengoc. man SeZlo mamakacuri

siZlieris simbolos _ lodis daZleva da vaJkacis saxelis saSviliSvilod

damkvidreba.

205

Rirseulad kvdeba giorgic (Tengos mama), misTvisac aenTo mkvdris mze

Zlevis qedze, oRond TengosTvis mze bolomde RvTaebad darCa, xolo

momakvdavi giorgisTvis igi mxolod mnaTobi iyo. man ~pirdapir Sexeda mzes.

Sexeda Tamamad da dacinviT. ase dacinviT usworeben Tvals imas, visac

odesRac RimiliT Sexedvasac ver ubedavdnen, roca Zala hqonda~. giorgis

mzes aRar hqonda Zala, `saWiro aRar iyo samzeosken SeSinebuli Tvalis

qirmiSad gapareba~. TvalebSi mzegauvali bindi Camowoliliyo. kvdeba mze-

RvTaeba giorgisTvis, amitom mTavrdeba wuTisoflis didi dRec. samagierod

cocxalia mze _ RvTaeba TengosTvis, misi lodis qveS izrdeba fesvi

(simbolo Tengos Svilisa), romelsac mainc dastyobia mzis Zala, `miwis

Svils, albaT, miwave awvdida Tavis wil mzes~. gardacvlili Tengos

RiaddarCenil TvalebSi ar igrZnoboda tanjva, iyo gamarjvebuli da

bednieri Rimili im wamisa, rodesac Ronier mklavebs xelSi eWira didi

lodi. saSineleba, romelmac is miwaze dasaRupavad daanarcxa, gulamde ar

dasula, TvalebSi ar aRbeWdila. TvalebSi isev mze idga. merec, rodesac

Tengos damRupveli da, amavdroulad, ukvdavebis mimniWebeli lodis Svilis

saflavze aRmarTvas daiwyebs giorgi, yovelive gaiJRinTeba mzis siTboTi,

yovel nivTSi daivanebs mze: `mze iyo balaxSi, mze iyo foTlebSi, mze iyo

TavCaqindrul xeebSi. TviT ferdakargul sxivebSic ki caxcaxebda mze”.

giorgic gamarjvebuli iRupeba, amitom aZlevs Tavs uflebas, Tamamad

gausworos mzes Tvali, mzec aRar acxunebda Zlevamosilad.

`sxivSemoclili mzis disko moRlili ijda mTaze~. swored `moRlili mzis

moyviTalo bindSi~ mkrTalad dainaxa giorgim Tavisi `jiSis

gamgrZelebeli~ Tengos Svili, Tumca momakvdavi moxucisTvis darCa

`mxolod varaudi, iqneb ar amovardnila Cemi modgmis fesvi da ar

davRupulvar~. cocxal giorgis ver mouswrebs SviliSvili. imedi, romelic

sulTmobrZavs darCa, mxolod `Camavali mzis sxivebSi aTamaSda~. am bindSi

moxuci Znelad arCevda SviliSvilis saxes, giorgis win axal sxeulSi

gasxivebuli Tengo idga, romlis mimarTac Cadenili codvebi moxucma

monaniebis cremlebiT gamoisyida. codvisagan ganwmendili giorgis mzera

ukanasknel sxivs gahyva; ,,qveynis kides mifarebuli mzis es ukanaskneli

206

gamosxiveba xom sulTmobrZavis aRsarebasaviT gaugebari da sevdiania...

saocaria misi saxelic. mkvdris mze... erTma SubaTelma berikacma amixsna,

mkvdris mze imaTTvis aSuqebs, vinc Rirseulad kvdebao... zogierTs hgonia,

yvela mkvdrisTvis amodis es daRlili mze, namdvilad ki grZeli sofelic

wuTisofeliviT macduria, arc iqauri mze aSuqebs yvelasTviso~.

unda aRiniSnos am moTxrobis epigrafad moazrebuli frazis _ àmbavi

wuTisoflis didi dRisa~ _ saintereso miniSneba. `dRe~ mzis uZveles

saxelwodebadaa miCneuli, isini identurni arian: `daica, mzeo, nu

mibrZandebi, daica, dReo, nu Ramdebi~ (qarTuli... 1975:122). xalxuri rwmena-

warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, mziani dRis dabneleba sikvdilis maniSnebelia:

mze Cadis ukve saRamovdeba, vai, Sens dedas!

Seni mzec Caesvena, vai, Sens dedas!

dRe Segimoklda, vai, Sens dedas!

(afxazuri folklori 2003:17)

g. SatberaSvili kidev araerT nawarmoebSi moixseniebs mzis dabnelebas

adamianis sikvdilis asociaciis gamomwvev movlenad. leqsSi ,,mze

kalendarze~ poeti adamianis sicocxlis aiss da daiss, xalxuris msgavsad,

mzis amosvla-Casvlaze damokidebulad miiCnevs:

magram vinc icis, visTvis amodis,

visTvis amodis da visTvis Cadis,

vin icis, visTvis rodis amodis,

rodis amodis da rodis Cadis! (gv. 272)

am kiTxvebis fonze erTaderTi, raSic bolomdea darwmunebuli poeti,

sicocxlis warmavloba da sikvdilis garduvalobaa; amitomac ambobs

sevdaSeparuli damajereblobiT:

yvelas dro wasula, Cemi droc wava,

yvelas mze Casula, Cemi mzec Cava! (gv. 84)

giorgi SatberaSvilisTvis mze _ naTlis sveti _ maradiulobis

naTelmyof RvTiur niSnad qceula. Ppoets miaCnia, rom rCeulis saflavs

swored naTlis svetebi adgas Tavs; igi Senatris Semoqmeds, “leqsTa dedis”

mier ukvdavi sxiviT gaSuqebuls:

207

dambadebelma Tu leqsTa dedam

Uukvdavi sxiviT vin gaaSuqa?

sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxle bedad

vin icis, Cvengan romels aCuqa?!

...Sevnatri rCeuls, romlis kubosac

Tavs daadgeba naTlis svetebi... (gv. 22)

giorgi SatberaSvilis lirikuli gmiris msoflSegrZnebis yvela

magistrali mzisa da sinaTlisken miemarTeba. mze poetisTvis STagonebis

wyaroa, SemoqmedebiTi SegrZnebaa, siTbo da sinaTlea. igia sikeTis sawyisi

da maradisobis sawindari, sicocxlis, sinaTlis, bednierebis simbolo,

romlis Casvlac am yvelafris dasasrulis asociacias qmnis. am

TvalsazrisiT poeti uxvad sargeblobs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mSobeli

xalxis mier SemuSavebuli mzis simbolikebiT, Tumca, zogjer sakuTar

poetur quraSi gadamdnar saxe-simbolikebsac gvTavazobs.

208

6. sajildao qvis simbolika

sajildao qva igive safalavno lodia, vaJkacTa Ronis sacdeli,

oRond termini `sajildao~ Tavis TavSi itevs lodis amwevis dajildovebis

uZveles qarTul Cveulebas.

safalavno qva ori gamokveTili niSniT xasiaTdeba _ igi Zalian mZimea

da, amasTan, mrgvali da lipi; amitom mis awevas, simZimesTan erTad,

mouxelTebeli, gluvi zedapiri arTulebs. tradiciuli Sejibri lodis

awevaSi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi iyo gavrcelebuli da

ramdenimesafexuriani sistemis saxiT Camoyalibebuli: qaris gatareba,

muxlebamde, mkerdamde aweva, TavzeviT, cxenzeviT gadagdeba. amisda mixedviT

jildoc sxvadasxvagvari iyo dawesebuli. g. SatberaSvili werilSi

`safalavno qva~ (SatberaSvili 1982:530) igonebs: `bavSvobaSi sofel

gudaleTis eklesiis ezoSi aRdgomis meore dRes minaxavs rogor

eWidebodnen Wabukebi safalavno qvas. aseTi lodi yofila sofel

TvaladSic, Zlevis qedze, wminda giorgis eklesiasTan... amas winaT aseTive

savaJkaco qva vnaxe sofel metexSi, irakli gigos Ze maRalaSvilis ezoSi.

aseTi lodebi yofila raWasa (barakonSi) da svaneTSi~.

sajildao qvis moyvanilobasa da misi awevis tradiciaze saubrobs

mwerali Tavis vrcel da saintereso moTxrobaSi `mkvdris mze~

(SatberaSvili 1982:147245): `mZime qvis awevis sporti Zvel saqarTveloSi

Zalze gavrcelebuli yofila. asawevad sxvadasxva moyvanilobisa da

simZimis lodebs iyenebdnen, umTavresad _ mravalgvarad `gamokvercxil~

qvebs da maT sajildao an safalavno qvebs eZaxdnen.

Cvens dromde moRweul sajildao qvebs warwerebi ara aqvT. Tu odesme

eqnebodaT, warwerac Sesaferisi unda yofiliyo, daaxloebiT iseTi mokle

da sxarti, rogorc Zvelad Tungian yanwebs amSvenebda: ,,vinc damcalos,

imisi var...~ safalavno lodzec oriode sityva uTuod iqneboda: ,,vinc

amwevs~... an `vinc aswevs, miiRos jildoTa~ da sxva.

daTqmuli pirobis Tanaxmad, vinc lods odnav mainc aacilebda miwas, an

_ rogorc SubaTeli berikacebi ityvian _ ,,qars gautarebda~, xuTi

209

vercxliT unda dajildovebuliyo; vinc lods muxlebamde aswevda, erT

muWa vercxls uboZebdnen, xolo vinc mkerdamde aitanda, vercxliT qudis

avsebas hpirdebodnen~.

simZimis daZlevisa da qvis awevis sports, rogorc savaJkaco sanaxaobas,

qarTul miTologiaSi eZebneba fesvebi. amiran sulkalmaxis Ze pirvelTagani

iyo, vinc safalavno lods SeeWida da STamomavlobas vaJkacuri SemarTebis

da fizikuri tanjvis udrtvinvlad gadatanis magaliTi misca.

,,samoclitriani~ da ,,aslitriani~ rkinis aweviT cdiloben saxelis

mopovebas ,,xTis karze mdgari~ RvTisSvilebi _ kopala da iaxsari. RvTis

karze Sekrebil samocdacxra RvTisSvils Soris gamarTul samoclitriani

rkinis awevis SejibrSi iaxsari moipovebs gamarjvebas; igi SeZlebs rkinis

qveS qaris gatarebas da sakuTari upiratesobis dafiqsirebas:

RvTis karze SeviyareniT RvTisSviln samocdacxranio;

qvemoT, boloSi Camovje, me, xati iaxsario.

gadmodges saswor-Careqi, _ kvirav, gviWire Tvalio,

Camairiges RvTis SvilTa, vervin gaugdo qario.

gadavxe, erTi avwie, RmerTo, Sen mame Zalio,

samoclitrian rkinisa qveS gauvlie qario.

(xalxuri... 1965:282)

Tu iaxsari samoclitrian rkinas utarebs qars, RvTisSvili kopala

,,sagmiro aslitrians~ eWideba asaRebad:

nu Samidgebi Zalzeda, Tu ar xar imediani,

morigem Samamiloca sagmiro aslitriani.

xuT kidev davadebine, mklavSi var imediani.

(xalxuri... 1965:282)

kopala, erTi zepirgadmocemis mixedviT, `devebsac gasjibrebia mZime

qvis awevasa da Sors manZilze srolaSi da devebis safalavno mijnisTvis

gadaucilebia bevriT Sors. ,,dRes es qva aragvis pirasaa, iq, sadac kopalas

salocavia da hqvia ,,kopalas qva~ (vaJa-fSavela 1986:586).

mZime lodis awevis erT-erTi istoria ukavSirdeba vaJa-fSavelas poemis

,,gogoTur da afSinas~ mTavari personaJis _ gogoTuris saxels, romelic,

210

mwerlisave TqmiT, marTlac cxovrobda XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

sofel yofCadSi. igi yofila ,,friad axovani tanisa, lamazi saxisa da didi

janis patroni, magram mSvidi da lmobieri. imis motanili brtyeli,

saflavis qvis msgavsi, lodi dResac gdia kopalas salocavTan da

imisimZimea _ or kacs gauWirdeba am qvis gadabruneba~[vaJa-fSavela, 1986: 738].

vaJa-fSavela gulaxdilad aRiarebs, rom ,,jeelobaSi~ masac mravalgzis

ucdia gogoTuris motanili qvis adgilidan daZvra, magram yoveli cda

uSedego gamomdgara.

SatberaSvilic sajildao qvis mZleveli ori vaJkacis cxovrebis

umniSvnelovanes moments gvixatavs moTxrobaSi ,,mkvdris mze~. Txrobis

saintereso xerxebis gamoyenebiT, mwerali personaJTa originalur

xasiaTebs Zerwavs. nawarmoebi rTuli siuJeturi qargiTa da ambavTa

ostaturi urTierTSenacvlebiT iqcevs yuradRebas. mkvlevarma otia

paWkoriam am moTxrobas legenda uwoda, radgan, misi azriT, masSi

fantastikuri ambavia moTxrobili da wina planzea wamoweuli romantikuli

sawyisi adamianSi: ,,TviT ambavi ayenebs problemas, romelic did emociur

SesaZleblobebs moicavs da Tavisi xasiaTiT xalxis Semoqmedebis im ares

ganekuTvneba, legendaTa da TqmulebaTa wyaros rom warmoadgens. xalxis

Sexeduleba sikvdil-sicocxleze, vaJkacobasa da siyvarulze, rac qarTul

sinamdvileSi warmarTuli suliT ganmsWvalul TqmulebaTa wyaroa, aZlevs

moTxrobas qarTuli miTosisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elfers. moTxrobas

legendis paTossa da mniSvnelobas aniWebs ,,sajildao qva~ da masTan

dakavSirebuli ukvdavebis Tema~ (paWkoria 1969:54).

g. SatberaSvilis nawarmoebSi moTxrobilia ambavi sityviT moklulebisa

da maTi uneblie `mkvlelebis~ Sesaxeb. maTi saTrevi lodi nebismier

sajildao qvaze mZimea. mxolod gulwrfeli monanieba, RvarZliani gulis

cremliT gawmenda Tu gaaTavisuflebs maT am mZime tvirTisagan. `sityva

agorebul qvas hgavs, Tu erTi mosxlta da agorda, morCa, zvavad iqceva da

qveyanas walekavs~ (SatberaSvili 1982:181). am zvavma daitana nawarmoebis

araerTi personaJi. àm gmirebis piriT avtorma TiTqos mTeli kacobriobis

211

dardi aametyvela, gulze ki sajildao qvad, Taobebs Soris mudmivi

ganxeTqileba dado~ (doliZe 2011:64).

