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Optical Fiber
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1
2
(FITL)
3
WHY FIBRE OPTICS
. DIGITALISATION OF LOCAL NETWORK
. MEETING FUTURE CUSTOMER NEEDS
(BOARD BANDWITH SERVICE)
. POTENIAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS
. BETTER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND
MAINTAINABILITY
. WIDER COVERAGE FOR EXCHANGES
. INFORMATION SECURITY
. REDUCE CONGESTION OF UNDERGROUND FACILITIES
4
DISADVANTAGES
. DELICATE TO HANDLE
. CRAFT SENSITIVE
- SPLICING
- EQUIPMENT
. GENERALLY STILL EXPENSIVE
- EQUIPMENT
- TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT
. REQUIREMENT FOR FIELD EQUIPMENTS POWERING
5
SYSTEM AND FACILITIES
REQUIREMENTS
. CABLE AND ACCESSORIES
. TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS
. EQUIPMENT SPACE AND RACKING
. POWER SUPPLY
. SKILLED MANPOWER
6
TYPES OF APPLICATION
i) FIBRE TO THE OFFICE (FTTO)
- FIBER IS TERMINATED DIRECT IN THE CUSTOMERS
PREMISES, CATERING TO DEMANDS OF COPPORATE
SECTOR.
ii) FIBRE TO THE STREET (FTTS)
- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THERE IS A
CONCENTRATION OF DEMAND. THE DISTRIBUTION CABLE
WILL BE ON COPPER.
iii) FIBRE TO THE CURB (FTTC)
- SIMILAR TO THE FTTS BUT FIBRE IS BROUGHT
NEARER TO CUSTOMERS AND THE LAST
APPROXIMATE 100M IS UNDERTAKEN BY COPPER
7
TYPES OF APPLICATION
iv) FIBRE TO THE HOME (FTTH)
- FIBER IS LAID DIRECT INTO INDIVIDUAL HOMES.
v) FIBRE TO THE ZONE (FTTZ)
- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THERE
IS A CENTRA .
8
MDF
PSTN
EXCHANGE
TUNNEL MAINHOLE
DUCT
JOINT BOX
SHOP HSE OR
LOW-RISE
APARTMENT
RESIDENTIAL
HSES.
MULTI-STOREY
BLDG.
LOCAL
EXCHANGE ‘A’ SDF
CABINET
AERIAL CABLE
DROP WIRE
DISTRIBUTION
POINT
U/G COPPER
CABLE
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ACCESS NETWORK
LOCAL
EXCHANGE ‘B’
9
MDF
PSTN
EXCHANGE
TUNNEL MAINHOLE
DUCT
JOINT BOX
SHOP HSE OR
LOW-RISE
APARTMENT
RESIDENTIAL
HSES.
MULTI-STOREY
BLDG.
LOCAL
EXCHANGE ‘A’ SDF
FIBRE
CABINET
(FTTS)
AERIAL CABLE
DROP WIRE
DISTRIBUTION
POINT
COT
RT
RT
(FTT0)
FIBRE
CABLE
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LOCAL NETWORK
LOCAL
EXCHANGE ‘B’
10
11
SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
Optical transmission system are used for transmission of electrical signal via an optical fibre.
The component are:-
(i) electro- optic transducer as the light transmitter at the beginning of the route.
(ii) The fibre optic transmission medium.
(iii) Optic electric transducer as the light receiver at the end of the route.
12
Electrical signal from the Exchange is converted to
Optical (using light as carrier) by Optical equipment
(DLC) at the COT. From the equipment, the light
signal is injected into the optical fibre. The light signal
is guided by the fibre to its destination where it is
detected and converted back into electrical signal
again.
13
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS
Bit Rate (rounded Mbps) Number of 64 kbps channel
2 30
8 120
34 480
140 1920
565 7680
PDH System with higher number of channels transmit bit rates of 8, 34, 140, 565 Mbps signals of the PCM 30
multiplexing unit.
14
SDH
SYSTEMMAX.2M MAX. CHANNEL.
STM1 63 1890 (63X30C)
STM4 252 7560 (252X30C)
STM16 63 X 2M X 16 30240 (1008X2M)
SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY)
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS
15
16
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
3 BASIC TYPES ARE:-
I) STAR
II) BUS
III) LOOP - STAR
TOPOLOGY ADOPTED BY TELEKOM
MALATSIA BHD. :-
I) STAR
II) LOOP - STAR
17
NON-REDUCTIONAL LOOP + SWITCH-STAR WITH SHARED RESOURCE
Practical way to change the configuration
EXCHANGE EXCHANGE
18
19
STAR NETWORK CONFIGURATION
EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE
20
LOOP NETWORK
CONFIGURATION
(1+1)
EXCHANGE
21
22
Basic Structure of an optical
fiber
23
THE CORE PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF TRANSMITTING THE
LIGHT WAVES, WHILE THE CLADDING IS TO MINIMIZE SURFACE
LOSSES AND TO GUIDE THE LIGHT WAVES.
