Fiber Optic t

Fiber Optics Presentation

NCC View DeckNCC View DeckNational Transmission CorporationNational Transmission CorporationQuezon Ave. Diliman, Quezon CityQuezon Ave. Diliman, Quezon CityNovember 9, 2007November 9, 2007

Table of Contents

A. Morning Schedule

1. Introduction to Fiber Optics

2. Fiber Optic Principle

3. Fiber Optic Cables

4. Transmission Systems

5. OLTE (Optical Line Terminal Equipment)

6. Fiber Optic Equipment and Test Instruments

7. Fiber Optic Accessories

8. Fiber Optic Splicing

Table of Contents

B. Afternoon Schedule

Practical Demonstration• Fusion Splicing• OTDR Reading• Power Measurement• Signal Detection• Others

Introduction to Fiber Optics

• Transmitting communication signals over hair-thin strands of glass or plastic

• Not a "new" technology • Concept a century old• Used commercially for

the last 25 years

What is Fiber Optics?

Introduction to Fiber Optics

History of Fiber Optics

John Tyndall’s Experiment

1870 – John Tyndall’s Experiment

William Wheeling: “Piping light”

Alexander Graham Bell: Photophone

1880 –

1950’s – Fiberscope

1957 – Use of Laser

1962 – Semiconductor Laser

1970 – Corning developed glass fiber with less than 20dB/km attenuation

Fiber Optic Applications

Applications

1. Telecommunications

2. SCADA

3. Protection

4. LAN applications

5. CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections

6. Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors

7. Military

Principle of Light

Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency of Light

λ = V V : Velocity of light

f V = 3x10E8 m/sec(speed of light in free space)

f : Frequency

λ : Wavelength (m)

Wavelength for Optical Communication:

Short Wavelength : 850 nm

Long Wavelength : 1300 – 1550 nm

Optical Transmission

MicrowaveMillimetric Submillimetric

Infrared

Vis

ible

OpticalRadio

Wavelength λ

Frequency f

1000

TH

z

100

TH

z

10 T

Hz

1 T

Hz

300

GH

z

100

GH

z

30 G

Hz

10 G

Hz

1 G

Hz

300

MH

z

10 cm100 cm 10 mm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm

Bands for fiber optic transmission

Frequency Spectrum above 300MHz


810 - 850 nm

1220 - 1340 nm

(3 dB/km loss)

(0.5 dB/km loss)

1540 - 1610 nm (0.2 dB/km loss)

1625 nm -

Second Window

First Window

Third Window

Fourth Window

Optical Fiber Attenuation versus Wavelength

ti

OPTICAL FIBER CHARACTERISTICS

Fiber Description Standard Zero Dispersion Unshifted-Single Mode (ZDUSSM) fiber or ITU G.652

Mode field Diameter (nominal) 9.3±0.5 μm

Core Diameter 10μm ±1 μm

Cladding Design Step index

Clad Diameter 125 μm ± 2 μm

Coating Diameter Approx. 0.25mm

Attenuation Coefficient At 1300 nm 0.4 dB/km At 1550 nm 0.25 dB/km

Temp Dependence (Max) Continuous 90°C Instantaneous 200°C

Cutoff Wavelength Less than 1300nm

Bend Performance ≤0.1 Db

Proof Test level 0.7%

Cladding Non-circularity Not more than 2%

Optical Communication System

Basic Elements of a Fiber Optic System

OPTICAL FIBER CABLESIGNAL – ELECTRICITY CONVERTER

ELECTRICITY – LIGHT CONVERTER

LIGHT – ELECTRICITY CONVERTER

ELECTRICITY – SIGNAL CONVERTER

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

Optical Communication System

Types of Optical Fiber

1. Single Mode

2. Multimode

a. Step Index (S.I.)b. Graded Index (G.I.)