TaobaTa Sejibris obieqtad qceuli sajildao qva nawarmoebis Tanaxmad,

mis irgvliv aerTebs sami adamianis tragikul sicocxles da, orgzis

Zleuli, awmyosa da warsulis gadamkveT wertilad qceula: ,,Zlevis qedis

sajildao qva Tavisi sididiTa da simZimiT gansakuTrebulia, mas SeiZleba

ewodos ,,deda lodi~ saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi SerCenili sajildao

qvebisa. sofel SubaTSi, mis axlomaxlo soflebsa da, saerTod qarTlSi,

asaxeleben mxolod or kacs, visac am qvasTan SejibrebiT saxeli

moupovebia. erTi yofila nosteli kalatozi xizambareli, saxeli misi

aRaravis axsovs. mas am asi wlis win usaxelebia Tavi. daaxloebiT erTi

saukunis Semdeg am savaJkaco qvis awevis dros daRupula SubaTeli Wabuki

Tengo kobaiZe~.

am bediswerad qceul qvaze ucnauri warwera ikiTxeboda: ,,sikvdiliTa

sikvdilisa...~ rac, rasakvirvelia, erTgvar miniSnebas warmoadgenda qvis

mZleveli vaJkacis sikvdiliT ukvdavi saxelis mopovebisa.

rogorc sergi Wilaia miuTiTebs, `lodi (didi qva) vaJkacuri saxelis,

sicocxlis ukvdavebis simboloa. masTan SeWideba warmodgenilia rogorc

Widili wuTisofelTan, cxovrebasTan. am WidilSi gamarjvebulni

sicocxlis fasad gmiris saxels, samudamo sicocxles moipovebdnen. es asi

wlis winandeli ambavi xalxs Seunaxavs, Taobidan _ TaobaSi gadasula~

(Wilaia 1965:250).

sicocxlis fasad ujdeba xizambarels ukvdavi saxelis mopoveba. SubaTis

dangreuli taZris SekeTebis dasrulebis Semdeg Tavad TarxniSvils

wveuleba gaumarTavs, napurmarilevs ,,lxinisa da Widaobis gunebaze

damdgari axalgazrdebi sajildao qvas misevian Ronis sacdelad. qvis

qvemoT qaris gatareba gaRmamxrel biWs mouxerxebia, romelsac Tavadi

amilaxvari amxnevebda da aqezebda. TarxniSvilma rom xizambarelis mosul

tans Tvali Seavlo, masSi Tavisi kuTxis saxelis mxsneli dainaxa da

gaRmamxrelis metoqeoba sTxova. xizambarelma jer muxlebamde wamowia

lodi, magram xelidan gaucurda. metoqis damcinavma sicilma (`_qafCiT

212

aswie, kalatozo!~) ki gulmosul xizambarels mZime lodis Sekazmul cxenze

gadagdebac SeaZlebina. marTalia, am saqcieliT samudamod daimkvidra

vaJkacis saxeli, magram msxverplad sicocxlis Sewirva mouxda. erTi

saukunis merec meordeba igive istoria; msxverpli amjerad Tengo kobaiZea.

isic ewireba ukvdavebis mopovebas, isic gmiria, oRond am ori adamianis

gmirobas Soris aris gansxvavebuli momentebi:

xizambarelisTvis TviTmizani ar yofila saxelis mopoveba, igi

SemTxveviTobam ganapiroba. sajildao lodTan SeWideba TarxniSvilma

sTxova, xolo cxenzeviT qvis gadagdeba metoqis SeuracxyofiT gulmosulma

gadawyvita. aki Tavadac aRniSna metoqis enamwareobis didi damsaxureba

lodis awevis miRwevaSi: ` _ biWo, Sen rom ar gagemwarebine, am lods ra

amawevinebda!~ ase rom, xizambarelis moqmedeba impulsuria da ara _

TviTmiznuri. rac Seexeba Tengos, igi absoluturad mizanmimarTulad

moqmedebs. lodis awevis idea mas bavSvobidan hqonia aCemebuli.

`xizambarelis ambavi Tengos adre, bavSvobaSi, hqonda gagonili... zamTris

grZel, gauTavebel RameebSi, roca aguzguzebuli buxris win msxdarni

zRaprebis mosmeniT moiqancebodnen da axla savaJkaco amabebis moyolas

daiwyebdnen, xizambarelsac usaTuod axsenebdnen xolme. berikacebi ar

iviwyebdnen arc ,,samTa ZmaTa RolonaWamTa~, romelTac xevidan maRal mTaze

aaTries uzarmazari lodi da zed TavadaznaurTa gamosajavreblad Semdegi

sityvebi gamokveTes:

es lodi amovitaneT samTa ZmaTa RolonaWamTa,

aba, modiT da dasZariT, SvidTa ZmaTa qadanaWamTa.

berikacebi dabejiTebiT amtkicebdnen, es warweriani lodi axlac devs

mdinare berdujis Tu maSaveras xeobis erT-erT qedzeo. rogorc Cans,

nebierad aRzrdil ,,qadanaWam~ Svid Zmas adgilidanac ver dauZravs

RoloTi gamozrdili Zmebis lodi da xalxis savaJkaco Zeglad iqve

darCenila...~

Tengos araerTxel ufiqria usaxelo RoloWamiaze da nostel

falavanze, araerTxel mjdara SubaTis eklesiis galavanze midgmul lurj

lodze, xumrobiT wastanebia kidec, magram amaod miuCnevia misi daZvra.

213

magram mas Semdeg, rac sakuTarma mamam da misma gulRrZo megobarma Tengos

,,vaJkacoba gautrizaves da masxrad aigdes~, mtkiced gadawyvita, yvelasTvis

daemtkicebina sakuTari vaJkacoba. radgan kaibiWobisa da vaJkacobis sazomi

sajildao qva iyo, Tengomac am qvis daZleva Caifiqra. isic kargad icoda,

,,asjer rom aewia mZime rkina da mTeli saqarTvelos gazeTebi

aelaparakebina~, SubaTeli glexebi amas vaJkacobad mainc ar CauTvlidnen,

,,Caicinebdnen da ityodnen, Tu biWia, movides da xizambarelis lodi

aswioso~. isini vaJkacobas am lodis aweviT zomavdnen. mamis sityvebmac ` _

Tu Rone gerCis, ai, es sajildao qva aswieo~, _ ufro ganumtkica idumali

survili xizambarelTan Sejibrebisa da sajildao qvis awevisa;

xizambareli xom misTvis isev cocxali iyo, `vinc xalxis xsovnaSi

cocxlobs, is mkvdrad ar CaiTvlebao~, _ miaCnda Tengos, amitomac ar

Tvlida samarcxvinod nostel falavanTan Serkinebas.

karga xnis ganmavlobaSi varjiSobda Tengo. jer qaris gatareba SeZlo

lodqveS, mere muxlamde da mkerdamde atana da, rodesac darwmunda, rom

cxenzeviTac SeZlebda qvis gadagdebas, moedanze mTeli sofeli moixmo

ukvdavi saxelis dasamkvidreblad.

moedanze giorgis garda yvela mivida Tengosa da lodis Widilis

sayureblad. mama sizmarSi xedavda Svilisa da qvis orTabrZolas. metic,

giorgi imasac xedavda, Tu rogor adevnebda Tvalyurs Tengos moZraobas

nosteli xizambareli, rogor unaTdeboda Tvalebi lodis yoveli

santimetriT maRla awevisas, mere rogor gauqra saxeze keTili Rimili da

Tvalebze xelafarebuli rogor gauCinarda buCqnarSi (giorgim Svilis

loddacemuli sxeulic dainaxa).

mamis qvecnobier samyaroSi winaswar gaTamaSda Tengos sikvdilis yoveli

scena. waiSala zRvari realursa da sizmriseul sinamdviles Soris, an

sulac, mwerlisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ras miqvia sizmari da cxadi, maT

Sua samani vis daudvia? cxovrebac sizmaria... cxadic sizmaria da sizmaric~.

qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi Seumcdar winaTgrZnobad miCneuli

winaswarmetyveluri sizmriT myardeba mistikuri kavSiri warsulsa da

awmyos Soris. xizambareli Tengos daRupvaSi sakuTar tragediasac xedavs;

214

buCqebSi gauCinarebuli xizambareli Tengos daRupvasTan erTad sakuTar

Tavsac tiris, misTvis vaJkacis sikvdili damarcxebis tolfasia. amitomac

aRmoxda nostel falavans sikvdilis win ` _ sircxvil ars sikvdili!~

magram ase mxolod xizambareli fiqrobda. TengosTvis mTavari saxelis

ukvdaveba da soflisTvis sakuTari upiratesobis damtkiceba iyo.

nawarmoebSi dro miTologizebulia, waSlilia zRvari warsulsa da

awmyos Soris. igi erT mTlianobaSi ganixileba, TiTqos `dro ki ar midis,

dro dgas da Cven mivdivarT. dro uZravia sivrcesaviT, Tvaluwvdenelia

sivrcesaviT, is usaxo da usxeulo mdumarebaa, romelsac xandaxan Cveni

ganwiruli Zaxili arRvevs. Cven mivdivarT, mivqriT im RrublebiviT, dro ki

dgas...~

sinamdvilis specifikuri aRqma da gageba miTis erT-erT Taviseburebas

warmoadgens, romelic àr niSnavs adamianis sinamdvilisgan mowyvetas,

piriqiT, is ufro did, ufro namdvil realobaSi gadasvlas gulisxmobs,

raki mxolod aq, miTSi SeiZleba sasicocxlo universaluri modelebis

povna, mxolod miTi iZleva im maradiul `realobebs~, romlebic arseboben

maradisobaSi, arseboben samyaroSi droisa da sivrcis miRma, anu àradrosa~

da àrasivrceSi~ (TavdgiriZe 2008:11).

`mkvdris mzeSi~ warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis amsaxveli suraTebi,

cxovrebiseuli epizodebi ise enacvlebian erTmaneTs, rom Zneli xdeba maT

Soris mkacri sazRvris gavleba. miTis mniSvnelobac swored imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom `drois gansazRvrul momentSi arsebuli movlenebi

arseboben aradroSi. miTi Tanabrad xsnis rogorc warsuls, ise

axlandelsa da momavals. miTis safuZvelSi mravalplanianoba Zevs~ (levi-

strosi 2001:217-220).

igive iTqmis g. SatberaSvilis personaJebze. erT sibrtyeSi erTmaneTis

gverdiT Tanaarseboben cocxali Tu gardacvlili gmirebi, cnobier Tu

qvecnobier samyaroSi isini epaeqrebian erTmaneTs da amiT qmnian erT

mTlian sivrces; dro xom `monakveTebis mqone sivrcea~, sivrce ki _

`sagnebi~ (freidenbergi 1978:20).

215

xizambareli Tengos sulieri, mistiuri winaparia, misi pirvelsaxea,

arqetipia, sxva realobaSi, sxva droSi. amitomac Tengos yovel nabijs Tu

nafiqrs Tan sdevs xizambarelis landuri saxe, erTgul Tanamgzavrad rom

asdevnebia sicocxlis bolo wuTamde. rogorc mkvlevari afanasievi

miuTiTebs: ,àrsebobs warmodgena, rom gardacvlili winaprebi savsebiT ar

tovebdnen TavianT STamomavlebs, ar wyvetdnen maTTan kavSirs. isini

mxolod fizikuri formebisgan Tavisufldebodnen, uerTdebodnen stiqiur

sulebs da rogorc damcveli-geniebi Tvals adevnebdnen TavianT

STamomavlebs, exmarebodnen gaWirvebis dros~ (afanasievi 1868:75).

marTalia, xizambareli damcvel-geniad ver moevlina Tengos, magram maT

Soris sulieri kavSiri mainc aSkaraa. upirveles yovlisa, es maT

keTilSobilur bunebaSi mdgomareobs. `gaRmamxreli metoqis~ Seuracxyofis

miuxedavad, xizambareli mas mainc ver imetebs bolomde Sesarcxvenad,

Widaobis dros xelSi ayvanils uvneblad svams Zirs. rac Seexeba Tengos,

igi, mamis araerTi daumsaxurebeli wyromisa da Seuracxyofis miuxedavad,

uboroto, xalas adamianad rCeba. mZime bavSvobagamovlili, gansakuTrebuli

siyvaruliT eqceva bavSvebs, cdilobs sportiT maT dainteresebas.