Basic Structure of an optical
fiber
24
OPTICAL FIBRE CONSTRUCTION
HIGH REFRACTIVE
INDEX
LOW REFRACTIVE
INDEX
25
Basic Structure of an optical fiber
Core 10 um
Cladding 125 um
Primary coating
250 um Secondary coating
26
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE
TYPE REFRACTIVE INDEX
PROFILE LIGHT PROPAGATION
STEP - INDEX
MULTIMODE
GRADED -
INDEX
MULTIMODE
SINGLE -
MODE
100-200 50 - 100 LS
125 50 LS
125 LS
10
DIMENSION IN um LS = LIGHT
SOURCE
27
TYPE INPUT PULSE LIGHT PROPAGATION
STEP - INDEX
MULTIMODE
GRADED -
INDEX
MULTIMODE
SINGLE -
MODE
LS
LS
LS
OUTPUT
PULSE
OPTICAL FIBRE PULSE DISTRORATION
PULSE DISTRORATION DETERMINE THE BANDWIDTH OF OPTICAL FIBRES.
28
CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL
FIBER CABLE
29
125um 190um 250um
Ultra Violet Curable Acrylate Coated Fiber
Silica Fiber
Soft UV
Hard UV
CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER
CABLE
30
CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
Nylon Coated Fiber
Silica Fiber
Silicon
Resin
Nylon
125um 400um 900um
31
FIBER
NO.4 FIBER 6 FIBER 8 FIBER 12 FIBER
1 BLUE BLUE BLUE BLUE
2 YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW
3 GREEN GREEN GREEN GREEN
4 RED RED RED RED
5 VOILET VOILET VOILET
6 WHITE BROWN BROWN
7 WHITE WHITE
8 WHITE WHITE
9 WHITE
10 WHITE
11 WHITE
12 WHITE
32
OPTICAL FIBRE
FILLING COMPOUND
SLOT
CENTRAL STRENGTH
MEMBER
WRAPPING
SHEATH
33
34
35
Cross-section of four (4) – fiber Ribbon
Optical fiber Primary coating Jacketing ( u v
cured material)
0.4mm
1.1mm
36
4 - FIBRE RIBBON
FILLING COMPOUND
SLOT
CENTRAL STRENGTH
MEMBER
WRAPPING
SHEATH
RIB IDENTIFICATION
MARKING
CROSS-SECTION OF COMPLETED
CABLE 24 FIBER RIBBON
37
CROSS-SECTION OF
COMPLETED CABLE
48 FIBER RIBBON
38
CROSS-SECTION OF 4 FIBER
RIBBON IN A GROOVE OF SLOT
TAPE A
TAPE B
TAPE C
TAPE D
FOR CORE NO.
1 - 24
FOR CORE NO.
25 - 48
FOR CORE NO.
49 - 72
FOR CORE NO.
73 - 96
39
LOOSE TUBE
FIBRE CABLE
AMOURED
FIBRE CABLE
40
Petroleum Jelly
Two Ripcords
Filler
Core wrapping
Strength member
Buffered Tube
Thixotropic Jelly
Fiber
Outer PE sheath
CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE BUFFERED TUBE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
6 core
41
CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE BUFFERED TUBE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
Buffered Tube
PE Coating Stranded wire
PE web
36 core
42
Petroleum Jelly
Two Ripcords
PE Coating
Core wrapping
Strength member
Buffered Tube
Thixotropic Jelly
Fiber
Outer PE sheath
CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE BUFFERED TUBE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
96 core
43
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
1 BLUE 1 BLUE 19 BLUE 4 RED
2 YELLOW 20 YELLOW
3 GREEN 21 GREEN
4 RED 22 RED
5 VOILET 23 VOILET
6 BROWN 24 BROWN
7 BLUE 2 YELLOW 25 BLUE 5 VOILET
8 YELLOW 26 YELLOW
9 GREEN 27 GREEN
10 RED 28 RED
11 VOILET 29 VOILET
12 BROWN 30 BROWN
13 BLUE 3 GREEN 31 BLUE 6 BROWN
14 YELLOW 32 YELLOW
15 GREEN 33 GREEN
16 RED 34 RED
17 VOILET 35 VOILET
18 BROWN 36 BROWN
44
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
1 BLUE 25 BLUE
2 YELLOW 26 YELLOW
3 GREEN 27 GREEN
4 RED 28 RED
5 VOILET 29 VOILET
6 BROWN 30 BROWN
7 PINK 31 PINK
8 GREY 32 GREY
9 BLUE 33 BLUE
10 YELLOW 34 YELLOW
11 GREEN 35 GREEN
12 RED 36 RED
13 VOILET 37 VOILET
14 BROWN 38 BROWN
15 PINK 39 PINK
16 GREY 40 GREY
17 BLUE 41 BLUE
18 YELLOW 42 YELLOW
19 GREEN 43 GREEN
20 RED 44 RED
21 VOILET 45 VOILET
22 BROWN 46 BROWN
23 PINK 47 PINK
24 GREY 48 GREY
RED
VOILET
BROWN
1
2
3
4
5
6
BLUE
YELLOW
GREEN
45
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
FIBER
NO.
FIBER
COLOUR
TUBE
NO.