Types of Fiber

n1

125µm

10µm

125µm

50µm

125µm

50µm

n1

n2 n2Distribution of Refractive Index

Multimode Fiber (Step Index)

Cladding Diameter

Core Diameter

Single Mode Fiber

Multimode Fiber (Graded Index)

Types of Fiber

CORE

CLADDING

Single Mode Fiber

AXIAL MODE ONLY

CORE

CLADDING

Multimode Fiber (Step Index)

Refractive Index

HIGH ORDER MODE (Longer Path)

AXIAL MODE (Shortest Path)

LOW ORDER MODE (Shorter Path)

Types of Fiber

Types of Fiber

CORE

CLADDING

Multimode Fiber (Graded Index)

LOWER INDEX

HIGH INDEX

LOWER INDEX

AXIAL MODE MERIDIONAL MODE


Ray of Light Ray of Light

Pi : Input Power

Receiving End1 km

Transmitting End

Po : Output Power

Transmission Characteristics

Factors Which Cause Optical Fiber Loss

1. Absorption Loss

2. Scattering Loss

3. Emitting Loss

4. Connecting Loss

5. Coupling Loss

Comparison With Metallic Cables

A. Advantages of Optical Fiber Cables

1. Small Size and Lightweight

2. Wide Transmission Band

3. No Crosstalk

4. Electrical Isolation

5. Low Attenuation

6. High Resistance to Heat

7. Security

This single fiber can carry more communications than the giant copper cable!

Advantages of Optical Fiber Cables

• Fiber is the least expensive, most reliable method for high speed and/or long distance communication.

• While we already transmit signals at Gigabits per second speeds, we have only started to utilize the potential bandwidth of fiber.

Comparison With Metallic Cables

B. Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Cables

1. Fragility

2. Loss Increases When Bending Fiber

3. Infrastructure deployment delay

Fiber Optic Cables

Types of Fiber Optic Cables

1. OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire)

2. ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting)3. Approach or Buried Cable4. Wrap-Around Cable

Fiber Optic Cables

OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire)

Type of cable that is used in the construction of electric power transmission and distribution lines. Such cable combines the functions of grounding and communications. The conductive part of the cable serves to bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and shields the high-voltage conductors from lightning strikes. The optical fibers within the cable can be used for high-speed telecommunication.

Fiber Optic Cables

Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire

Aluminum Pipe

Heat Resistant Wrapping

Strength Member

Heat Resistant Sheath

Optical FiberOptical Fiber Unit

Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (OPGW 24 Fibers)

Fiber Optic Cables

Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire

Aluminum Pipe

Heat Resistant Wrapping

Strength Member

Optical FiberOptical Fiber Unit

Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (OPGW 12 Fibers)

Fiber Optic Cables

OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire)

Fiber Optic Cables

ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting)

Designed and constructed with non-metallic components, that is designed for aerial applications and does not require a separate cable messenger.

Fiber Optic Cables

Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (ADSS 36 Fibers)

Fiber Optic Cables

ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting)

Fiber Optic Cables

Approach or Buried Cable

A kind of communications cable which is especially designed to be installed underground without any kind of extra covering, sheathing, or piping to protect it.

Typically used in connecting the OPGW from the switchyard to the station.

Fiber Optic Cables

Tension Type

Fiber Optic Cables

Tension Type

Fiber Optic Cables

Suspension Type

Fiber Optic Cables

Suspension Type

Fiber Optic Accessories

Cable Accessories


Cable Accessories

Transmission Systems

Transmission of information from one or more source to one or more destination over the same transmission medium.

Multiplexing -

ANSI - American National Standard Institute

ETSI - European Telecommunication Standard Institute

Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (Formerly CCITT)

ITU-T -

Governing Standards

Transmission Systems

3 Methods of Multiplexing

FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing

TDM - Time Division Multiplexing

WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Asynchronous Transmission Systems

1 2 3 4

A B DC

I II IVIII

1 A I 2 B II 3 C III 4 D IV

Basic TDM Principle Using PAM

Asynchronous Transmission Systems

CH 1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH31 CH32

2.O48 MBit/s

European Standard E1 Frame

32 Channels

Frame

8 Bits

Channel256 Bits/Framex =

256 Bits

Frame

8000 Frames

sec2.048 MBit/secx =

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)

1,544 kbit/s 44,736 kbit/s6,312 kbit/s

64 kbit/s

2,048 kbit/s 8,448 kbit/s 34,368 kbit/s 139,264 kbit/s

European Standard

American StandardDS0

DS2DS1 DS3

E1 E4 E16 E64

x 4

x 4

x 4x 4

x 7x 24

x 30

PDH Hierarchies

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

SONET - Synchronous Optical Network

STS - Synchronous Transport Signal

OC - Optical Carrier

SONET Hierarchy

OC-1/STS-1

OC-3/STS-3

OC-12/STS-12

OC-48/STS-48

OC-192/STS-192

51.84 Mbit/s

155.52 Mbit/s

2488.32 Mbit/s

622.08 Mbit/s

9953.28 Mbit/s

STM-0 or STM-1/3

STM-1

STM-16

STM-4

STM-32

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Process based on using a single optical fiber to carry many different wavelengths of light simultaneously without mutual interference.


Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

The higher number of wavelengths has led to the name DWDM. The lasers must be of very specific wavelengths and the DWDM demultiplexers must be capable of distinguishing each wavelength without crosstalk.

Fiber Optic Communication Setup


Optical Line Terminal Equipment (OLTE)

The Nortel TN-4XE

Equipment where the fiber is terminated to complete the link from one station to another.

Provides the channels used for telephony, SCADA, Protection functions, LAN applications and other telecommunicaton services.


STM-4 Optical Aggregate

Tx

Rx

120Ω Tributary

(Electrical)DXC

LOMIF (Electrical)

Tx

Rx

MDF

1 E1

1 E1

32 E1 capacity

8 E1 capacity

Nortel TN-4XE

UNIDA 431

NEMCA/ EXLAN/ PHLC3

UNIDA 432

DXC

DXC

DXC

FOX 515 Multiplexer

DXC – Digital Cross-Connect

MDF – Main Distribution Frame

Telephony

SCADA

Protection

Fiber Optic







Fiber Optic Equipment

Equipment and Test Instruments

1. OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)

2. Power Meter and Laser Source

3. Optical Fiber Scope

4. Talk Set

5. Fusion Splicer

6. Splicing Kit


OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)

Used to monitor the distance, losses and fiber optic breaks.


OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)


Remote OTDR

Equipment is on 24-hour operation and monitors different fiber links. It can be remotely accessed via LAN.


Power Meter and Laser Source

Measures the optical power from the end of the fiber by employing a laser source on one end.


Optical Fiber Scope

Used to inspect the end surface of a connector for flaws or dirt.


Talk Set

Utilizes spare fiber for communication during installation and maintenance.


Fusion Splicer

Splices fibers by fusing or welding them, typically by electrical arc.


Splicing Kit

Specialized tools used for preparation for fiber optic splicing.


Splicing Kit


Splicing Kit



1. Splice Box

2. Organizer

3. FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel)

4. Cable Accessories


Splice Box

Enclosure for protection of spliced fiber optic cables.


Organizer

Tray for organizing fiber optic splices.


FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel)

Where the outside cable (i.e. approach cable) is terminated and distributed indoors into individual slots.


FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel)

Fiber Optic Connectors

Fiber Optic Connectors and Patch Cords





Fiber Optic Splicing

Fusion Splicing Method

2. Cleaving

1. Stripping

3. Fusion Process

4. Protection



Stripping

Strip all the external sheathing of the cable until the bare fiber is exposed.

Expose about 1.5 inches and clean with lint-free wipes and denatured alcohol. It will “squeak” when it is clean.



Cleaving

Put the heat shrink tube on to one of the ends and cleave the fibers using a precision cleaving tool. It is important that the ends are smooth and perpendicular to get a good splice.



Fusion Process

Once the fiber ends are prepared, they are placed carefully in the fusion splicer. Press the button and the machine takes care of the rest of the fusion process automatically.



Fusion Process



Fusion Process



Fusion Process



Protection

The heat shrink tube is slid into place and the whole assembly is put into the built-in oven on the fusion splicer to shrink the tube on to the splice. The tube gives physical protection to the splice.



Protection

Further protection is provided by placing the splices in the organizing tray.



Protection

Once all of the fibers have been joined, the whole tray is then fixed into a splice box which protects the cable joint as a whole and the cable clamps are then tightened to prevent any external forces from pulling on the splices.

Luzon Fiber Optic Network

Visayas Fiber Optic Network

End Slide

Fiber Optic System SectionFiber Optic System Section

THANK YOU!

TTSD/STD/SOTTSD/STD/SO

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