STambeWdavia Tengosa da ninos faqizi siyvarulis tragikuli istoriac.

meore msgavsebas TanamedroveTa skeptikur damokidebuleba warmoadgenda,

romelsac xizambarelisa da Tengos SesaZleblobebisadmi iCendnen. aravis

sjeroda, Tu xizambareli `sajildao qvis TavzeviT awevasa da aRkazmuli

cxenis unagirszeviT gadagdebas~ SeZlebda, radgan miaCndaT, rom

`saqarTveloSi aseTi falavnebi ukve aRar iyvnen, isini didi xania SubaTis

eklesiis galavanSi ZvelTaZvel qvebqveS iwvnen da maT veravin

gaejibreboda~.

arc Tengos SesaZleblobebisa sjerodaT Tanasoflelebs, metic,

miaCndaT, rom `kameCTan moWidave xars rqebi ar SerCeboda~, rom Tengoc

male gaiziarebda im adamianTa beds, romelTaTvisac daundoblad

mouwyvetia weli am lods. `safalavno lods exumrebian... is ki ar ician,

sajildao qvas mxolod RvTis naTlulebi Tu uzamen Zvras!~ _

CurCulebdnen glexebi. aq Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom

216

qarTuli miTosuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic xalxSi myarad iyo

fesvgadgmuli, sajildao qvis awevis genezisi RvTisSvilTa (igive

`RvTisnaTlulTa~) saarako Ronis warmoCenaSia.

mesame msgavseba Tengosa da xizambarelis cxovrebis tragikul

dasasrulSia saZiebeli. orives sakuTari sicocxlis msxverplad Sewirva

uxdeba saxelis ukvdavsayofad. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

g. SatberaSvilis nawarmoebSi swored RvTis naTlulebad arian

moazrebulni xizambareli da Tengo. moTxrobaSi nosteli falavani

zRaprul mzeWabukTan, devebTan mebrZol asfurcelasTan aris Sedarebuli,

SubaTeli Tengo ki mzis Svilia, amitomac ganicdeba mzis mier misi sulis

yoveli moZraoba, amitomac airekleba Tengos cxovrebis naTeli Tu bneli

momentebi mzis met-naklebobaze. Tengos arsebaSic anaTebs mze, swored aman

SeaZlebina èrTbaSad daxarjuliyo, cecxli wahkideboda~ da amgvari

naTebiT `sxvisTvisac gaeSuqebina gza~. `xizambarelic erTbaSad rom ar

daxarjuliyo da as weliwadsac dazogili RoniT ecocxla, verc qonebas

iSovnida da verc saxels, kaci leSkacad iqceoda da mere mainc

mokvdeboda... erTbaSad daixarja da erTbaSad SeiZina vercxlica da

saxelic. adre mokvda Tu gvian, vercxli aq darCeba... saxeli ki ar ixarjeba,

aqac eyofa da iqac~.

xizambarelica da Tengoc sakuTari sicocxlis fasad axerxeben saxelis

ukvdavyofas, fizikuri sikvdiliT realuri sikvdilis damarcxebas. swored

amitom aweria lodze: `sikvdiliTa sikvdilisao!~ sikvdilis Zleva rCeulTa

xvedria, RvTis niSnis matarebelTa, anu nawilianTa xvedri.

kidev erTi adamianis sicocxles Seiwiravs lodi _ giorgis (Tengos

mamis). msxverplSewirvis mizezi iyo moxucis didi xnis survili: daRupuli

Svilis saflavze mis mierve Zleuli lodis Zeglad dadeba. giorgi

sakuTari xeliT saflavamde specialurad gayvanil gzaze SeZlebs lodis

gadagorebas da ukvdavebis simbolod mis aRmarTvas.

ase ikvreba lodis irgvliv ukvdavebis simbolod Qqceuli mistiur-

religiuri `sami~.

217

nawarmoebSi SeiniSneba sikvdilisa da sicocxlis ucnauri siaxlove, rac

sofelsa da sasaflaos Soris sazRvris moSliT gamoixateba: èzoebsa da

sasaflaoebs Soris sazRvari waSliliyo. sofeli izrdeboda da

sasaflaosken miiwevda. sasaflaoc TandaTan izrdeboda da soflisken

miiwevda~. `wuTisofeli xom sicocxlisa da sikvdilis Widilia... sadac

sikvdili ar Seabotebs, iq xom arc sicocxlea. aba sikvdilma vis unda

mouqnios Tavisi celi? es kia, dro unda icodes am dawyevlilma, dro...

ojaxidan Tavis droze gatanil kubos win Suqi miuZRvis, naadrevs ki bneli

da varami misdevs ukan...~

wuTisofeli TandaTan mxolod erT gzas gvitovebs. gzas, romelsac

gverds veravin auqcevs da arc aris saWiro, radgan `sasaflaos gzas

asaqcevi rad unda? micvalebulni mudam iqiT midian~. giorgis mier gayvanil

gzas `pirdapir saiqios karTan mihyavda mgzavri. amas iqiT wuTisofeli

Tavdeboda da saukuno sofeli iwyeboda~. moxucis mier gayvanili gzac

erTi patara nawilia, monakveTia ukvdavebisken mimavali rTuli, tkiviliani

gzisa.

rogorc vxedavT, g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSi `mkvdris mze~ sajildao

qvis ukvdavebis simbolod qcevis rTuli procesi sikvdil-sicocxlis

Widilis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. Tavad nawarmoebs, mis yovel sityvas

sajildao qvas adarebs mwerali, xolo Tavs sikvdilTan SeWidebul

mokvdavad moiazrebs, romelic `sajildao sityvis mZime lodis~ daZleviT

cdilobs ukvdavebis mopovebas: `mec TqvensaviT veWidebi sajildao sityvis

mZime lods. unda avwio mZime lodi, lodi sajildao sityvisa... vai, Tu qveS

momiqcios da TqvensaviT damRupos. me amisi ar meSinia. Tu ver avwie lodi

sajildao sityvisa, mainc daRupuli var. Tu avwie, Tu odnav mainc gavutare

qari, Tund movkvde, ar meSinia!~ (SatberaSvili 1982:311).

g. SatberaSvilis literaturuli memkvidreoba, qarTveli xalxis

sibrZniTa da zomierebiT Sezavebuli misi qarTuli, vfiqrob, dasturia

imisa, rom mSobeli eris sityvakazmuli mwerlobis madlian xnulSi

Camdgarma mweralma warmatebiT gaitana lelo da SeZlo, sajildao sityva

eTqva rogorc TanamedroveTaTvis, ise _ STamomavlebisaTvis. rogorc

218

mkvlevarma simon sxirtlaZem aRniSna: `giorgim sajildao qva marTlac

azida, moitana da dado Tavisi Semoqmedebis saZirkvlad, dado qarTuli

mwerlobis magistralur xazze _ vinc am gzas ascdeba, merwmuneT, rom mas

daviwyebis celi mocelavs~ (sxirtlaZe 1990:8).

g. SatberaSvilisaTvis yvelafero wminda, TviT deda _ saqarTvelo da

Tbilisi _ sajildao qvaa, radgan poetisTvis igi ukvdavebasTan

asocirdeba:

dgas msajuliviT Cvens win Tbilisi,

man icis Cveni mizani wminda;

Cven siyvaruli gvaerTebs misi

da saqarTvelos sicocxle gvinda!

gvaqvs muSairi, vibrZviT da vdaobT,

erTmaneTs Sursac vamCnevT saxeze.

dumiliT gvimzers qva sajildao

da ukvdavebis eSxiT gvaqezebs (gv. 78).

amrigad, g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi friad saintereso saxe-

simbolos qmnis `sajildao qva~, qarTuli miTosis personaJebis _ Ronis

sacdeli, mokvdavTaTvis ukvdavebis mimniWebeli; simbolo, romelTanac

asocirdeba poetisTvis yvelaze Rirebuli _ Semoqmedeba.

219

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

yoveli WeSmariti mwerali met-naklebad dakavSirebulia xalxuri

Semoqmedebis fesvebTan, sargeblobs misi saxeebiTa Tu motivebiT. mwerlis

mxatvruli Rirebulebis ganmsazRvreli, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, isic aris,

Tu ramdenad originalurad da safuZvlianad iyenebs igi Tavisi xalxis

folklorul Semoqmedebas. giorgi SatberaSvili im mweralTa ricxvs

miekuTvneba, romelTa literaturul memkvidreobasac `mSobel miwaSi udgas

fesvebi~. metic, mTeli misi Semoqmedeba sisxlხorceulad aris

dakavSirebuli Cveni xalxis umdidres zepirsityvierebasTan. samwuxarod,

folklorTan mimarTebaSi giorgi SatberaSvilis Semoqmedebis ganxilva

mxolod ramdenime mkvlevris zogadi SefasebiT Semoifargleba; ZiriTadi

aqcenti mwerlis ama Tu im nawarmoebTa ideur-mxatvruli donis analizsa

da misi leqsikologiuri moRvaweobis Sefasebas eZRvneba.

g. SatberaSvilma dagvitova uaRresad Rirebuli kritikul-

publicisturi memkvidreoba, romlis didi nawili qarTuli

folkloristikis aqtualur problemebs exmianeba; mwerali aqtiurad

eweoda folklorul-SemkreblobiT muSaobasac; mas Cauweria araerTi

sagulisxmo nimuSi xalxuri zepirsityvierebisa: xalxuri baladis _

`Semomeyara yivCaRis~ _ ramdenime varianti, giorgi saakaZis ciklis qarTuli

zepirsityvierebis araerTi nimuSi, `mesxuri sufrulis~ xuTi xalxuri

leqsi, xerTvisisa da Tmogvis cixeebTan dakavSirebuli ori legenda,

`Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSnikis~ TiToeuli sityva Tu fraza da mravali

sxva; sanimuSoa mwerlis `nafiqri~, romelSic moTavsebulia werilebi:

`balada qarTveli moymisa da yivCaRisa~, `mesxuri sufruli~, `warmarTuli

xareba~, `kviria ciskari~, `giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~ da sxva mravali,

romlebic qarTuli folkloristikis ama Tu im sakiTxs eZRvneba. amdenad,

sakvalifikacio naSromSi g. SatberaSvilis Semoqmedebis folklorTan

mimarTebasTan erTad ganvixilavT mwerlis, rogorc folkloristis,

mecnierul Sexedulebebs; vaanalizebT mis mier Sekrebil folklorul

220

nimuSebs da vcdilobT maTTvis saTanado adgilis miCnevas qarTul

folkloristikaSi.

qarTuli folkloristikis istoriografiisaTvis gansakuTrebul

interess iwvevs g. SatberaSvilis werili `balada qarTveli moymisa da

yivCaRisa~, romlis miznad mkvlevarma qarTuli xalxuli baladis _

`Semomeyara yivCaRi~ _ im variantis araxalxurobis dasabuTeba aqcia,

romelic amgvarad mTavrdeba: ,,aqeT me vkvdebi, iqiT _ is, qali wavida

sxvisasa~; man miiCnia, rom amgvar daboloebaSi vawydebiT ,,baladis ZiriTadi

ideisagan diametrul gadaxvevas, misi azris damaxinjebas~. baladis

variantTa gacnobam da im literaturis Seswavlam, romelic baladis

irgvliv giorgi SatberaSvilamde Seqmnila, mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom

mravali sakiTxi, romelsac zepirsityvierebis es nimuSi aRZravs,

Seuswavlelia, zogic mcdaradaa gaSuqebuli; amitomac, baladis

pirvelTqmuli teqstis dadgenisa da daboloebis sakiTxze msjelobisas,

mkvlevars aucileblobad miuCnevia yuradRebis gamaxvileba Semdeg

sakiTxebze: 1. baladis warmoSobis adgili da misi qarTveli personaJebis

sadauroba; 2. baladis mTisa da baris variantebis urTierToba; 3. baladis

warmoSobis dro; 4. baladis sasxoruli variantis siyalbe.

giorgi SatberaSvilis azriT, sasxoruli variantidan unda

momdinareobdes `sabWoTa mweralis~ mier 1950 wels gamocemul krebulSi

`xalxuri poezia~ (aleqsandre gomiaSvilisa da raJden gvetaZis

redaqtorobiT) dabeWdili muxranuli balada, romlis dasasrulic

sasxoruli baladis msgavsia: `qali wavida sxvisasa....~ xalxuri baladis

aRniSnuli teqstisadmi mkvlevris eWvi imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom is

erTaderTi variantia baladisa, romelSic qmris sikvdilis Semdeg qali

`sxvisas~ midis. amgvari daboloeba, misi azriT, `qmarmokluli qarTveli

qalis avad moxseniebaa~. `Semomeyara YyivCaRis~ sxvadasxva variantis

Seswavlam mwerali miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom ar arsebobs arc erTi

varianti am leqsisa, sadac qmarmokluli qarTveli qali avad iyos

221

naxsenebi, garda p. umikaSvilis `xalxur sityvierebaSi~ dabeWdili

variantisa.

giorgi SatberaSvili darwmunebulia, rom ,,sabWoTa mwerliseuli~

varianti momdinareobs baladis ,,sasxoruli~ variantidan. amgvari daskvnis

uflebas mkvlevars Semdegi msgavsebebi aZlevs: 1. arc erT variantSi, garda

sasxorulisa, ar aris naxmari: ,,Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~. buquraulis

mier TuSeTSi Caweril variantSi aris ,,gazarduls sxvisa Svilsao~, ris

poeturad galamazebul variantsac warmoadgens sasxorulSi gadatanili

,,Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~, am gamarTul frazas sityvasityviT imeorebs

,,sabWoTa mwerliseuli~ varianti; 2. saxorulis garda, arc erTi varianti

ar icnobs gamoTqmas: ,,mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~... amas ,,sabWoTa

mwerliseuli~ teqsti ase imeorebs: ,,mozida nawnavs Tmisasa~; 3. baladis

sasxoruli variantis garda, arsad ar gvxvdeba ,,movzidne vadas xmlisasa~...

asevea ,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSic; 4. saxsoruli variantis garda,

arc erT varintSi ar aris: àr iyo Rirsi, moSorda cqeras naTeli mzisasa~.

,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSi am sityvebis gameoreba kvlav zemoTqmuli

magaliTiviT ulogikobas warmoadgens; 5. baladis ,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~

varintSi sityvasityviT gameorebulia: ,,vendve madls laSris jvrisasa~.

sasxorul variantSi, SatberaSvilis azriT, laSarisadmi mindoba

azrobrivad logikuria, radgan am mindobam qarTvel moymes gaamarjvebina.