TUBE
COLOUR
49 BLUE 73 BLUE
50 YELLOW 74 YELLOW
51 GREEN 75 GREEN
52 RED 76 RED
53 VOILET 77 VOILET
54 BROWN 78 BROWN
55 PINK 79 PINK
56 GREY 80 GREY
57 BLUE 81 BLUE
58 YELLOW 82 YELLOW
59 GREEN 83 GREEN
60 RED 84 RED
61 VOILET 85 VOILET
62 BROWN 86 BROWN
63 PINK 87 PINK
64 GREY 88 GREY
65 BLUE 89 BLUE
66 YELLOW 90 YELLOW
67 GREEN 91 GREEN
68 RED 92 RED
69 VOILET 93 VOILET
70 BROWN 94 BROWN
71 PINK 95 PINK
72 GREY 96 GREY
7
8
9
10
11
12
PINK
GREY
BLACK
LIGHT BLUE
WHITE
ORANGE
46
47
INSTALLATION OF SUB-DUCT
Two types of sub-duct :-
i) PVC Sub-duct 32mm X 6M length, one end side with
spigot for jointing purpose.
ii) Corrugated sub-duct 32mm X 600M length per coil
complete with nylon string.
48
Existing copper duct route (Main duct) :-
New duct route for 100% optical fibre cable can goes up
to 300M to 500M per section C/W concrete encasement.
180 – 220M
M/H M/H M/H copper duct route
49
SPECIAL CONDITIONS BEFORE INSTALLING A
CABLE INTO THE MAIN DUCT/SUB-DUCT
i) Cable must always be installed in an empty duct
ii) Under no circumstance may a second cable be
drawn into the duct later
iii) Max allowable only 60% of duct space use for cable
50
PURPOSED OF MAIN-DUCT
PVC Main - duct 100mm X 6M length, one end side
with spigot for jointing purpose.
i) For pulling cable
ii) Easy for maintenance ( cable breakdown)
iii) For recovery of cable (easy drawing in/out cables
without opening the ground)
iv) Additional duct space allow future cabling to be
drawn in without opening ground for new duct
installation
v) Manholes and joint boxes at interval of duct route
enable easier maintenance
100mm
51
PURPOSED OF SUB - DUCT
i) To increase the capacity of the duct route system inside
the main-duct.
ii) To provide the fibre cable with protection/safety
iii) Also provide the fibre cable with additional protection
from the environment
iv) Ameans for fiture cable installation and removal
v) To allow additional cables to be place in the same route
vi) Economical, to reduce the duct cost per cable
52
i) Should be at least at the second layer of the main duct
(to avoid possible damage due to cave in and etc.)
ii) For loop network configuration when using the same
duct route, chose the lowest and the second lowest
layer of the main duct route
iii) Can be installed in duct already occupied by existing
cables, only for short distance <50M
iv) Occupy the duct closest to the wall then work towards
the centre of the manhole at each level
SELECTION OF MAIN DUCT FOR
CARRYING THE SUB-DUCTS:-
53
2. Installation procedure
1. Preparation of duct
a. Cleared of obstruction
b. Roding- use rod sweep cane, pvc rod
c. Cleaning – mandrel cutting,brushes and cleaning disc
best mandrel is 457 mm long x 83 mm diameter and
cylindrical brush 108 mm in diameter
2. Preparation of sub duct prior laying
a. Jointing of sub duct
b. Bunches of sub duct
c. Cutting of sub duct
3. Laying of sub duct
Manually as sesame as cable pulling
54
4. Installation of corrugated sub duct
1. Preparation of sub duct – bunch together with 3 layer adhesive
tape at every 1.5 meter interval long
2. Fit 1 meter pulling rod to every sub duct
3. Hold the end of sub duct, tightly together – 800 mm
4. Pass the cable grip over + swivel
5. Laying of sub duct
1. manually pulling
2. Max.Pulling force 80 KN(8160kg)
3. Max pulling speed is 15 meter/minute
4. Use swivel to avoid twittering during hauling
5. 3 sub duct (34 mm )to be installed simultaneously in 107 mm duct
55
6. After pulling in
1. cut 60 mm from the sub duct mouth
2. Install “O” ring
3. Install flange holder (B plate)
4. Install another “O” ring
5. Make I “ slit to secure the nylon rope
6. Fit end cap
7. Marking of sub duct.
1 st sub duct – white
2 nd sub duct – yellow
3 rd sub duct – Green
8. Jointing sub duct
1. cut both sub duct perpendicularly
2. Remove all burr
3. Jointing sleeve – 250 mm piece of sub duct
4. Wrap 10-12 turn
5. Pull one of the sub duct 50 mm out of the jointing sleeve
6. Wrap another 12-15 turn
56
PULLING ROD TO BE INSERTED INTO SUB-
DUCT 1000mm
1000 mm pulling rod
57
Wrap the sub-duct with four turns of colour tape 100mm
from duct end.
1st Sub-duct colour white
2nd Sub-duct colour yellow
3rd Sub-duct colour green
58
Use of cable grip, swivel, “D” shackle and pulling rope
for pulling sub-duct into the main duct.
Bunching of three sub-ducts with adhesive tape
1.5m
59
Terminating corrugated sub-duct in
manhole
Sub-duct inserted into the PVC Plate
“B” 122mm X 122mm X 5mm
Bolt Expansion
(Iron Raw plug)
Rubber “O” ring
End Cap
Optic fibre cable 60mm
60
INSTALLATION OPTICAL FIBER
CABLE SUB DUCTS
61
Tool name Usage
1. Safety cones
2. Barrier & barricades
3. Flashing Light
4. Flag
5. Canvas Tent &frame GI
6. Manhole key
7. Gas detector
8. Water pump
9. Portable generator
10. Exhaust fan/blower
11. Cable jack
Safety/traffic warning
Safety/traffic warning
Safety/traffic warning
Safety/traffic warning
Provide shade for workman
For opening the manhole cover
To detect dangerous gases
To remove water in manhole
To supply electrical power
To ventilate manhole
For cable drum jacking
1. TOOLS AND MATERIAL
62
Tool name Usage
12. roding tools (PVC Type)
13. Cable cutter
14. Cable grip
15. Shackle D
16. Swivel
17. Pulling rope
18. Cable roller
19. Cable guide
20. Dynamometer
21. PVC Sheeting
22. Cable winch
23. Pulley
24. Cable trailer
For rodding or sub duct
To cut the cable
Grip cable for pulling
As a connector
To prevent cable twisting
For pulling the cable
To guide the cable into duct
To protect the cable against damage
To measure the pulling tension
Cable protection while forming F8
Pulling cable
To pull pulling rope out of manhole
To hold cable drum
63
Contract No of core Max.pulling force
TOMEN UP TO 48 CORE 1.7 KN(170kg)
MARCONI/HESFIBEL
UP TO 96 CORE 1.1 KN(110kg)
OPCOM
UP TO 96 CORE
2KN(200kg)
PERWIRA ERICSON UP TO 96 CORE
2.5KN(250kg)
2. MAXIMUM PULLING TENSION
64
2. LAYING SPEED : 15 METER / MINUTE 3. BENDING RADIUS : 10 D WHILE SETTING 20 D WHILE PULLING 4. LAYING MATHOD : 1. unidirectional pulling 2. Bi-directional pulling 3. Intermediate pulling 5. Diameter of figure 8 is min.1 meter
65
Cable drum
Manhole
Pulled in a continuous operation in one direction only ( < 1
km)
UNIDIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD
In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,
and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction
only.
66
In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,
and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction
only.
BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD
67
When it is difficult to lay the whole cable length in one continuous
operation due to geographical configuration of cable route bi-
directional pulling is used. This method is mainly adopted for
complicated cable route having curves or level differences of ducts
at pull-through manholes.
Bi-directional Pulling Method
68
Bi-directional Pulling Method This method is recommended for complicated cable routes having
curves or level differences of sub-duct at pull through
manholes and or cable lengths greater than 1km.
a) Place the cable drum at the midpoint of the section.
b) Pull the cable towards one directions until it reaches its
destination.
c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum for the second
pull. A PVC sheet placed on the ground to protect the cable
while forming the Figure 8.
d) A suitable space measuring about 6m x 3m is necessary for
uncoiling the cable. This operation is shown in figure 8. Pull
the cable end of the uncoiled cable in the other direction.
69
As illustrated in figure 6. A cable is placed at the corner of the cable
route and the cable is laid in two steps. In the first pull, a longer
length is laid into duct in continuous operation. The remaining
shorter cable on the same cable drum is uncoiled for the second
pull. The cable should be coiled on the ground in the form of
‘figure 8’. This will be enable the remaining cable to pull in the
other direction easily. The diameter of figure 8 should be greater
than 1 meter. Fig 7 show the uncoiling of the remaining cable in the
drum.
70
Pulling a long cable with sharp bends.
Figure 8a and 8b shows how bi-directional pulling is used in route with
sharp bends.
a) Place the cable drum at the chosen corner manhole.
b) First pull in the direction indicated as (1)-fig 8a
c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum in the form of a ‘
Figure 8’ at the position (2)
d) The second pull is in the opposite direction that toward (3) (Fig 8b)
and (4)-(Fig 8b)
71
BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD
Manhole
2) Making of Figure
‘8’
1) Direction of first
pull
3) Direction of second
pull
Methods OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS
72
Intermediate Manual Pull This method is recommended for pulling cable in straight route
and with distance greater than 1 km.
a. Place the cable drum at the end of the cable length.
b. Pull the cable towards one of the splice location.
c. After pulling the cable through four or five manhole say 1
km, take the cable out of the manhole and coil it on the
ground to form ‘ the figure 8’. Continue this process until
the cable in the drum as completely uncoiled. Turn the coiled
‘ figure 8’ cable over to get the pulling end to continue with
the cable pulling process.
73
Here we have a number of pull-through manholes assistance is
needed in the intermediate manholes. A man is stationed in each
intermediate manholes. A manholes manually assisting in the cable
pulling process ( hand-over-hand) as it passes through. This reduce
the effective tail load at the manhole. As a result, the maximum
pulling tension is substantially reduced. Figure 9 shows the
intermediate manual assisted cable pulling.
74
INTERMEDIATE PULLING METHOD
2) Making of
Figure ‘8’ 1) Direction of
first pull
3) Direction of second
pull
4) The next drum of
cable
Greater than 1 km
METHODs OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS
75
Manhole
Colling Of Remaining Shorter Cable
Uncoil the balance of the cable in the
drum for the second pull. A PVC sheet
(6M X 3M) placed on the ground to
protect the cable while forming the
Figure 8.