,,sabWoTa mwerliseul~ variantSi ki laSaris jvrisadmi mindobis Semdeg

moymes imedi ucruvdeba _ igi iRupeba, colic ,,sxvisas~ midis; amdenad,

laSaris xseneba aq ulogikoa. SatberaSvilis azriT, es muxli rom yalbia,

amas amtkicebs forma ,,laSaris~ arabunebriv mdgomareobaSi dayenebac.

naTqvamia ara ,,laSaris~, aramed ,,laSris~. mkvlevari saeWvod Tvlis

laSaris jvris konteqstSi naxseneb gamoTqmasac: `vendve madls~, radgan

miaCnia, rom àm leqsis gadamkeTeblis mier gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris is

garemoeba, rom morwmune mTieli Tavisi sayvareli RvTaebis madlisa da

sikeTisadmi ndobis sakiTxis dasmas ver gabedavda. Znelia, daeTanxmo

mkvlevris am mosazrebas, radgan `vende~ konteqstidan gamomdinare

sworedac rom `mindobas~ unda gulisxmobdes. asec rom ar iyos, ara mgonia,

222

werilis avtoriseuli gaSinaarseba am sityvisa _ `ndobis gamocxadeba~

sayvareli RvTaebisadmi Seuracyofad mieCnia mTiel kacs, radgan Tavad

ndoba ukve Seicavs rwmenas misandobisadmi. amitom ver gaviziareb

mosazrebas am striqonis araxalxurobis Sesaxeb. Cvens mosazrebas amyarebs

metad saintereso da sagulisxmo cnoba, romelsac gvawvdis mkvlevari

lali berZeniSvili wignSi `xalxuri sityviereba akakis krebulSi~.

mkvlevari qalbatoni aqarwylebs yovelgvar eWvs `laSaris jvrisa~ da mis

konteqstSi moazrebuli gamoTqmis `vende madls~ araxalxurobis irgvliv,

upirispirebs ra 1899 wels s. merkvilaZis mier Cawerili baladis variants.

es teqsti, samwuxarod, ar gauTvaliswinebiaT am baladis mkvlevrebs. Cveni

yuradReba miiqcia im striqonebma, romelic qarTlSi, sof. sasxorSi,

Caweril variantSic aris da romelic am teqstis Camweris Semoqmedebad

miiCnies. es striqonebia: `Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~; `mozidna nawnavs

Tmisasa~; `movzidne vadas xmlisasa~; `vendve madls laSris jvrisasa~. rac

Seexeba baladis dasasruls, marTalia, igi ar gamoxatavs qarTveli xalxis

ideals, magram es mainc ar unda iqces eWvis safuZvlad, radgan

zepirsityvierebaSi ama Tu im ambis sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocemis magaliTebi

Zalze xSiria.

giorgi SatberaSvili werilis bolos gvTavazobs balada `Semomeyara

yivCaRis~ teqsts, romelic, misi azriT, pirvelTqmulTan miaxloebuli

iqneba, Tumca, es mcdeloba, Cemi azriT, warumatebeli gamodga. es werili

imiTac aris sagulisxo, rom mas darTuli aqvs balada `Semomeyara yivCaRis~

sxvadasxva varianti SeniSvnebiTurT.

narkvevi, romelsac giorgi SatberaSvilma uwoda `giorgi saakaZe xalxis

xsovnaSi~, miznad isaxavs XVII saukunis cnobili sazogado moRvawis giorgi

saakaZis irgvliv arsebuli folkloruli masalis (leqsebis, Tqmuleba-

gadmocemebis) Seswavlasa da analizs. g. SatberaSvils didi mouravis

pirovnebis Sesaxeb xalxSi gafantuli gadmocemebis Seswavla saakaZis

mSobliuri kuTxidan dauwyia. am mizniT mas noste da soflebi – kavTisxevi,

Tvaladi, ezati da axalcixe _ Seuswavlia; isic, avtorisave TqmiT,

nawilobriv da arasrulad; amdenad, SesaZlebelia, bevri saintereso masala

223

kidev aRmoCndes imave soflebSi da sxvaganac. miuxedavad amisa, mklevars

mouxerxebia Caewera Tqmulebebi da leqsebi, romlebic metad sainteresod

gviSuqeben didi mouravis pirovnebas da naTel warmodgenas gvaZleven

saakaZisadmi xalxis damokidebulebis Taobaze. es masala imiTac aris

niSandoblivi, rom warmoadgens giorgi saakaZis pirovnebis Sesaxeb arsebul

zepirgadmocemaTa pirvel gamoqveynebul nimuSebs.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebili masala yvela uSualod did

mouravs exeba, garda erTisa (,,giorgis drozed naTqvami~), romelic asaxavs

me-17 saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis politikur viTarebas da gajerebulia

samSoblosadmi siyvaruliT. es leqsi, gamoqveynebis Semdeg, rogorc im

Savbneli drois amsaxveli, poetma irakli abaSiZem mTlianad Seitana Tavis

poemaSi: ,,ras gadaurCa Tbilisi~.

g. SatberaSvili cdilobs, istoriul wyaroTa da mis mier mopovebul

zepirgadmocemaTa urTierTSejerebis Sedegad dagvixatos didi mouravis

rogorc garegnuli, ise Sinagani portreti. mis mier mopovebul masalaSi

friad saintereso cnobas vawydebiT giorgi saakaZis warmoSobis Sesaxeb;

saubaria giorgi saakaZis disa da luarsab mefis qorwinebaze, feodalTa

moSurneobaze, maTi ZalisxmeviT `didi mouravisadmi~ mefis gadamterebaze.

sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT iqcevs yuradRebas gadmocema, romelSic mefis

gamijnurebisa da qorwinebis aRweris garda, detaluradaa moTxrobili

saakaZis winaaRmdeg dagegmili SeTqmuleba. saubaria saakaZis erTguli

momxris _ `mziTvis biWis~ _ Sesaxeb, romelsac sicocxlis fasad daujda

mouravis gafrTxileba mefisa da feodalebis veraguli gegmis Sesaxeb. es

sagulisxmo epizodi odnav gansxvavebuli saxiT istoriul wyaroebSic

poulobs asaxvas.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebil yvela gadmocemaSi saakaZis iranSi

gadaxvewa, msgavsad istoriuli wyaroebisa, Seqmnili politikuri situaciiT

aris axsnili; gamonakliss warmoadgens sofel nosteSi Cawerili gadmocema,

romelSic saakaZis `TaTrebis mier daWerisa da tyved wayvanis Sesaxebaa~

saubari. xalxis Rrma rwmeniT, samSoblodan gadaxvewili, mtris banakSi

myofi giorgi saakaZe ar wyvets saqarTvelos keTildReobaze fiqrs. zogi

224

gadmocemis mixedviT, igi yovelnairi gziT cdilobs Sah-abasis darwmunebas

saqarTvelos dalaSqvris aucileblobaSi, im mizniT, rom Suri iZios

mterze, SeZlos misi Semotyueba da ganadgureba. axerxebs kidec, magram es

nabiji Svilis – paatas - sicocxlis fasad ujdeba. giorgi saakaZisa da

paatas gmirobis Sesaxeb saocrad Rrma gancdiT mogviTxrobs g.

SatberaSvilis mier sofel TvaladSi Cawerili leqsi. masSi naTlad Cans,

rom ara mxolod mamas, Svilsac gacnobierebuli hqonda Sahis winaaRmdeg

galaSqrebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli safrTxe. saTanadod ar daufases

giorgis samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba. saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli mouravi

amjerad mefe Teimurazs upirispirdeba. igi iZulebuli xdeba, osmaleTSi

gadaixvewos. giorgi saakaZis saqarTvelodan xelmeored gadaxvewis mizezad

xalxuri mTqmeli sxvisi vaJkacobis Secnobis unarmoklebuli zogi moSurne

qarTvelis ,,qalaCunobas~ miiCnevs.

sparseli istorikosisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela qarTuli wyaro erTxmad

aRniSnavs, rom giorgi saakaZe Ralatis gamo ki ar mouklavs xosro faSas,

aramed _ SuriT. giorgi saakaZis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb istoriuli

wyarosgan gansxvavebul cnobas gvawvdis xalxuri gadmocema, Tumc,

farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzulebis msgavsad, didi mouravis daRupvis

mizezad aqac qali (xonTqris, faSas coli) saxeldeba. SatberaSvilis mier

sof. kavTisxevSi Cawerili gadmocemiT, feodalebis mier meored

moZulebuli mouravi xonTqarTan midis, sadac xonTqris meoce cols

unugeSod Seuyvardeba da, giorgisgan uaryofili, gawbilebuli da

ganawyenebuli, mouravs mZinares klavs.

rogorc vxedavT, xalxur gadmocemebSi ,,didi mouravis~ saxe mxolod

dadebiTi kuTxiTaa danaxuli da Sefasebuli, xolo mouravis namoqmedariT

gamowveuli arasasiamovno Sedegi, misi nebis miRma, mZime istoriuli

realobidan gamomdinare gardauval aucileblobadaa miCneuli. saakaZisadmi

xalxis moWarbebuli siyvarulis naTeli dasturi qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli

mefe qalis _ Tamaris - gverdiT xsenebacaa. g. SatberaSvilis mier Caweril

erT-erT gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ,,Tamar mefis Semdeg yvelaze didi saxeli mas

hqonda~.

225

Ggiorgi saakaZis ciklis xalxur gadmocemaTa erTi nawili uxvad Seicavs

eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebel calkeul epizodebsa Tu atribucias.

yuradRebas iqcevs gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmac miTur lurj cxenze

amxedrebuli giorgi saakaZe gamoiyureba zRaprisa Tu miTosis gmirad,

romelic ebrZvis demonologiur personaJs – gveleSaps, emsaxureba sikeTes

da borotTa tyveobidan aTavisuflebs rogorc calkeul adamianebs, ise –

mTel Tems. es legenda XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tavis poemaSi gamoiyena

poetma g. xeCuaSvilma. erT-erTi amgvari legenda mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor

daamarcxa saxelganTqmulma mouravma tbas dapatronebuli uzarmazari

gveleSapi. wminda giorgis kultTan, mis mier gveleSapis mokvlis

saswaulebriv motivTan giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb xalxSi arsebuli

Tqmulebis siuJetur – pasaJuri msgavseba didi mouravisadmi qarTveli

kacis siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, misi fizikuri Zlevamosilebisadmi

gadaWarbebuli rwmeniT unda aixsnas. amis naTeli magaliTia isic, rom

xSirad saxalxo mTqmeli giorgi saakaZes adamianur SesaZleblobaTa

zRvars miRma arsebul uCveulo unars miawers: gadmocemebSi saubaria didi

mouravis xmisa da xmlis ucnaur SesaZleblobebze. jadosnuri xmlisa da

xmis motivi ucxo ar aris aqarTuli zepirsityvierebisTvis.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier Sekrebil zepirsityvier masalaze saubrisas

gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani detali: mis mier CvenTvis

mowodebuli yvela gadmocema Tu leqsi giorgi saakaZis mSobliur kuTxeSia

Cawerili. xSirad swored amiT aixsneba saakaZis mier gadadgmuli yoveli

nabijiს dadebiTi kuTxiT Sefasebis survili, Tumca isic udavoa, rom

giorgi SatberaSvilis mier mopovebuli masala fasdaudebelia giorgi

saakaZis istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis originaluri interpretaciis

TvalsazrisiT.

g. SatberaSvilis narkvevi `xareba~ naTeli gamoxatulebaa

zepirsityvieri masalisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebisa. sityva `xarebis~

mniSvnelobis garkveva erTma xalxurma leqsma da masSi amokiTxulma

striqonma _ `moalT da colsac vaxarebT sikvdilsa Tavis qmrisasa~ _

226

gadaawyvetina, radgan gamoTqma `vaxarebT~ am SemTxvevaSi konteqstisaTvis

Seufereblad miiCnia. es xalxuri leqsi TaTris tyviiT gangmiruli fSaveli

mwyemsis papia TaTaraSvilis datirebas warmoadgens. gmiris sikvdils ki,

SatberaSvilis azriT, fSavlebi `saxareblad~ ar gaixdidnen. am

gaurkvevlobam mkvlevars sityva `xarebis~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis

Ziebis survili aRuZra, radgan, cxadia, saqme sityvis mniSvnelobis

cvlasTan gvaqvs. sityva `xarebis~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Semonaxvas

giorgi SatberaSvili mTis leqsis tradiciulobiT xsnis. `rogorc

cnobilia, mTis kiloebSi, mTis folklorSi, mravlad aris Semonaxuli

warmarTuli yofis gamomxatveli elementebi da enobrivi arqaizmebi...

faqtia, rom nawilobriv amgvari gadmonaSTebis safuZvelze moaxdina ivane

javaxiSvilma qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis aRdgena~.

warmarTuli xarebis kvalis Zebna giorgi SatberaSvils qarTuli

saxarebis uZveles ZeglebSic dauwyia. sxvadasxva hagiografiuli, saero da

istoriuli literaturis, aseve qarTuli saxarebis safuZvlianma Seswavlam

da misma Sedarebam berZnuli, inglisuri da germanuli saxarebis

teqstebTan mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom sityva `xarebas~ qarTul oTxTavSi,

sasuliero Tu saero ZeglebSi hqonia samgvari mniSvneloba: 1) masSi

sasixarulos Tqma moazrebulia mxolod da mxolod qristes moZRvrebis

qadagebis, sulieri netarebis da amaRlebis mniSvnelobiT (`...sxvaTaca

qalaqTaca jer ars Cemda xarebad sasufeveli RmrTisai, rameTu amisTvis

movivline~.); 2) Cveulebrivi sasixarulo ambis Tqmisa da amiT gamowveuli

dadebiTi gancdis mniSvnelobiT (`ganisvene, Wame, su da ixarebd~.); 3) Tqmis,

Txrobis, ambobis mniSvnelobiT. es ukanaskneli mkvlevars uZvelesi,

warmarTuli mniSvnelobis gadmonaSTad miaCnia. g. SatberaSvilis azriT,

sityva `xarebas~ saxarebis mTargmnelni xSirad Txrobis, Tqmis,

Setyobinebis mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen.

mogvianebiT, narkvevis _ `xareba~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, akaki SaniZis mier

gamocemul `xevsurul poeziaSi~ or leqss miupyria giorgi SatberaSvilis

yuradReba. erT maTgans `sadara~ hqvia, meores ki _ `gurovelebi

samekoprod~; orive daRupul vaJkacTa datirebas warmoadgens da aqac

227

àxaron~ da ,,maxarobeli~ ambis Tqmis, ambis Semtyobineblis, macnis

gagebiTaa. amave mniSvnelobiT es sityva solomon lioniZis `moTqmiT

tirilsa~ da anton furcelaZis nawerebSic gvxvdeba.