Why figure 8..? To reduce pulling tension
76
CABLE FEEDING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR
CABLE PULLING
Cable roller Cable Jack
Cable Protecting Bend
77
ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR
CABLE PULLING
Cable feeder tube or
corrugated duct
Cable Jack
CABLE FEEDING END
78 The laying speed shall be less than 15 m/min.
CABLE PULLING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR
CABLE PULLING
Cable roller
Pulley Block
Chains
Pulling rope
79 The laying speed shall be less than 15 m/min.
CABLE PULLING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR
CABLE PULLING
After pulling the cable
through four or five manhole
say 1 km, take the cable out of
the manhole and coil it on the
ground to form ‘ the figure 8’.
80
CABLE PULLING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR
CABLE PULLING
81
ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR CABLE
PULLING AT INTERMIDIATE MANHOLE
Cable Protecting Bend Corrugated sub-duct to
replace the manpower.
82
ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR CABLE
PULLING AT INTERMIDIATE MANHOLE
83
ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR CABLE
PULLING AT INTERMIDIATE MANHOLE
84
STORING EXCESS CABLE
No Location Formula
1 Jointing manhole 3L+ 2w + H
2 Pull through manhole
2H+ L
3 Pull through manhole (potential growth area
3L+ 2w + 2H
85
SETTING CABLE IN JOINTING MANHOLE
MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x
DAI. OF CABLE
86
SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE
MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x
DAI. OF CABLE
87
6. When bending the cable the following cable length should be kept straight : - minimum 6 cm from duct inlet - minimum 6 cm from a cable joint end 7. All cable passing through manholes must be tied to the cable bracket by using cable tie no.3 8. At jointing manhole, four additional cable bearer Must be installed at end wall to support cable , 9. The space between the end of cable joint and the duct inlet – 60 cm
88
10.The jointing closure is tight to to supporting plate using cable tie no.6 11.To prevent the cable bearer bracket from floating install anti floating device. 12. In manhole constructed at both end of bridge, cable slack more than 100 cm – to absorb cable creep caused by expansion & contraction of cable laid. 13. Important cable must be protected –use helically coiled protector.
89
LABELLING
1. Should be fitted 7 cm away from the cable joint.
2. Labeling information a. Type and cable size b. Route name c. Contract Number d. Installation date e. Cable section code 3. Cable section comprises of : a. Network code b. Cable section number
90
TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD
TYPE SINGLE MODE
SIZE 24 CORES
ROUTE NAME TAR – WISMA SEMARAK
CABLE SECTION CODE NO.2-8
CONTRACT NUMBER K1322/04
DATE OF INSTALLATION 20 DISEMBER 05
Sample of marking tag (label)
91
ERECTION OF AERIAL OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
92
Minimum clearance :
LOCATION MINIMUM CLEARANCE
1 Along road 4.5 Meter
2 At road crossing 5,5 Meter
3 At railway crossing 6.7 Meter (not relevant)
4 From power cables
a. Less than 600 Volt
b. More than 600 Volt
600 mm
2000 mm
93
2. The sag is 2% from span length (40 Meter-50 Meter = 1M)
94
CONTRACT NO.OF CORES MAX.PULLING FORCE
TOMEN UP TO 36 8 KN(800kg)
MARCONI/HESFIBEL
UP TO 36 1.1 KN(110kg)
OPCOM UP TO 36 15KN(1500kg
PERWIRA ERICSON
UP TO 48 9KN(900kg)
3. MAXIMUM PULLING FORCE
95
4. Termination of IB OFC a. Beginning and the end of route b. Distribution pole c. Angle pole – deviation of the route is greater than 400
d. All river and railway crossing e. Poles where two cables are jointing. f. Each end of isolated long span greater than 200 Meter.
96
1. The required grounding location : a. Dead end or terminal poles. b. Poles holding supporting wire for jointing
closures. c. At every interval of approximately 250 M 2. Type of openable jointing connector : a. HD 10 b.HD 12 A 3. The max.earth system is 1 ohm .
4. Earth wire size is 7/1.04 mm
6. Integral Bearer wire earthling system
97
PVC tape
Preformed grip
Thimble
Bracket tubular pole
Cable
Fig.1 Through Double Termination
98
L1 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of
preformed grip + 200 mm
L2 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of
preformed grip + 50 mm
99
100
Precautions
•When optical fibres are not handled properly, stress due to torsion and bending, will remain in the fibres. This stress may cause the fibre to break later.
•The presence of dust in splices will increase their losses. Keep the site where splicing is to be done clean and dry.
•To avoid contamination of the fibers while splicing keep your hands, tools and equipment clean.
•The optical fibre, which is very fine and fragile to avoid injury all fibre clippings must be gathered and place into plastic bag/box/tin, for safe disposal do not leave them around the work site.
101
Precautions
•The incident rays in the fibre are strong enough to damage your eyes, never look into the end of fibers.
•When cutting optical fibre cable, do not use a metallic saw, always use a cable cutter / bolt cutter.
•Minimum bend radius for fibre is 4 cm and minimum bend radius for optical fibre cable while setting is 10 D.
•Estimated splicing loss should be kept low,i.e within the recommended values of 0.01 – 0.05 db.
•All optical fibre cable equipment must be handled carefully.
102
NO TOOL NAME USE
1 Bolt cutter For cutting cable
2 Scissors For cutting wrapping
3 Optical Fibre Sheath Cutter For removal of cable sheath
4 Screw Driver Set For tightening screws
5 Tape Measuring For measurement
6 Allen Key For tightening nuts
7 Pliers Combination 8" For cutting tension member, etc
8 Knife Trimming Removing slot
9 Torque Wrench For tightening nuts
10 Adapter Spanner For tightening nuts
11 Fibre Cleaver For cutting glass fibre
12 Fibre Stripper To remove secondary coating
13 Buffer Tube Stripper
To remove PVC sheath of fibre
cord/buffer tube
14 SPLICING MACHINE For splicing fibre
103
NO MATERIALS LIST
1 Alcohol (Purity 95%)
2 Cotton Gauze/Lint free cloth
3 Cloth Abrasive
4 Cotton Bud
5 Methylated spirit
6 Cotton Waste
7 PVC Tape 20mm & 10mm
8 Fibre Protection sleeve
104
CUTTING OF CABLE AND REMOVING OF THE CABLE SHEATH
CABLE SHEATH CUTTER
105
Gauze soaked with Methylated spirit
Clean the cable and fibres with methylated spirit after
removing of cable sheath
106
Cut slot at the position of 55mm from end of cable sheath
and strip (shave by knife) the end of slot 30mm. Wrap the
end of the slot with pvc tape.
107
4. PREPARING FIBER FOR SPICING
1. Removing secondary coating – 35 mm
2. Removing primary coating – piece of gauge soaked
with alcohol.
3. Fiber cleaving –16 mm
108
CRACK
END FACE VIEW OF OPTICAL FIBRE
LIP
INCLINE
If the CLEAVE ANGLE function is ON, the end face angles are checked and an error occurs if either is more than 3 to 5 degrees.
109
MAX. ESTIMATED SPLICING LOSS
Estimated splicing loss should be kept low within the recommended values of:-
i) Fibre In The Loop (Local Cable) is 0.05 dB loss/splice.
ii) Junction Cable is 0.05dB loss/splice.
iii)Trunk Cable is 0.03 dB loss/splice
110
CRACK
OBSERVATION OF SPLICE POINT
BUBBLE
SEPARATION
TOO THICK
TOO THIN
111
BUBBLE
•Improper cleaving of optical fibre. Dust on fibre end face.
•Cleave the fiber again or change the cleaver.
TOO THICK (Barrel)
•Mulfunction of fusion splice main body.
•Adjust the splice programmed parameter.
TOO THIN (Necking)
• Abnormal discharge. • Mulfunction of fusion splice main body.
•Adjust the splice programmed parameter. (ARC POWER, etc.)
SEPARATION •Improper high racking power
•Change the arc power parameter
TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE SPLICE RESULTS
112
Tighten the bolts of Bands further by a torque of 70Kgf-cm. After 10 minutes, tighten bolts again by same torque.
113
SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FUJIKURA TYPE
114
1. Sleeve halves
2. Centre band
3. Side clamp
4. Cable clamp
5. Tension member clamp
6. Slack tray
7. End seal block
8. Cable adapter
9. End cap
10. Tension member protector
11. Sealing tape
12. Sleeve gasket
13. Fibre protection tube
14. Closure scal
SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FUJIKURA TYPE
115
SPLICE CLOSURE FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
FUJIKURA TYPE
‘ST’ joint
‘Y or Tap’ joint
‘X’ joint
116
RAYCHEM FOSC 400 A4 Fiber Optic Splice Closure
117
RAYCHEM FOSC 400 TYPE Fiber Optic Splice Closure
118
119
SETTING CABLE IN JOINTING MANHOLE
MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x
DAI. OF CABLE
120
TESTING OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
122
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
Light Loss
Light Loss
Core diameter mismatch loss
( Core diameter of the TX Fibre is larger
than the core diameter of the RX Fibre)
123
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
Numerical Aperture Mismatch Loss
124
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
Core 1
Core 2
Cladding
Concentricity and Ellipticity
( Alignment of the two cores connector loss)
125
ATTENUATION LOSS
Light Loss
Ray of light to
partially scatter
Rayleigh Scattering
Caused by microscopic non uniformities
in the optical fibre.
126
ATTENUATION LOSS
Obsorption
Caused by the molecular structure of the material,
impurities in the fibre, metal ions, OH ions (water)
and atomic defects (unwanted oxidized elements in
glass composition).
127
MICROBENDING LOSS
CHANGES OF THE CORE DIAMETER, ROUGH
BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE CORE AND
CLADDING, MECHANICAL STRESS, PRESSURE,
TENSION OR TWISTING.
ATTENUATION LOSS
128
CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS
129
FIBRE TRAY
CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS
130 CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS
131
MACROBENDING
LOSS
(i) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF CABLE
10 X DIA. OF CABLE
(ii) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF FIBRE
40MM
ATTENUATION LOSS
132
50cm
CHECK FOR MACROBENDING
LOSS
133
CHECK FOR MACROBENDING
LOSS
134
SETTING CABLE IN JOINTING MANHOLE
MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x
DAI. OF CABLE
CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS
135
SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE
MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x
DAI. OF CABLE
CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS
136
NO MEASURING EQUIPMENT USE
1OTDR (Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer)
For measuring the
splice loss, cable
loss, locate cable
fault.
2 Stabilized Light SourceUse for transmitting
light.