rogorc vxedavT, g. SatberaSvili sityva `xarebis~ warmarTuli (rogorc

amas Tavad uwodebs) mniSvnelobis garkvevas Zvel istoriul qronikebsa da

xalxuri poeziis calkeuli nimuSebze dayrdnobiT cdilobs. maTi

urTierTSejerebiT mkvlevars araerTi sagulisxmo daskvna gamoaqvs, rac

narkvevs mecnierul Rirebulebas matebs.

giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristul narkvevTagan gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas iqcevs werili `kviria~, romelSic mkvlevari Seexo qarTul

warmarTul panTeons da misi erT-erTi saintereso da kolorituli

binadris _ kvirias adgilisa da rolis sakiTxs. am problemis warmosaCenad

mkvlevris ZiriTad iaraRs xalxuri Tqmuleba-gadmocemebi da leqsebi

warmoadgens, radgan miiCnevs, rom `xalxuri poeziis, Tqmulebebis,

zRaprebisa Tu andaza-gadmocemebis dakvirvebuli Seswavla Suqs hfens ama

Tu im eris istoriis, eTnografiis, religiis im sakiTxebs, romelTac

daviwyebis mtveri mihyriaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi gaugebarni da auxsnelni

darCenilan~.

saanalizo naSromSi giorgi SatberaSvili mokled exeba warmarTul

RvTaebaTa ierarqiis sakiTxs da aRniSnavs, rom RvTaeba kviria qarTul

warmarTul panTeonSi gavleniani RvTaeba yofila; mas umaRlesi (`morige~)

RmerTis karze Tavisufali Sesvla-gamosvlisa da, moqmedebis ufleba

hqonia da, xalxis rwmeniT, `RvTis karze moarul~ RvTaebad yofila

miCneuli. am mosazrebis naTelsayofad g. SatberaSvili iSveliebs eTnograf

vera bardaveliZis mier TuSi mTqmelisagan Caweril leqsebs, romlebSic

kviria RmerTis Semdeg ixsenieba da gamoTqvams rwmenas, rom kviria, morige

RmerTTan erTad, dar-amindis, anu tarosis, gamgeblic unda yofiliyo,

Tumca, arafers ambobs kvirias sxva movaleobebze. kerZod imaze, rom mas

samarTalic ekiTxeboda da `wulis momateba~, anu Camomavlobis micema da

gamravlebac SeeZlo. g. SatberaSvili, mkvlevarTa didi nawilisgan (i.

javaxiSvili, q. soxaZe, i. tatiSvili) gansxvavebiT, darwmunebulia, rom

228

qarTvelebs kviria mzis saxiT ar unda warmoedginaT, radgan mze mudam

pirvel mnaTobad da, aqedan, pirvel RvTaebad, iyo miCneuli;Mmagram, radgan

qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirveli adgili

moriges eWira, miiCnevs, rom kviria RvTis (`morigis~) karze moaruli

RvTaebaa. aseTad ki ufro SesaZlebelia, ciskari miviCnioT, romelic

uSualod uswrebs mzis amosvlas, miuZRvis mas da TiTqos mzis mobrZanebis

macne da maxarobelia.

giorgi SatberaSvili ar akonkretebs ciskris varskvlavze (venera) aqvs

saubari Tu ubralod ciskarze, romelsac sulxan-saba Semdegnairad

ganmartavs: `ciskari ewodeba mowevnas ganTiadisasa, Semdgomad misa _

ganTiadi, da Semdgomad _ riJraJi, xolo aRmosvlasa mzisasa _ dila~

(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:338). bunebrivia, Tu ubralod ciskars

moviazrebT, saubari mzis amosvlis, rogorc sruli procesis, sawyis etapze

iqneba da amdenad g. SatberaSvilis mcdeloba kvirias mzis RvTaebad

armiCnevis mtkicebisa mkvlevrisave naTqvamis winaaRmdegobaSi mova. xolo

ciskrisa da ciskris varskvlavis, Suqur varskvlavis, sagamTeneblo

varskvlavis gaigiveba ar iqneba bolomde gamarTlebuli. erTmaneTisgan

mijnavs da cal-calke ganmartavs maT sulxan-sabac. ciskari rom

gansxvavdeba Suqur varskvlavisgan, amaze xalxuri poeziac miuTiTebs.

amitom mimaCnia, rom giorgi SatberaSvilis mcdeloba RvTaeba kviriasa da

ciskaris igiveobis mtkicebis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad sakiTxis originaluri

gaazrebisa, mainc naklebad damajerebelia. mkvlevari mxolod erTi

xalxuri leqsis safuZvelze cdilobs kvirias genezisis garkvevas, danarCen

miTologiur masalas ki uyuradRebod tovebs, ris gamoc, bunebrivia,

garkveul winaaRmdegobebSi vardeba. miuxedavad amisa, giorgi

SatberaSvilis es narkvevi saintereso sityvaa qarTuli folkloristikis

istoriografiisaTvis.

leqsikografiuli literaturis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia giorgi

SatberaSvilis `Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~, romelic Cvens yuradRebas

iqcevs imiT, rom masSi Tavmoyrili xatovani sityva-Tqmebis mniSvnelobaTa

dadgenisas umeteswilad folklorul masalaa gamoyenebuli. mravali

229

qarTuli idiomis safuZvels mkvlevari swored zepirsityvierebaSi eZebs da

sailustraciodac erovnuli folkloris poeturi nimuSebi moaqvs, riTac

naTlad avlens qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis Rrma codnas. g.

SatberaSvilis `WaSniki~ naTeli dadasturebaa im gulmodgine muSaobisa,

romelsac mwerali eweoda xalxSi gavrcelebuli xatovani Tqmebisa da

sityvebis Sesakrebad. masSi warmodgenili SeniSvnebi didad daexmareba

rogorc folkloristebsa da eTnografebs, ise _ qarTuli kulturis

istoriiT dainteresebul pirebs.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi folklori sxvadasxva kuTxiTa da

aspeqtiT airekleba, Tumca, roca mis nawarmoebebSi folkloruli saxeebis

gamoyenebaze vsaubrobT, TavisTavad cxadia, mxolod uSualo paralelebiTa

da sityvasityviTi damTxvevebiT ver SemovifarglebiT, radgan zogjer

calkeul xatTa kalkireba Zalze mcires ambobs mwerlis folklorTan

urTierTobaze. ufro sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevia: 1) Tematikuri

siaxlove, 2) movlenebisadmi midgomis Tanxvdoma, 3) problemis gadawyvetis

identuroba.

erovnuli saunjis samyarodan poeti xSirad moixmobs znemaRal qarTvel

gmirTa aCrdilebs da TanamedroveT Seaxsenebs maT idealebs. am

TvalsazrisiT mis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs ,,arsenas leqsisa~ da

personaJis mxatvruli saxis poeturi interpretacia. arsenas

Tavisuflebismoyvare suli, misi marTali sityva da saqme g. SatberaSvilis

poeziaSi eris TavisTavadobis, Seudreklobisa da vaJkacobis simboloa;

leqsSi ,,arsena yaCaRi~ poeti mexre biWs STagonebiT amRerebs ,,Savlegos~,

rac leqsisaTvis erTgvari simboluri uvertiuraa. arsenas zneobrivi saxis

daxatviT giorgi SatberaSvili Temisadmi midgomis xalxuri tradiciis

erTul damcvelad gvevlineba.

giorgi SatberaSvilis poezias Tavisi stiliTa da SinaarsiT uxvad

asazrdoebs qarTuli xalxuri samgloviaro poeziis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani ubani – epitafia.

poetis lirikuli leqsebisaTvis niSandoblivia xalxuri poeziis

calkeuli striqonebis ucvleli azrobrivi konteqstiT xmareba, riTac

230

kidev ufro cxovelmyofeli xdeba nawarmoebis Tema da idea. leqsSi

`gazafxuli muxranis velze~ siyvarulis keTilSobiluri bunebis

warmosaCenad g. SatberaSvili cnobili xalxuri strofis citirebas axdens:

ase mRerian muxranze: `dRes Rame uTenebia, rac mtrobas daungrevia,

siyvaruls uSenebia!~ amis paralelurad gvxvdeba iseTi nimuSebic, sadac

xalxuri saunjidan aRebuli esa Tu is gamonaTqvami sawinaaRmdego

azrobriv konteqstSia warmodgenili, Tumca, gaTvaliswinebulia xalxuri

masalis musikaluri mxare. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT leqsi

,,siyvarulsa malva unda?~ romelic xalxur leqsze dayrdnobiTaa

dawerili. miuxedavad amisa, absoliturad gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs

amJRavnebs. Tu xalxuri leqsis mixedviT, `siyvarulsa malva unda viTa

cxensa naparavsa~, poetis SexedulebiT _ ìs mkvdaria, rac gulSi wlobiT

minamqrulia. Tu niavmac ar icis, is ra siyvarulia~.

rodesac g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi transformirebul folklorul

saxeebze vsaubrobT, unda aRiniSnos misi erT-erTi saukeTeso lirikuli

leqsi `samaia~, romelic xalxuri nimuSis `samaia samTaganas~ asociaciur

interpretacias warmoadgens. folklorul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT

Semoqmedi axerxebs, mogvces axali ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli lirikuli

leqsi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas g. SatberaSvilis kidev erT leqsze à im

mTazeda Tovlianzeda~, romelic garkveul msgavsebas avlens mTels

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul saferxulo baladasTan ìa mTazeda~. aseve

SeiZleba paralelebi gaivlos poetis leqs `tivis xesa~ da metiuri ciklis

xalxur leqsebs Soris. sakuTari Tavis daSlili tivis xed warmodgeniT

poeti grZnobaTa ganmartoxelebis da bolos daSlis mtkivneul process

gvixatavs.

qarTuli xalxuri saakvno poeziiT aris STagonebuli giorgi

SatberaSvilis leqsi ,,nana, meSvidev~, romelSic poeti mizanmimarTulad

iyenebs xalxuri leqs-simReris mza formulebs. samoyvrod gamiznuli

qarTuli xalxuri dalocva-sadRegrZeloebisa da mtrisadmi mimarTul

wyevla-krulvaTa gavlena igrZnoba leqsSi ,,bulbuls davsvam Wiqaze~, xolo

leqsebi ,,TibaTve~, ,,mkaTaTve~ da ,,kalooba~ qarTuli xalxuri Sromis

231

poeziiT suldgmulobs. poetis ramdenime leqss epigrafad folkloruli

nimuSebidan aRebuli striqonebi aqvs wamZRvarebuli.

giorgi SatberaSvilis mTel rig leqsebsa Tu moTxrobebSi zRaprisa da

legendis siuJetur_romantikuli qargis gavlena igrZnoba. amgvar

nawarmoebebSi zRaprulia rogorc garemo, romelic magiur-miTologiuri

elementebiT aris gajerebuli, aseve _ personaJebi, romlebic TavdaviwyebiT

ibrZvian bednierebis mosapoveblad da mravali Tavgadasavlis Semdeg

aRweven sasurvel mizans. personaJebad gvevlinebian rogorc cxovelebi,

aseve mnaTobebi (mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi). gvxvdeba sazRapro eposisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli jadosnuri nivTebi _ yovlisamreklavi sarke, zurmuxtis

qoSi, vercxlis wyaro, ukvdavebis jami da a. S. amgvar nawarmoebebSi

miTologizirebulia dro. jadosnuri sagnebis nairgvaroba zRapris

feradovnebas qmnis. zRapris formas iyenebs g. SatberaSvili sabavSvo

moTxrobebSi ,,xorbala~ da `mtkvris saTavisaken~; cdilobs, zRapruli

saxeebisa da gasimboloebuli sagnebis moSveliebiT, sakuTar leqsebsac

msgavsi feradovneba SesZinos. magaliTad, leqsSi `gaimindvra~ poeti

bermuxis qveS amoxeTqil wyaros da jadosnur jams natrobs ukvdavebis

dasasakuTreblad; xanac _ `zurmuxtis qoSs~, sivrceSi swrafi

gadaadgilebis unari rom SeiZinos; zogjer dilis namSi CaZinebuli

cerodenas zRapruli saxe warmoudgeba Tvalwin (`mogoneba~). yuradRebas

iqcevs g. SatberaSvilis is leqsebic, romlebic Svid maisis wvimis motivTan

arian dakavSirebulni da uSualod sazrdooben amindis marTvis magiuri

ritualis gamomxatveli zepirsityvierebis nimuSebiT. vxvdebiT mtredis

miTologiuri saxis saintereso gaazrebasac. leqsSi `gaimindvra~ poeti

muxaze Semomjdari `TeTri mtredis zRaprul suraTs gvixatavs. msoflios

mravali xalxis, da maT Soris qarTvelebis, uZvelesi msoflmxedvelobis

mixedviT, `TeTri mtredi~ adamianis sulis simboloa, xolo `muxa~ _

totemi. poetiseuli warmodgenebic erT mTlianobaSi danaxul saintereso

miTologiur saxes warmoadgens. Soreuli qedebis gadaRma bermuxis qveS

moCuxCuxe wminda wylis povnis surviliT Sepyrobili lirikuli gmiri

ukvdavebis wylis maZiebel miTosur personaJs waagavs.

232

sawadlis misaRwevad gmiris mier cxra mTis gadalaxvis zRapruli motivi

gamoiyena g. SatberaSvilma leqsSi `leqsis marili~, romelic xalxuri

nimuSis _ àRzevans waval~ _ Tematikur-siuJetur qargaze aago. orive

leqsis Tanaxmad, gmiri, miuxedavad ded-mamis mravalgzisi Txovnisa, Tavisas

ar iSlis da aRzevans miemgzavreba. igi uRelSi abams niSa xarebs da midis

marilis mosatanad. zRapris gmiris msgavsad g. SatberaSvilis lirikuli

gmiri mogzaurobs samyaros samive sknelSi. qvesknelSi (marileTSi)

mogzaurobis Semdeg igi zesknelisken miiswrafvis, ris simboluri

gamoxatulebaa misi sxeulis gardasaxva _ miwidan mcenared amozrda, vazad

qceva. gardacvlili adamianis vazadqcevis motivi da Semdgom misi swrafva

mzisken uCveulo ar aris qarTuli xalxuri sazRapro eposisTvis. vazi,

venaxi mziuri niSniT gamorCeuli mcenarea, amitom mudam iswrafvis misken,

masTan sworferoba aniWebs Trobis unars.

g. SatberaSvilis leqsSi `leqsis marili~ kidev erT simbolod

gaazrebul saxes vxvdebiT, kerZod _ gmiris Tvalebis gvritebad qcevas, rac

masSi vazis yvavilis Suqis Cadgomam ganapiroba. Tvali, sazogadod, sulis

simboloa, xolo masSi vazis yvavilis Suqis Cadgoma maniSnebelia

sicocxlis ganaxlebisa, gvritebad qceva _ adamianis tyveobidan (am

SemTxvevaSi `marilis samaridan~) Tavis daRwevisa, mTlianobaSi _ sulis

Tavisuflebisa. Citi sulis simbolikiT itvirTeba xalxur warmodgenebSi,

aseve mas qarTul zRaprebSi miiCneven janisa da gonebis saxed. ganxilul

leqsSi gvxvdeba xalxuri eposisaTvis nacnobi personaJi _ xari, vawydebiT

xalxur eposSi farTod gavrcelebul gmiris saflavze mcenaris amosvlis

motivs. lirikuli gmiris xatvisas saflavze amosuli yvavilis feris

aqcentirebiT misi Sinagani samyaros warmoCena poetis sxva leqsebsac matebs

emociur datvirTvas (`gazafxuli muxranis velze~).

qarTuli xalxuri poeziisa da sazRapro eposisTvis niSandoblivi

warmarTuli panTeonisa da mnaTobTa Soris pirvelobisTvis paeqrobis

motivi gamoiyena g. SatberaSvilma leqsSi `mze, mTvare da qari~, romelsac

epigrafad wamZRvarebuli aqvs cnobili xalxuri miTologiuri leqsis

striqonebi _ `naTelma mTvarema brZana, bevriT me vjobivar mzesa~. leqsis

233

siuJeti zRapris principiTaa agebuli; rac Seexeba mis Sinaarss, igi mraval

msgavsebas avlens xalxur leqsTan `mze da mTvare~.

qarTuli xalxuri legenduri siuJetis safuZvelze agebs g.

SatberaSvili moTxrobas `Savi Rilebi~, romelic mweralma mesxuri

legendis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmna. es legenda

miTologiuri azrovnebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. sulieri msxveplSewirviT

ibadeba xalxuri simRera, `momRerali simRerisagan fizikurad daiwvis da

satrfo, romelsac umReroda, ferflis gvas iwyebs TmebiT. naperwkali

qalis Tmas moedeba da isic zed daiferfleba~. cecxli qarTul

sinamdvileSi mzesaviT Semoqmed Zalad iTvleboda; cecxlis ganmwmendi

Zalac misi mziuri bunebis mimaniSnebelia; qalis cecxlmodebuli Tma (mzis

sxivebi), romliTac satrfos ferfli moagrova, ganasaxierebs maT sulier

kavSirs, samudamo erTobas miRmur samyaroSi. cecxlmokidebuli mijnuris

saxe Zlieri siyvarulis simboloa; cecxli Setolebulia siyvarulTan

(siyvaruli _ sinaTle, dRe, cecxli, mze). moTxrobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs

xalxuri poeziisaTvis nacnobi mravalRiliani movis perangi, romelic

satrfialo lirikaSi araiSviaTad metaforuli epiTetis datvirTviT

gvxvdeba. moTxrobaSi `Savi Rilebi~ movis perangis wiTel ferebs TeTri

enacvleba, xolo sakralur Svids _ idumali cameti. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

arqaul warmodgenas da 13-s borotebis momtan ricxvad miviCnevT, maSin

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom TeTr movis perangze cameti Savi Rilis dakereba

erTgvari miniSnebaa gardauvali tragikuli dasasrulisa. unda aRiniSnos,

rom qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi TeTri sudaris feria, romelic gvxvdeba

SavTan da wiTelTan monacvleobaSi.

SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom g. SatberaSvilma xalxur epikur Janrze

dayrdnobiT, axali ideebisa da cxovrebiseuli momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Tanamedrove literaturuli zRapris brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmna. legendis

siuJetisa da sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis Serwyma-SejerebiT ki kidev

ufro gaamravalferovna Tavisi literaturuli memkvidreoba.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad vxvdebiT religiur-miTologiur

simboloebs, romlebic mravalasociaciuri saxeebis xatvis winapirobas

234

qmnian. saguldagulod gamoZerwili TiToeuli saxe_simbolo originaluri

gaazrebiT iqcevs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas; es miTologiur_mxatvruli

saxeebi im margalitebad gvevlinebian, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac unda

ganisazRvros mwerlis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba.Mmwerlis mier

mizanmimarTulad gamoyenebuli TiToeuli miTologiuri saxe-simbolo

konkretuli ideis ukeT warmoCenas emsaxureba. g. SatberaSvilis

literaturul memkvidreobaSi TavCenili miTologiur-simboluri saxeebi

gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca, mze, venaxi, xari, xe-

mcenare, yvavilebi, sajildao qva is simboloebia, romlebic

mravalasociaciur saxeebs qmnian da xSir SemTxvevaSi originaluri

gaazrebiT iqceven yuradRebas.

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi xis saxe-simbolos gaazreba warmarTul

rwmena-warmodgenaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba. muxis, Sindis, Wadrisa da

alvis xeebi xan adamianTa bedis ganmsazRvrelni arian, xan sicocxlis

maradiulobas ganasaxiereben, xanac siwmindis, mzis naTelis, siyvarulisa

da imedis simboloebad qceulan. xis fesvi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

sicocxlis maradiulobis simboloa da gvaris ukvdavebasTan asocirdeba;

masze amozrdili ylorti sicocxlis ganaxlebisa da imedis simbolod

moiazreba. rac Seexeba xes (muxa, Wadari), igi adamianis totemia, Tumca

zogjer leqsis simboluri gansaxierebacaa, romelsac siyvarulis

aRmocenebis unari Seswevs.

vazis, venaxis simbolikas g. SatberaSvilis poeziaSi uaResad erovnuli

datvirTva axasiaTebs. igi samSoblos tolfardi cnebaa. venaxis amgvari

gaazreba saTaves iRebs saxarebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac venaxi uflis mier

kacTaTvis boZebuli qveynis simboloa. venaxis, vazis miTologiuri

,,sicocxlis xis~ saxe-simbolo Seqmna poetma leqsSi ,,leqsis marili~.

venaxadqceuli adamiani kmayofilia imiT, rom igi sicocxles ganagrZobs im

wminda mcenaris saxiT, romelsac ,,leqsad dena~ SeuZlia. swored amis gamo

g. SatberaSvili erTgvar gamarTlebas aZlevs misi pirvandeli sxeulis

sikvdils, feriscvalebas: ,,me movkvdi, magram leqsad vidine!~ xolo leqsSi

,,vardfenoba~ originaluradaa naCvenebi mzisa da vazis kavSiri. `leqsad

235

damzevebuli~ venaxis poeturi saxis SeqmniT avtorma xazi gausva mzisa da

venaxis kavSirs. qarTuli xalxuri poeziis msgavsad, g. SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSic venaxi, vazi, yurZeni simboloa kmayofilebisa, simdidrisa da

mxiarulebisa.

qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi arsebul yvavilTa simbolikis asociaciur

samyaros azrobriv-simboluri mravalferovnebiT enaTesaveba giorgi

SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi daZebnili yvavilTa simbolikis amsaxveli

striqonebi. yvavilTa samyarosa, da saerTod, baRis, simbolika qarTveli

xalxis poetur metyvelebaSi yovelTvis sasiamovno ganwyobis, naTeli

warmodgenebis, axalgazrdobis, sixarulis, silamazisa da siyvarulis

gadmosacemad aris moSveliebuli. msgavsi ganwyoba iqmneba g. SatberaSvilis

poeziaSic. leqsSi `TiTqmis... muxambazi~ mTeli rigi simbolikebis (baRi,

vardi, ia, vaSlis yvavili) gamoyenebiT uSualod exmaureba xalxur

sityvierebaSi arsebul yvavilTa simbolikis ZiriTad asocoaciur samyaros;

igive iTqmis leqsze `siyvarulsa malva unda?~, romelSic yvavilebi

satrfos simboloebia. yvavilTa simbolikis gamoyenebas xSirad vxvdebiT

ìavnanas~ tipis leqsebSi, sadac ia da vardi yrmis sinatifisa da sulieri

siwmindis simboloa. SatberaSvilis leqsSic ,,nana, meSvidev~ yvavili

axalSobilis, bavSvis, simbolod gvevlineba: èqvsi yvavili ezoSi xarobs,

iZine tkbilad, nana, meSvidev~. yvavilTa simbolikis originaluri gaazrebis

TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs poetis leqsi `gazafxuli muxranis

velze.~ leqsi xalxuri baladis _ `Semomeyara yivCaRis” _ tragikuli

dasasrulis erTgvar azrobriv gagrZelebas warmoadgens: muxranis velze

daRvrili qarTvelisa da yivCaRis sisxli ukvalod ar qreba, mis adgilas

ori yvavili izrdeba; erT maTgans Tavze cisferi Suqi adgas, xolo meores

_ Savi. yvavilTa mxatvrul saxeebTan ferTa simbolikis mWidro kavSirs xom

safuZveli Soreul warsulSi eZebneba.

saqarTvelos warsuli istoriisa da religiur-miTologiuri

warmodgenebis uSualo gamoZaxilia giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

Sromismoyvareobis, erTgulebis, gmiris gagebiT moazrebuli xaris

simbolika. xari wminda cxovelia, romelic gaCenis dRidan erTgul

236

megobrad da TanaSemwed eqca adamians yovelgvar sameurneo saqmianobaSi

(ìberis leqsi~); aRzevans marilis mosatanad mimavali gmiric xars irCevs

megzurad, erTguli bunebisa da amtanianobis gamo (`leqsis marili~);

adamianTa didi nawili ufasebs xars misTvis gaweul amags da saTanado

siyvaruliT pasuxobs erTgul cxovels. igi, rogorc RvTaebrivi atributis

matarebeli (rqebi _ mTvaris insignia), qarTvelTa saficaria: àger, sami Zma

jiRa xars kocnis JuJuna wvimiT danamul rqebze~. poets urmuli simRerac

uyvars, radgan xarisadmi siyvaruliT aris nasazrdoebi (,,qarTli~). leqsSi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs bolo ori striqoni _ `galavan SigniT

xarebi rqebze danTebul ciskariT~, _ romelic SeiZleba orgvari

mniSvnelobiT gavigoT: `rqebze danTebuli ciskari”—rogorc gamomxatveli

mzis RvTaebasTan kavSirisa da ,,galavan SigniT xarebi, rqebze danTebul

ciskariT~ _ rogorc xaris rqebze sanTlis dakvris rituali, romelic

sruldeboda gazafxulze, pirveli xnulis gavlebisa da xaris

TviTSewirvis dros. xaris rqebi xom orive mnaTob RvTaebasTan avlens

umWidroes kavSirs. Tu erTi mxriv rkaliseburi moxazuloba mas mTvaris

RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, meores mxriv igi sapatio adgils iWers svanur mzis

sadidebelSi. xaris RvTaebrivi Camomavloba, misan wiqarasaviT TviTSewirva

SemoqmedisTvis poeturi moRvaweobis tolfardia. amitomac cdilobs g.

SatberaSvili ,,alali xaris~ erTgulebiT emsaxuros saqarTvelos: `me misi

eSxiT var namexari, var misi uRlis alali xari~. leqsSic `Cemi uReli~

poeti Tavs adarebs xars, xolo siyvaruls im uRlad moiazrebs, romlis

mlocvelad da erTgul gamwevad sikvdilamde apirebs darCenas. xarisa da

adamianis gaigivebas miTologiaSi eZebneba saTave da xalxur poeziaSic

aisaxeba. Temidan pirovnebis ~me~- s gamoyofis Semdgom pirovneba–gmirs

xaris saxelwodebiT ixsenieben. giorgi SatberaSvilma xaris saxeSi

pirovneba–gmiris gansaxierebasac mouZebna Sesabamisi asaxva da am

RvTaebrivi cxovelis mouRalavi zrunva da fiqri erekle mefis

patriotizms Seutola: `davdiodi, CavbRaodi nasaxlarebs, rogorc xari,

Cemi mtrebis sisxliT movrwye Cemi Zmebis nasisxlari~.

237

giorgi SatberaSvilis lirikuli gmiris msoflSegrZnebis yvela

magistrali mzisa da sinaTlisken miemarTeba, igia sikeTis sawyisi da

maradisobis sawindari, sicocxlis, sinaTlis, bednierebis simbolo. poetis

SemoqmedebaSi mze cis Tvalia, romelic RamiT mxolod imitom Cadis, rom

mzeriT daiRala. poetis azriT, Tu mze Tvalia, maSin adamianis TvalebSic

RvTiuri naTeli dgas. leqsSi `qarTlis velze~, g. SatberaSvili natrobs

`Tvalebma mzes moutanos~, radganac icis, mzis mosvlasTan erTad,

bedniereba da sixaruli mova. TvalebSi airekleba adamianis sicocxlis

daisic, amitomac vkiTxulobT poetis sevdian leqsSi `ganSorebis Jams~

Semdeg striqonebs: `Cagsaxlebia mwuxri TvalebSi, Seni mze moCans mzis

dasavalze~. xalxur sityvierebaSic sikvdili TvalebSi gaavdrebas niSnavs:

`sikvdili gzaSi miyelebs, TvalebSi gaavdardeba~. mze, uZvelesi

warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, yovlismxilveli RmerTia da warmoidgineba

rogorc Tvali. odiTganve uflis naTelma Camoayaliba adamianis Tvali,

sanTeli gvamisa, rogorc me-cnobieris damkvidrebis aucilebeli organo...

TviT qarTuli sityva `mzera~ nawarmoebia mzisagan. mzis Tvali qarTul

xalxur poeziaSi kargi, mziani dRea. qarTul xalxur poeziaSi sikvdili

Sedarebulia mzis dabnelebasTan, dacxromasTan, gamqral sinaTlesTan,

avdarTan. gmiris sikvdili mzis Casvlas utoldebda. xalxSi gavrcelebuli

Tqmulebis mixedviT, gmiris sikvdilisas mze Casvlis win ramdenime wuTiT

SeCerdeba, mTaTa mwvervalebs SeaSuqebs da qreba. amgvar mzes xalxur

sityvierebaSi `mkvdris mze~ ewodeba, igi saiqios mzea, gansxvavebuli

miwieri mzisagan; amitom miiCneoda, rom `mkvdris mze cocxals ar eTboba~.

`mkvdris mzis~ miTologiur-poeturi saxe g. SatberaSvilma moTxrobis

saTaurad aqcia, xolo RvTaebrivi mnaTobi nawarmoebSi personificirebulia

da mTavari gmiris, Tengos, cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi momentebis dadebiT

Tu uaryofiT Sedegs winaswar mianiSnebs.

zepirsityvierebaSi mkvdris mzis saxes qmnis wiTeli movis perangic,

romelic satrfosTvis gardacvlil Wabuks `dahfarfarebs~. `Svidgan RiliT

Sekruli~ wiTeli movis perangic mzis asociacias qmnis (Svidi Rili _

niSani umankoebisa). g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSi `mkvdris mze~ vxvdebiT

238

msgavs niuanss, èndrosferxalaTian Wabuks~, rogorc miniSnebas

sabediswero wamis moaxlovebisas. giorgis sizmarSic gaielvebs

`wiTelmaisuriani Wabukis~ saxe, romelsac is TeTri cxeni moyavs, giorgim

rom lurji lodi unda gadaugdos unagirs zeviT. aqac simboluri

miniSnebaa mTavari gmiris gardauvali sikvdilisa. unda aRiniSnos am

moTxrobis epigrafad moazrebuli frazis _ àmbavi wuTisoflis didi

dRisa~: saintereso miniSneba. dRe mzis uZveles saxelwodebadaa miCneuli.

g. SatberaSvili araerT nawarmoebSi moixseniebs mzis dabnelebas

adamianis sikvdilis asociaciis gamomwvev movlenad. leqsSi ,,mze

kalendarze~ poeti adamianis sicocxlis aiss da daiss, xalxuris msgavsad,

mzis amosvla-Casvlaze damokidebulad miiCnevs. sxva leqsSi ki SiSnarev

molodinad ismis sityvebi: `yvelas dro wasula, Cemi droc wava, yvelas

mze Casula, Cemi mzec Cava! poetisTvis mze _ naTlis sveti _ maradiulobis

naTelmyof RvTiur niSnad qceula, amitom Senatris rCeuls, `... romlis

kubosac Tavs daadgeba naTlis svetebi...~

g. SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi friad saintereso saxe-simbolos qmnis

`sajildao qva~ _ qarTuli miTosis personaJebis Ronis sacdeli,

mokvdavTaTvis ukvdavebis mimniWebeli; simbolo, romelTanac asocirdeba

poetisTvis yvelaze Rirebuli _ Semoqmedeba.

sajildao qvis moyvanilobasa da misi awevis tradiciaze saubrobs g.

SatberaSvili werilSi `safalavno qva~, aseve Tavis vrcel da saintereso

moTxrobaSic `mkvdris mze~, romelSic mweral sajildao qvis mZleveli

ori vaJkacis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes moments gvixatavs. nawarmoebSi

moTxrobilia ambavi sityviT moklulebisa da maTi uneblie `mkvlelebis~

Sesaxeb. maTi saTrevi lodi nebismier sajildao qvaze mZimea. mxolod

gulwrfeli monanieba, RvarZliani gulis cremliT gawmenda Tu

gaaTavisuflebs maT am mZime tvirTisagan. `sityva agorebul qvas hgavs, Tu

erTi mosxlta da agorda, morCa, zvavad iqceva da qveyanas walekavs~. am

zvavma daitana nawarmoebis araerTi personaJi. am gmirebis piriT avtorma

TiTqos mTeli kacobriobis dardi aametyvela.

239

TaobaTa Sejibris obieqtad qceuli sajildao qva nawarmoebis Tanaxmad,

mis irgvliv aerTebs sami adamianis tragikul sicocxles da, orgzis

Zleuli, awmyosa da warsulis gadamkveT wertilad qceula. am bediswerad

qceul qvaze ucnauri warwera ikiTxeboda: ,,sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa...~ rac,

rasakvirvelia, erTgvar miniSnebas warmoadgenda qvis mZleveli vaJkacis

sikvdiliT ukvdavi saxelis mopovebisa. nawarmoebSi SeiniSneba sikvdilisa

da sicocxlis ucnauri siaxlove, rac sofelsa da sasaflaos Soris

sazRvris moSliT gamoixateba. nawarmoebSi dro miTologizebulia;

waSlilia zRvari warsulsa da awmyos Soris. igi erT mTlianobaSi

ganixileba, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis amsaxveli suraTebi,

cxovrebiseuli epizodebi ise enacvlebian erTmaneTs, rom Zneli xdeba maT

Soris mkacri sazRvris gavleba; cocxali Tu gardacvlili personaJebi

erT sibrtyeSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarseboben; cnobier Tu qvecnobier

samyaroSi isini epaeqrebian erTmaneTs da amiT qmnian erT mTlian sivrces.

g. SatberaSvilis moTxrobaSi `mkvdris mze~ sajildao qvis ukvdavebis

simbolod qcevis rTuli procesi sikvdil-sicocxlis Widilis niSniTaa

aRbeWdili. Tavad nawarmoebs, mis yovel sityvas sajildao qvas adarebs

mwerali, xolo sakuTar Tavs moiazrebs sikvdilTan SeWidebul mokvdavad,

romelic `sajildao sityvis mZime lodis~ daZleviT cdilobs ukvdavebis

mopovebas. qarTveli xalxis sibrZniT Sezavebuli g. SatberaSvilis

literaturuli memkvidreoba dasturia imisa, rom mSobeli eris

sityvakazmuli mwerlobis madlian xnulSi Camdgarma mweralma warmatebiT

gaitana lelo da SeZlo, sajildao sityva eTqva rogorc

TanamedroveTaTvis, ise _ STamomavlebisaTvis.

240

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. biblia 1989: biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocema, Tb.

2. abaSiZe 1980: abaSiZe b., xarisa da irmis kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi,

miTologiis zogierTi sakiTxi qarTul zepirsityvi-

erebaSi, Tb.

3. abaSiZe 1985: abaSiZe gr., uberebeli xsovna, _ gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 19 aprili, Tb.

4. abzianiZe 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q., simboloTa ilustrirebuli

enciklopedia, t. I, gamomcemloba `bakmi~, Tb.

5. abzianiZe 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q., simboloTa ilustrirebuli

enciklobedia, t. II, gamomcemloba `bakmi~, Tb.

6. agiaSvili 1986: agiaSvili n., `SatberaanT kargi biWi~, _ pirad-piradi,

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.

7. amiranaSvili 1944: amiranaSvili S., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, I, Tb.

8. arabuli 2006: arabuli a., èpitafia~, _ samgloviaro poezia, Tb.

9. asaTiani 1975: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.

10. afxaiZe 1959: afxaiZe S., adamianTa keTilSobilebis mxatvari, _

kritikuli werilebi, Tb.

11. afxazuri... 2003: afxazuri folklori, _ kavkasiis xalxTa

folklori, (Semdgenlebi ana wvinaria-abramiSvili

da lia ClaiZe), Tb.

12. axvlediani 1984: axvlediani g., qarTuli martirologiuri Zeglebi da

folkloruli tradicia, _qarTuli folklori, XIV,

Tb.

13. baiaZe 1963: baiaZe v., à, im mTazeda~, _ dro da mwerali, Tb.,

14. bardaveliZe 1941: bardaveliZe v., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi

istoriidan, RvTaeba (barbar-babar), Tb.

15. barnovi 1967: barnovi v., ,,mimqrali Saravandedi~, Tb.

16. baqraZe 2000: baqraZe a., maragiTzraxva, miTologiuri engadi,

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tb.

241

17. baqraZe 1990: baqraZe a., kritika-Jandarmi, _ mwerlobis

moTviniereba, gamomcemloba `sarangi~, Tb.

18. beri egnataSvili 1989: beri egnataSvili, axali `qarTlis cxovreba~,

qarTuli mwerloba, t. VI, Tb.

19. berZeniSvili 1986: berZeniSvili l, xalxuri sityviereba akakis

krebulSi, Tb.

20. bregaZe bregaZe n.,ru- ru.connect.facebook.com/note.php?note_id.

21. gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z., miTosisa da poeziis gageba

axali drois mecnierebaSi, _ ,,vefxistyaosnis~,

saxismetyveleba, Tb.

22. gaCeCilaZe 1957: gaCeCilaZe s., literaturaTmcodneobis Sesavali,

Tb.

23. gelovani 1983: gelovani a., miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb.

24. gvaxaria 1994: gvaxaria a., kidev erTxel `Semomeyara yivCaRis~

finalis gamo, gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~,

11 Tebervali. Tb.

25. giorgaZe 2005: giorgaZe e., qarTuli sityvis qandaqari, _ giorgi

SatberaSvilis portreti, zedaSe, #2

26. giorgaZe 1990: giorgaZe m., amindis magiuri marTvis rituali da

folklori, _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

zepirsityviereba, t. X, Tb.

27. giorgaZe 1993: giorgaZe m., qarTuli xalxuri kalendaruli

sawesCveulebo poezia, Tb.

28. giqoSvili 2003: giqoSvili s., SatberaSvilis gastumreba, _ Jur.

`literaturuli mesxeTi~, ivlisi, #7, Tb.

29. daneliZe 1948: daneliZe d., qarTuli dramis xalxuri sawyisebi,

Tb.

30. doliZe 2011: doliZe T., sityviT moklulTa mze, _ Jur. `gza~,

#3, Tb.

31. elaSvili 2008: elaSvili q., xeTmetyveleba, kreb. `qarTuli

folklori~, #4 (XX), Tb.

242

32. vaJa 1985: vaJa-fSavela, `kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~, _

Txzulebani, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka,

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.

33. TavdgiriZe 2008: TavdgiriZe x., `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ qarTuli

kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modelebi, kreb.

`qarTuli folklori~, #4 (XX), Tb.

34. Tandilava 1984: Tandilava z., wylis kulti qarTul folklorSi, _

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba,

t. VII, Tb.

35. Tandilava 1996: Tandilava z., wylis kulti da qarTuli folklo-

ri, baTumi

36. Tbileli 1989: Tbileli i., `didmouraviani~, _ qarTuli mwerloba,

VII, Tb.

37. munSi 1981: isqander munSi, abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli

istoriis gagrZeleba, _ saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroebi, XIII, (sparsuli teqstis gamokvleva,

SeniSvnebi da qarTuli Targmani daurTo nana

gelaSvilma), Tb.

38. zandukeli 1974: zandukeli f., giorgi SatberaSvilis saymawvilo

moTxrobebi, _ folklori da qarTveli sabavSvo

mwerlebi, Tb.

39. kalandaZe 1957: kalandaZe g., sagmiro baladebi, _qarTuli xalxuri

balada, Tb.

40. kalandaZe 1976: kalandaZe l., mSobliuri sityvis mebaRe, _ litera-

turuli nafiqrebi, Tb.

41. kapanaZe 1950: kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, Tb.

42. kekelia 1976: kekelia m, folklori, rogorc wyaro qarTuli

samarTlis istoriisaTvis, Tb.

43. kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe z., qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa

sistema, Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba.

44. kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z., qarTuli xalxuri eposi, Tb.

243

45. kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v, xalxur poezia, Tb.

46. kukulaZe 2005: kukulaZe l, xe-mcenareTa da yvavilTa simbolika

giorgi SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, _ Jurnali

`Woroxi~, #6, baTumi

47. kukulaZe 2006: kukulaZe l, sajildao qvis simbolika giorgi

SatberaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, _ Jurnali `Woroxi~,

#5, baTumi

48. kukulaZe 2007: kukulaZe l, folklori giorgi SatberaSvilis

poeziaSi, _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

zepirsityviereba, t. XII, baTumi

49. kukulaZe 2007: kukulaZe l, vazis simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi, _ Jurnali `Woroxi~, #3, baTumi

50. kukulaZe 2008: kukulaZe l, xaris simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi, _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

zepirsityviereba, t. XIII, baTumi

51. kukulaZe 2010: kukulaZe l, mzis simbolika giorgi SatberaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi, saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi,

II, gamomcemloba `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universiteti~, baTumi

52. kukulaZe 2010: kukulaZe l, giorgi saakaZis ciklis saistorio

zepirsityviereba (g. SatberaSvilis narkvevis –

`giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~ - mixedviT), _

saerTaSoriso perioduli samecniero Jurnali

,,inteleqti~, #1(39), Tb.

53. lamberti 1938: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb.

54. leoniZe 1976: leoniZe g., ,,natvris xe~, Tb.

55. makaraZe 2003: makaraZe e., ritualuri simbolika da xalxuri

leqsi, _ bsu Sromebi, t. V, baTumi

56. maWavariani 1970: maWavariani m., qarTuli sityvis didi mouravi,

_ Jur. `ciskari~, #6, Tb.

57. maxauri 2003: maxauri tr., `Semomeyara yivCaRi~, qarTuli

244

xalxuri sagmiro balada, Tb.

58. maxaWaZe 1996: maxaWaZe S., 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis

ZiriTadi tendenciebi, _ miTi da realoba `daTa

TuTaSxiaSi~, Tb.

59. maxaWaZe 2004: maxaWaZe S., ritualur-miTologiuri skola

litmcodneobaSi, _ pirvelad iyo miTi, baTumi

60. mosia 2006: mosia b., qarTuli folkloris saxismetyveleba,

Tb. gamomcemloba `merani~.

61. mziani... 2005: mziani rwmenis sauflo (Seadgines nana

kotetiSvilma, n. xornaulma da g. xornaulma),

Tb.

62. namcvrevi 1989: namcvrevi, xalxuri poezia, Cawerili qarTlSi,

(Semkrebi, Semdgeneli g. xorgulaSvili), Tb.

63. narimaniZe 1985: narimaniZe s., kaikacobis samaxsovrod~, _ gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 19 aprili, Tb.

64. natroSvili 1985: natroSvili g., sityvis WeSmariti ostati, _ gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 19 aprili, Tb.

65. nozaZe 1956: nozaZe v., ,,vefxistyaosnis~ mzismetyveleba, san-

tiago-Cile,

66. nozaZe 2004: nozaZe v., `vefxistyaosnis~ ferTmetyveleba, t. I,

guram SaraZis winasityvaobiT, Tb.

67. niSnianiZe 1984: niSnianiZe S., `mesizmreba giorgi SatberaSvili~,

rCeuli, Tb.

68. osuri ... 1965: osuri zRaprebi, Tb.,

69. oqroSiZe 1969: oqroSiZe T., qarTuli fantastikuri zRapris

personaJi (xari), _ qarTuli folklori, Tb.

70. oCiauri 1967: oCiauri T., miTologiuri gadmocemebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tb.

71. paWkoria 1969: paWkoria o., ,,mkvdris mze~, literaturuli

werilebi, Tb.

72. radiani 1953 radiani S., `tradiciisa da novatorobis

245

sakiTxi~, _ `literaturuli gazeTi~, #30, Tb.

73. saqarTvelos... 1979: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, saqarTvelo

XI saukunis bolosa da XII saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi, II, Tb.

74. saqarTvelos... 1973: saqrTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, socialuri

urTierToba da klasobrivi brZola saqarTve-

loSi, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, IV, Tb.

75. saxokia 1979: saxokia T., qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb.

76. saxokia 1909: saxokia T., xalxuri zRaprebi, Tb.

77. svanuri... 1989: svanuri legendebi, ,,iveria~, Tb.

78. sidamoniZe 1988: sidamoniZe v., giorgim naxa sizmari, Tb.

79. sigua 2000: sigua s., qarTuli kulturis sakiTxebi, Tb.

80. siraZe 1977: siraZe r., qarTuli miTologiuri esTetikidan, _

Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, #10, Tb.

81. siraZe , siraZe r., mze, saxismetyveleba

82. sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-

saistorio sityviereba, Tb.

83. sixaruliZe 1958: sixaruliZe qs., narkvevebi, I, Tb.

84. sixaruliZe 1976: sixaruliZe qs., qarTuli folkloris istori-

isa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, Tb.

85. sixaruliZe 1960: sixaruliZe qs., sawesCveulebo poezia samglovi-

aro leqsebi, qarTuli xalxuri poeturi

Semoqmedeba, I, Tb.

86. sixaruliZe 2006: sixaruliZe q., kavkasiuri miTologia, gamomcemloba

`kavkasiuri saxli~, Tb.

87. soxaZe 1964: soxaZe a., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmuneobisa da

mis gadmonaSTebTan brZolis istoria, Tb.

88. soxaZe: soxaZe q., www.nplg.gov.ge

89. sulxan-saba 1989: sulxan-saba orbeliani, `sibrZne sicruisa~,

qarTuli mwerloba, t. VII, gamomcemloba

246

`nakaduli~, Tb.

90. surgulaZe 1986: surgulaZe i., xalxuri ornamentikis simbolika,

gamomcemloba `sibrZnis wyaro~, Tb.

91. sxirtlaZe 1990: sxirtlaZe s., suliT ganwmendili, _ gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, #24, 15 ivnisi, Tb.

92. tatiSvili 2001: tatiSvili i., xeTuri religia, Tb.

93: umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p, `xalxuri sityviereba~, I, Tb.

94. umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p, `xalxuri sityviereba~, II, Tb

95 umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p, xalxuri sityviereba, arsena, IV,Tb.

96: farsadan... 1925: farsadan gorgijaniZis historia, (s, kakabaZis

gamocema), _ `saistorio moambe~, II, Tb.

97. qarTuli... 1951: qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, (Sekrebili Tedo

razikaSvilis mier), I, Tb.

98. qarTuli... 1970: qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis qrestomaTia

qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis qrestomaTia

(Seadgina qs. sixaruliZem), Tb.

99. qarTuli... 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. I, Tb.

100. qarTuli...1974: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. III, Tb.

101. qarTuli... 1975: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. IV, Tb.

102. qarTuli... 1978: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. VI, Tb.

103. qarTuli... 1980: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. XII, Tb.

104. qarTuli... 1976: qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, Tb.

105. qarTvvel.. 1958: qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, (teqsti

moamzada da SeniSvnebi daurTo elene

virsalaZem), Tb.

106. qurdovaniZe 2004: qurdovaniZe T., folklori da qarTuli

mwerloba, Tb.

107. qurdovaniZe 2004: qurdovaniZe T., zRapari, _ qarTuli zepirsityvie

rebis Janrebi, Tb.

108. Rlonti 1980: Rlonti a., dedis leqsikoni, _ filologis

Canawerebi, Tb.

247

109. SamanaZe 1984: SamanaZe n., `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ daboloebisaTvis,

_ qarTuli folklori, t. XIV, Tb.

110. SamanaZe 1973: SamanaZe n., qarTuli xalxuri legenda, Tb.

111. SaniZe 1984: SaniZe a., qarTuli kiloebi mTaSi, Txzulebani,

I, Tb.

112. SatberaSvili 1982: SatberaSvili g., rCeuli, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, Tb.

113. SatberaSvili 1970: SatberaSvili g., TxzulebaTa oTxtomeuli, I, Tb.

114. Sengelaia 1990: Sengelaia m., amindis magiuri marTvis rituali da

folklori, _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

zepirsityviereba, t. X, Tb.

115. Sengelaia 1963: Sengelaia m., etiudebi qarTuli medicinis

istoriidan, Tb.

116. Sengelaia 1975: Sengelaia m, Svidmaisoba qarTvelebSi, Jur.

,,droSa~, #59, Tb..

117. SioSvili 1978: SioSvili T., Tedo saxokias folkloristuli

moRvaweoba, sadisertacio naSromi filologiis

mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis

mosapoveblad, Tb.

118. SioSvili 2002: SioSvili T., qarTuli folkloris zneobrivi

samyaro, wigni pirveli, `gamomcemloba aWara~,

baTumi

119. SioSvili 2004: SioSvili T, qarTuli folkloris zneobrivi

samyaro, wigni meore, `gamomcemloba aWara~,

baTumi

120. SioSvili 2010: SioSvili T., wminda giorgi qarTul xalxur

sasuliero poeziaSi, _ kr. `didaWaroba~, Tb.

121. SioSvili 2010: SioSvili T., xezreTi alis ciklis legendebi

aWaris folklorSi, _ qarTveli muslimebi

Tanamedroveobis konteqstSi, baTumi

122. SioSvili 2012: SioSvili T., Jur. `Woroxi~, N#6, baTumi.

248

123. SioSvili 2011: SioSvili T., kukulaZe l., wminda simReris madliT

gaSuqebuli poezia, _ Jur. `Woroxi~, #4, baTumi

124.Sromis simRerebi 1961: Sromis simRerebi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

winasityvaoba da leqsikoni daurTo Tamar

oqroSiZem, Tb.

125. Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m., qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis isto-

ria, Tb.

126. Ciqovani 1975: Ciqovani m., qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis

istoria, t. I, Tb.

127. Ciqovani 1946: Ciqovani m., qarTuli folklori, Tb.

128. Ciqovani 1975: Ciqovani m., qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni II, Tb.

129. Ciqovani 1971: Ciqovani m., berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis

sakiTxebi, Tb.

130. CxeiZe 2001: CxeiZe e., ricxvTa simbolika qarTul folklorSi,

_ `literaturuli Ziebani~, t. XXI, Tb.

131. CxeiZe 2011: CxeiZe r., giorgi saakaZe, _ Jur. ìstoriani~, #3, Tb.

132. CxeiZe 1970: CxeiZe o., giorgi SatberaSvili, I, winasityvaoba, Tb.

133. caiSvili 1990: caiSvili s., madli mSobliuri enisa, _ qarTuli

mwerloba, Tb.

134. canava: 1986: canava a., folklorul-literaturuli

urTierTobis zogierTi aspeqti, _ folklori da

Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba, gamomcemloba

`merani~, Tb.

135. canava: 1953: canava a., qarTuli mestviruli poezia, Tb.

136. canava 2001: canava r., miTis, ritualisa da magiis urTierTmi-

marTebisaTvis, _kreb. èna da literatura~, #2, Tb.

137. cxadaZe 2005: cxadaZe e., miTosuri paradigmebi XX saukunis meore

naxevris qarTul prozaSi, _ avtoreferati, Tb.

138. WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, II, Tb.

139. WeliZe 2008: WeliZe g., qarTuli miTopoezia, Tb.

140. WeliZe 1975: WeliZe v., giorgi SatberaSvili, fiqrebi xvalindel

249

dReze, Tb.

141. Wilaia 1965: Wilaia s., prozaikosis gamarjveba, _ winaprebi da

megobrebi, Tb.

142. WinWarauli 1981: WinWarauli a., mokrZalebuli mosagonari, _ gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, ivnisi, Tb.

143. WumburiZe 1979; WumburiZe z., mariliani sityvis ostati, _

literaturuli werilebi, Tb.

144. xalxuri... 1965: xalxuri sibrZne, t. IV, Tb.

145. xalxuri... 1965: xalxuri sibrZne t. V, Tb.

146. xalxuri... 1918: xalxuri sityviereba (eqvTime TayaiSvilis

redaqciiT),t. I, Tb.

147. xalxuri... 1964: xalxuri sityviereba (eqvTime TayaiSvilis

redaqciiT), t. II, Tb.

148. xalxuri... 1957: xalxuri sityvierebis masalebi, II, Tb.,

149. xalxuri... 1950: xalxuri poezia, rCeuli, Tb.

150. xalxuri... 1952: xalxuri sityviereba, t. I, qarTuli xalxuri

zRaprebi, (mixeil Ciqovanis redaqciiT), Tb.

151. xalxuri... 1952: xalxuri sityviereba, t. II, qarTuli xalxuri

zRaprebi, (mixeil Ciqovanis redaqciiT), Tb.

152. xalxuri... 1953: xalxuri sityviereba, t. III, Tb.

153. xaranauli 1981: xaranauli b., ufrosi megobari, _ gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, ivlisi, Tb.

154. xidaSeli 2001: xidaSeli m., samyaros suraTi arqaul

saqarTveloSi, Tb.

155. xidaSeli 2010: xidaSeli m., `feris simbolika maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebsa

da qarTul xalxur kulturaSi, _ saqarTvelos

Zveli kulturis sakiTxebi, Tb.

156. javaxiSvili 1960: javaxiSvili i., qarTvelebis warmarToba, _

qarTveli eris istoria, I, Tb.

157. javaxiSvili 1967: javaxiSvili i., masalebi XVII saukunis

250

istoriisaTvis, giorgi saakaZe, _ qarTveli eris

istoria, t. IV, Tb.

158. jamburia 2011: jamburia g., giorgi saakaZe, _ Jur. ìstoriani~,

#3, Tb.

159. jamburia 1973: jamburia g., bazaleTis tragedia, _ saqarTvelos

istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb.

160. janeliZe 1981: janeliZe d., samaia, _ gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 17 ivlisi, Tb.

161. jafariZe 1985: jafariZe r., daucxromeli moRvawe, _ gaz. `litera-

turuli saqarTvelo~, 19 aprili, Tb.

162. jafariZe 1980: jafariZe r., Txzulebani, werilebi, VI, Tb.

163. veselovski 1940: Веселовский А.Н., Психологический паралелизм и его формы в

отрожениях поэтического стиля, - Историческая поэтика,

Ленинград,

164. propi 1946: Пропп В. Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки.М.

165. trubeckoi 1910: Трубецкой С., Метафизика в древней Греций, С-П,

166. freidenbergi 1978: Фрейдербег О.М. Миф и литература древности, М.

167. levi-strosi 2001: Леви-Строс К. М. Структурная антропологияю, М.

168.fontenrouzi 1980: Fontenrose I., Python, London

169. http://www.buki.ge/author-2187.html

251

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Tavi pirveli

giorgi SatberaSvilis folkloristuli moRvaweoba ----------------------------18

1. `balada qarTveli moymisa da yivCaRisa~ -------------------------------------------31

2. `giorgi saakaZe xalxis xsovnaSi~ ---------------------------------------------------------54

3. `x a r e b a~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75

4. `kviria~ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80

Tavi meore

`Tvaladuri qarTulis WaSniki~ da erovnuli folklori ------------------ 90

Tavi mesame

folklorul saxeTa da motivTa transformaciisaTvis giorgi

SatberaSvilis poeziaSi __________________________________ 103

Tavi meoTxe

epikuri motivebi _____________________________________________ 125

Tavi mexuTe

miTologiuri saxe-simboloebi ------------------------------------------------------------------ 161

1. xis simbolika ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167

2. vazis simbolika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176

3. yvavilTa simbolika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 182

4. xaris simbolika --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188

5. mzis simbolika ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198

6. sajildao qvis simbolika ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 209

ZiriTadi daskvnebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 220

gamoyenebuli literatura ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 241

Documents

გიორგი შატბერაშვილი და ქართული ფოლკლორი · `vefxistyaosani~, `rostomiani~, `beJaniani~ da sxva. folkloruli masalebi