3 Optical Power MeterFor measuring the
optical output power.
4 Sensor Module
Connnected to the
power meter, serves
to convert light signal
to electrical signal.
5 Connector Adaptor
Use for terminating
connectors at the
FDF.
MEASURING EQUIPMENT REQURIED FOR
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE TEST
137
NO MATERIAL NAME USE REMARKS
1 COTTON BUD
For cleaning the
connectors and
optical detector.
2 ALCOHOL
For cleaning the
connectors and
optical detector.
Minimum
95% pure.
3 PACTH CORD
For pacthing at the
test eguipment and
Fibre Distribution
Frame.
FC type
connector
MATERIALS FOR FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
TEST
138
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OPTICAL FIBRE
SCHEME
1. Testing Optical Fibre Cable
The test to be conducted shall be as follows:
a. Cable End to End Loss
Maximum allowable loss between sending and receiving
stations
= aL +bN +C
139
a = Cable Loss dB/km, which is 0.40 or 1300 nm region
and 0.25 for 1550 nm region
b = Average Loss per slice, which is 0.20 dB for RT and
0.1dB for Fokus and trunk lines.
C = Constant of 1 for Connector Loss (i.e 0.5 dB per
connector).
L = Cable Length (km).
N = Number of splice.
where,
140
When measured using the light source/power meter method, the
loss measured shall be less than that stipulated formula.
Cable End to End Loss
141
Splice loss
The maximum loss allowed shall be less than or equal to
0.20 dB for RT and 0.1dB for Fokus and Trunk lines. This
value shall be average value (measured from both sides of
the link using an OTDR).
142
The measured value at 1550 nm region shall not exceed that
measured at 1300 nm region by 0.15 db. The rationale of this
requirement is to ensure that the macro-bending and micro-
bending loses at 1550 nm is not excessive as a result of poor
installation practices at a jointing closures.
Any splices failing to meet the above criteria shall be respliced.
The acceptance test format used is as shown in App.1.
143
Core Reversal Test
This test is to ensure that the correct fibre cores are
spliced together. It is to be tested at both sides of
the optical fibre link specifically at the FDF by
using Fibre Identifier.
144
Testing Method
i) Light source is sent from upper station and
lower station.
ii) Detect light signal in fibre cores starting
from the center fibres using Fibre Identifier. This is to
ensure fibre core numbers are matched and spliced
together at both ends of the link.
iii) If fibre core reversal is not detected, repeat the
same process ( I & ii) at first joint (FTB joint of upper station )
and last joint (FTB joint of lower station ) until signal is
detected at both FDFs.
iv) If signal is detected at the different core numbers from
DFD in the above procedure, this shows that there could be a
core reversal at any joint along the link. Repeat the above
process at all the joints until the error at the joint is rectified
145
Checking cable routing and connection
The Superintendence Officer (S.O) shall ensure that the
cables installed below are carefully inspected and checked
for acceptance and commissioning of optical fiber links:
i) On poles.
ii) In manholes, in cable chamber, in MDF room, is on
cable tray up to FDF.
iii) Fibre cords are neatly arranged from FTB to FDF.
vi) Collets are tagged onto fibre cables with complete
identification of link.
146
COMMISIONING
After testing have been successfully completed in the presence of
Superintendent Officer (S.O) or his appointed representative, test
results shall be certified by both contractor and TM’s S.O.
147
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM
FDF TO FDF
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)
WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm
CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR
CORE NO 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS
1
2
3
4
5
6
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIA NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
148
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
(EVERY SPLICING POINT)
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)
WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm
SPLICEP
OINT
CORE NO. TESTING
1 2 3 4 5 6 DATE BY
EQUIPMENT USED
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIA O.T.D.R.
SERIAL NO:
149
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF TO FDF
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:
CORE NO. 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PREPARED BYCONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
MALAYSIA
NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR
WAVELENGTH:
150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DATE BY
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE (EVERY SPLICING POINT)
CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE:
STATE:
CORE:
CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
ACTUAL DISTANCE:
INDENT NO:
REGION:
OTDR DISTANCE:
TESTINGSPLICE
POINT
EQUIPMENT USED
OTDR:
SERIAL NO:
PREPARED BY
WAVELENGTH: 1300nm/1550nm
NO OF SPLICING: +(TBX2)
151
BASIC TERMS - OTDR
152
The tests that an OTDR may perform on a fibre
cable are as follows:
• Distance measurement to an event
• Distance measurement of a cable length
• Loss measurement at an event
• Loss measurement of a cable length
• Recognitions of various trace events
• Return loss measurement of events
• Return loss measurement of cables
153
154
OTDR
SPLICE LOSS CONNECTOR LOSS FAR-END FRESNAL
REFLECTION
NEAR-END
FRESNAL
REFLECTION
155
The 'fibre' itself is produced by light that is backscattered as
the pulse from the OTDR travels along the fibre. This
backscatter is produced by (mainly) impurities in the fibres
material. The backscatter slopes down to the right due to the
pulse of light being attenuated as it travels away from the
OTDR.
OTDR
TRACES
156
157
Mechanical Splice or
Connector
AIR GAP
Fibre Crack
158
A reflection combined with a loss (as shown at the point of the bold
vertical bar labeled C) is usually either a mechanical splice or a
connector, but could also be a crack in the fibre. As the locations of
connectors and mechanical splices is normally known the
identification of the type of event should be easy.
159
This is a reflective feature that has no loss. This is due to a
double reflection, normally where light reflected back towards
the OTDR is reflected back into the fibre from the OTDR's front
connector, only to be re-reflected back to the OTDR by a
reflective event. 'Ghost busting' techniques are used by
experienced technicians to get rid of ghosts.
160
Fusion Splice
A B
Fibre Bend
161
A point loss which has no reflection is usually either a fusion splice
or a bend. Again splice locations should be known so
differentiating between splices and bends is normally easy. Note
that if a good splice is testing really bad it can mean that their is a
bend nearby and the OTDR is not able to split the two close together
events.
162
Backscatter coefficient
Fibre B > A
The real splice loss is
very small
A B
163
Here the level of backscatter before and after a fusion splice shows a
upwards trend, usually called a 'gainer splice' or simply a 'gain'. This is
not due to the splice having an actual gain but is instead a result of the
second fibre have a higher backscatter. If the OTDR was placed at the far
end of the fibre (so that we view from the higher backscatter fibre to the
lower one) then we would see a large loss through the same splice. The
actual splice loss is the average of the splice loss measured in both
directions.
164
Cleaver end or open connector
Perpendicular cut 90 dig.
165
The end of this fibre shows a strong reflection as it is
terminated in a polished connector. If the end was
shattered or immersed in water (as can happen in a broken
cable situation) then there may be a smaller reflection or
no reflection at all.
166
Broken fibre end
167
Mismatch of Fibre Types
Single Mode
Fibre
Multi Mode
Fibre
You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks
for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure
loss accurately.
168
Mismatch of Fibre Types
Attenuation and loss is
wrong!
Position of features is
OK
169
Mismatch of Fibre Types
Single Mode
Fibre
Multi Mode
Fibre
You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks
for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure
loss accurately.
174
SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER
1. WARM UP THE METER SET AT LEAST 30 MIN.
2. SETTING LIGHT SOURCE:SET THE WAVE LENGTH
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FIBER LINK.
175
SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER
- Press Mode Param then Modify to select the
right wave length.
- Press Mode Param to set Attenuation to 0.00.
- Press Mode Param set to ‘CW’ for complete
wave.
176
3. SETTING POWER METER:
- Set the wave length according to Light Source
setting.
- Press Param until you get ‘ T ’ to set Average
Time , press Modify to set 200ms.
- Press Auto to set into Auto.
- Press dBm to set Unit into dBm
- Press N Dig to place decimal point XX.XX
177
CALIBRATION OF TWO POWER METERS :
To make the two power meters same reading.
- Press Mode Param until you get ‘CAL’ ,
then press Modify soft key to do calibration.
178
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:
WAVE LENGTH:
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E+ (P1-P2)/3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)
OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)
REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)
OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)
(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE
NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION
ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB)
AVERAGE VALUE (dB)
MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)
OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:
OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:
STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 PP2 E=P1-P2
FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE
VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE
FOLLOWING FORMULA :
ALLOWANCE VALUE dB
0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
179
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:
WAVE LENGTH:
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E+ (P1-P2)/3
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 P2 E=P1-P2
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
180
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:
WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E+ (P1-P2)/3
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 P2 E=P1-P2
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
181
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE: REGION: CORE:
ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:
WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E= (P1-P2)/3
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
20.48
61.3
20.34
60.51
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 P2 E=P1-P2
20.4 19.85 0.55
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
20.42 20.32 0.1
0.14
0.45
0.26
182
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE:6
ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING: 3+(TBx2)
WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E= (P1-P2)/3
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
20.3 20.27
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 P2 E=P1-P2
20.35 20.32
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
20.32 20.29
183
CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:
ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE: 6
ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING:3+(TBX2)
WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm
1ST
2ND
3RD
DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)
REP. CALIBRATION VALUE
E= (P1-P2)/3
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF
20.32 20.29 0.03
0.03
0
0.03
(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER
P1 P2 E=P1-P2
20.35 20.32 0.03
20.27
60.88
20.3
60.97
dBm dBm
REMARKSDESCRIPTION
dBm
184
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30
OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54
REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)
OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)
(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE
NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END
FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE
VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE
FOLLOWING FORMULA :
aL+bN+C
ALLOWANCE VALUE dB
0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)
Wlength 1300nm
AVERAGE VALUE (dB)
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)
OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:
OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:
STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:
Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION
ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB)
185
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30
OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54
REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) 3.38 3.23 3.41 3.31 3.39 3.27
(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE
NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) 3.41 coreno.3
OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:
OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:
STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:
Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION
ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) 3.44dB
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END
FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE
VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE
FOLLOWING FORMULA :
aL+bN+C
ALLOWANCE VALUE dB
0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)
Wlength 1300nm
AVERAGE VALUE (dB) 3.33dB
186
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)
OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)
REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)
OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)
(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE
NAME
SIGNATURE
DATE
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END
FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE
VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE
FOLLOWING FORMULA :
aL+bN+C
ALLOWANCE VALUE dB
0.25L+0.1N+1.0(const)
Wlength 1550nm
AVERAGE VALUE (dB)
PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)
OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:
OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:
STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:
Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION
ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB)